TEXTILE PROCESSING

ASSIGNMENT ON RECENT
DEVELOPMENT IN DYEING PROCESS






Done By
SOWMIYA G.K.
2nd BSC CDF
10BCD041
Textiles have undergone chemical wet processing since time immemorial.
Human ingenuity and imagination, craftsmanship and resourcefulness are
evident in textile products through out the ages; we are to this day awed by
beauty and sophistication of textiles sometimes found in archeological
excavations.

Application of ultrasonic waves, microwave dyeing, Plasma technology,
supercritical carbon dioxide, and electrochemical dyeing of textiles are some of
the revolutionary ways to advance the textile wet processing. . The amount of
energy spent to dry the fabric and unspent dyestuffs remaining in liquor are also
huge adding to the woes of processors, making processing the weakest link
among the entire textile chain. To eliminate the disadvantages, super critical
fluids, CO2 is the most versatile and prominently used.

This paper gives a brief idea of working principle of it and its uses for the
different classes of dyes and fabrics.

Keywords: economy, dyeing, energy saving Eco-friendly

Introduction:
Textile wet processing consumes a large amount of energy. These
processes involve the use of chemicals for assisting,
accelerating or retarding their rates and must be carried out at elevated
temperature to transfer mass from processing liquid medium across to the
surface of textile substrate in reasonable time. The present day scenario in the
textile processing calls for the conservation of energy or usage of low amount of
energy. This may be achieved by the various methods such as the use of
radiofrequency, Electrochemical dyeing, microwaves, infrared heating etc.
Various approaches like solvent dyeing with different dyes on the several
textile substrates have been experimented. None of these methods are
commercially viable due to the inherent limitations. The use of ultrasonic waves
and EM radiations is also one of the sources of getting energy which can be
utilized in textile wet processing.


Usage of water as solvent for chemicals is mostly because of its abundant
availability and low cost. Problems associated with usage of water are effluent
generation and additional step is needed to dry the fabrics after each step. The
amount of energy spent to remove the water is also huge adding to the woes of
processors, making processing the weakest link among the entire textile chain.


The unspent dyestuffs remain in liquor, thus polluting the effluent. It leads
to additional pollution of waste water. To eliminate the disadvantages it is
proposed that certain gases can replace water as solvating medium. High
pressure and temperature are needed to dissolve the dyes. Of all the gases being
possible of converted into super critical fluids, CO2 is the most versatile and
prominently used.

1.1. What are Ultrasonic radiations?

There is a compression or rarefaction during each cycle of wave. When
ultrasonic waves are absorbed in liquid system, the phenomenon of cavitation
takes place, which is the alternate wave formation, oscillation and collapse of
tiny bubbles or cavities. During the rarefaction of the portion of the wave cycle,
dissolved gas molecules act as nuclei for the formation of cavities, which may
expand relatively slowly up to a diameter as much as 0.1 cm. and then quickly
collapse during the compression portion of the cycle.

1.1.1. Source of ultrasonic:

Mechanical transducer
Piezoelectric transducer
Magnetic transducer
Cavitization

Effect of Selected Finishes on Honeycomb Knitted Fabric New!
Textile industry is one of the oldest and largest organized industries in
India. Indian textile industry is not only the oldest industries in the country but
also one of the major industries providing employment and earning foreign
exchange for the country. The technological development has enabled the
textile industry to produce numerous types of yarns and fabrics with special
appearance by varying structure and product

Removing Dye Acid Violet from its Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on
Activated Carbon New!
Textile dye industry is spitting out tons of dye effluent into the
environment everyday thus becoming a cause of grave concern to the
environmentalists. The present study was undertaken keeping this problem in
DYES AND CHEMICALS
view. Removal of dye Acid Violet, a much used dye in the textile industry, by
its adsorption on two different samples of activated carbon by static batch
method.
An Overview of Dyes & Pigments Industry New!
There are two types of colorants dyes and pigments. Dyes are soluble
substances used to pass color to the substrate and find applications primarily in
textiles and leather. There are several types of dyes, however in India disperse,
reactive and direct dyes are most commonly used. Pigments are insoluble
substances and could either be in powdered or granular form. They impart
colour by reflecting only certain light.

'Gifting the future generation a better world' - innovations in sustainability
A survey by an NPO reveals an appalling fact that approximately 8000
chemicals are used in the process of textile manufacturing. This creates
irreparable damages to the environment, and living beings. Even after the
apparel is purchased.

Oeko-Tex :Reason for Introduction
The Oeko-Tex Standard 100 was introduced at the beginning of the
1990s as a response to the needs of the general public for textiles which posed
no risk to health. "Poison in textiles" and other negative headlines were
widespread at this time and indiscriminately branded all chemical across the
board used in textile manufacturing as negative and dangerous to.
Printing Technique - Roller Printing
There are many techniques for working on fabric that appeal to all
levels of painting skills & interest. To make fabric attractive, its ornamenting is
done through printing. Colour is used in both dyeing & printing, but the only
difference is that liquid colour is used in dyeing, whereas in printing thick
colours or paste form colours are used.

Printing with Natural Dyes
In traditional methods in India, printing is essentially carried in three
steps:
1. Preparation of the cloth.
2. Mordanting.
3. Dyeing.

1. First of all the cloth is prepared by applying tannin.

2. A thickened mordant is printed on this tannin treated cloth in the desired
pattern.

3. The cloth is then dyed so that dyestuff attaches itself to those parts of the
cloth to which mordant has been applied.

Thus the various processes are:
a. Tanning of fabric.
b. Printing of mordant.
c. Fixing of the mordant.
d. Washing out the excess of fixing agent.
e. Dyeing.
f. Washing & Soaping.

Harda or Myrobalan is used in India as a tanning agent for dyeing and
printing with natural colours.

It is applied on scoured cotton fabric in cold (10-40 gpl) using
conventional method of tub dip wherein the Harda powder is replenished with
each piece.

After drying various metallic salts such as alum or ferrous sulphate are
printed on the fabric either separately or in mixtures.

It is then subsequently dyed with madder root ( Manjith), pometranate rind,
kusum flowers and other vegetable dyes.


TYPES OF DYES

Digital Textile Printing Dyes
Dyes Intermediates
Fluorescent Dyes
Basic Dyes
Inkjet Dyes
Leather Dyes
Leuco Dyes
Acid Dyes
Metal-complex Dyes
Natural Dyes
Oxidation Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Optical Brighteners
Smoke Dyes
Solvent Dyes
Direct Dyes
Sublimation Dyes
Synthetic Dyes
Textile Dyes


Advantages of Basic Dyes
High Tinctorial strength
Moderate substantivity
Relatively economical
Wide shade range
Includes some of the most brilliant synthetic dyes
Shows good brightness

Limitations of Basic Dye
Poor shade stability
High acid content
Coloured backwaters
Very poor lightfastness
Preferential dyeing

Advantages of Inkjet Dyes

Some of the major advantages of dyes used for inkjet printers are listed
below:
Offers a wide gamut of colours.
Bright intense colours.
Wide selection.
Stable and soluble.
Drawbacks of Inkjet Dyes

A few of the drawbacks as experienced by the users of the inkjet dyes in
the printers is given below.
There is a tendency for less stabilization.
The print is not as thicker as of a pigment based ink.
More damage prone to attacks of sunlight ozone and ultraviolet rays.
Technical Characteristics of Acid Dyes
Chemical Name : Acetamide
Molecular Formula: C
2
H
5
NO
Molecular Weight: 59.07
CAS Registry Number: 60-35-5
Chemical Structure
Other Names: Acetic Acid Amide, Acetamide Acid, Ethanamide

What makes the Dyes coloured?

This is a very common question that occurs in everybody's mind. The
answer to which is explained by the presence of a substance
called chromophores in the dyes. By definition dyes are basically aromatic
compounds. Their structures have aryl rings that has delocalised electron
systems. These structures are said to be responsible for the absorption of
electromagnetic radiation that has varying wavelengths, based upon the energy
of the electron clouds.

It is actually because of this reason that chromophores do not make dyes
coloured. Rather it makes the dyes proficient in their ability to absorb radiation.
Chromophores acts by making energy changes in the delocalised electron cloud
of the dye. Human eyes detects this absorption, and responds to the colours.

Another possibility is that if the electrons are removed from the electron
cloud, it may result in loss of colour. Removing electrons may cause the rest of
the electrons to revert to the local orbits. A very good example is the Schiff's
reagent. As sulphurous acid reacts with pararosanilin, what happens is that a
sulphonic group attaches itself to the compound's central carbon atom. As a
consequence the ring ceases to be a chromophore. As a result, the dye becomes
colourless.

To conclude chromophores are the atomic configurations which has
delocalised electrons. Generally they are represented as carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen and sulphur. They can have alternate single and double bonds.

Evolution of Dyes
The preparation and application of dyestuffs is one of the oldest forms of
human activities. Evidences of which were found by Excavation at
archaeological sites where ancient fabrics were unearthed. It was in 2600 BC
when earliest written records of the use of dyestuffs were found in China.
Perhaps one of the real breakthroughs in the history of dyes came in 1856
when a teenager who was experimenting at his makeshift laboratory in home
made a certain discovery that acted as a sort of launching pad for the modern
chemical industry.

William Perkin an 18-year-old student was working on chemical
synthesis of natural products. In a classic case of serendipity, the young William
Perkin chanced upon his now famous Aniline Mauve' dye while he was
attempting to synthesize quinine, the only cure for malaria. Perkin named his
colour Mauveine, after the French name of non-fast colour which was made of
natural dyes. So "Mauve" (a basic dye) was the first synthetic dye stuff. Mauve
was a derivative of coal tar. It was the first mass-produced dye, that was
commercially available and the idea was born that a colour could be made in the
factory. It was indeed a revolution.