1

Asignatura: IME105 - Ingeniera Trmica

Cuatrimestre: 1 Examen: Parcial Convocatoria: Ordinaria
Grupo: 3 ITI 3 ME-AUT Curso: 2012/2013 Fecha: 8 de noviembre de 2012

CUESTIONES (puntuacin entre parntesis en cada cuestin).

1.- (1 punto) Un fuel se quema durante un proceso estacionario de combustin. Una
cantidad de calor por unidad de tiempo de 1120 kW se pierde en los
alrededores que se encuentran a 300 K. La entropa de los reactivos que
entran por unidad de tiempo es 17 kW/K y la de los productos es
15 kW/K. Calcule el ratio total de irreversibilidad o exerga destruida por
unidad de tiempo (kW).

Solucin: 520 kW

To=300 "K"
Q_out=1120 "kW"
S_react=17 "kW'K"
S_prod= 15 "kW/K"
S_react-S_prod-Q_out/To+S_gen=0 "Entropy balance for steady state
operation, Sin-Sout+Sgen=0"
X_dest=To*S_gen

"Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:"
W1_Xdest=S_gen "Taking Sgen as exergy destruction"
W2_Xdest=To*S_gen1; S_react-S_prod-S_gen1=0 "Ignoring Q_out/To"

2.- (1.5 puntos) Benceno gas (C
6
H
6
) se quema con un 95% de aire terico (se forma
algo de CO) durante un proceso de combustin en rgimen
estacionario. Calcule la fraccin molar del CO en los productos.

Solucin: 2.1%

n_C=6
n_H=6
a_th=n_C+n_H/4
coeff=0.95 "coeff=1 for theoretical combustion, 1.5 for 50% excess air"
"Assuming all the H burns to H2O, the combustion equation is
C6H6+coeff*a_th(O2+3.76N2)----- (n_CO2) CO2+(n_CO)CO+(n_H2O)
H2O+(n_N2) N2"
n_O2=coeff*a_th
n_N2=3.76*n_O2
n_H2O=n_H/2
n_CO2+n_CO=n_C
2*n_CO2+n_CO+n_H2O=2*n_O2 "Oxygen balance"
n_prod=n_CO2+n_CO+n_H2O+n_N2 "Total mole numbers of product gases"
y_CO=n_CO/n_prod "mole fraction of CO in product gases"

"Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:"
DI I N

2
W1_yCO=n_CO/n1_prod; n1_prod=n_CO2+n_CO+n_H2O "Not including N2 in
n_prod"
W2_yCO=(n_CO2+n_CO)/n_prod "Using both CO and CO2 in calculations"

3.- (1.5 puntos) Aire en un ciclo ideal Diesel se comprime de 2 litros a 0.13 litros, y
despus se expande durante el proceso de adicin de calor a presin
constante hasta 0.30 litros. Bajo suposiciones de aire fro estndar,
calcule la eficiencia trmica del ciclo.

Solucin: 59%

V1=2 "L"
V2= 0.13 "L"
V3= 0.30 "L"
r=V1/V2
rc=V3/V2
k=1.4
Eta_Diesel=1-(1/r^(k-1))*(rc^k-1)/k/(rc-1)

"Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:"
W1_Eta = 1-(1/r1^(k-1))*(rc^k-1)/k/(rc-1); r1=V1/V3 "Wrong r value"
W2_Eta = 1-Eta_Diesel "Using incorrect relation"
W3_Eta = 1-(1/r^(k1-1))*(rc^k1-1)/k1/(rc-1); k1=1.667 "Using wrong k value"
W4_Eta = 1-1/r^(k-1) "Using Otto cycle efficiency"

PROBLEMAS (puntuacin entre parntesis).

PE1. (3 puntos) En una cmara de combustin entra n-octano (C
8
H
18
) a 25C y 1 atm,
donde se mezcla y quema con un 100% de exceso de aire que entra a la cmara
de combustin en las mismas condiciones, como se indica en la figura adjunta.
Un anlisis de los gases de combustin revela Si la temperatura de salida de los
gases de combustin es 257C, se pide determinar:
1. Las reacciones de combustin con aire terico y con exceso de aire
ajustadas.
2. La tasa de transferencia de calor de la cmara de combustin en
kJ/kmol octano y en kJ/kg octano.















Products
257C
C
8
H
18

25C
100% excess air
25C
Q
out

Combustion
chamber

P = 1 atm

3

PE2.- (3 puntos) Un ciclo de Otto ideal tiene una relacin de compresin de 9.2. Al
principio del proceso de compresin, el aire se encuentra a 98 kPa y 27C, y se
sabe que la presin mxima del ciclo duplica la presin del punto 2 (final del
proceso de compresin isentrpica). Tome en cuenta la variacin de los calores
especficos con la temperatura (condiciones SAE), y determine:

1. Diagramas T-s y P-v del ciclo.
2. Presin y temperatura mximas del ciclo.
3. La salida neta de trabajo.
4. La eficiencia trmica.
5. La presin media efectiva para el ciclo.

15-58 n-Octane is burned with 100 percent excess air. The heat transfer per kilogram of fuel burned for a
product temperature of 257C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air and combustion gases are ideal
gases. 3 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 4 Combustion is complete. 5 The
fuel is in vapor phase.
Properties The molar masses of propane and air are 44 kg/kmol and 29 kg/kmol,
respectively (Table A-1).
Analysis The combustion reaction for stoichiometric air is
| |
2 2 2 2 2 18 8
3.76)N (12.5 O H 9 CO 8 3.76N O 5 . 12 H C + + + +
The combustion equation with 100% excess air is
| |
2 2 2 2 2 2 18 8
N 94 O 5 . 12 O 9H 8CO 3.76N O 25 H C + + + + +
The heat transfer for this combustion
process is determined from the energy
balance
system out in
E E E A = applied on
the combustion chamber with W = 0. It
reduces to
( ) ( )

+ + =
R
f R
P
f P
h h h N h h h N Q

out

Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we have h = h(T).
From the tables,


Substance

f
h
kJ/kmol
K 298
h
kJ/kmol
K 530
h
kJ/kmol
C
8
H
18
(g) -208,450 --- ---
O
2
0 8682 15,708
N
2
0 8669 15,469
H
2
O (g) -241,820 9904 17,889
CO
2
-393,520 9364 19,029

Substituting,
Product
s
257C
C
8
H
18

25C
100% excess
air
25C
Q
out

Combustion
chamber

P = 1 atm

4

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
18 8
out
H C kmol kJ 880 , 239 , 4
0 0 450 , 208 1 8669 469 , 15 0 94
8682 708 , 15 0 5 . 12 9904 889 , 17 820 , 241 9 9364 029 , 19 520 , 393 8
/ =
+ +
+ + + + + = Q

or
18 8 out
H C kmol kJ 880 , 239 , 4 / = Q
Then the heat transfer per kg of fuel is

18 8
H C kJ/kg 37,200 = = =
kg/kmol 114
fuel kJ/kmol 880 , 239 , 4
fuel
out
out
M
Q
Q



9-169 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid with a compression ratio of 9.2
is considered. The amount of heat transferred to the air, the net work output, the thermal
efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg K (Table A-1). The properties of
air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
( )
( ) ( ) kPa 2129 kPa 98
K 300
K 708.3
9.2
kJ/kg 9 . 518
K 3 . 708 52 . 67 2 . 621
2 . 9
1 1
2 . 621
kJ/kg 214.07 K 300
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1 1
1 1 2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
=
= = = = =
=
= =
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
u
T
r
u T
r r r
r
v
v v v
v v
v
v
v
v

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
( )( )
kJ/kg 609.8 9 . 518 7 . 1128
593 . 8
kJ/kg 1128.7 K 1416.6 3 . 708 2 2
2 3
3 2 2
2
3
3
2
2 2
3
3 3
3
= = =
=
= = = = = =
u u q
u T T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
in
r
v
v v

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
( )( ) kJ/kg 487.75 06 . 79 593 . 8 2 . 9
4
3
4
3 3 4
= = = = = u r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

kJ/kg 336.1 7 . 273 8 . 609
kJ/kg 273.7 07 . 214 75 . 487
out in net
1 4 out
= = =
= = =
q q w
u u q

(c) 55.1% = = =
kJ/kg 609.8
kJ/kg 336.1
in
net
th
q
w
q
v
v
P
4
1
3
2
q
in

q
out


5
(d)
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kPa 429
kJ 1
m kPa 1
1/9.2 1 /kg m 0.879
kJ/kg 336.1
/ 1 1
MEP
/kg m 0.879
kPa 98
K 300 K /kg m kPa 0.287
3
3
1
net
2 1
net
max
2 min
3
3
1
1
1 max
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
=

= = =
r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v