Sound and waves

A. Mechanical vs Electromagnetic waves

1. Electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum whereas mechanical waves do not.
2. The ripples made in a pool of water after a stone is thrown in the middle are an
example of mechanical wave. Examples of electromagnetic waves include light and
radio signals.
3. Mechanical waves are caused by wave amplitude and not by frequency.
Electromagnetic Waves are produced by vibration of the charged particles.
4. While an electromagnetic wave is called just a disturbance, a mechanical wave is
considered a periodic disturbance.


Read more: Difference Between Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves | Difference
Between | Mechanical vs Electromagnetic
Waves http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-mechanical-
and-electromagnetic-waves/#ixzz32VHBtMfs

B. Research papers
Terms : 2d cavity buffeting


1. Analysis on Physical Mechanism of Sound Generation
inside Cavities Based on Acoustic Analogy Method
2.

C. Videos
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnAEwDQxeKo
2. Vorticity NASA LANGLEY
3. Aerodynamic generation of sound NASA LANGLEY (watched)
4. imp
Sound and sound waves theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tR1yDxCSRg
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------









Open cavities are present in a number of transport systems, including
aircraft landing gear wheel wells, car sun roofs and the gap between
train wagons. Their common feature is to be characterized by highly
unsteady flows, leading to dynamical load increase and aero-acoustic
sound emission. A significant contribution to explain the unsteadiness of
flows over rectangular cavities, leading to resonance phenomena, was
given by Rossiter [1]. He identified an acoustic feedback mechanism for
certain cavities and flow regimes. This feedback mechanism can be
described as follows:

A vortex is shed from the cavity leading edge and is convected
downstream until it impinges onto the forward facing step, causing an
acoustic pressure wave, which travels upstream and triggers Kelvin-
Helmholtz instabilities in the shear layer, leading to the shedding of a
new vortex. Rossiter developed an empirical formula to predict the
resulting self-sustained oscillation frequencies, which is based on
previous studies on edge tones (e.g. Powell [2, 3]):



Where St is the Strouhal number, f is the frequency, L is the cavity
length, Ue is the free-stream velocity, n is the integer mode number, M is
the Mach number, k and a are respectively the average convection speed
of the vortical disturbances in the shear layer and a phase delay.
Typically 1/ k = 1.75 and a = 0.25.




-----------------------


The KelvinHelmholtz instability (after Lord Kelvin and Hermann von
Helmholtz) can occur when there is velocity shear in a single continuous fluid, or where there is a
velocity difference across the interface between two fluids. An example is wind blowing over water:
The instability manifests in waves on the water surface. More generally, clouds, the ocean, Saturn's
bands, Jupiter's Red Spot, and the sun's corona show this instability.
[1]



The theory predicts the onset of instability and transition to turbulent flow in fluids of
different densities moving at various speeds. Helmholtz studied the dynamics of two fluids of
different densities when a small disturbance, such as a wave, was introduced at the boundary
connecting the fluids.

For some short enough wavelengths, if surface tension is ignored, two fluids in parallel motion with
different velocities and densities yield an interface that is unstable for all speeds. Surface
tension stabilises the short wavelength instability however, and theory predicts stability until a
velocity threshold is reached. The theory with surface tension included broadly predicts the onset of
wave formation in the important case of wind over water.
[citation needed]

Room modes
The input of acoustic energy to the room at the modal frequencies and multiples thereof causes
standing waves. The nodes and antinodes of these standing waves result in the loudness of the
particular resonant frequency being different at different locations of the room. These standing
waves can be considered a temporary storage of acoustic energy as they take a finite time to build
up and a finite time to dissipate once the sound energy source has been removed.



References
Gloerfelt, X. (n.d.). Cavity Noise.
Hahn, P. (n.d.). ON THE USE OF MESHLESS METHODS IN ACOUSTIC SIMULATIONS.
Lee, D.-G., Park, I.-K., & Lim, J.-Y. (n.d.). Sunroof Buffeting Simulation of a Simplified Car Model using
PAM-FLOW.
Syed, S. A., & Hoffmann, K. A. (2010). Detached Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow over a.
Wagner, C., Huttl, T., & Pierries, S. (2007). Large-Eddy Simulation for Acoustics. Cambridge University
Press.