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Published by Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers Association (RMCMA)
2008.

Contact:
B-5, Ground Floor, Neel Shantiniketan Co-op. Housing Society, Manipada Road,
Opp. Mumbai University,Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098,
Tel.: 91-22-26654165, E-mail: info@rmcmaindia.org Web: rmcmaindia.org


































Copyright 2008 Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers Association (RMCMA)
B-5, Neel Shantiniketan CHS, Opp. Vidyanagari,
Manipada Road, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, copied and distributed in any form
or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior written permission of
RMCMA.


- 3 -
CONTENTS




























Sr. No. Description Page No.
Foreword 4
Preface 6
The Quality Team 8
Acknowledgement 10
Message from NRMCA U.S.A 11
Message from ERMCO BELGIUM 12
Section I: Guidelines
1 What is Quality? 14
2 What are QA and QC? 14
3 Complexities in providing Quality Concrete 15
4 Company Information and Quality Policy 16
5 Management Responsibility and Commitment 16
6 QA-QC Plan 16
7 Sources of Materials 18
8 Monitoring Quality of Ingredients
Cement
Supplementary cementitious materials
Chemical admixtures
Water
Aggregates

19
20
23
25
26
9 Sampling and Testing of Concrete 29
10 Process Control
Upkeep of production facility
Concrete mix design

31
32
11 Control Charts 34
12 Properties of Fresh Concrete
Workability
Density
Temperature

35
36
37
13 Properties of Hardened Concrete
Strength
Standard deviation
Acceptance criteria

39
40
41
14 Special QC techniques
Internal quality audit report
Cusum system

42
42
15 Key Personnel 43
Section II: Typical example
1 Introduction 45
2 Tables and graphs 46-61
3 Bureau of Indian Standards referred in Guidelines 62


- 4 -
FOREWORD



Duri ng t he past decade, t he const ruct i on i ndust ry i n Indi a wit nessed remarkable
growt h, i n whi ch t he ready-mi xed concret e (RMC) i ndustry can cl aim t o be a proud
part ner. Hi st ori cal l y speaki ng, Indi a mi ssed t he benefit s of RMC t echnol ogy for
decades. It was onl y i n the earl y ni net ies t hat t he i ndust ry was born, but growt h real ly
commenced from t he second hal f of t he ninet i es. Duri ng t he past few years, housing
and i nfrast ruct ure have remai ned t he maj or expansi on areas. Fast er speed and i mproved
qual i t y of concret e have been t he t wo maj or demands of t hese sect ors. Ready-mi xed
concret e was t he ri ght sol ut ion for t hi s and i t was heart eni ng t o see t hat t he RMC
i ndust ry responded posi t i vel y t o t hese demands. The resul t was t he rapi d growth of the
RMC i ndust ry. Thi s i ndust ry, whi ch was i ni t i all y confi ned t o met ropol i t an ci t i es, l at er
spread t o t he t wo-t i er and t hree-t i er ci t i es, vi ndicati ng the fact t hat RMC was a ri ght
sol ut i on for di fferent market s. Current l y, i t i s est i mat ed t hat Indi a produces around 20-
25 mi llion m
3
of concret e annual l y from around 400-500 RMC facilities.

The growt h of t he RMC i ndustry brought i n i t s wake cert ai n chal l enges, chi ef amongst
whi ch was about t he qual i t y of concret e suppl i ed by RMC pl ant s. In this context, we
are happy t hat t he RMC i ndustry came forward and has t ri ed t o evolve a sel f-regul at ory
framework for t hi s. It i s our pl easure t o be associ at ed wit h t hi s exerci se, spearheaded
by the Ready-Mi xed Concrete Manufacturers Associ ati on (RMCMA). The exerci se
i nvol ved i n-dept h st udy of t he regul at ory pract i ces i n di fferent count ri es, choosi ng t he
best i nt ernat i onal pract i ces, ali gni ng t he regul at ory framework wi t h t he provi si ons i n
t he current codes of t he Bureau of Indian Standards, evolvi ng a syst em of audi t of
RMC faci l i t i es by ext ernal audi t or, devel opi ng gui del i nes for t he qualit y control and
qual i t y assurance of t he fi nal product , et c. We were happy t o be act i vel y i nvol ved
duri ng al l t hese st ages and coul d provi de gui dance t o t he RMCMAs Qual i t y Sub-
Committee from time to time. The Quality Scheme of RMCMA i s cont ai ned i n t wo
met i cul ousl y-prepared manual s, namel y Qual i t y Manual s Part I and II, whi ch were
fi nal i zed aft er t horough di scussi on and revi si ons. Whi le Quality Manual Part-I
i ncorporat es an ext ensi ve Check Li st t o be used for auditing RMC facility, procedures
of audit , et c. , Qual i t y Manual Part-II contai ns gui deli nes for QA & QC of concret e,
whi ch are based on key provi si ons i n di fferent BIS codes. It i s not ewort hy t hat
conformi t y wi t h t he Qual i t y Manual -Part I t hrough annual ext ernal audi t of RMC
facility is made mandat ory for obt ai ni ng a RMCMA certi fi cat i on.





- 5 -
It i s heart eni ng t o not e t hat t he regul at ory framework for qual i t y i s i n pl ace, t he
Qual it y Manual Part I and II have been fi nal ized and t hat audi t s of nearl y 50 RMC
faci l i t i es l ocat ed i n di fferent part s of t he count ry have been successful l y completed
by ext ernal audit ors t i l l Oct ober 2008. Improvement s i n qual i t y have t o be a
conti nuous process and hence t he nati onal Expert s Commi t t ee would be revi ewi ng t he
performance of t he present Qual i t y Scheme from t i me t o t i me and woul d i ncorporat e
changes in it s provisi ons, i f necessary.
We are of t he opi ni on t hat a good begi nni ng has al ready been made and everyone
associ at ed wi t h const ruct i on needs t o support t hi s i ni t i at i ve from t he RMC i ndust ry.
We t rust t hat t hese document s wi l l become t he cornerst one of hi gh-qual i t y concret e
manufact uri ng. We are confi dent t hat al ignment wi t h t hese document s wi l l ensure a
heal t hy growt h of t he RMC i ndust ry i n Indi a.


For and on Behalf of the National Experts Committee

Dr. A. Ramakrishna
(Advisor, Larsen & Toubro Ltd.)
Dr C. S. Viswanatha
(Managing Director, Torsteel Research Foundation in India, Bangalore)
Mr. Jose Kurian
(Chief Engineer, DT & TDC, New Delhi)
Dr A K Mullick
(Former Director General, National Council for Cement and Building Materials
(NCB), New Delhi)
Mr. A. K. Jain
(Technical Advisor, Grasim/ UltraTech Cement)
Mr. P L Bongirwar
(Former Dy. Managing Director, MSRDC, Mumbai)
Mr. C M Dordi
(Customer Support Group Head (West and Exports), Ambuja Cements)







- 6 -
PREFACE



The first commercial ready-mixed concrete (RMC) facility in India was set up in Pune in 1992 and was
followed by establishment of similar facilities in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, etc. The growth of
the construction industry, particularly the rapid expansion of the housing and the infrastructure sectors,
placed heavy demand on speed as well as quality in concrete construction. This gave an impetus to the
growth of RMC industry, which took roots mainly in the urban and semi-urban areas of the country.
Exact data on the growth of RMC industry is not available; however, it is estimated that India produced
more than 25 million m
3
of ready-mixed concrete in 2007-08 from around 400-500 RMC facilities and
the number has been growing continuously.

The spread of RMC facilities in urban India has brought in its wake certain challenges. Since RMC is not
a finished product and the quality of the final product is dependent upon a host of factors some of
which are beyond the control of the RMC producers there is likelihood of a variation in the uniformity
and quality of the final product. Yet, the customer needs to be provided with some sort of quality
assurance about the concrete supplied. This highlighted the need of developing a framework of quality
for RMC.

The Ready Mixed Concrete Manufacturers Association (RMCMA), India, which was established in
March 2002 and has been striving hard to bring the Indian RMC industry at par with the industries in
advanced countries, has taken up this challenge. After an in-depth study of the prevailing quality systems
in different parts of world, mainly from the U.S.A.,U.K., Canada, the RMCMA decided to develop a self-
regulatory framework for Quality of RMC. It formed a Sub-Committee on Quality, consisting of
experienced quality personnel from member companies. Further, a committee of National Experts was
also set up. The Quality Sub-Committee, which worked under the guidance of the National Experts
Committee and the Managing Committee of RMCMA, put in Herculean efforts to evolve Quality
Scheme for RMC in India.

The Quality Scheme has been developed in two parts and the details are contained in two manuals,
namely, Quality Manual Part I and Part II. Both manuals have been developed after extensive
deliberations in the Quality Sub-Committee and also in the joint meetings of the entire Quality Team.
The drafts of the Quality Manuals Part I and II were modified on several occasions.

The first part of the scheme essentially consists of an annual audit of RMC facility by an external auditor.
The audit is based on an extensive Check List included in Quality Manual Part I. While developing the
Check List, it was ensured that the provisions in the same meet most of the stipulations in the Indian
Standard on Ready Mixed Concrete, IS 4926
3
(second revision) and the other relevant codes on concrete
such as IS 456
1
, IS 9103
2
and many others. In fact, the requirements of the Check List, in some cases,
exceed those of the codes. Thus, RMCMA certification through the external audit would provide
assurance to the users that the production facilities of the certified plant conform to the requirements of
the IS code. Before the Check List was finalized, mock audits of number of RMC facilities were
conducted by selected members of the Quality Sub-Committee and the Check List provisions were
modified after gaining practical experience. Incidentally, the Quality Manual Part I also includes the
detailed procedure of audit, detailed procedure of audit, selection criteria of auditors, sample certificate,
selection criteria of auditors, sample certificate, etc. It may be Emphasized that successful completion of


- 7 -
external annual audit is mandatory for obtaining RMCMA certification However, it needs to be pointed
out that availability of proper plant and equipment is only one of the factors although a very vital one
that controls quality of concrete. No claim is therefore made that certification of RMCMA will
necessarily assure delivery of high quality concrete. The RMCMA certificate should therefore be
accepted precisely for what it is evidence that a certified production facility do possess capabilities to
produce quality concrete. The existence of these capabilities is likely to reduce the incidence of
deficiencies in the quality of final product.

The Quality Team seriously deliberated on the issue of product certification too. It was felt that quality of
the product involves contractual issues between the RMC producer and his/her clients. Further, different
member companies follow different quality practices and are in competition with each other on quality
parameters. The Quality Team therefore felt that product quality cannot be brought under certification at
the current stage; instead, it was decided that the RMCMA should develop a Guideline document on QA
and QC of Concrete for its member companies. The Quality Sub-Committee prepared the draft guidelines
which were deliberated in various meetings and several improvements were made based on the guidance
provided by the National Experts. It is recommended that each RMC facility should prepare its own QC
Manual II following the minimum benchmarks suggested in the guideline document. Such document,
which incidentally needs constant updating, would demonstrate RMC producers commitment to quality
concrete.
The external audits of RMC facilities of member companies commenced in March 2008 and we are
pleased to inform that till October 2008, more than 50 RMC facilities from different parts of the country
are successful in obtaining certification. The list of these facilities as well as the names of the auditors
who audited these facilities is available at www.rmcmaindia.org.

The Quality Team of RMCMA will continuously review the progress in the implementation of the
Quality Scheme. It would be open to constructive suggestions and based on the feedback from field,
would modify the provisions in the Quality Manual Part I and II, if found necessary.

The RMCMA has developed close ties with the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA),
U.S.A and the European Ready Mixed Concrete Organization (ERMCO). We are happy to inform that
these leading world organizations are supportive of the efforts being made by the RMCMA in developing
the quality scheme. We are pleased to enclose the messages of appreciation from these organizations.

The Quality Team of RMCMA strongly believes that the self-regulatory quality framework initiated by
the RMCMA would go a long way in improving the quality of concrete produced by RMC plants and
providing assurance to customers.

For and on Behalf of Quality Sub-Committee
(Vijay R. Kulkarni)
Convener,
Quality Sub-Committee, RMCMA





- 8 -

THE QUALITY TEAM

National Experts Committee
Dr. A. Ramakrishna- Advisor, Larsen & Toubro Ltd.
Dr C. S. Viswanatha, Managing Director, Torsteel Research Foundation in India, Bangalore
Mr. Jose Kurian- Chief Engineer, DT & TDC, New Delhi
Dr A K Mullick, Former Director General, National Council for Cement and Building
Materials (NCB), New Delhi
Mr. A. K. Jain- Technical Advisor, Grasim/ UltraTech Cement
Mr. P L Bongirwar- Former Dy. Managing Director, MSRDC, Mumbai
Mr. C M Dordi- Customer Support Group Head (West and Exports), Ambuja Cements
RMCMAs Sub-Committee on Quality
Vijay R. Kulkarni, Convener, Quality Sub-Committee, RMCMA
Mr. Rajiv Talwar, Head QA, ACC Concrete Ltd.
Dr. P. Dinakar, ACC Concrete Ltd (From inception till December 2007)
Mr. Harpal Singh Sehmi, ACC Concrete Ltd (From inception till June 2007)
Mr. Anuj Maheshwari- Head, Technical, Grasim Industries Ltd.
Mr. S. G. Bhat, Manager QC, Lafarge Aggregate & Concrete Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Hiren Joshi., QA-QC In-charge, Lafarge Aggregate & Concrete Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. S. D. Govilkar, Deputy General Manager(Technical), RMC Readymix (I)
Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Girish Bonde, Head, Technical, RDC Concrete India Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Bilal Baig, Manager, Quality, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd.
Mr. Awadhoot Sawant- Dy. Manager RMC, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd. (From inception
till Nov. 2007)
Mr. D. Mohan, Manager Technical, IJM Concrete Products Pvt. Ltd.
RMCMAs Managing Committee
Mr. Ganesh Kaskar, President, RMCMA & Ex. Dir. and CEO, RMC Readymix (I) Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Hans Fuchs, Vice-President, RMCMA and Managing Director, ACC Concrete Ltd.
Mr. Racy Sidhu, Vice-President, RMCMA and BU Manager-RMC, Lafarge Aggregate &
Concrete Pvt. Ltd.
Mr Vivek Agrawal, .Ex. President, Grasim Industries Ltd.
Mr. B K Shrikhande, Former Vice-President, ACC Concrete Ltd. ( from inception till
October 2007)
Mr. Sanjay Bahadur, Former Managing Director, ACC Concrete Ltd.
(from Nov. 2007 to June 2008)
Mr.Akash Gonge, Secretary, RMCMA, and General Manager (RMC), Godrej & Boyce Mfg.
Co. Ltd.
Mr S.R. Kumar, Immediate Past President, RMCMA ( from inception to August 2008)


- 9 -
Mr Uday Shankar, Ex. Director, RDC Concrete India Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. R Krishnachander, Vice-President-Business Development, India Cements Ltd.
Mr. Balaji Moorthy, President-Marketing, Madras Cement Ltd.
Mr. Prakash Menon, General Manager, IJM Concrete Products Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. M A Mathew, Proprietor, MC Duramix
Mr. Vijay R. Kulkarni, Principal Consultant, RMCMA


- 10 -
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to each member of the RMCMAs Sub-Committee on Quality for carefully scrutinizing
different provisions in Quality Manual Part I and II. The provisions were thoroughly discussed in the
meetings of the Sub-Committee and several modifications were made after reaching broad consensus.
The help rendered by Sub-Committee members is highly appreciated and we are thankful to them for
their involvement and efforts.

We are also indebted to all members of the National Experts Committee and the Managing Committee of
RMCMA who have provided broad guidance on different aspects of the provisions in both manuals.
They not only carefully scrutinized the provisions in the Manuals but also helped the RMCMA in
finalizing its approach to the Quality Scheme by offering valuable suggestions. The RMCMA would like
to record its deep sense of gratitude towards the members of the Experts Committee for their valuable
guidance.

The Quality Team would also like to thank the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA),
U.S.A., particularly, Mr. Robert Garbini, President and Dr Colin Lobo, Senior Vice-President
(Engineering), for the help rendered in providing guidance on the quality practices followed by NRMCA.
We are also thankful to the European Ready Mixed Concrete Organization (ERMCO) for the support
rendered to us.

For and on Behalf of Quality Sub-Committee

(Vijay R. Kulkarni)
Convener,
Quality Sub-Committee, RMCMA



- 11 -






- 12 -




- 13 -







Section I: Guidelines

















- 14 -
1. What is Quality?
1.1 The term quality has been defined differently by different experts. For example, Deming defines it
Meeting the customers needs; Juran says it is Fitness for use, whereas Crosby defines it as
Conformance to requirements. One more definition of quality can be Satisfaction of stated and
implied needs. Quality can have separate meaning. It can have subjective meaning, when it is used
to indicate elegance or luxury. Quality can be relative, when the term is used to indicate grade (e.g.
5-star hotel). It can have objective meaning when it is used to indicate a specific requirement or
fitness for purpose (e.g. M30/M40 grade of concrete).
1.2 The term quality has a much wider and an all-encompassing significance when applied to any multi-
dimensional activities. In the context of construction industry, quality is the slated and implied needs
of the users/owners who should be assured of the required serviceability and safety, without
undue maintenance but also the slated and implied needs of the client/promoters who should be
assured of adequate returns on their investments. Quality in construction can be said to have been
achieved if it is completed without time and cost overruns, ensuring the required serviceability,
durability and safety, without undue maintenance.
2. What are QA and QC?
2.1 In the literature on quality, one would often notice the use of two terms, namely, quality control
(QC) and quality assurance (QA). In day-to-day practice, there is a tendency to use these terms
imprecisely. It would therefore be appropriate to have clarity about the exact meaning of these
terms..
2.2 Quality control (QC), sometimes called process control, is defined as the operational techniques and
activities that are used to fulfill requirements of quality. It is the sum total of activities performed
by the seller (producer) to make sure that a product meets contract specifications and requirements.
QC is often confused with control testing. The basic quality control concept, as promulgated by Prof.
Juran, is to control the mass and not the piece. The main problem about quality control is that it is
an after event operation, designed to prevent defective items from passing through the system.
What happens when a product fails? The consumers risk is that a bad batch may get accepted, while
the producers risk is that a good batch may be rejected. This gave rise to the concept of quality
assurance (QA).
2.4 Quality assurance (QA) can be defined as all those planned activities and systematic actions
necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given contract-
specific requirements. Quality assurance provides consistency and an assurance (in the form of
certified records) that the established QC procedures have been carried out in full. Thus, quality
control is part of quality assurance. Within an organization, quality assurance serves as a
management tool; in contractual situations, quality assurance serves to provide confidence in the
supplier.


- 15 -
3. Complexities in providing Quality Concrete
3.1 As regards ready-mixed concrete (RMC), the problem of providing QA and QC becomes more
complex. This is because RMC is an unfinished product at the time of delivery. In its as sold
condition, the product is perishable and will not remain in plastic and unhardened condition beyond
a limited time. Construction materials like steel, aluminum, glass, etc are factory-produced finished
products and the producers are in a position to control its final quality before delivery. This is not the
case with ready-mixed concrete. The quality of finished concrete is affected by a host of factors such
as:
variability in the quality of the different ingredients such as cement, aggregates, sand, water
and mineral and chemical admixtures,
selection of ingredients which depends up on the end use and clients requirements,
proportions of ingredients,
a variety of process parameters, affecting homogeneity of mixing and other properties,
conditions involving transportation, placement, finishing, curing and protection of concrete,
variation in external environmental conditions such as changes in temperature, humidity and
wind speed, which can adversely affect the properties of concrete.
3.2 The main quality parameters of concrete are its workability, homogeneity and compactibility at pour
site, 28-day compressive strength and long-term durability. Amongst these parameters, durability is
indirectly controlled by adopting certain code-specified limiting norms, e.g. minimum cementitious
content, maximum free water-binder ratio, minimum grade of concrete, etc (for example, Tables 3
and 5 of IS 456
2
). The workability at pour site, which is usually measured in terms of slump, is
affected by numerous factors and the RMC producer has to take proper precautions to maintain the
desired values of slump at pour site, making use of his expertise and experience, especially when the
weather conditions are harsh and there could be bottlenecks in transportation, involving long delays.
The specified compressive strength of concrete cannot be verified at the time of sale, as an
overwhelming majority of the contracts are based on the 28-day strengths.
3.3 Thus, providing quality concrete on a consistent basis is indeed a complex job. With a view to tide
over this complexity, RMC producer needs to be committed to well-organized quality control and
quality assurance systems. This Guideline document along with the interrelated document (QC
Manual Part-I) provide necessary tools which can be used by RMC producers to produce quality
concrete on a consistent basis. It may be mentioned here that QC Manual Part-I contains a
comprehensive Check List, based on which audit of the production facility by external auditor
should be organized each year through the good offices of RMCMA. Such audit, which provides
assurance to the customers that the tools available with the RMC producer are capable of producing
quality concrete, is mandatory to obtain certification from RMCMA. Since product quality is
governed by contractual agreement between the producer and the client and each company follows
different system of controlling quality of its own products, it was felt that audit based on the
Guidelines suggested in the Part-II of this Manual would not be possible and hence not proposed.
Yet, it is strongly recommended that each RMC facility should prepare its own QC Manual
following the minimum benchmarks suggested in this document. Such document would demonstrate
RMC producers commitment to quality concrete.


- 16 -
3.5 This Guideline document recommends a broad framework of QA and QC which is strongly
recommended for adoption by RMC producers. It is believed that adoption of the guidelines would
help RMC producers in establishing his own system that would provide assurance of his capabilities
in producing quality concrete on a consistent basis.
4. Company Information and Quality Policy
4.1 The Guideline provides an opportunity for each Company to describe its background, organizational
structure, its products and services, mission statement, quality policy, etc. Thus, when preparing its
own QC Manual, it I suggested that the following information may be incorporated in the same:
brief history of the Company
growth trends of the Company including some its recent initiatives
geographical locations of its production facilities
description of products and services
any additional information that the Company may perceive to be beneficial
4.2 Many companies have well-defined Mission and Vision, embodied in Company statements. It
would be most appropriate to include such statements in the QC Manual. Further, many companies
have a clear-cut Quality Policy. In case such policy has already been evolved, the same should be
included in the QC Manual. In fact, incorporation such policy in the QC Manual would be welcomed
by customers.
5. Management Responsibility and Commitment
5.1 The production of concrete having consistent quality demands involvement and commitment from
all those connected with the production process, either directly or indirectly. Quality is not merely
the concern of the QC department; it is the concern of everyone involved in the process the
marketing personnel who book orders and keep in touch with customers, the procurement personnel
who procure different ingredients of concrete as well as equipment, production personnel involved in
producing concrete as per the recipe agreed upon, and the QC team involved in testing, mix
proportioning, monitoring and analyzing test results. Implementation of quality system often leads to
reduction in the rate of failures, which can translate in to reduction in cost for the producer.
However, for this to happen, everyone needs to be committed to quality. In particular, what is
important is the commitment and willingness of the top management of the Company to maintain
product quality regardless of the competitive pressures. The responsibilities of management
personnel as well as their authorities should be clearly spelt out.

6. QA-QC Plan
6.1 This document suggests that each RMC production facility should establish its own QA-QC Plan, for
which these guidelines can serve as a basis. It is emphasized that the guidelines can be treated as
minimum benchmarks. Different RMC production facilities certainly have the freedom to excel
beyond the minimum benchmarks. In fact, if the publication of these benchmark guidelines results in
the emergence of a true competitive spirit amongst different RMC production facilities, and they
start competing with each other by excelling the given benchmarks, customers would be the final
beneficiary.


- 17 -
6.2 It is suggested that the QC Plan should have the following elements:
o Management of the quality of ingredients:
o Sources/location of different materials
o Crucial tests and testing frequencies for different ingredients for monitoring their quality
o Process Control
o Inspection and checking of different components of plant and other equipment and their
frequency
o Concrete mix design: Data on laboratory and plant trials
o Sampling of concrete
o Properties of fresh concrete
o Data on slump, temperature, density,
o Properties of hardened concrete
o Data on compressive strengths of concrete at various ages; flexural strength (whenever
specified)
o Acceptance criteria
o Standard deviation
o Special QC techniques
o Internal quality audit
o Special techniques
o Key personnel:
o Data pertaining qualification, experience, and training of all personnel involved in
production, quality control, marketing, etc.


- 18 -
7. Sources of Materials
7.1 RMC supplier would prefer to have the same source for the materials used in day-to-day production.
This is because a change in the source of the material may affect its properties and hence would
warrant re-proportioning/redesigning of mixes, which is a time-consuming process. Therefore, RMC
supplier would always try to avoid frequent changes in the sources of materials. However, a variety
of factors such as shortage in the supply of materials, environmental restrictions on dredging and
mining, transportation bottlenecks, abnormal increase in the cost of material from a particular source,
etc. compel the RMC producer to make changes in the sources of input materials. Considering this, it
would be advisable to document the sources of all ingredients used in production. In case of any
quality problems, such documentation would be quite useful in tracking faulty materials sources, if
any. Table 1 suggests the format for such documentation.

Table 1: Sources of different materials, and their period of use

Material Type/
Class
Source
Name of Supplier/
Factory/ brand
Location
Cement

OPC
43 grade
53 grade
PPC
PSC
Other


Fly ash
Siliceous
Calcareous


Slag



Silica fume



Water



Ice



Fine aggregate
River sand
Manufactured sand


Coarse
aggregate
40-mm down
25-mm down
12.5-mm down


Quarry fines


W.R. Agent



H.R.W.R.A.



Retarder



Others





- 19 -
8 Monitoring Quality of Ingredients
8.1 Cement
8.1.1 RMC producers in India commonly use three types of cements, namely,
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
o 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
3

o 53 grade conforming to IS 12269
4

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) conforming to IS 1489
5

Portland Slag Cement (PSC) conforming to IS 455
6
.
8.1.2 Although cement is a factory-produced material, there may be variation in the properties between
two consignments, even from the same factory. RMC producers usually prefer to have a long-term
understanding with a particular cement producer. However, at times, they are constrained to use
different brands from different manufacturers. Since the properties of the cement have close
bearing on the properties of concrete, it would be appropriate to document the key physical
properties of cement. Fortunately, most of the cement manufacturers do provide a test certificate on
the properties on a regular basis, enabling documentation of such properties. Some RMC producers
have facility for testing certain key physical properties of cement in their central laboratory. If such
a facility is in use or in case RMC producers get the cement samples tested from a third-party
laboratory, the results should be appropriately documented. Table 2 provides a format for such
documentation. The table also includes the minimum and maximum provisions from the relevant
Indian codes for the sake of immediate comparison.
Table 2: Selected physical properties of cement

Property Manufacturer I Manufacturer II Manufacturer III
Date of testing
Type of cement PPC OPC 53 grade PSC
Provisions of
IS 1489
5

Test
results*
Provisions
of IS
12269
4

Test
results*
Provisions of
IS 455
6

Test
results*
Fineness, m
2
/kg 300 (min) 225 (min) 225 (min)
Min. compressive strength, MPa
3-day 16 27 16
7-day 22 37 22
28-day 33 53 33
Setting time, minute
Initial 30 (min) 30 (min) 30 (min)
Final 600 (max) 600 (max) 600 (max)
Soundness, mm 10 (max) 10 (max) 10 (max)
Loss on ignition, % 4 (max)
% of mineral admixture (fly ash
or slag) in PPC or PSC
15-35 %
fly ash
- 35-70 % slag
* Based on data from manufacturers certificate or in-house testing or testing done in a third-party lab.


- 20 -
8.2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials
8.21 RMC producers generally use the following three types of supplementary cementitious materials
(SCMs):
Fly ash,
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS),
Condensed silica fume.
8.22 It is well known that SCMs, possessing either pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties, improve a
host of properties of concrete, both in its fresh and hardened states. In particular, the use of these
materials improves the workability and helps concrete in achieving higher long-term strength gain
and improved durability leading to enhanced sustainability. However, these benefits would be
achieved only when it is ensured that the SCMs possess the requisite properties; otherwise, they
may just act as inert fillers. For RMC producer, the best way to ensure this is to verify as to
whether the physical and chemical properties of the SCM used conform to the code-specified
requirements.
While fly ash and condensed silica fume should respectively conform to IS 3812 (Part 1)
7
and IS
15388
8
, GGBS should conform to IS 12089 : 1987
9
and BS 6699.
8.2.1 Fly ash
8.2.1.1Fly ash or pulverized fuel ash (PFA) is a by-product from thermal power plants. Depending on the
type of coal used for burning, fly ash could either be of silicious variety (produced from bitimunous
coal and having CaO < 10%) or calcareous variety (produced from lignite coal and having CaO >
10%). While finely-divided silicious fly ash has pozzolanic nature, the calcareous fly ash has both
pozzolanic and hydraulic properties. However, not all fly ashes available from thermal power
plants can be suitable for use in concrete. If fly ash is obtained from the same source, there will not
be much variation in the chemical properties of fly ash; however the physical properties may vary
depending upon the collection and separation and grinding system used. The IS 3812
7
has
stipulated certain minimum physical and chemical requirements. RMC producer needs to ensure
that the fly ash received by him has supplementary cementitious properties. It would therefore be
appropriate if the fly ash supplier furnishes a test certificate along with each consignment.
8.2.1.2Before the source of the fly ash is fixed, it is essential that all the physical and chemical
requirements as given in IS 3812
7
are complied with. Once the source is fixed, only the physical
requirements of fly ash need to be monitored. Amongst the various physical requirements
mentioned in Table 3, the requirement of particles retained on 45 sieve can be assessed quickly by
wet sieving test. It would therefore be a good practice to carry out this test in the in-house
laboratory before each consignment is accepted. It is suggested that the remaining four physical
requirements, namely Blaines fineness, lime reactivity, 28-day compressive strength and
soundness, should be checked once in 3 months or with the change in source.
8.2.1.3With a view to control the consignment-to-consignment variation in the quality of fly ash, IS 3812
7

also specifies uniformity requirements. It specifies that individual values of tests at Sr. No. 1 to 3 in
Table 3 shall not vary more than 15% from average established from the tests on the 10 preceding
samples or of all samples if less than 10. RMC producer should ensure that the uniformity
requirements are strictly followed. The format given in Table 3 could be useful for this purpose.


- 21 -
Table 3: Physical requirements of fly ash conforming to IS 3812
7
and results of selected tests on samples
Sr.
No.
Property IS
Requirements
Frequency of test
suggested by
RMCMA
Sample 1 Sample 2
Date Test report Date Test report
1 Particles retained on 45
sieve *
34% (max) Each consignment
2 Blaine's fineness, m
2
/kg
#
320 (min) 3-monthly/ change
of source

3 Lime reactivity, MPa
#
4.5 (min) 3-monthly/ change
of source

4 28-day compressive strength,
MPa
#

Not less than
80% of
control
3-monthly/ change
of source

5 Soundness, %
#
0.8 (max) 3-monthly/ change
of source

* Test conducted on each consignment before acceptance
# Based on data furnished by supplier by conducting tests in a third-party lab.

8.2.2 Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)
8.2.2.1Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag possesses latent hydraulic properties. For the use of GGBS as
a mineral admixture in concrete, no Indian code is available. However, specification for granulated
slag for manufacture of Portland slag cement is available (IS 12089
9
). It is therefore suggested that
while the physical requirements of GGBS could be in accordance with BS 6699, the chemical
requirements could be in line with the Indian code IS 12089
9.
Some of the crucial properties as
specified in BS 6699 and IS 12089
9
are given in Table 4. RMC producer needs to ensure that the
supplier gives test certificate satisfying the requirements given in Table 4.

Table 4: Properties of GGBS conforming to BS 6699 and IS 12089
9
and results of selected
tests on samples
Property BS
Requirements
Sample 1 Sample 2

Date

Test
report*
Date Test
report*
Blaine's fineness (as per BS 6691) 275 m
2
/kg (min)
Compressive strength, ( as per BS 6691)
7-day
28-day

12.0MPa
32.5 MPa

Initial setting time( as per BS 6691) Not less than
IST of OPC

Soundness (Le-Chatellier expansion)
(as per BS 6691)
10 mm (max)
Glass content (as per IS 12089
9
) 85 % (min.)

* Based on data furnished by supplier by conducting tests in a third-party lab.


- 22 -
8.2.3 Condensed silica fume
8.2.3.1 Condensed silica fume, also known as micro silica, is a by-product of silicon and ferro-silicon
industry. It is an extremely fine material, having specific surface value greater than 15,000
m
2
/kg.The amorphous silica content should be more than 85%. It is a highly reactive pozzolana.
8.2.3.2 Silica fume should conform to the requirements of IS 15388
8
, which specify the physical and
chemical properties. Table 5 gives some of these crucial properties. With a view to ensure supply
of good quality silica fume, RMC supplier needs to obtain test certificates from his supplier for
each lot of materials that he receives and document the results in the format given in Table 5.
Alternatively, it may be a good practice to send a random sample of silica fume to a third-party
laboratory and cross check the results obtained with those furnished by the supplier.
Table 5: Properties of condensed silica fume conforming to IS 15388
8
and results of selected
tests on samples
Property IS 15388
8

Requirements
Sample 1 Sample 2


Date

Test
report*
Date Test
report*
Specific surface, m
2
/kg 15,000 (min)
SiO
2
content 85% (min.)
Pozzolanic activity index 85% at 28 days
Moisture content 3% max.
LOI 6% max.
* Based on data furnished by supplier by conducting tests in a third-party lab.

8.2.4 High reactivity metakaolin (HRM)
8.2.4.1Besides fly ash, GGBS and condensed silica fume, RMC producers can also use another SCMs,
namely high reactivity metakaolin (HRM). HRM is obtained by calcination and grinding of pure
or refined clay at a temperature between 650-850
O
C. IS 456
2
permits the use of this material as
SCM. However, since no Indian standard is available on this material, it would be advisable to
refer to the relevant literature on the subject and get the approval of the client/consultant about the
quality of the material before use.










- 23 -
8.3 Chemical admixtures
8.3.1 Ready-mixed concrete needs to be transported over long distances and it needs to be workable to
enable proper placement, compaction and finishing. Therefore, use of chemical admixtures,
which modify a variety of properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states, becomes vital. In
typical tropical weather conditions prevalent in most part of India, the commonly used admixtures
are plasticizers, superplasticiser, and retarders.
8.3.2 Before selecting any brand of admixture, laboratory tests are carried out by RMC producer to
establish compatibility of cement-plasticizer/superplasticiser system and also to determine the
optimum dosage of admixture, initial slump, extent of slump retention with time, and compressive
strengths at various ages as percent of control sample etc. Any adverse effects, e.g. abnormal
slump loss, excessive retardation, increased air content, bleeding, etc., observed during these trials
should be meticulously documented. Table 6 provides the format for documenting the results of
laboratory trials. Incidentally, close liaison with admixture manufacturer is essential during these
tests. Once the laboratory trials are over, plant trails may also be carried out. With this, the type of
admixture and dosage requirements for different mixes can be frozen. Slight changes in the
dosage are made by RMC producer, depending upon the conditions of placement, likely delay in
transportation, etc. In case there is any change in the sources of materials, the whole exercise of
laboratory trails needs to be repeated. In particular, when the source of cement is changed it may
be essential to carry out compatibility trails again. The chemical admixtures used should conform
to the requirements specified in IS 9103
10
.
Cement-chemical admixture or cement-chemical-mineral admixture compatibility needs to be
resolved during the selection of chemical admixture. For this purpose, help can be sought from
chemical admixture manufacturer. RMC producer too can carry out certain compatibility tests
(Marsh cone or mini-slump cone test) in the plant laboratory and keep the records. The latter
would be useful in case certain compatibility problems are noticed.















- 24 -
Table 6: Results of initial laboratory trials* on chemical admixture

Property Control
concrete
Concrete with admixture Adverse effects, if any,
observed during trials Manufacturer
I
Manufacturer
II
Manufacturer
III
Name of manufacturer
Name of brand
Generic type
Water content, % of control
sample

Slump
0 min
30 min
60 min
90 min
Setting time, minute
Initial
Final
Compressive strength, % of
control sample

1-day
3-day
7-day
28-day
Air content, % max over
control

Observations on cement-
admixture compatibility, if any

* Laboratory trials can be conducted in plant lab or in a third-party lab (in case facilities are not available in-house)
8.3.3 Admixtures are supplied in large drums. For each batch of admixture the manufacturer needs to
provide certificate as per Para 10.1 and 10.2 of IS 9103
10
, giving various properties of the
material. The RMC producer should ensure that the material supplied to him matches closely with
the one supplied during laboratory trails. It is quite likely that there is variation in the quality of
the material being supplied from time to time. To verify this, IS 456
2
recommends that the
relative density of admixtures shall be checked for each batch and compared with the specified
value before acceptance. This practice should be followed.
8.3.4 In addition to this, IS 9103
10
specifies four more uniformity tests to be carried out on admixtures,
Table 7. It may be advisable to get these tests carried out by an independent laboratory and the
values so obtained may be compared with those furnished by the manufacturer. IS 9103
10
does
not specify the frequency at which the testing for uniformity can be done. The guideline
document however suggests the frequency for the tests as mentioned in Table 7. A record of the
test results shall be kept as per the format suggested in this Table.


- 25 -
Table 7: Uniformity requirement of admixtures conforming to IS 9103
10
and results of selected tests on
samples

Sr.
No.
Uniformity test Requirements as per IS 9103
10
Suggested
frequency
Sample 1 Sample 2
Date Test
report
Date Test
report
1 Relative density Within 0.02 of the value stated by the
manufacturer
Every batch/
consignment

2 Dry mat. content of
admixture
Liquid

Solid
0.95 T DMC 1.05 T where, T =
Manufacturers stated value in % by mass
DMC= Test result in % by mass


Each new batch
before acceptance

3 Ash content 0.95 T AC 1.05 T
where, AC= Test result in % by mass
-
4 Chloride ion content Within 10 % of the value or within 0.2 %,
whichever is greater as stated by the
manufacturer
Each new batch
before acceptance

5 pH 6 (min.) Each new batch
Note: While the test at Sr. No. 1 can be done on each batch/consignment of admixture, the remaining tests mentioned at Sr.No. 2 to 5 can be
done in a third-party lab by the supplier and results furnished to RMC producer.

8.4 Water
8.4.1 Water used for mixing shall be potable in nature and free from oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar,
organic materials or any other substances that may be deleterious to steel or the concrete.
Permissible limits of impurities in water are specified in IS 456
2
(Table 8). Mixing and curing
by sea water is not recommended because of the presence of harmful salts in sea water.
Table 8: Permissible limits for solids and results of tests on samples of fresh and recycled water

Sr.
No.
Solids Permissible
limits as
specified in IS
456
2
, max., mg/l
Fresh water Recycled water
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2
Date

Test
report

Date Test
report
Date
Test
report
Date Test
report
1 Sulphates as SO
3
400

2 Chlorides as Cl
Reinforced
concrete


500

3 pH Not less than 6

4 Organic 200

5 Inorganic 3000

6 Suspended matter 2000

Note: While the tests mentioned at Sr. No. 1, 2 and 3 can be done quickly at plant with the help of a ready-made kit, the remaining tests (Sr.
No. 4, 5 and 6) can be done in a third-party lab at the frequency suggested in IS 4926
1






- 26 -
8.4.2 IS 4926
1
specifies different testing frequencies for mains water and non-mains water. For mains
water, the code specifies that testing should initially be done weekly, till six results are obtained,
after which testing can be done at three-month interval. For non-mains water, once the source is
found satisfactory, testing frequency should be on annual-basis, provided that the chloride ion
content does not exceed 0.01%; if the value exceeds this limit, the interval of testing shall be
reduced to three-monthly interval.
8.4.3 The use of recycled wash water needs to be encouraged from sustainability perspective.
However, RMC producer needs to ensure that concrete having satisfying performance is
produced with recycled water and that the permissible limits of total chloride and sulphate
contents are not exceeded. Incidentally, the test on sulphate and chloride contents and pH can be
conducted quickly with the help of a ready-made kit. Other tests (organic, inorganic matter and
suspended matter) can be done in a third-party lab at the frequencies suggested in IS 4926
1
.
8.4.4 It is suggested that documentation of test results on water should be as given in Table 8.
8.5 Aggregates
8.5.1 Aggregates, which occupy nearly 70-80% volume of concrete, need to be strong, clean, and
durable. RMC producer needs large volumes of aggregates on a daily basis. Quite often, he has
to depend upon more than one source of aggregates. Before selecting these sources, it is
essential to conduct all routine tests on aggregates as specified in IS 383
11
for ensuring quality.
In addition, certain important properties of aggregates need to be monitored on a continuous
basis. IS 4926
1
suggests testing frequency for different tests on aggregates in Annex B.
8.5.2 The basic properties of aggregate related to its mineralogical composition such as crushing
value, impact value, abrasion value, soundness, potential alkali-aggregate reactivity, etc will not
change much if the aggregate source is the same. Before selecting the source, all these properties
are verified. RMC producers should maintain a record of such properties of aggregates obtained
from different sources by getting the tests conducted in third-party lab at frequencies suggested
in IS 4926
1
. Table 9 suggests a format for such documentation.
8.5.3 Quite often, variations are likely in certain other properties such as particle size distribution,
moisture content, silt content, water absorption, etc, which are related to techniques used in
aggregate processing and external factors. Drawing on the experience and practice followed by
some of the leading RMC producers, Table 10 suggests certain frequency of testing for these
properties of aggregates. It can be seen from this table that some of the suggested frequencies
are stricter when compared with those stipulated in IS 4926
1
. All these properties of aggregates
have direct bearing on some crucial properties of concrete, justifying strict frequency of testing.



- 27 -
Table 9: Physical properties of aggregates
Property Frequency of
testing as per IS
4926
1
(Low test
rate)
Permissible limits, if any, as
specified in IS 383
11


Sample 1* Sample2*
Date

Test
report

Date
Test report
Impact value As specified - Not more than 30 for
wearing surfaces
- Not more than 45 for non-
wearing surfaces

Los Angles
abrasion value
Yearly/ Source
change
- Not more than 30 for
wearing surfaces
- Not more than 50 for non-
wearing surfaces

Soundness Yearly/ Source
change


Chloride content Six monthly

Potential AAR 5 Yearly/
Source change


* Based on tests conducted in-house or in a third-party lab.
Table10: Additional physical properties of aggregates
Property Test
frequency
suggested by
IS 4926
1

Test frequency
suggested by
Guideline
Sample 1* Sample 2*
Date

Test
result
Date Test result
Gradation Monthly Weekly or source
change

Moisture content Daily twice (three
times in monsoon)

Silt content for
fine aggregates
Monthly Each lot
Water absorption 3 monthly Once in month; or
source change

Particle density, 3 monthly 3 monthly
Bulk density 6 monthly 6 monthly
Flakiness 6 monthly 6 monthly
Chloride content 6 monthly 6 monthly
* Based on tests conducted at plant lab.
8.5.4 Control on aggregate gradation: It is well known that aggregate grading has an impact on
workability, strength and some other properties of concrete. Since RMC producers are constrained
to depend upon more than one source of aggregates there is likelihood of a variation in the particle
size distribution. The variation would especially be more pronounced in the particle size
distribution of river sand. The Guideline therefore recommends weekly check on grading.


- 28 -
Table 11: Particle size distribution of all-in-aggregates and limits specified in IS 383
11

IS sieve size Cumulative % passing for Cumulative %
passing for all-
in-aggregate
IS 383
11
limit
20 mm 10
mm
River sand Crusher
fines

Proportion of aggregate in the mix, %
36.00 12.00 31.00 21.00
40 mm 100 100
20mm 95 100
4.75 mm 30 50
600 10 35
150 0 6
8.5.4.1 With a view to verify the extent of variation in particle size distribution, it may be appropriate to
carry out the sieve analysis test weekly and record the data of cumulative percentage passing for
all-in-aggregates used for the main concrete mixes (for example, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40
etc.) supplied from the plant. The readings may be compared with those of the all-in-aggregate
grading limits stipulated by IS 383
11
. Table 11 shows a typical format for recording the results
of sieve analysis. Documentation of such data would be useful in tracking any large variation. If
such a variation is evident, suitable corrections may be introduced in the proportions of different
aggregate fractions and simultaneously the suppliers may be alerted to rectify supply.
8.5.5 Moisture content: Considerable variation is usually observed in the moisture content of river
sand and crushed fines. Such variation in moisture would affect the water-binder ratio and hence
strength, if appropriate corrections are not made from time to time in the water content of the
mix. This would be possible if these properties are monitored regularly in accordance with the
frequency of testing suggested in these guidelines. It is suggested that moisture content in fine
aggregates and crushed fines should be monitored two times in a day, and the frequency may be
increased to three times in monsoon. Once the moisture contents are known, appropriate
correction may then be made in the water-binder ratio. It is essential to keep records of the data
on moisture content, possibly in the form of an Excel table or a run chart
8.5.6 Silt content: The Guideline recommends that silt content in fine aggregates should be assessed for
each lot of supply. River sand is particularly prone to have silt beyond permissible limits. Lots
having excessive silt content should be rejected. Control on silt content is essential as an
excessive proportion of the same may adversely affect the workability and strength of concrete.
It is essential to keep records of the data on silt content. Again, this could be in the form of an
Excel table or a run chart.


- 29 -
9. Sampling and testing of concrete
9.1 Incorrect sampling would adversely affect the results of testing; hence, extreme care should be taken
in sampling. It is imperative that the sample of concrete taken from delivery vehicle is
representative. The point and time of sampling shall be at discharge from the suppliers delivery
vehicle or from mixer to the site or when delivered into the purchasers vehicle. As per Annex C of IS
4926
1
, on reaching the point of placement, the truck should re-mix its contents and allow at least the
first one third of a m
3
to be discharged before any samples are allowed to be taken. Four incremental
samples from the remainder of the load should be then taken, avoiding the last m
3
of concrete. Then
the composite sample should be thoroughly re-mixed either in a mixing tray or in the sampling
bucket and the required testing should commence only after this. A typical sample report is shown in
Table 12. The report provides the time history, sampling location, truck and ticket Nos, etc. The
properties of concrete in its fresh state such as slump, unit weight as well as number of cubes made
should be recorded. Although filling slump cone and preparing test cubes are fairly simple
procedures, the operator needs to follow the procedures meticulously. It is observed that errors in the
procedures often adversely affect the test results. It is therefore essential to record the name and
signature of the person involved in conducting the tests. The operators involved in carrying out these
tests should be trained supervisor, Incidentally, a record of other parameters such as ambient
temperature, concrete temperature can also be made in the report.
Table 12: Typical sample report of fresh concrete
Name of Company: ____________________
_____________________________________
Location: ______________________________
Name of client/project: __________________
Date: _________________
Truck No.: ______________
Ticket No.____________
Total quantity:________m
3

Time history
Time batched: ___________
Time arrival at job site: _______
Time discharged: _________
Time sampled: _______
Time tested: _______
Sampled at:
End of chute
End of pump hose
Others
Ambient temperature: ________
0
C
Concrete temperature: ________
0
C
Slump:_________mm
Unit weight: ___________kg/m
3


No. of cubes made: __________
Cubes stored at: _____________
Cube prepared by: Mr.____________
Name of authorized person: Mr.___________
Signature: ____________________




- 30 -
9.2 IS 4926
1
suggests that sampling may be carried out jointly by the purchaser and the supplier with its
frequency mutually agreed upon. The code further states that unless otherwise agreed between the
parties involved, the minimum testing frequency to be applied by the producer in absence of
recognized ready-mixed concrete industry method of production control, should be one sample for
every 50 m
3
of production or every 50 batches, whichever is the greater frequency. Table 13
recommends the frequency of sampling for different tests such as slump, compressive strength,
density, temperature, etc. Air-entrained concrete is rarely specified in India; however, in case it is
supplied, it would be essential to test air content of concrete. In many contracts, the frequency of
sampling is stipulated. If the stipulated frequencies are different than what has been shown in Table
13, the former should govern. The size of the sample should generally be not less than 0.035 m
3

when it is to be used for strength test. Smaller samples can be taken if used for routine slump tests.

Table 13: Frequency of sampling
QC Test on concrete Frequency
Slump Minimum of one sample for each 50m
3
or
every 50 batches
Compressive strength

Minimum of one sample (3 test cubes) for
each 50m
3
or every 50 batches for test at 28
days.
Additional sample for early age (3, 7 days)
strength test, as mutually agreed
Density As agreed with customer
Temperature/Air content As agreed with customer

9.3 Slump and compressive strength of concrete are two critical parameters to judge concretes quality.
Carrying out slump test and preparation of compression test specimens are fairly simple procedures;
however trained operators are needed to ensure that correct procedures are followed. As regards
strength test, it is important to follow standard procedures described in IS 1199
12
and IS 516
13

meticulously for making, curing and testing cube specimens. Any deviation from the procedures may
adversely affect the final results, highlighting the need to employ trained operators for conducting the
tests. Test cubes which are made from fresh concrete are very sensitive to method of handling and
storage conditions during the fist few hours. The test specimens shall be stored in moist air of at least
90% humidity and at a temperature of 27 2
O
C for 24 hours from the time of addition of water to dry
ingredients. The specimens shall then be marked and removed from moulds and submerged in fresh
and clean water, the temperature of which shall be maintained at 27 2
O
C. It is essential to employ
trained operators for ensuring that adequate precautions are taken during sampling and testing of
specimens.


- 31 -
10. Process Control
10.1 In addition to ensuring appropriate quality of the input materials in accordance with the guidelines
described above, it is essential to exercise strict control on the production process. This can be done
in two ways; firstly by ascertaining that the plant and equipment used are in good operational
conditions and secondly by ensuring that sufficient efforts are taken in carrying out design of each
of the concrete mixes to be supplied, following well established methods/norms.
10.2 Upkeep of production facility
10.2.1 RMCMA certification through a third-party audit certainly provides guarantee to the user that the
certified production facility possesses capabilities to produce quality concrete. This certificate is
however based on the commitment provided by the producer that he would adequately maintain the
production facility in accordance with the provisions of RMCMA Check List (QC Manual Part-I).
The producer can demonstrate this by carrying out routine maintenance of storage, handling,
batching, mixing and transporting equipment as well as through regular calibration of weighing
equipment at desired frequency and keeping a proper record of the same. Based on the practices
followed by some of the leading RMC producers, Table 14 gives the suggested frequencies of
maintenance/calibration checks for different components of plant and equipment. It may be
mentioned that the frequencies suggested in this Table are either similar or stricter than those
prescribed in IS 4926
1
.
Table 14: Production control: Suggested frequencies of inspection, maintainance/calibration

Items Check for Frequency
prescribed
by IS 4926
1

Frequency
prescribed
by
RMCMA
Plant inspection

Observation
of operator, if
any
Date Operator
name
and sign
Date Operator
name and
sign
Cementitious
materials
Visual Inspection for
weather-tightness and
leaks
Weekly Weekly
Aggregate stockpile Visual Inspection for
segregation and
contamination
- Daily
Conveyor belts and
rollers
Visual Inspection for
wear and alignment
Weekly Weekly
Central mixer Visual Inspection of
blades and built up
Weekly Daily
Trucks Visual Inspection of
blades and built up
Weekly Weekly
Scale calibration for
all weighing and
measuring
equipment
1.Mechanical/knife
edge systems

2.Electrical/ load cell
systems
2 monthly


3 monthly
Monthly


Monthly

Water meters Calibration Monthly Monthly
Admixture
dispensers
Calibration Monthly Monthly
Gear boxes and oil
baths
Oil change Quarterly Quarterly


- 32 -
10.2.1 It is essential that proper records of routine maintenance and calibration are kept by RMC
producer. The records need to be updated on a regular basis. With a view to ensure
accountability, it would be a good practice to include the name and dated signature of person
carrying out inspection and calibration (see Table 14).
10.3 Concrete mix design
10.3.1 In India, a majority of concrete supplied by RMC producers would fall in the category of
designed mixes. Most of the clients specify their requirements of workability and strength
along with the requirement of pumping or otherwise. A responsible RMC producer usually
ensures that the code-specified durability requirements (in terms of minimum cement content,
maximum free water-cement ratio, etc.) are met with. Sometimes, durability requirements and
the allowable maximum size of aggregate are specified by certain clients. Based on these
requirements, the RMC producer carries out mix design in his (or third-party) laboratory,
involving casting and testing trial concrete mixes and optimizing the mix proportions. It is quite
likely that the RMC producer has supplied mixes with similar design earlier, in which case the
producer can furnish actual field data. The details of the finalized mixes are furnished to the
client, who is required to approve the same before supply can commence.
10.3.2 It is suggested that the details of the designed mixes should be maintained in a standard format
as given in Table 15. These details should be furnished to the client on demand. The format is
adopted from Annex D of IS 4926
1
, which has been slightly modified to suit the requirement of
these Guidelines. Besides the contents of cement and mineral additives, and free water-cement
ratio, the Table also contains information on slump at pour site as well as certain additional
desirable information. Separate data sheet may be kept for separate clients and for separate sites
of the same client or different clients.
10.3.3 While the RMC producer is free to adopt any rational method of designing concrete mixes, it
would be a good practice to adhere to the various code-specified requirements, especially those
related to durability of concrete (minimum cementitious content, maximum free water-binder
ratio, etc.).


- 33 -
Table 15: Concrete mix design information

Name of RMC Producer: _____________________________________________________

Name of Client/Contractor:___________________________________________________

Site: ____________________________________________________________________

Mix code
Characteristic strength, N/mm
2

Target strength, N/mm
2

Minimum cement content, kg/m
3
(if specified)
Mineral additives, kg/m
3

Pulverized fuel ash
Slag
Silica fume
Others (mention type)

Cement type and grade
Nominal maximum aggregate size, mm
Maximum free water-binder ratio
Aggregate/cement ratio
Target workability at plant, (Slump, mm)
Target workability at site, (Slump, mm)
Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of
placing

Class of sulphate resistance
( if applicable)

Exposure condition ( if applicable)
Class of finish ( if applicable)
Mix application
Method of placing
Any other requirements (if applicable)


Laboratory compressive strength, MPa
7-day
28-day

Source: Adapted from IS 4926
1



- 34 -
11.0 Control Charts
11.1 There is an inherent variability in the properties of various concrete ingredients, in the production
process and the testing procedures. Although RMC producers take maximum possible care to
minimize variability, the same cannot be avoided. It is however important to quantify the
variability and also to identify as to whether it can be attributed to the materials, the production
process or the test methods. The variability could be due to chance causes or assignable causes.
While chance causes can be attributed to the normal variability of the process, assignable causes
can be eliminated or minimized, thereby reducing the overall variability.
11.2 Control charts can be useful in detecting and monitoring the variability. Such charts can also be
useful in distinguishing chance causes from assignable causes and therefore, they can be used to
decrease variability by eliminating the latter. The charts can also form a permanent record of
quality. Additionally the charts can also be used as a basis for changing specification limits, if
found essential.
11.3 The guidelines strongly recommend use of control charts to monitor QA and QC of concrete.


- 35 -
12.0 Properties of Fresh Concrete
12.1 Workability of concrete
12.1.1 Workability is a broad term which encompasses a range of properties of fresh concrete such as
consistency (fluidity), mobility (ability of concrete to move around the reinforcement and in
restricted areas), compactibility, finishibility and pumpability (for pumped concrete). Evaluating
workability is therefore not easy in view the composite nature of the property. The degree of
workability varies depending upon the type of construction and method of placing, compacting
and finishing. The IS 456
2
provides guidance on the range of workability requirements for
different placing conditions and applications (Table 16). Consistency of fresh concrete is
considered to be a close indication of its workability and slump test has been the most widely
used test for ascertaining consistency and hence workability. However, the IS 456
2
suggests that
slump test is preferable only for slumps varying from 25 mm to 150mm. For applications
requiring very low slumps (lower than 25mm), the code recommends use of compacting factor
test. Similarly, for applications requiring very high slumps (higher than 150mm) it recommends
use of flow table test. For a majority of concrete supplied by RMC producers, slump test is the
most commonly-used test.
Table 16: Degree of workability for different working conditions
Placing conditions Degree of workability Slump, mm
Blinding concrete;
Shallow sections;
Pavement using pavers
Very low Use compacting factor test as per
IS:1199
12

Mass concrete; lightly reinforced sections
in slabs, beams, walls, columns; floors;
hand placed pavements; canal linings; strip
footings.
Low 25-75
Heavily reinforced sections in slabs,
columns, beams, walls; slip-form work;
pumped concrete
Medium 50-100
75-100
Trench fill;
In-situ piling
High 100-150
Tremie concrete Very High Use determination of flow test as per
IS: 9103
10

Source: IS 456
2
12.1.2 The IS 4926
1
specifies the following tolerance limits of workability as criteria for acceptance:
Slump: 25 mm or 1/3
rd
of the specified value whichever is less
Compacting factor: 0.03 for specified value 0.9;
0.04 for specified value 0.9 0.8
0.05 for specified value 0.8
Flow test: Acceptance criteria to be established between the supplier and purchaser.
12.1.3 The test for workability needs to be performed upon discharge from producers delivery vehicle
on site or upon discharge into the purchasers vehicle. On some occasions, lack of preparedness
on the part of purchaser at construction site may result in delay of placement. RMC producer will


12.1.4
Fig 1

12.2
12.2.
12.2.2
12.2.
be respon
starting fr
states that
4 Slump tes
much spe
environm
of evapor
mineral a
good prac
typical ex
control ex
Typical vari
Density o
1 The plast
2450 kg/m
amount o
aggregate
reducing t
2. Ready mi
determine
plastic de
likelihood
variety of
excavatio
mixes, los
monitored
3 While car
the theore
owing to
process, it
nsible for ma
rom arrival o
t the respons
st is somewh
ecified and
ental and ot
ration, chan
dmixtures o
ctice to reco
xample is sh
xercised by R
iation in the
of concrete
tic density (
m
3
. It varies
f entrapped
e and water
the cement p
ixed concret
ed by dividi
ensity of co
d of a discre
f reasons fo
n, miscalcul
ss of entrain
d regularly.
rrying out m
etical densit
minor adju
t would be a
aintaining th
of transit mi
sibility for de
hat a crude
accepted m
ther factors s
nges in grad
or otherwise,
ord the value
hown in Fig
RMC produc
slump of a p
(unit weight)
s depending
and entrain
and cemen
paste would
te is measure
ng the total
oncrete dete
epancy in th
or this discr
lations in for
ned air, etc. S
mix design, th
ty. However
stments that
a good pract

- 36 -
e slump with
ixers at job s
elay passes o
measure of
method. Slum
such as conc
ding, batch
, variation in
es of slump
g 1. Such g
cer in contro
pumpable mi
) of conven
g upon the v
ned air (if ai
nt contents
increase the
ed on the ba
weight of a
ermined in
e concrete o
repancy. The
rm volume,
Such differen
he plastic de
r, since ther
t the RMC
ice to measu
hin the perm
site. Howeve
on the purch
f workability
mp of conc
crete temper
mass diffe
n air conten
in Microsof
graphs would
olling the var
x (specified v
ntional norm
variation in
ir-entraining
in the mix
density of c
asis of volum
all batched
accordance
ordered and
ese include
deflection o
nce can be r
ensity of de
e is a likeli
producer is
ure the plasti
missible rang
er, after 30 m
haser.
y; yet it is q
crete is quit
rature, ambi
erences, adm
nt, variation
ft Excel form
d be useful
riation in wo
value: 100 m
mal-weight c
the density
g agents are
. Increasing
concrete.
me. The volu
materials by
e with IS 1
that actually
wastage an
or distortions
econciled if
signed mix
hood of a c
required to
ic density at
ge for a perio
minutes, the
quick and he
te sensitive
ient tempera
mixture dosa
in testing, e
mat and dra
in ascertain
orkability.

mm)
oncrete vari
of different
used), the m
g the aggreg
ume of fresh
y the averag
1199
12
. Som
y supplied. T
nd spillage o
s of forms, s
f plastic dens
is measured
change in th
carry out i
t regular inte
od of 30 min
e IS 4926
1
cl
ence remain
to a varie
ature, surface
age, presenc
etc. It would
aw a run cha
ning the lev
ies from 22
t ingredients
maximum si
gate volume
h concrete ca
ge unit weig
metimes, the
There could
of concrete,
settlement o
sity of concr
d and tallied
he plastic de
in the produ
erval so as en
nutes,
learly
ns the
ty of
e rate
ce of
d be a
art. A
vel of
50 to
s, the
ize of
e and
an be
ght or
ere is
d be a
over
of wet
rete is
d with
ensity
uction
nsure


12.2.4
Fig 2

12.3
12.3.
that the qu
a containe
that volum
available
delivery.
4 Many RM
before tes
cubes by
shows a ty
certain cu
the corres
density, th
Typical vari
Temperat
1 In most p
measures
lead to ra
finishibili
times, be
adverse e
precaution
hydration
and curin
mix using
for reduci
covered to
down the
temperatu
limit on th
uantities sup
er of known
me by follo
at the plan
MC produce
sting them fo
water displa
ypical variat
ube compress
sponding cu
he low value
iation in den
ture of conc
arts of India
associated w
apid loss of
ity, and crac
comes a po
effects of ho
nary measur
, contractor
ng of concret
g a combina
ing the heat
o avoid dire
temperature
ure of mixing
he temperatu
pplied match
n volume wi
owing proced
nt, it would
ers prefer to
for compress
acement met
tion in the c
sive strength
ube samples
es could be a
sities of cube
crete
a, tropical we
with hot we
f workabilit
cking of con
oint of disp
ot weather, b
res. While t
needs to tak
te. As far as
ation of OPC
t of hydratio
ect exposure
e. Some RM
g water duri
ure of concre

- 37 -
h orders. The
ith fully com
dures detail
be a good
o measure th
sive strength
thod and div
cube densitie
hs show low
s; if the den
attributed to
es
eather preva
eather concre
ty, accelerat
ncrete owing
pute between
both RMC
the RMC pr
ke a number
s RMC prod
C and suppl
on. In additi
e to sun and
MC producer
ng hot summ
ete at pour. D
e plastic den
mpacted con
ed in IS 11
practice to
he densities
h. This can s
viding the m
es taken from
values, it w
nsities of th
o operators s
ails, necessit
eting practic
ted stiffenin
g to plastic
n RMC pro
producer an
roducer nee
of well-esta
ducer is con
ementary ce
ion, the agg
water shoul
rs use chille
mer months.
During hot w
nsity measur
crete and tak
99
12
. In cas
o weigh tran
of cubes (h
simply be do
mass of cubes
m the record
would be adv
he cubes are
sampling err
ating adopti
ces. Absence
ng of concre
and/or therm
oducer and
nd the contr
ds to design
ablished prec
ncerned, he n
ementitious
gregate stock
ld be sprink
ed water or
Many consu
weather cond
rement can b
king the ma
se a weigh
nsit mixers
hardened co
one by findin
s in air by th
ds of a RMC
isable to che
e lower tha
rors.

on of adequ
e of adequa
ete, poor co
mal shrinkag
contractor/c
ractor need
n a mix hav
cautions in p
needs to des
materials or
kpiles in the
kled on the s
ice flakes to
ultants/clien
ditions, it is
be done by f
ass of concre
bridge facil
before and
oncrete dens
ng the volum
his volume. F
C facility. In
eck the dens
an the theor
ate precautio
ate measures
ompactibility
ge. The latt
clients. To a
to take ade
ving low he
placing, fini
sign the con
r blended ce
e plant shou
stockpile to
o bring dow
nts stipulate u
always advi
filling
ete in
ity is
after
sities)
me of
Fig 2
n case
ity of
etical
onary
s may
y and
ter, at
avoid
quate
eat of
shing
ncrete
ement
uld be
bring
wn the
upper
isable


- 38 -
to keep the temperature of concrete low. This guideline recommends 35
0
C as the upper limit of
temperature of concrete at pour.
12.3.2 It would a good practice to monitor and record both the ambient and concrete temperatures during
pour. The recording of temperatures could be in the form of a run chart (see Fig 3). Such chart
would give quick idea about the extent of variation of pour temperature and would be useful in
the evaluation of the possible reasons for plastic shrinkage and/or thermal shrinkage cracking, if
such cracking is witnessed. Such records would also be providing assurance to customers about
the producers ability to control concrete temperature.









Fig 3 Variation in temperature of fresh concrete
12.4 Air content of fresh concrete

12.4.1 In most parts of India, freeze-thaw conditions do not prevail; therefore it is not necessary to use
air-entrained concrete. However, in certain places in northern and north-eastern part of India, if it
becomes essential to use air-entrained concrete to counter the effects of freeze-thaw conditions, it
would be essential to measure and monitor the air content in concrete.


13
13.1
13.1.
13.1.2
13.1.

13.1.4


Fig 4
Propert
Strengt
1 Strength
structura
compres
is the si
Furtherm
bond str
establish
2 While th
too long
long als
stressing
3 To over
allow re
use 7-da
however
particula

4 A typica
chart sh
strength
idea abo
Typical variat
ties of Hard
th of concre
h of concrete
al attribute a
ssive strength
ingle most a
more, many
rengths, ca
hed.
he strength o
g for RMC p
o for contra
g concrete, o
rcome this, u
emedial actio
ay, 3-day or
r important
ar cementitio
al chart dep
hows that the
of 25 MPa.
out the variat
tion of 7-day a
dened Conc
ete
e is used as
and a measur
h of the cub
acceptance p
properties o
an be deduce
of concrete a
producer to
actors and sp
or to continu
use is made
on to be tak
even 1-day
to establish
ous and aggr
icting the v
e actual 28-
Documenta
tion in streng
and 28-day str

- 39 -
crete
a basis for a
re of develo
es made, cur
parameter. T
of concrete s
ed from com
at 28 days ha
wait for tak
pecifiers to w
e with furthe
e of the rela
en quickly.
strength as
h the relation
regate combi
variation in 7
-day strength
ation of com
gth values at
rengths of M2
acceptance in
opment of hy
red and teste
This is becau
such as elast
mpressive str
as emerged a
king action t
wait for taki
er constructi
ationship bet
For exampl
a tool to est
nship betwe
ination in us
7-day and 2
hs of concre
mpressive stre
t a glance.
25 concrete
n civil engin
ydration. In
ed at 28 days
use testing o
tic modulus
rength, after
as a basis fo
to rectify pr
ng decisions
ion.
tween early-
e, RMC pro
timate the li
en early-age
se, and to mo
28-day streng
ete samples
ength data in

neering cont
a large majo
s in accordan
of strength i
, flexural str
r appropriate
r contract sp
roduction pr
s for removi
-age and 28
oducers and
ikely later-ag
e and 28-da
onitor the rel
gths is show
are more th
n such a form
tracts. It is b
ority of cont
nce with IS
s relatively
rength, shea
e correlation
pecifications
roblems. It i
ing forms or
-day strengt
contractors
ge strengths
ay strengths
lationship.
wn in Fig 4
han the spec
mat gives a
both a
tracts,
516
13

easy.
ar and
ns are
s, it is
is too
r pre-
ths to
often
. It is
for a
. The
cified
good


- 40 -
13.2 Standard deviation
13.2.1 For the effective implementation of QA-QC programme, two main tasks before any RMC
producer are: avoidance of failures and attainment of low variability in the test results. While
every RMC producer would like to keep a reasonable margin of safety to avoid failures, he
would also like to have the margin to be as low as possible, so as to achieve economy in
production. For designed mixes, the target mean strength is kept higher than the specified
strength by a certain design margin as given below:
Target strength = specified strength + k s (design margin)
where,
k = a constant which depends upon the proportion of results permitted to be below
specified strength
s = standard deviation.
13.2.2 In most of the contract specifications in India, the permissible percentage below which no
results are expected to lie is generally taken as 5 %. The k value derived mathematically from
statistical tables for 5% failure rate is 1.64. While designing concrete mixes, when no initial data
is available, code-specified values of standard deviation which are dependent on the degree
of control at site as well as the grade of concrete are taken in calculations (Table 8 of IS
456
2
). When more than 30 strength test results are obtained, the actual standard deviation is
calculated for each mix and compared with the assumed values. Higher standard deviation
indicates lower levels of controls. The stricter the QA-QC at the plant, lower will be standard
deviations.
13.2.3 Thus, monitoring and controlling the variation in standard deviation of compressive strength of
concrete mixes could be a crucial parameter in the QA-QC of concrete. The Guideline therefore
suggests that standard deviation of major concrete mixes supplied by the RMC facility should be
evaluated and monitored on a regular basis. However, the standard deviation should be
calculated for a minimum of 30 results.
13.2.4 The standard deviation of M20, M30 and M40 concrete mixes from a RMC facility for three
consecutive months is shown in Fig 5.


Fig 5 Actual standard deviation of major mixes from a typical RMC facility

0
2
4
6
June July Aug
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
,

M
P
a
Month
M25 M30 M40


13.3
13.3.
Table

Spec
o
Source

13.3.2
Fig 6
Of 4 n

13.3.
Acceptan
1 The IS 4
shall be
met:

e 17: Charac
cified grade
M 15
or above
e: Table 11 of IS
2 Typical
overlapp
chart an
would b
no singl
30 test r
Variation of
non-overlapp
3 It would
prepare
nce criteria
456
2
provide
deemed to
the me
tests co
cteristic comp
Mean of the gr
test results, N/
f
ck
+ 0.825 x
off to nearest 0
Or
f
ck
+ 3 N/m

S 456
2
(amendme
variation in
ping consecu
nd the same
e easy to im
e test result
esults fulfill
f 28-day stren
ping consecu
d be a good
charts simila
for compre
es guidance
comply with
an strength
omplies with
pressive stren
roup of 4 non-o
/mm
2

x established stan
0.5 N/mm
2
)
mm
2
, whichever i
ent 3 of August 2
n the 28-day
utive test re
can serve a
mmediately id
falls below
s the accepta
ngth of conc
utive test resu
d practice to
ar to those in

- 41 -
essive streng
on the acce
h strength re
determined
h the appropr
ngth complia
overlapping cons
ndard deviation
is greater
2007)
y strength as
esults can be
as record. A
dentify any s
the limit of
ance criteria
rete along w
ults.
feed the 28
n Fig 6 for th
gth
ptance criter
equirements
from any gr
riate limits o
ance requirem
secutive In
(rounded (
s well as th
etter be mon
typical char
shortcoming
( f
ck
3) (22
a set by IS 45
with the varia
8-day compr
he important
ria. Accordi
when both
roup of four
of column 2
ment
ndividual results,
( f
ck
3) N/mm
2
he mean valu
nitored with
rt is shown
g in the test r
MPa). Thus
56
2
.
ation in the m
ressive stren
t concrete m
ing to the co
the followin
non-overlap
in Table 17;
s, N/mm
2


ues of a gro
h the help of
in Fig 6. Fr
results. For e
, it can be co

mean
ngth data in
mixes supplie
ode, the con
ng condition
pping consec
;
oup of four
f an Excel-b
rom this gra
example,in F
oncluded tha
Excel shee
ed by the pla
ncrete
ns are
cutive
non-
based
aph it
Fig 6,
at the
et and
ant.


- 42 -
14.0 Special QC Techniques
In addition to whatever has been recommended above, RMC producers are free to adopt special
quality control techniques in their day-to-day work. In fact, one should welcome and encourage
such efforts on the part of RMC producers. Some such techniques include: internal audit, Cusum
technique, failure analysis.
14.1 Internal quality audits report
14.1.1 Many leading RMC producers have developed rigorous internal quality norms and follow well
defined practices to monitor and control quality of input and output materials. In some of these
companies, there is a systematic procedure of reporting quality parameters within the
organization. Quite often, these reports may contain some cost-sensitive information. It is
suggested that after filtering out commercially-sensitive information, the remaining information
may be incorporated in the quality document and the same may be shared with the customers.
14.2 Cusum technique
14.2.1 The Cusum technique which was developed in 1960s, was applied to RMC in the 1970s. It
became a widely-used technique in RMC in the UK and many other countries. The British
Standard, BS 5703, published a guide on the technique in 1980 and the Quality Scheme for
Ready Mixed Concrete (QSRMC), UK, adopted it in 1984.
14.2.2 The essential principle is that differences between results and their target values are calculated
and added cumulatively to form a cumulative sum (cusum). When this cusum is plotted
graphically against the sequence of results, a visual presentation of trends relative to the target
level is produced.
14.2.3 The Cusum system can be used for monitoring trends in mean strength, standard deviation and
the relationship between early-age and 28-day strengths. It assists in detection of changes in
these properties and indicates when action should be taken to increase the probability of meeting
the specification or to reduce the materials cost.
14.2.4 There are following three types of cusum systems:
Cusum M Mean strength
Keeps track of the difference between the target mean strength and the estimated mean
strength (on the basis of the 7 day result)
Cusum R Range
Keeps track of the range of values of the mean strength and monitors the standard
deviation.
Cusum C Correlation
Keeps track of the differences between the estimated mean strength and the achieved
mean strength at 28th day.

14.2.5 Some leading RMC producers have developed their own variant of the cusum system. Certain
other producers use standard software packages based on cusum principles. It is recommended
that some of the crucial data on monitoring cusum, which is not price-sensitive, may be included
in the QC document for building confidence amongst customers.



- 43 -
15. Key Personnel
15.1.1 The success of any QA-QC system would be dependent upon the abilities of key personnel in the
production facility in particular, their level of knowledge in concrete technology, managerial
ability, length of experience and training undergone. It would be a good practice to include the
names and other details of key plant personnel in the QC document. Besides educational
qualifications, the extent of experience in RMC sphere may also be included. Further, any recent
in-house or external training undergone by the plant personnel should also be incorporated in the
document. Table 18 suggests a format for such documentation.

Table 18: Names, designation and experience of key plant personnel
Sr.
no.
Name of
personnel
Designation Educational qualification Experience Training
1 A B C Plant-in-charge BE(Civil),
Dip. in Business
management
-3 years in RMC field
- 2 years in
construction
- Distinction in CGLI
Part II examination in
2007
- In-house training in
management 2006
2 X Y Z Production-in-
charge
Dip. in Civil Engg. - 7 years in RMC
field
-Credit in CGLI Part-I
examination
- In-house training in
safety and maintenance
in 2007
3 M N R QC In-charge BE (Civil) 2 years in RMC field
3 years in customer
service
1 year site engineer
- NCB training in
concrete technology in
2005
- In-house training in
QA-QC
4 V B S Supervisor B Sc 5 years of lab
experience
- Certificate course
from recognized
institution
- In-house training




- 44 -



Section II
Typical Example
Sample QA-QC Document
(Needs periodic updating)


- 45 -
Introduction

This I of the Guidelines presents QA-QC document of a typical RMC production facility. The
document is based on the discussion in of the Guidelines and is in the form of a tabular and graphical
report. It is recommended that each RMC facility should have its own QA-QC document, prepared
with the help of its own data. The tables and graphs included in this section can serve as a guide to
prepare such document. As pointed out in the Preface, this document lays down the basic framework
which includes minimum necessary benchmarks. Each RMC facility is free to follow its own format
and framework; however, the minimum benchmarks included in this document must be followed.
Freedom is also available to the RMC producer to excel over the minimum benchmarks suggested
here.
One of the most important aspects of the document is that it cannot be a static or one-time document.
It needs to be continuously updated. The best way to do this is to keep the records and test results in
Microsoft Word or Excel format and update the records periodically (preferably daily) as more and
more data become available. Thus, a customer can be presented with the latest data at any moment.
What is also important is the fact that some of the tables and graphs in the report can serve as a handy
tool for the Company management to judge the performance of a particular facility.
As mentioned in of this document, it would be appropriate to include the following information by
each Company in its QC Manual.
Information about the history of the Company, its network and management
Quality policy of the Company
Management responsibility and commitment
Any other information that the Company thinks relevant for this document.


- 46 -
S-1 Sources of Ingredients

Table S-1: Sources of different ingredients of concrete

Material Type/
Class
Source
Name of supplier /
Factory / brand
Location
Cement

OPC
43 grade
53 grade
PPC
PSC
Other

-
A B C
D E F
G H I
-
-
X X X
Y Y Y
X X X

Fly ash
Siliceous
Calcareous
A B C
-
X X X
-
Slag - -
Silica fume - -
Water
A B C X X X
Ice - -
Fine aggregate
River sand
Man. sand
Quarry A
-
-
-
Coarse
aggregate
40-mm down
25-mm down
12.5-mm down
-
Quarry B
Quarry B
-
X X X
X X X
Quarry fines Quarry B X XX
W.R. Agent A B C X X X
H.R.W.R.A. X Y Z Y Y Y
Retarder - -
Others - -



- 47 -
S-2 Monitoring Quality of Ingredients
S-2.1 Cements
Table S-2.1: Selected properties of cement
*


Property Manufacturer I Manufacturer II Manufacturer III
Date of testing Oct. 15, 2007 Oct. 22, 2007 Oct. 29, 2007
Type of cement PPC OPC 53 grade PSC
Provisions
of IS 1489:
(Part I)
5

Test results Provisions
of IS
12269
4

Test results Provisions
of IS 455
6

Test
results
Fineness, m
2
/kg 300 (min) 416.20 225 (min) 306.00 225 (min) 388
Compressive strength, MPa
3-day 16 39.17 27 41.00 16 28.19
7-day 22 48.36 37 49.00 22 39.59
28-day 33 68.74 53 59.00 33 59.14
Setting time, minutes.
Initial 30 (min) 130 30 (min) 135 30 (min) 118
Final 600 (max) 210 600 (max) 185 600 (max) 178
Soundness, mm 10 (max) 1.00 10 (max) 1.00 10 (max) 0.37
Loss on ignition, % 1.65 4 (max) 2.08 1.35
% of mineral admixture (fly ash or slag) in
PPC or PSC
15-35 %
fly ash
22 %
fly ash
- Nil 35-70 %
slag
50%
slag
* Results based on the test certificate provided by cement manufacturers.
S-2.2 Fly ash
Table S-2.2: Physical requirements of fly ash conforming to IS 3812
7
and results of selected tests
on samples
Sr.No. Property IS 3812
7
Requirements Sample 1 Sample 2
Date Test
report
Date Test
report
1 Particles retained on 45 sieve 34% (max) Oct. 10 12.70
#
Oct. 22 17.00
#

2 Blaine's fineness 320 m
2
/kg (min) Oct. 10 416
*
Oct. 22 425
*

3 Lime reactivity 4.5 MPa (min) Oct. 10 6.80
*
Oct. 22 6.40
*

4 28-day compressive strength Not less than 80% of control Oct. 10 44.40
*
Oct. 22 46.20
*

5 Soundness 0.8 % (max)
Oct. 10 0.50
*
Oct. 22 0.50
*

# Results based on test done at plant
* Results based on manufacturers certificate




- 48 -
S-2.3 Ground granulated blast furnace slag

Table S-2.3: Properties of GGBS conforming to BS 6699 and IS 12089
9
and results
*
of
selected tests on samples
Property BS 6699 / IS
12089
Requirements
Results of tests*
Date Test report Date Test report
Blaine's fineness 275 m
2
/kg (min) Feb. 6 385 Mar 23 373
Compressive strength,
7-day
28-day

12.0 MPa
32.5 MPa

Feb. 6

36.15
46.45


Mar 23

35.55
43.50
Initial setting time Not less than
IST of OPC
Feb. 6 211 min Mar 23 223 min
Soundness (Le-Chatellier expansion) 10mm (max) Feb. 6 0.00 Mar 23 0.00
Glass content
67% (min.) Feb. 6 93 Mar 23 98
* Results based on the test certificate provided by cement manufacturer.

S-2.4 Condensed silica fume

Table S-2.4: Properties of condensed silica fume conforming to IS 15388
8
and results
*
of
selected tests on samples
Property IS 15388
8
Requirements
Results of tests*


Date

Test report Date Test report
Specific surface, m
2
/kg 15,000 (min) Aug 31 18,000 Sept. 15 17,500
SiO
2
content, % 85% (min.) Aug 31 90 Sept. 15 87
Pozzolanic activity index 85% at 28 days Aug 31 - Sept. 15 -
Moisture content 3% max. Aug 31 negligible Sept. 15 negligible
LOI 6% max. Aug 31 4.6 Sept. 15 4.2
* Results based on the test certificate provided by manufacturer.



- 49 -
S-2.5 Chemical admixtures

Table S-2.5.1: Results of initial laboratory trials on Chemical admixture

Property Control
concrete
Concrete with admixture Adverse effects, if any,
observed during trials Manufacturer
I
Manufacturer
II
Manufacturer
III
Name of Manufacturer - X X X Y Y Y Z Z Z
Name of brand - A A A B B B C C C
Generic type - HRWRA HRWRA HRWRA
Water content, % of
control sample
- 12 16 14
Slump
0 min 40 140 160 140
30 min 0 120 145 120
60 min 0 120 110 120
90 min 0 - - -
Compressive strength, % of
control sample

1-day - - - - Sample from
Manufacturer III produced
strengths lower than the
control strengths at 3, 7 and
28 days. This sample was
therefore rejected. The 3
and 7 day strength for
sample of Manufacturer I
were lower than the control.
This sample was also
rejected. Sample from
Manufacturer II was found
suitable.
3-day 18.28 17.77 18.88 17.37
7-day 22.93 21.87 23.14 20.88
28-day 35.11 36.02 37.12 34.12
Air content, % max over
control
Not tested Not tested Not tested Not tested
Observations on cement-
admixture compatibility

- No
incompatibility
problems
noticed
No
incompatibility
problems
noticed
No
incompatibility
problems
noticed
Dosage of 1 % by weight of
cementitious material was
selected based on
manufacturers
recommendation; no
adverse effects noticed.
Control mix details:
PPC: 380 kg; Aggregates: 651 kg (20 mm), 351 kg (10 mm), 421 kg (CRF), sand: 421 kg, water: 254 lit.


- 50 -
Table S-2.5.2: Uniformity requirement of admixtures conforming to IS 9103
10
and results of selected tests on
samples
Uniformity test Requirements as per IS 9103
8
Suggested
frequency
Test values at the
time of
acceptance
Test values during use
Sample 1 Sample 2
Date Test
report
Date Test
report
Relative density Within 0.02 of the value stated by the
manufacturer
For every drum
before use
1.25 Aug
07
1.24
#

Aug
08
1.266
#

Dry mat. content
of admixture

0.95 T DMC 1.05 T
where, T = Manufacturers stated
value in % by mass
DMC= Test result in % by mass


Each new batch
before
acceptance


48.0


-


48.29
*

(0.6%)


-


48.84
(1.75%)
Ash content
0.95 T AC 1.05 T
where, AC= Test result in % by mass
-
-
- - - -
Chloride ion
content
Within 10 % of the value or within
0.2 %, whichever is greater as stated
by the manufacturer
Each new batch
before
acceptance

- 0.004
*
- 0.091*
pH 6 (min.) Each new batch 7.26 - 7.05
*
- 7.89*
* Results based on manufacturers certificate..
# Results based test conducted at plant.

S-2.6 Water
Table S-2.6: Permissible limits for solids in water and results of tests on samples of fresh and recycled water
Solids Permissible
limits as
specified in IS
456
2
, max.,
mg/l
Fresh water Recycled water
Sample 1 Sample 2
Sample 1 Sample 2
Date

Test
report

Date
Test
report
Date
Test
report
Date Test
report
Sulphates as SO
3
#
400 Mar 9 70 June 8 950 Mar 9 200 June 8 200
Chlorides as Cl
#

Plain
concrete
R.C.

2000

500

Mar 9

124

124

June 8

2800

2800

Mar 9

450

450

June 8

490

490
pH Not less than 6 Mar 9 6.8 June 8 7.4 Mar 9 6.9 June 8 8.1
Suspended matter* 2000 Mar 9 1500 June 8 223 Mar 9 June 8
Organic* 200 Mar 9 145 June 8 66 Mar 9 N.A. June 8 N.A.
Inorganic* 3000 Mar 9 2500 June 8 5800 Mar 9 N.A. June 8 N.A.
Note: The underlined values being higher than those specified in IS 456
2
, the consignment from which Sample 2 was taken was rejected.
* Results based on manufacturers certificate..
# Results based test conducted at plant.


S-2.7
Tab
Pro
Im
Lo
abr
Sou
Ch
Pot
* Base
S-2.7
Tab
(Agg
I

40
20
4.7
0.6
0.1
Fig S
mix w


7 Aggregate
ble S-2.7.1: P
operty
mpact value
s Angeles
rasion value
undness
hloride content
tential AAR
d on tests condu
7.1 Aggrega
ble S-2.7.1.1: C
gregate proport
IS sieve,
mm
20
36.
30.
75 0.1
60 0.0
15 0.0
S-2.7.1.1 All-in
with upper an
es
Physical prop
Frequency o
testing as pe
4926
1
(Low t
rate)
As specifi
Yearly/ Sou
change
Yearly/ Sou
change
Six month
5 Yearly
Source cha
ucted in third-par
ate gradatio
Cumulative %
ion: 20mm: 10m
C
mm 10 mm
00 12.00
10 12.00
1 1.27
0 0.00
0 0.00
n-aggregate gr
nd lower limits
perties of agg
of
er IS
test
Permiss
specified
ied - Not mo
surfaces
- Not mo
surfaces
urce

- Not mo
surfaces
- Not mo
surfaces
urce

hly
y/
ange
rty lab.
on
% passing for a
mm: river sand: c
Cumulative perc
River
sand
31.00
31.00
23.16
4.50
0.47
rading curve f
s as per IS 383

- 51 -
gregates
sible limits, if an
d in IS 383
11

ore than 30 for w
s
ore than 45 for n
s
ore than 30 for w
s
ore than 50 for n
s



aggregates use
crushed sand = 3
cent passing
Crushed
sand
21.00
21.00
19.80
6.20
2.90
for aggregates
3
11
(graphical
ny, as
D
wearing
non-wearing
wearing
non-wearing
ed for M 25 m
36:12:31:21)
All-in-
aggregates
100.00
94.00
44.00
11.00
3.00
s used for M 2
representatio
Sampl
Date T

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
mix with IS 383
IS 383
11
Lower limit
100.00
95.00
30.00
10.00
0.00











25
on of Table S-2
le 1
Test report
*

-
20.7%
-
25.6%
8.5%
(MgSO
4
)
Negligible
Innocuous
3
11
limits
1
limits
Upper limit
100.00
100.00
50.00
35.00
6.00
2.7.1.1)


Table
(Aggre
IS sie
mm

40
20
4.75
0.60
0.15
Fig S-
mix w

Table
Proper
Gradat
Moistu
Silt con
aggreg

Water
Bulk d
(Uncom
Bulk d
(Comp
Flakine

S-2.7.1.2: Cu
egate proportio
eve,
m
20 mm
41.00
34.28
0.12
0.00
0.00
-2.7.1.2 All-in-
with upper and
e S-2.7.1.3: A
rty
tion
ure content
ntent for fine
gates
absorption, %
density, kg/m
3

mpacted)
density, kg/m
3

pacted)
ess index, %
umulative % p
n : 20mm: 10mm
Cum
10 mm
13.00
13.00
1.38
0.00
0.00
-aggregate gra
d lower limits
Additional ph
Test
frequency
suggested
by IS 4926
1

Monthly

Monthly

3 monthly
3 monthly
6 monthly
6 monthly
passing for agg
m: river sand: cr
mulative percent
River sand C
s
32.00 1
32.00 1
23.90 1
4.64 4
0.48 1
ading curve fo
as per IS 383
1
hysical prope
Test frequency
by Guideline
Weekly or sour
Daily twice (thr
monsoon)
Each lot

3 monthly; or so
change
3 monthly; or so
change
3 monthly; or so
change
3 monthly; or so
change

- 52 -
gregates used
rushed sand = 41
passing
Crushed
sand
A
ag
14.00 1
14.00 9
13.20 3
4.97 1
1.93 2
or aggregates u
11
(graphical r
erties of aggr
suggested
D
rce change
S
ree times in
S
S

ource
O
ource
O
ource
O
ource
O
for M 40 mix
1:13:32:14)
All-in-
ggregates
Lo
00.00 10
3.00 95
9.00 30
0.00 10
.00 0.0
used for M 40
representation
regates
S
Date Test res
ee Tables S-2.7
ee graph shown
ee graph shown
M1
Oct.15
2.4
Oct.15 1492
Oct.15 1615
Oct.15 8.59
with IS 383
11

IS 383
11
lim
ower limit Upp
00.00 100
5.00 100
0.00 50.
0.00 35.
00 6.0












0
n of Table S-2.
Sample 1*
sults
7.1.1 and S-2.7
in Fig S-2.7.2
in Fig S-2.7.3
M2 Sand
1.6 3.15
1468 1858
1590 1910
7.76 -
limits
mits
per limit
0.00
0.00
00
00
0
.7.1.2)
.1.2


d CRF
3.9
8 1580
0 1690
-



S-2.7
Fig S

2.7.3
Fig 2.

7.2 Moisture
-2.7.2 Variat
Silt conten
.7.3 Variatio
e content
tion in moistu
nt
n in silt cont
ure content o
tent of river s

- 53 -
of fine and co
sand as perc
oarse aggreg
ent by volum
gates and cru
me

ushed sand



- 54 -
S-3 Sampling and testing of concrete
Table S-3: Typical sample report of fresh concrete
Name of Company: X Y Z
Location: Mumbai
Name of client/project: A B C
Date: September 28, 2007
Truck No.: MH 1111
Ticket No.: X Y Z 1111
Total quantity: 25 m
3

Time history
Time batched: 15.30 hour
Time arrival at job site: 16.45 hour
Time discharged: 17.00 hour
Time sampled: 17.05 hour
Time tested: 17.10 (slump)
Sampled at:
End of chute
End of pump hose
Others
Ambient temperature: 30
0
C
Concrete temperature: 32
0
C
Slump: 120 mm
Unit weight: 2475 kg/m
3


No. of cubes made: 04
Cubes stored at: _____________
Cube prepared by: Mr. A B C
Name of authorized person: Mr XYZ
Signature: Signed by X Y Z





- 55 -
S-4 Process Control
S-4.1 Inspection report of production facilities

Table S-4.1: Production control

Items Check for Frequency
prescribed
by IS 4926
1

Frequency
prescribed
by
RMCMA
Plant inspection

Observation
of operator, if
any
Date Operator
name
and sign
Date Operator
name
and sign
Cementitious
materials
Visual Inspection for
weather-tightness and
leaks
Weekly Weekly Oct 22 X Y Z Oct 29 X Y Z okay
Aggregate
stockpile
Visual Inspection for
segregation and
contamination
- Daily Oct 22 A B C Oct 22 A B C Slight
contami-
nation of 20
and 10 mm
sizes due to
over supply;
rectifications
carried out
Conveyor belts
and rollers
Visual Inspection for
wear and alignment
Weekly Weekly Oct 22 X Y Z Oct 29 X Y Z okay
Central mixer Visual Inspection of
blades and built up
Weekly Daily Oct 22 X Y Z Oct 23 X Y Z okay
Trucks Visual Inspection of
blades and built up
Weekly Weekly Oct 22 X Y Z Oct 29 X Y Z No
appreciable
built up for all
6 vehicles in
use
Scale calibration
for all weighing
and measuring
equipment
1.Mechanical/knife
edge systems

2.Electrical/ load cell
systems
2 monthly


3 monthly
Monthly


Monthly
-


Oct 22
-


A B C

-


Nov22
-


A B C
-


okay
Water
meters
Calibration Monthly Monthly Oct 22 A B C

Nov22 A B C okay
Admixture
dispensers
Calibration Monthly Monthly Oct 22 A B C

Nov22 A B C okay
Gear boxes and
oil baths
Oil change Quarterly Quarterly Oct 22 X Y Z Jan 22 X Y Z okay







- 56 -
S-4.2 Concrete Mix Design
Table S-4.2: Concrete mix design information

Name of RMC Producer: X Y Z

Name of Client/Contractor: A B C

Site: IJKL, Mumbai

Mix code X X X Y Y Y Z Z Z A A A
Characteristic strength, N/mm
2
25 30 40 60
Minimum cement content, kg/m
3
(if specified) 365 430 450 450
Mineral additives, kg/m
3

Pulverized fuel ash
Slag
Silica fume
Others (mention type)

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

100
-
-
-

50
-
40
-
Cement type and grade PPC PPC OPC- 53 OPC- 53
Nominal maximum aggregate size, mm 20 20 20 20
Maximum free water-binder ratio 0.46 0.37 0.40 0.30
Target workability at plant, (Slump, mm) 120 140 140 140
Target workability at site, (Slump, mm) 100 100 100 120
Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing 32 32 32 30
Class of sulphate resistance ( if applicable) - - - -
Exposure condition ( if applicable) severe severe severe severe
Class of finish ( if applicable) - - - -
Mix application
Method of placing Pumping Pumping Pumping Pumping
Any other requirements

Nil Nil Nil Nil
Laboratory compressive strength of concrete, MPa
5-day
7-day
28-day

-
20.30
30.0

-
23.75
35.00

34.30
37.70
50.70

-
52.50
66.70
Quantity, m
3
- - - -
Source: Format of Table adapted from IS 4926
1



S-5 P
S-5.1
Fig S-
Fig S-
S-5.2
Fig S-



Properties o
1 Workabilit
-5.1.1 Typical
-5.1.2 Typical
2 Density of
-5.2 Typical va
of Fresh Co
ty of concre
variation in th
variation in s
f concrete
ariation in cub
oncrete
ete
he slump of M
lump of M25
be density of M

- 57 -
M30 and M40 m
mix (specified
M25, M30 and
mixes (specifi
d slump: 50 m
d M40 concret

ed value: 100

mm)

te mixes
mm)


S-6 P
S-6.1
Fig S
Fig S-
S-6.2
Table
Month

June 07
July 07
Aug. 0

Properties o
1 Strength o
-6.1.1 Typical
-6.1.2 Typical
2 Standard d
e S-6.2.Mont
h
No. of
results
7 34
7 34
7 31
of Hardene
of concrete
l variation of 7
variation of 7
deviation
h-wise stand
M25
Standard
deviation,
MPA
4.66
4.47
4.65
ed Concrete
7-day and 28-
7-day and 28-d
dard deviatio

No. of resu
32
39
35

- 58 -
e
day strengths
day strengths
on of 28-day s
M30
ults Stand
deviat
MP
4.8
4.1
3.9
of M30 concr
of M40 concre
strengths of M
dard
tion,
PA
No. o
8
6
95
rete using OPC
ete using OPC
M25, M30 an
M40
of results S
d
46
32
33

C+ fly ash

C+ fly ash
nd M40 mixe
Standard
deviation,
MPA
3.95
4.00
3.83
es
Plant
standard
deviation
4.47
4.15
4.25


- 59 -

Fig S-6.2. Month-wise variation of standard deviation of 28-day strengths of
M25, M30 and M40 mixes (graphical representation of Table S-6.2)

S-6.3 Acceptance criteria for compressive strength


Fig S-6.3.1 Variation of 28-day strength of concrete along with the variation in the mean of 4
non-overlapping consecutive test results for M30 concrete
2
3
4
5
M25 M30 M40 Plant
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
,

M
P
a
Grade of concrete
June July August
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
C
o
m
p
.

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

M
P
a
No of samples
28-day strength Av. of con. 4 fck-3 fck+3


- 60 -


Fig S-6.3.2 Variation of 28-day strength of concrete along with the variation in the mean of 4
non-overlapping consecutive test results for M40 concrete

20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
C
o
m
p
.

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

M
P
a
No of samples
28-day strength Av. of con. 4 fck-3 fck+3


- 61 -

7. Key Personnel

Table S-7.1: Names, designation and experience of key plant personnel
Sr.
no.
Name of
personnel
Designation Educational qualification Experience Training
1 A B C Plant-in-charge BE(Civil),
Dip. in Business
management
-3 years in RMC field
- 2 years in
construction
- Distinction in CGLI
Part II examination in
2007
- In-house training in
management 2006
2 X Y Z Production-in-
charge
Dip. in Civil Engg. - 7 years in RMC
field
-Credit in CGLI Part-I
examination
- In-house training in
safety and maintenance
in 2007
3 M N R QC In-charge BE (Civil) 2 years in RMC field
3 years in customer
service
1 year site engineer
- NCB training in
concrete technology in
2005
- In-house training in
QA-QC
4 V B S Supervisor B Sc 5 years of lab
experience
- Certificate course
from recognized
institution
- In-house training





- 62 -

Bureau of Indian Standards referred in Guidelines



1. IS 4926: 2003, Ready-Mixed Concrete- Code of Practice (Second Revision), p. 18.
2. IS 456 : 2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice ( Third Revision) ( Reaffirmed 2005), p. 100.
3. IS 8112:1989, Specification for 43 grade Portland cement (First Revision), (Reaffirmed 2005), p. 7.
4. IS 12269 : 1987, Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, ( Reaffirmed 2004), p.11.
5. IS 1489 : Part : 1991, Specification for Portland pozzolana cement, Part 1, Fly-ash based (Third Revision)
(reaffirmed 2005), p. 7.
6. IS 455 : 1989, Specification for Portland slag cement (Fourth Revision) ( Reaffirmed 2005 ), p. 7.
7. IS 3812 : Part 2 : 2003, Pulverised Fuel Ash-Specification, Part 2 : For Use as a Admixture in Cement Mortar and
Concrete, ( Second Revision ) p. 7.
8. IS 15388 : 2003, Silica Fume- Specification, p.7.
9. IS 12089 : 1987, Specification for Granulated Slag for Manufacture of Portland Slag Cement, , (reaffirmed 2004),
p.9.
10. IS 9103: 1999, Concrete Admixtures: Specifications (First revision), (Reaffirmed 2004), p.14.
11. IS 383 : 1970, Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete, (Second
Revision), ( Reaffirmed 2007), p. 19.
12. IS 1199 : 1959, Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete, (Reaffirmed 2004), p.44.
13. IS 516: 1959, Method of Test for Strength of Concrete, (Reaffirmed 2004), p. 24.