Abstract--- Commercial CFBC units operate at

competitive efficiencies; cost less than todays conventional

units. It also provides fuel flexibilities (types and quality) for
combustion and it cop up with present as well as future
environmental stringent rules.

I. GENERAL INSIGHT
N general, we all know that Boiler is an enclosed vessel that
provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into
water (Water is cheap, expand up to 1600 times of water and
useful medium to transferring heat to process ) until it
becomes heated water and steam.
As per the Indian boiler Act, vide amendment No. 49 of
2007, SEC-2 (2)(b) Boiler means a pressure vessel in which
steam is generated for use external to itself by application of
heat which is wholly or partly under pressure when steam is
shut off but not includes a pressure vessel with capacity less
than 25 litres(i.e from feed check valve to Main Steam stop
valve) and Pressure <1 Kg/cm2 and Temperature is < 100 Deg
C.
II. SUBJECT INCEPTION
Meaning of CFBC C F B C is the acronym stands for
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion.
Curiosity? How the CFBC technology Evolved and Why
this technology is adopted in power generation?
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) system
boiler first commercialized in July '82 at Luenen, West
Germany by Lurgi (llb). BHEL-the premium
manufacturer of coal fired boiler entered in collaboration
with llb, Germany in 1993. 1 x 175t/hr CFBC at BILT
Grahphic papers, Pune in 1999; 125 MW order received
from RVUNL Giral in 2003; 2 x 250 MW order received
from Neyveli lignite corporation, Tamilnadu
2 x 125mwe (2x 390 t/hr) at GIPCL, Mangrol since
February 2000. KLTPS-4 CFBC generating 75mwe steam
at 315t/hr, 94kg/cm2, 540c at S/H outlet.
III. TYPES OF FBC SYSTEM
Two Major Groups: Atmospheric systems (FBC) &
Pressurized systems (PFBC)
Two Minor Groups: Bubbling (BFB) & Circulating
fluidized bed (CFB)

D.A. Panchal, Deputy Engineer- KLTPS, Gujarat State Electricity
Corporation Ltd.
IV. WHY??
Around the globe, we all bear the responsibility of using
our energy resources wisely. However, one of the greatest
challenges we face is the conversion of affordable fossil fuels
into electricity as efficiently and cleanly as possible. Major
problem of coal available in India is low Quality, High Ash
content and Low Calorific Value. The traditional grate fuel
firing systems have got limitations and are techno-economical
unviable to meet future challenges, so concept of CFBC boiler
introduced to accept future challenges.
At present Fluidized Bed combustion emerged as a viable
alternative and has significant advantages over conventional
firing system and offers multiple benefits Compact boiler
design, Fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency and
reduced emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx.
CFBC could be the good choice if the following conditions
are met;
A. Flexibility in Fuel
The consumption of energy is increasing at a fast pace
while available resources of fuel remain limited. Also out of
total amount of energy, around 80% comes from fossil fuel.
As far as the indian energy scenario is concerned, Indias
present level of energy consumption is only about 3.8% of the
world energy consumption. From which coal dominates the
55% of the total primary energy production. Indian Coal
having high ash content (30-45%) and the calorific value in
the range of 3000 Kcal/Kg to 4500 Kcal/Kg. Using this coal
for the power sector is a challenge in terms of achieving
efficiency and environmental management. The conventional
boiler firing systems have got limitations so to meet the
challenges of future CFBC technology has to adopt because
the fuel burnt in these boilers include Coal-lignite, washary
rejects, rice husk, bagasse and other agricultural wastes.
Fuel preparation is also very simple and milling system is
not required in CFBC. Fuel required normal crusher and the
coal size is varying from 6 to 12 mm. Here note that due to
non requirement of coal mill, related maintenance will not be
there.
B. High Efficiency
Combustion process requires the three Ts that is Time,
Temperature and Turbulence. In a CFBC, fuel is burned in a
self- mixing suspension of gas and solid bed material (usually
silica sand and dolomite) in which air for combustion enters
from below with uniformly distributed air which enters from
Nozzles grate which promoted the turbulence by fluidizing.
Also residence time of fuel is many times greater than
conventional firing system. Depending on the fluidization
velocity and circulating fluidized bed combustion can be
distinguished. The intense heat transfer and mixing provide
Fundamentals of the CFBC Technology
D.A. Panchal
I
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good condition for more effective chemical reaction and heat
transfer which leads to complete combustion with low excess
air demand. The low excess air amounts required reduced the
flue gas volume flow and increase combustion efficiency at
the great extent. Also availability of FBHE Evaporator and
FBHE Super heater in the circulation path of unburnt fuel
work as heat exchanger and increase the efficiency of the
CFBC.
C. Environmental Aspects
The technology burns fuel at temperatures of 1,400 to
1700F (760 to 930c);a range where nitrogen oxide formation
is lowering than in traditional pulverized coal units But
increasingly strict US regulations have led to the use of
ammonia DeNOX systems even on FBC Fluidized-bed
combustion evolved from efforts in Germany to control
emission from roasting sulphate ores without the need for
external emission controls (such as scrubber-flue gas
desulphurization). The mixing action of the fluidized bed
brings the flue gases into contact with a sulphur (sulphur may
be organic, Inorganic, Sulphatic)- absorbing chemical such as
Limestone or Dolomite. More than 95% of the sulphur
pollutants in the fuel can be captured inside the boiler by
Limestone. The Lime stone also captures some heavy metals
though not as effectively as do the much cooler wet scrubbers
on conventional units.
Chemical reactions regarding use of lime as sorbent means
So2 control reactions in CFBC:
S + O2 ------- SO2
CaCo3--------CaO+Co2
(Calcination)
CaO + SO2 + O2 ------------- CaSo4 (Gypsum)
(Sulphation)
Formation of Nox and its Control : There are 2 kinds of
Nox i.e Thermal Nox from Air and Fuel Nox from fuel. Here
Thermal Nox depends on combustion temperature but in
CFBC due to lower combustion temperature Thermal Nox is
negligible Fuel Nox depends on Excess air levels and staging
but in CFBC due to low level of excess air, the combustion air
is staged which leads to low fuel Nox.
D. Benefits of Low Temperature Operation in Boiler
In CFBC , the lower combustion temperature is achieved
because of high co-efficient of heat transfer due to rapid
mixing in the fluidized bed and effective heat extraction of
heat from the bed and from the un-burnt fuel through water
wall tubes, FBHE Evaporator and FBHE super heater. It is
having flame less combustion in combustor. Also low
temperature of combustion is good for avoiding ash fusion and
ash melting so clinker, slag formation can be avoided.
V. UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND
CRUCIAL COMPONENTS USED IN CFBC BOILER
When an evenly distributed air or gas is passed upward
through a finely divided bed of solid particles such as sand
supported on a fine mesh, the particles are undisturbed at low
velocity. As air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is
reached when the individual particles are suspended in the air
stream the bed is called fluidized.
With further increase in air velocity, there is bubble
formation, vigorous turbulence, rapid mixing and formation of
dense defined bed surface. The bed of solid particles exhibits
the properties of a boiling liquid and assumes the appearance
of a fluid bubbling fluidized bed.
At higher velocities, bubbles disappear, and particles are
blown out of the bed. Therefore, some amounts of particles
have to be re-circulated to maintain a stable system
circulating fluidised bed.
A. Slip Velocity
Fluidization depends largely on the particle size and the air
velocity. The mean solids velocity increases at a slower rate
than does the gas velocity as shown in figure named relation
between Gas velocity and solid velocity. The difference
between the mean solid velocity and mean gas velocity is
called as slip velocity. Here Gas Velocity is maintained
between minimum fluidisation velocity and particle
entrainment velocity. Higher the slip velocity better the heat
transfer and intimate contact which gives better residence time
and leads to better combustion.
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B. Cyclones
Two recycling hot cyclones; one each on either side of the
combustor for effective separation of solid particles which are
returned to the combustor. Comprising of steel shells with
refractory lining for insulation & erosion protection. Vortex
finders in its design to increase efficiency & to improve
carbon burnout. Cyclones are used for excellent solids
management & distribution. It generated flue gas along with
entrained solids exit from upper combustor and ducted to
recycling cyclone where more than 99% of entrained solids
are removed. Major portion of the separated solids returned
directly into combustor via seal pots fed with a small amount
of fluidising air. As per requirement, some Portion of the
solids from the seal pot are erected via spiess valve at
controlled rate to FBHE and subsequently to combustor bed at
lower temperature. Flue gas exiting the cyclone follows a path
similar to conventional boiler, from convective pass to APH to
ESP to ID fans and to stack.
C. Seal Pots
Two seal pots; one each on either side of combustor which
is connected at lower part of Cyclones, Sealpots received
portion of the circulating solids is discharged from cyclone to
seal pot via spiess valve to FBHE for heat removal and
subsequently returned to combustor at lower temp. Seal pot is
received fuel through two trains of extraction drag link chain
conveyors & self-cleaning type rotory Air Lock Feeder and is
fed into the return leg of seal pot from where it is fed to
combustor. Seal pot bottom is equipped with uniform
distributing air nozzles. Each seal pot is having Spiess valve.
The solids flow to FBHE is adjusted by spiess valve provided
in the seal pots.
D. FBHE Evaporator and FBHE Super Heater
FBHE means Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger - CFBC has
two special FBHE one each on either side of combustor for
effective utilisation of energy in hot recycled solid particles,
for fuel flexibility and to allow for easy temperature
adjustment .FBHEs which are unfired dense fluidized beds
that extract heat from the solids collected by the cyclone
before it is returned to the combustor. The FBHEs are used as
Evaporative as well as super heater surfaces as FBHE contains
coils of super heater/evaporator surfaces in the Bundle
chambers. Hence It avoids heat transfer surfaces such as
pendant evaporators or super heater inside the combustor.
FBHE casing of steel shell (having One Empty chamber and
One bundle Chamber) with refractory lining for insulation and
corrosion protection. It includes necessary inlet & outlet
connections, elements&piping for evaporator & super heater.
Bottom of both the FBHEs are equipped with the FBHE
National Symposium CFBC Technology - Contemporary Scenario and Future Challenges 2012 35
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Blowers air distribution nozzles and the whole structure is
supported with expansion joints to take care of expansion
differences between combustor &FBHE.
The solids flow to FBHE is controlled by spiess valve in
the seal pot. Heat from solids is recovered in FBHE chambers,
separated from each other by refractory lined weirs and each
chamber contains fluidising nozzle grid.Solids fluidised in
each chamber and cooled by tube bundles in bundles chamber.
Solids are discharged from FBHE bundle chamber& flow
directly to combustor.
FBHEs use low fluidizing velocities (1 to 1.5 m/s) and
virtually no combustion occurs in the heat exchanger because
of the low carbon content (1%) of the solid unburnt fuel is
circulated. FBHEs also offer high co efficient of heat transfer.
. This characteristics combined with fine particles size of
circulating solids minimise tube erosion. FBHE incorporated
into primary CFB loop to check FBHE solids flow adjusted to
maintain CFB temperature/super heater temperature over
entire range and Control far below softening points of fuel to
prevent sticking of ash( Temperature less than ash Fusion
temperature and melting of ash can be avoided) .Maintain
optimum combustion & sulphur capture conditions
irrespective of type of fuel or load.
Advantages of Fbhes: Steam after inter super heater
further superheated in FBHE coils on its way to final Super
heater. Facilitates turndown as part of production is de-
coupled from combustion process.in absence of FBHE
turndown has to be achieved by simultaneously balancing
combustion & heat transfer requirements in the combustor.
This would require adjustment of excess air, temperature &
solids concentration to arrive at a compromise between
combustion and heat transfer requirements. FBHE on the other
hand, provides an additional degree of freedom allowing
combustion & heat transfer be controlled independently. Thus,
simplifies operation & provides better efficiency at turndown
conditions.
E. Stationary Tubular Type Air Pre heater
A tubular air pre-heater (instead of rotary APH) after the
convective path /economiser which contains sections for
preheating primary, secondary and FBHE air. an air heater air
side bypass system for primary & secondary for protection
against cold end corrosion during start-up.APH tubes are made
of carbon steel. APH consists of three sections (lower, middle
& bottom) for primary & secondary air with additional FBHE
block in between upper & middle blocks for preheating of
FBHE air. Thus, pre heating of primary & secondary air in
two stages in APH blocks. Flue gas cooled down as they exit
the APH while at the same time primary, secondary &FBHE
air are preheated in APH.
F. Combustor
Particular Brief details of combustor of KLTPS Unit 4,
combustor has 11.5 x 6.8m cross section based on velocity of
5-6 m/s. includes 9.0 mtr. Height of refractory in the lower
section to prevent corrosion & attack of metal surfaces.
Overall height of combustor is about 32 mtr. Expansion of
combustor is vertical downward. Nozzles are located at the
floor of combustor/grate for evenly distribution of primary air.
Entire combustor as well as grate is enclosed by fusion welded
water walls. The lower water wall section is refractory lined to
prevent corrosion & attack of metal surfaces. Upper water
wall section is not refractory lined, provides majority of
evaporation duty of boiler. The water walls are fed by
sufficient number of down comers. Flue gas resulting from
combustion of fuel along with the entrained solids exit the
combustor via refractory lined gas outlet located in upper
water wall is ducted to the recycling cyclone. Vertical &
inclined walls are provided with secondary air nozzles, ash
extraction holes, fuel feeding nozzles return line from seal pot,
openings for connection to FBHE & several temp. & pressure
measurement nozzles. Upper combustor water walls absorb
heat from gas & solids. Evaporative surfaces located in
evaporative water walls of combustor, convective pass
enclosure & in FBHE as evaporator coils .The water / steam
mixture circulated by natural circulation through appropriately
sized down comers and risers for connection to drum.
G. Spiess Valves
At KLTPS, UNIT #4: 05 Nos. Of Spiess valves are erected as
listed below.




1) Combustor To Ash cooler -1
2) Combustor to Ash Cooler-2
3) SEAL POT to FBHE Evaporator
4) SEAL POT to FBHE Super heater
5) FBHE Super heater to Ash Cooler -1


Spiess valve is used to control the flow of the inventory
through the FBHEs during circulation of Inventory. To control
the combustor differential pressure by removing generated ash
to ash coolers via Combustor to Ash coolers Spiess valves.
Spiess valves having Purge and seal air line and one cooling
water lines.
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H. Blowers
Each blower has its specific function.
Ash cooler blowers: 2 nos,
FBHE bundle chamber blower: 03 nos (02 + 01),
FBHE empty chamber blower: 02 nos, seal pot blower: 03
nos (02 +01)
Purge & seal air blower:02 nos.
seal pot blowers (02r + 01s): seal pots are fed with small
amount of fluidising air through seat pot. Blowers solids
separated by cyclone returned to combustor via seal pot
fed with air supplied by seal pot blowers as pressure at
base of cyclone is less than that in combustor.
Purge& seal air blowers ( 02 nos) : for :
a. All spiess valves
b. To transport combustor bottom ash
c. Purge& seal air system for lignite bunker 1&2.
d. Purge& seal air system for bed material silo
e. Purge& seal air at start up burner various purges &
fluidising air flows also contribute combustion air.
I. Fans
Primary air fans: supply of air to the combustor bottom
nozzle grate for fluidisation of bed material
Secondary air fans: It supplies air require for combustion of
fuel in a combustor.
ID fan: To provide balance Draft in a boiler and able to handle
combustion products and proper exhaust through stack.
J. Ash Coolers
Two water cooled fluidised bed ash coolers .The cooler
extracts heat by passing the fluidised ash over water cooled
tube bundles. The ash then extracted directly from the
combustor & the rest from FBHE. Bottom ash discharged
from combustor at 850
0c
cooled in ash cooler to approx. 200
to 250
0c.
K. CFBC Sub Systems
Major sub systems include
CFB combustion system (heat generation)
Fuel feeding system
Lime feeding system
Bed material feeding system
Combustion & fluidizing air supply system
Flue gas system, ESP & ID fans
Ash system
Start-up system
CFBC Working Mechanism
Proper sized Fuel fed into return leg of seal pot preheated
before entry to vertical chamber called combustor and is burnt
at 850c. Particles circulating consist primarily of coal; ash and
Bed material (size 50-300 microns). Bed material fluidized by
preheated primary air through a nozzle grate at the bottom of
bed & generated by Combustion gases so it flows upward at a
relatively high Fluidizing velocity. Entire combustor contains a
high concentration of Suspended solids which decreases
towards top of the Combustor. Combustion gas entrains a
considerable portion of the Solids & carries them to cyclones
where 99% entrained solids are separated from the gas. Larger
portion of solids continuously return to the bed by recycle loop.
High circulating rates & recycling system of solids
produces consistently uniform temperature throughout
combustor and preventing from temperature peaks. High slip
velocity, long residence & Contact time coupled with small
particle sizes produces efficient Heat & Mass transfer rates
which resulting into high Combustion Efficiency.
Combustion air introduced into combustor at two Levels-
40% as primary fluidizing air through grate at the bottom &
balance is admitted as secondary air through multiple pots in
side walls of combustor. Combustion proceeds in two zones
called Staged Combustion a primary reducing zone in lower
Section & complete combustion in upper section using excess
air via secondary air pots. Staged combustion at controlled low
temperature (850C) suppresses Nox formation.
L. Heat Extraction
Heat for steam generation obtained from systems in three
main Areas:
i. A Primary Loop: from solids circulating in CFB
system. Heat is transferred through upper part
combustor water walls used for Evaporation.
ii. External FBHE: consisting of fluidized chambers where
heat is transferred from directed circulating solids to
super heater & evaporator surfaces and returned to
combustor at reduced temp.
iii. A Back Pass: where heat is removed from flue gas
through super heater, Economizer & APH surfaces.
Flue gas exiting from cyclone follows similar path as in
Conventional boiler system. Ash discharged from
combustor, back pass & APH hoppers and from ESP
hoppers.
M. Technical Data
Important Data KLTPS#4 CFBC BOILER- Water tube
boiler with bare tube conomiser, Natural circulation top
supported, balance draft fin welded water wall with circulating
fluidized bed combustion.
Boiler efficiency: 76.4% (75mw stage, 315t/hr).
Generator output: 77 mw.
Boiler Heating surface 13881 m2.
Steam Generation at SH outlet at bmcr condition:
315t/hr.
Heat rate at 100% mcr: 2186.3kcal/kwh.
Temperature & Pressure of steam leaving SH outlet:
540c, 95 kg/cm2.
Total Auxiliary Consumption: 7170kW (9.31%).
GCV of Lignite: 2621 kcal/kg.

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(Carbon-26.5%, Hydrogen- 2.19%, Sulphur-3.5% Nitrogen:
1.72% Oxygen (by difference): 7.76%. moisture: 34.74% ash:
23.84%)
Limestone: (% by weight) Caco3- 80.6%; mgco3- 3.0%;
sio2- 6.02%; moisture- 2.0%; others- 8.38%).
Lignite size Limestone size
.100% less than 15mm 100%- less than 1mm
. 80% less than 10mm 90% greater than 0.04mm
. 50% less than 1 mm 80% less than 0.2 mm
50% less than 0.16 mm
N. Bed Material Requirement
Chemical composition ( % by weight)
1) Al2O3 = 30 to 40 %
2) SiO2 = 50 to 60 %
3) Alkalis (Na2O + K2O)= <3%
4) Iron Oxide = <3.5 %
5) Moisture = <1 %
6) Initial Deformation Temperature= >1300 C( As per
ASTM D 1857/1968)
O. Bed Material Size
1) 100 % less than 1 mm
2) 80 % less than 180 to 200 micrometer.
3) 5 % less than 150 to 170 micrometer
4) 3 % less than 63 micrometer.

Bulk density : 1500 to 1800 kg/m3.
Emission controls: at 6% O2 dry- while firing
designed Lignite.
Sulfur: 3.5%, GCV: 2621kcl/kg
Sox: 100mm, Nox: 50mm, Spm: 100 mg/nm3
Condenser design inlet water temp: 34 c
Lignite handling plant capacity: 400t/hr.
Feed water temperature at economizer inlet: 237.3 c.
Superheated steam flow: 286.3t/hr.
P. Advantages of CFBC Boiler Technology
1. Simplified fuel preparation, less than 10 mm ( Absence of
Coal Milling/Pulverising System)
2. Environmental benefits: Low Nox emission due to low
combustion temperature and Sox emission effectively
Controlled by adding lime stone.
3. High Efficiency: Higher boiler efficiency even on part
loads due to better burn ability. Fuel can be burn with
combustion efficiently over 95% irrespective of ash
content. Operate with overall efficiency of 84% plus or
minus 2% independent reheat temperature control.
4. Combustion temperature is much below the ash fusion
temperature, melting of ash and associated problems are
avoided. Slag free combustion and no clinker formation.
Easier ash removal as ash flows like liquid from
combustion chamber. In conventional boiler there is risk
of clinker formation if temperature exceeds 950C and
loss of combustion efficiency if temperature falls below
800C.
5. No slagging in furnace & no frequent soot blowing:
Volatization of alkali components in ash does not take
place & ash is non Sticky. Hence no slagging or soot
blowing required.
6. Suitable for using wide range of Fuels and fuel qualities.
Operated efficiently with variety of fuels. Even fuel like
flotation slimes, coal washer rejects, high sulphur coals,
Agro waste, Lignite, Bio-mass, wastes, etc can be burnt
efficiently either independently or in combination of coal.
Give rated output even with inferior quality fuel. Coal
National Symposium CFBC Technology - Contemporary Scenario and Future Challenges 2012 38
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with high ash content as high as 62% can be fired & GCV
of as low as 2500Kcal/kg. Even carbon content of only
1% (by weight) can sustain fluidized bed combustion i.e.
high carbon burn out up to 98-99% can be achieved.
7. Ease of Start up : Provision of automatic Ignition System
and Control systems using micro-processors & automatic
Ignition equipment give excellent control. Burner
management System for Start Up burners only.
8. Sustainability under Cyclic loading:- Minimizes stress on
boiler tube material with low variation of combustor
temperature under cyclic loading of boiler particularly
under varying grid frequencies.. So it has fast response to
load fluctuations: Excellent operational flexibility. Part
load down to 25% mcr & ideally suited to wide load
fluctuation. Inherent high thermal storage characteristics
can easily absorb fluctuation in fuel feed rates. Response
to changing load demand is comparatively quick to that of
oil fired boiler.
9. High Reliability because low flue gas velocities in
combustor minimizes erosion and hence the boiler tube
failures leading to very high reliability of the boiler.
10. Elimination of heat transfer bundle /panel in combustor
zone.
11. Reduction in boiler size: High heat transfer rate over a
small heat transfer area resulting overall size reduction of
boiler so compact plant design.
Operation staff Feedback on CFBC Technology which
draws our attention towards better design of CFBC Boilers;
1. Combustor: (1) Back shifting of Bed material in PA wind
box area which is located at the bottom of combustor
Nozzle grate. (2) Combustor lower temperature
measurement thermocouples tip erosion due to fluidizing
bed material with velocity. (3) Combustor Corners having
minor leakages. (4) Oil Bed lance chock up problem and
its tip found damaged. (5) Combustor to Ash cooler
Spiess valves not working properly in running
condition.(6) If Boiler tube leakage in combustor zone
than hardening of bed material/ash is critical problem.
2. Non-metallic expansion joint (NMEJ) leakage from Seal
pot to combustor. MEJ failure at Combustor to Cyclone.
3. All spiess valves are not working properly and found
stuck at running plant condition.
4. Enough bed material quantity is required prior to starting
of Unit, boiler area cleaning is constantly require as
leakages of bed material, Lignite and Lime dusting to
avoid functional complication to boiler auxiliaries as well
as working staff.
5. There is an uneven circulation of material inventory while
any ne of the Lignite feeding system to seal pot return leg
becomes in operative, leading to temperature rise in
system.
6. As the system is working on fluidization principle, so the
lignite and bed material size plays vital role in
combustion and proper functioning of recirculation in
system.
7. Combustor takes more days to cool down in shut down.
8. Tube leakage in APH leads to reduction in air flow and
pressure further causing inefficient operation of unit.
VI. CONCLUSION
CFBC provides efficient approach even in poor fuel quality
leading to good aspect for developing countries. Further
CFBC has best and suitable control over environment issues.
It meets with the present and future growing demands with
economical viability.
REFERENCES
[1] BHEL Manuals
[2] B E E Ref. Guides
[3] KLTPS Power Plant Documents & Images.

AUTHOR PROFILE
Dharmeshkumar A. Panchal, Deputy Engineer, GSECL,
KLTPS UNIT 4. Email: da. panchal@gseclmail.com,
dharmesh_ias1@yahoo. com Contact: +9198795 41322


National Symposium CFBC Technology - Contemporary Scenario and Future Challenges 2012 39
ISBN 978-93-82338-31-4 | 2012 Bonfring