Verb Tense Review

Name___________________________________________ Date_____________________
Verb Tense Review

In the blanks supply appropriate forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.
EX!"#E$% a. (be) They have been in Chicago for twenty years.
b. (see) I saw a wonderful movie last night.
b. (go) We didnt go anywhere special on our last vacation.
1. (ta!e) "ortunately# that problem $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of yesterday.
%. (listen) &h' &omeone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to our conversation.
(. (fi)) Im not wearing my watch because it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. (happen) +othing much $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ when I got to the meeting.
,. (be) -y parents $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in .os /ngeles two wee!s from today.
0. (ma!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ two mista!es in the last 1ui2.
3. (sleep) I was tired yesterday because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ well the night before.
4. (do) +othing $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about the problem until tomorrow.
5. (be) This $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an easy 1ui2 so far.
16. (ta!e) 7nfortunately# 8ust as we got to the airport# their plane $$$$$$$$$$$$ off.
11. (go) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the movies only once in a while.
1%. (send) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any Christmas cards last year.
1(. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up at 39(6 every morning.
1*. (fi)) When I got to the garage# my car $$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
1,. (give) When I got to class late yesterday morning# a 1ui2 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
10. (reveal) I promise that I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this secret to anyone.
13. (ma!e) I was angry that I $$$$$$$$$$$$ such a foolish mista!e.
Verb Tense Review &ontinue' "age (
14. (leave) I thin! :ob $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for ;aris at this very moment.
1
15. (graduate) <ur daughter $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from the university yet.
%6. (live) -ary $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ with her family# is she=
%1. (win) 7nfortunately# our team $$$$$$$$$$$$$ any games last year.
%%. (1uit) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his 8ob a couple of wee!s ago.
%(. (live) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ by himself since his recent divorce.
%*. (do) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ twentyfour sentences so far.
%,. (bapti2e) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ when he was three days old.
%0. (go) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the doctor once a year for a physical e)amination.
%3. (land) I predict that by the year %666# man $$$$$$$$$$$$$ on -ars.
%4. (eat) ;lease dont call around 0966 tomorrow evening because we $$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%5. (come) This 1ui2 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to an end.
)R!!R*$TR+&T+RE "R,)R!
%
I.- "RE$ENT "ER.E&T TEN$E
1. ?erb Tense @eview
%. Auration of an Bvent
(. Auration with ;resent ;erfect Tense
*. Contractions# +eg. "orm# and Always/Never
,. +egative ?erb ;hrases
0. Time Clauses with SinceCInterrogative &entences
3. .ength of an Bvent
4. Bvents at an Indefinite Time in the ;ast
5. Yes-No Duestions with Ever and Always
16. Just in ?erb ;hrases
11. Finally in ?erb ;hrases
1%. Recently in ?erb ;hrases
1(. Clause of @eason with Because
1*. Already/Yet
1,. Already in ?erb ;hrases
10. +eg. ?erb ;hrases and Yet
13. Still/Yet
14. Yes-No Duestions with Yet and Already
15. @epeated Bvents in the ;ast
%6. Irregular ;ast ;articiples
%1. ;resent ;erfect Continuous Tense
%%. Yes-No E Information Duestions
%(. Situation and Reason
%*. &imple ;ast vs. ;resent ;erfect Tense
%,. @eview
&imple ;resent
&imple ;ast
Tag Duestions
Too, Either, And E But
So and Neither
%0. Contrasting ;resent# ;ast# "uture# and ;resent ;erfect Tenses
%3. ;reposition @eview
%4. Have and ot
%5. 7sing Have ot to show ;ossession
(6. @eviewing Information Words as &ub8ects
(1. How !o"e
(%. Be oin# to F :ase "orm in ;ast Tense
II.- "$T "ER.E&T TEN$E
1. Bvents preceding Bvents in ;ast Time
%. Contrasting the ;ast Continuous Tense with ;ast ;erfect Tense
(. ?erb ;hrases with Just
*. ?erb ;hrases with Already
,. +egative ?erb ;hrases and Yet
0. ?erb ;hrases with Never
3. Clauses of @eason with Because
(
4. Yes-No Information Duestions
5. ;ast ;erfect Tense in -ain Clauses
16. ;ast ;erfect Continuous Tense
11. &imple ;ast Tense vs. ;ast ;erfect Tense
1%. @eviewing Too, Either, And# E But
1(. @eviewing So and Neither
1*. @eviewing ;repositions
III.- !,D# +XI#IRE$
1. -odal /u)iliaries @eview
%. -odal /u)iliaries E @elated Idioms
(. ;resent Continuous "orms with -odals
*. Should and $u#ht to
,. ;ast "orms of Should and $u#ht to
0. Should in +eg. ?erb ;hrases
3. Duestions with Should
4. ;ast "orms of %ay and %i#ht
5. &light ;robability and Con8ecture with May/Might
16. ;ast "orms with !ould
11. &light ;robability and Con8ecture with !ould
1%. Impossibility with !ould Not
1(. /s!ing Duestions with !ould
1*. ;ast "orms with %ust
1,. &trong ;ossibility with Must
10. ;ast Continuous "orms with -odals
a. Should/$u#ht to
b. %ay/%i#ht
c. %ust
d. !ould
13. @eviewing ;ast "orms of -odals
14. &sed to F :ase "orm
15. ;ast Custom with &sed to F :ase "orm
%6. &sed to F :ase "orm in -ain Clauses
%1. 'ould (i)e
%%. 'ould (i)e F Infinitive
%(. 'ould Rather F :ase "orm
%*. Had Better F :ase "orm
%,. Have ot to F :ase "orm
IV.- DVER/I# &#+$E$
1.&ubordinate Clauses
%. @eviewing Time Clauses
(. @eviewing Clauses of @eason with Because
*. Clauses of @eason with Since
,. @esult Clauses
0. So F /d8ective (F ;repositional ;hrase) F That
3. So F /dverb (F ;repositional ;hrase) F That
4. ;urpose Clauses with So That
*
5. So *That+ Introducing ;urpose Clauses
16. B)pressing ;urpose with ,n $rder F Infinitive
11. ,n $rder F Infinitive ;hrase
1%. .or ;hrases vs. Infinitive ;hrases
1(. @esult Clauses with Such That
1*. Such F A *An+ F /d8ective F &ingular Countable +oun F That
1,. Such F /d8ective F ;lural Countable +oun (F ;rep. ;hrase) F That
10. Such F /d8ective F 7ncountable +oun (F ;repositional ;hrase) F That
13. Such That in Clauses of @eason Introduced by Because
14. But Clauses of 7ne)pected @esult
15. Still in But Clauses of 7ne)pected @esult
%6. Still or Anyway/Anyhow in But Clauses of 7ne)pected @esult
%1. Clauses of Concession
%%. -ain Clauses of 7ne)pected @esult
%(. Clauses of Concession with Even Thou#h
%*. Clauses of Concession with Even Thou#h/Thou#h/Althou#h
%,. -es.ite and -es.ite the Fact *That+
%0. /dverbial That Clauses after /d8ectives of "eeling and Bmotion
%3. /dverbial That Clauses
%4. "uture;ossible @eal Conditions
%5. <ther "orms in "uture;ossible @eal Conditions
(6. ;resent Continuous Tense in ,/ and @esult Clauses
(1. Imperative -ood in @esult Changes
(%. @eviewing ,/ and @esult Clauses
((. -odals and Idioms in Conditional and @esult Clauses
(*. -odals# Idioms# and Duestions in future;ossible @eal Conditions
(,. ;resent7nreal Conditions
(0. <ther "orms in ;resent7nreal Conditions
(3. -i)ed "orms in ;resent7nreal Conditions
(4. ;ast7nreal Conditions
(5. ;resent7nreal Conditions
*6. <ther "orms in ;ast7nreal Conditions
*1. Could and -ight
*%. Could >ave in If Clauses
*(. Duestions with ;ast7nreal Conditions
**. ;ast7nreal Conditions
*,. @eviewing "uture;ossible and 7nreal Conditions
*0. ;resent @esult Clauses "ollowing ;ast7nreal ,/ Clauses
*3. ;resent @esult "ollowing ;ast7nreal Conditions in ,/ Clauses
*4. &nless
*5. &nless Clauses in "uture;ossible @eal Conditions
,6. ;resent7nreal and ;ast7nreal Conditions in &nless Clauses
,1. Generali2ations with @eal Conditions
,%. ;ast Custom with 'ould F :ase "orm
V.- N,+N &#+$E$
1. Airect and Indirect <b8ects
,
%. Indirect <b8ects with To
(. Indirect <b8ects without To
*. +o Indirect <b8ects
,. ?erbs of -ental /ctivity
0. +oun Clauses "ollowing ?erbs of -ental /ctivity
3. ?erb /greementCThe @ule of &e1uence of Tenses
4. Airect and Indirect &peech
5. "ollowing the @ule of &e1uence of Times
16. +ear ;ast vs. Aistant ;ast in Indirect &peech
11. Indirect &tatements about Bvents in the Aistant ;ast
1%. +oun Clauses Aerived from Yes-No Duestions
1(. 'hether or Not in Indirect &tatements
1*. +oun Clauses Aerived from Information Duestions
1,. Yes-No Duestions Containing +oun Clauses
10. Infinitive ;hrases in Indirect &peech
13. ;resent Time
14. +oun Clauses "ollowing 'ish for ;resent Time
15. 'ish in ;ast Time
%6. +oun Clauses "ollowing 'ish for ;ast Time
%1. @esponding to a &ituation with 'ish
%%. /bridgment of +oun Clauses "ollowing 'ish and Ho.e
%(. /bridgment of +oun Clauses "ollowing 'ish
%*. Ho.e
%,. Wishes with 'ould
%0. %i#ht Have F ;ast ;articiple in That Clauses
%3. +oun Clauses Aerived from @e1uests
%4. That Clauses after ?erbs of 7rgency
%5. That Clauses after /d8ectives of 7rgency
VI.- -IN) .,R!$ ND IN.INITIVE$
1. Gerunds
%. Gerunds and Gerund ;hrases as &ub8ects
(. Gerunds as <b8ects of Certain ?erbs
*. Gerund ;hrases as <b8ects of ?erbs
,. Gerund or Infinitive
0. Gerunds as <b8ects of ;repositions and in Time ;hrases
3. Gerund ;hrases as <b8ects of ;repositions
4. Be &sed to and et &sed to
5. Gerunds and Gerund ;hrases "ollowing the ;reposition For
16. Gerunds in Time ;hrases
11. -,n# "orms or :ases "orms "ollowing Certain ?erbs
1%. -,n# "orms as <b8ects of &ense ;erception ?erbs
1(. %a)e, (et# and Hel.
1*. Infinitives "ollowing Information Words
1,. -,n# ;articiples as -odifiers
10. @eviewing ;repositions with Gerunds
0
VII.- D0E&TIVE &#+$E$
1. Bssential and +onessential /d8ective Clauses
%. 'ho and That as &ub8ects of Bssential /d8ective Clauses
(. 'ho or That
*. 'hose Introducing Bssential /d8ective Clauses
,. Bssential /d8ective Clauses 7sed in Aefinitions
0. @elative ;ronouns as <b8ects of ?erbs and ;repositions
3. 7nmar!ed Bssential /d8ective Clauses
4. @elative /dverb Introducing /d8ective Clauses
5. 1here Introducing Bssential /d8ective Clauses
16. ;resent ;erfect Tense in Bssential /d8ective Clauses
11. +onessential /d8ective Clauses
1%. Commas with +onessential Clauses
1(. B)pressing Contrast with +onessential Clauses
VIII.- "$$IVE V,I&E
1. ?oice
%. ;ast ;articiple in ;assive ?erb ;hrases
(. /ffirmative ?erb ;hrases in the ;assive ?oice
*. +egative ?erb ;hrases in the ;assive ?oice
,. /dverbs in ;assive ?erb ;hrases
0. ;resent and ;ast Continuous Tenses
3. ;assive ?erb ;hrases Containing -odal /u)iliaries
4. ;resent Continuous Tense
5. ;ast Continuous Tense
16. -odal /u)iliaries and @elated Idioms
11. Transforming /ctive ?erb ;hrases into ;assive ?erb ;hrases
1%. 2es-No and Information Duestions
1(. Duestions
1*. Causative "orms and Giving Instructions
1,. Causatives with Have F Aoer F :ase "orm
10. Instructions with et F ;ast ;articiple
13. ;ersuasion with et F Infinitive
012 Be Su..osed to
IX.- .+T+RE "ER.E&T TEN$E ND REVIE1
1. Bvents ;receding Bvents in the "uture
%. "uture ;erfect Tense
3
REVIE1 ,. VER/ TEN$E$
1. The &I-;.B ;@B&B+T TB+&B is used for (a) a generally !nown fact or condition9
There are 360 degrees in a circle; Water contains no nitrogenH (b) a state of being9 They
are in love; The giraffe is the tallest of eisting ani!alsH and ( c) a habitual activity or
occurrence9 Many ani!als hi3ernate every winter; The sun always rises in the east; "ea#
year co"es every four years$
%. Though not discussed as such# the simple present tense is sometimes used for future
time9 The shi# sails at dawn; The sun rises at 6%&' to!orrow !orning; The (an) o.ens at
nine o*cloc) to!orrow !orning$
(. The ;@B&B+T C<+TI+7<7& TB+&B is used for (a) an event that is occurring at this
moment (now)9 We are 3e#innin# this (oo); You are loo)in# at this #age nowH (b) an event
that is ta!ing place temporarily9 The #atient is ta)in# #enicillin; +he is livin# in a hotel for
the ti!e (eing (temporarily)H and ( c) an event in future time9 The astronauts are leavin# for
the !oon to!orrow; The curtain at the theater is risin# at '%30 to!orrow night$
*. ,e going to F a base form is also used for a coming event9 'e4re #oin# to learn a lot of
new things in this course; -e4s #oin# to ta)e another course after this one$
4
,. ,e going to F (e F a present participle is used to emphasi2e the duration of a future
event9 We are #oin# to 3e studyin# together for several !onths; The earth is #oin# to 3e
revolvin# around the sun for !illions of !ore years$
0. The &I-;.B ;/&T TB+&B is used for an event at a definite point of time in the past9
.esus died on the /ross al!ost two thousand years ago; ,uddha lived fro! c$ 063 to 1'3
,$/$; /olu!(us discovered A!erica in &123$
3. The ;/&T C<+TI+7<7& TB+&B is used (a) to emphasi2e an event at one point in past
timeH 4veryone was slee.in# at the ti!e of the earth5ua)e; 4veryone in the theater was
cryin# at the end of the !ovieH and (b) to emphasi2e the duration of an event in past time9
-is grandfather was wor)in# hard fro! the (eginning to the end of the day; They were
cele3ratin# their victory at the 6ly!#ics all night long$
4. The past continuous tense is most fre1uently used in comple) sentences where the past
continuous time (in a main clause) is interrupted by a definite past action (in a subordinate
clause)9 They were tal)in# a(out !e when 7 interru.ted their conversation; The sun was
shinin# when the cli!(ers reached the to# of Mt$ 4verest.
")E (
5. :esides simple futurity# the "7T7@B TB+&B is used to e)press (a) promise9 , will
always love you; , will never 3rea) this #ro!iseH (b) determination9 'e will never #ive u.
our freedo!H 'e will die for our religionH ( c) inevitability9 The twentieth century will co"e
to an endH +#ring will 3rin# new lifeH and (d) prediction9 7t will rain to!orrow; 4veryone in
the class will s.ea) 4nglish well$
16. The "7T7@B C<+TI+7<7& TB+&B is used (a) to emphasi2e an event at one point
in future time9 ,4ll 3e seein# you at the (eginning of the ga!e; 6ur #lane will 3e ta)in# o//
in a few !inutesH and (b) to emphasi2e the duration of an event in future time9 He will 3e
thin)in# a(out only his girlfriend until she returns; , will 3e wor)in# all day long$
11. .i!e the past continuous tense# the future continuous tense is used in comple) sentences
where the future continuous time (in a main clause) is interrupted by a definite future action
(in a subordinate clause)9 7t will .ro3a3ly 3e rainin# when we #et to the (each; 7 will 3e
waitin# for you at the air#ort when your #lane co"es in$

5
)R!!R EXER&I$E I
.o3us% "resent 4&ontinuous5 Tense6 "ast 4&ontinuous5 Tense6 .uture 4&ontinuous5
Tense6 Be #oin# to 7 a base form6 Be #oin# to 7 3e 7 a "resent "arti3iple.
Remin'er% Be #oin# to an' the future tense are essentially inter3hangeable.
1. (rain) When I left the house this morning# it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%. (have) I didnt ta!e a vacation because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any money.
(. (win) Who $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in the ne)t election=
*. (rise) The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at 09(4 yesterday morning.
,. (live) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in an apartment temporarily because they
cant find an ine)pensive house.
0. (eat) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Italian food only once in a while.
3. (ring) The bell $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and the class began.
4. (blow) / hard wind $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ while we were climbing the mountain.
5. (understand) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anything at the last meeting.
16. (enter) Who $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the university ne)t &eptember=
16
11. (tal!) When I came into the room# everyone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about me.
1%. (give) >ow often does your teacher $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the class a 1ui2=
1(. (go) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anywhere in particular ne)t wee!end.
1*. (fight) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our enemy until our last man falls.
1,. (tal!) -y secretary $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on the phone right now.
10. (begin) The movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ soon.
13. (ta!e) When he goes on a business trip# he usually $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his wife.
14. (set) The sun never $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in the east.
)R!!R EXER&I$E I ")E (
15. (set) The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at ,9*4 tomorrow
afternoon.
%6. (enter) The patient $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ operating room at this very moment.
%1. (fall) <ur little girl $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ down and hurt herself seriously.
%%. (ta!e) Who $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of your children now=
%(. (spea!) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to anyone on the phone last night.
%*. (ma!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a few mista!es on the last e)amination.
%,. (shine) When I get up tomorrow morning# the sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%0. (be) The assassination of ;resident Iennedy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a shoc! to the world.
%3. (be) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at the beginning of this boo!.
%4. (live) "ew people $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in the &ahara Aesert.
%5. (fall) .isten' &ome rain $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on the roof.
(6. (fall) The leaves usually $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from the trees in <ctober.
11
)R!!R EXER&I$E II
.o3us% "resent 4&ontinuous5 Tense6 "ast 4&ontinuous5 Tense6 .uture 4&ontinuous5
Tense6 Be #oin# to 7 a base form6 Be #oin# to 7 3e 7 a "resent "arti3iple.
Remin'er% Be #oin# to an' the future tense are essentially inter3hangeable.
1. (graduate) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from the university ne)t June.
%. (get) Bveryone in my office usually $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to wor! by 59(6.
(. (be) ;eople $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ sometimes difficult.
*. (find) &he wont 1uit her present 8ob until she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new one.
,. (blow) We didnt go sailing in our boat because the wind $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. (!eep) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a car because its too e)pensive.
3. (ta!e) / very important meeting $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ place at the White >ouse a
couple of days ago.
4. (go) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to a nice beach tomorrow because the weather isnt
going to be nice.
5. (thin!) / selfish person always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about only himself.
16. (be) Bveryone at the last meeting $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ surprised by the
presidents decision to resign.
11. (be) There $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ no one in the house when I got home last night.
1%
1%. (be) The party $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a success because there werent enough people.
1(. (enter) Bveryone will stand up when the Iing $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the room.
1*. (feel) I didnt go to wor! because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ well.
1,. (be) The chic!en $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any good at dinner last night.
10. (arrive) When the telegram $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# please let me !now immediately.
13. (ma!e) Auring the e)amination# he was angry at himself because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
a lot of mista!es.
)R!!R EXER&I$E II ")E (
14. (ta!e) Bveryone in my office usually $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a coffee brea! in the middle
of the afternoon.
15. (be) When I got to wor!# nobody $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
there.
%6. (fly) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on air "rance when we went on our last trip.
%1. (ta!e) >e never $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his car when he goes to wor!.
%%. (sleep) When I got home# the children $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%(. (be) /ll of us $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a little nervous when we came into this room today.
%*. (do) When the phone rang# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anything in particular.
%,. (come) The world $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to an end tomorrow.
%0. (learn) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of new things in this boo!.
%3. (be) Good health $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our most precious possession.
%4. (finish) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this e)ercise now.
%5. (mail) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the pac!age in time for his sisters birthday.
(6. (hi!e) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up the northwest trail on our last attempt.
1(
T8E D+RTI,N ,. N EVENT
1. The ;@B&B+T ;B@"BCT TB+&B is used to e)press the duration of an event that began
at a definite point in past time and has continued to the present and will probably continue
into future time9 The earth has e5isted for !illions of years; 4li8a(eth 77 has 3een the
9ueen of the :nited ;ingdo! since &203.
%. To form the present perfect tense# we use the verb have as an au)iliary and a ;/&T
;/@TICI;.B as the main verb of a verb phrase. 8ave occurs as an -s form in the third
person singular.
$ingular "lural
<irst #erson I have wor!ed we
+econd #erson you you have wor!ed
Third #erson he they
she has wor!ed
it
(. @egular past participles are formed by adding -ed to a base form (simple form) of a verb.
The rules for spelling regular past participles are the same as those for spelling regular past
forms9
(a) When a regular base form ends in -y preceded by a consonant# change the -y to -i and
add -ed9 =(ury> They have 3uried !any #eo#le since the (eginning of the fa!ine;
=carry> 7 have carried !y (oss*s res#onsi(ilities since he (eca!e sic)$
(b) When the final -y is preceded by a vowel# no change is made9 =stay> -e has stayed
ho!e for two wee)s; =#lay> The children have .layed all day long$
(c ) When a regular base form ends with a single consonant preceded by a single stressed
vowel# the consonant is doubled before adding -ed% =sto#> My watch has sto..ed; =#er!it>
The #olice have .er"itted us to #ass through the (arricades.
1*
(d) When a regular base form ends in -e# only -d is added9 =change> "ife in /u(a has
chan#ed since the revolution; =s!o)e> -e has s"o)ed since he was eighteen.
*. When we e)press the duration of an event from past to present time# the preposition for
is used in a prepositional phrase when the amount of time is given9 -e has (een here /or
three hours; 7 have lived in this country /or seven years$ The use of for is optional% -e has
(een here =for> three hours; 7 have )nown her =for> seven years$
,. / prepositional phrase with since is used when the e)act moment# time# day# or year that
the event began is given9 They have (een here since one o4cloc) yesterday a/ternoon;
They have (een !arried since 0678; They have lived in "ondon since 0679$
0. When one event follows another# the preposition since also occurs9 "ife in "e(anon has
(een different since the civil war; They have (een ha##y since their "arria#e; -is #arents
have lived in -ong ;ong since the end o/ the war in :ietna"$
3. &ince occurs as a subordinate con8unction when it introduces a past time clause
(subordinate clause) to a sentence9 -e has !ade a lot of !oney since he started wor) at the
co".any; They have lived in +an <rancisco since they arrived in the &nited States$
Remin'er9 / time phrase never has a sub8ect or a verb# but a time clause always does.
Compare9
Time "hrase Time &lause
K since the (eginning of the #arty. K since the .arty 3e#an.
K since the end of the war. K since the war ended.
4. The adverb ago appears with the simple past tense only9 -is grandfather died "any
years a#o. >owever# ago may appear in a time clause or phrase introduced by since when
the verb phrase in the main clause of a sentence is in the present perfect tense9 -e has (een
in the hos#ital since he #ot sic) /ive wee)s a#o =since the (eginning of his illness five
wee)s ago>$
$pe3ial Note9 The simple present tense is never used for the duration of an event from past
to present time. Compare9
1rong &orre3t
7 a! !arried for five years$ 7 have 3een !arried for five years
+he lives here since &2?3$ +he has lived here since &2?3$
1,
)R!!R EXER&I$E III
.o3us% The Duration of an Event.
$upply have or has in the first blank an' since or /or in the se3on'.
1. The earth $$$$$$$$$$$$$ been in e)istence $$$$$$$$$ millions of years.
%. Cuba $$$$$$$$$$$$ been a socialist country $$$$$$$$$$$$ 15,5.
(. Iorea and Germany $$$$$$$$$$$ been divided nations $$$$$$$$$ 1uite a few years.
(9uite a few means !any; the e)pression may modify countable nouns only9 They have had
5uite a few .ro3le"s$>
*. .atin $$$$$$$$$$ been a dead language $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the decline of @ome.
,. :ill and his best friend $$$$$$$$$$$ !nown each other $$$$$$$$$$$ many years.
0. .ife in China $$$$$$$$$$$ been very different $$$$$$$$$$$ the ;eoples @evolution.
The people $$$$$$$$$$$$ changed.
3. Israel $$$$$$$$$$ been a state $$$$$$$$$$$$$ 15*4.
4. Canada and /ustralia $$$$$$$$$$$ been a part of the :ritish Commonwealth
$$$$$$$$$ 1uite a few years.
5. Islam $$$$$$$$$$$$$ been the most important religion in the -iddle Bast $$$$$$$$$
appro)imately 1#*66 years.
16. .ife $$$$$$$$$$ been a magnificent pu22le $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the beginning of time.
11. /ll of the students $$$$$$$$$ studied hard $$$$$$$$$$ the beginning of the course.
The class $$$$$$$$$$$ been in session $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &eptember 1.
1%. :uddhism $$$$$$$$$$$ been a ma8or religion in the "ar Bast $$$$$$$$$$$ more than
two thousand years.
10
1(. The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$ been in the center of our solar system $$$$$$$$$$$$ millions
and millions of years.
1*. -y parents $$$$$$$$$$$ had their house $$$$$$$$$$$ 1uite a few years.
)R!!R EXER&I$E III ")E (
1,. Washington A.C.# $$$$$$$$$$$ been the capital of the 7nited &tates $$$$$$$$$$$
1466.
10. I $$$$$$$$$$ !nown my best friend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I was si).
13. The Biffel Tower $$$$$$$$$$$$$ been a famous tourist attraction $$$$$$$$$$ the
time of its erection for the ;aris B)hibition in 1445.
14. @elations between those two countries $$$$$$$$$$$ been bad $$$$$$$$$$$ the end of
the last war.
15. Christianity $$$$$$$$$$$ been an important religion $$$$$$$$$ almost two thousand
years.
%6. The @ed Cross $$$$$$$$$$$$ been an important international organi2ation $$$$$$$$
140*.
%1. The &oviet 7nion $$$$$$$$$$$$$ been a socialist state $$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1513.
13
)R!!R EXER&I$E IV
.o3us% Duration with the "resent "erfe3t Tense.
.ill in the first blank with an appropriate verb phrase in the present perfe3t tense an'
supply since or /or in the se3on'. +se past parti3iples ma'e out of the base forms in
the following list% be6 'o6 have6 know6 live6 love6 speak6 work.
1. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my car $$$$$$$$$$$$ three years.
%. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in this classroom $$$$$$$$$$$$$ ten ocloc!.
(. &Che $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ himCher secretly $$$$$$$$$$$$$ many years.
*. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of money $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the day he was born.
(A great deal of means !uch$ The e)pression modifies only uncountable nouns9 There is a
great deal of "oney in his account$)
,. -y best friend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in +ew Lor!# $$$$$$$$$$$ he was born.
0. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of trouble with their car $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the
day they bought it.
3. The weather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ beautiful $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the beginning of the
month. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ sunshine $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ almost three wee!s.
4. The ;resident $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in office $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ some years.
5. :ill and his father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ together in the same company
$$$$$$$$$$$$ more than ten years.
16. Bveryone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ well $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the beginning of the course.
11. <ur little boy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an infection in his ear $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ he
went swimming in the la!e a couple of wee!s ago.
1%. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Bnglish $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ only a couple of years.
1(. -y ne)tdoor neighbor $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very inactive $$$$$$$$$$$$$ she
became ill.
14
)R!!R EXER&I$E IV ")E (
1*. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of trouble with his boss $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ he
started wor!ing for the company.
1,. :etty &mith# a good friend of mine# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very unhappy
woman $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the death of her husband.
10. -y house plants $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ much better $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I fed
them with a new !ind of organic fertili2er.
13. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my best friend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ more than fifteen years.
14. -y parents $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their car $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 15,1. It has
become an anti1ue.
15. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in this room $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about an hour and a half.
&,NTR&TI,N$6 T8E NE)TIVE .,R!6 ND A('AYS/NE:ER
15
1. Contractions of have or has with sub8ect pronouns occur in informal usage9 They4ve
(een sic) for days; +he4s lived (y herself for years$
$ingular "lural
<irst #erson Ive weve
+econd #erson youve youve been
Third #erson hes been theyve
shes
its
%. It is sometimes difficult for students to determine whether the contraction @s is has or is.
Two general rules to follow are9 (a) When a past participle (sometimes preceded by an
adverb) follows @s# it is the contraction of hasH for e)ample# 7t*s =has> (een a (eautiful day%
-e*s =has> already had his car for three years; +he*s =has> s#o)en <rench since she was
little$ (b) When @s is followed by articles# ad8ectives# and -ing forms# it is the contractions of
isH for e)ample# 7t*s =is> a (eautiful dayA -e*s =is> ho!esic); +he*s =is> tal)ing a(out her
vacation$
Remin'er% &ome past participles occur as ad8ectives9 -e*s =is> tired; 7t*s =is> (ro)en; -e*s
=is> drun)$
(. / negative verb phrase is formed by inserting not between the au)iliary and main verb9 7
have not s.o)en +#anish since 7 returned to Toronto fro! Meico; +he has not s.o)en to
!e since we had that argu!ent three wee)s ago$
I we
you have not been you have not been
he they
she has not been
it
*. The contractions haven*t =have not> and hasnt (has not) occur in informal usage9 7
haven4t done anything a(out !y visa #ro(le!; My father hasn4t #layed foot(all for years$
,. The adverbs always and never are also inserted between the au)iliary and the main verb9
My !other has always driven a <ord car; 7 have never )nown a #erson as nice as you$
)R!!R EXER&I$E V
.o3us% &ontra3tions an' Always/Never
%6
.ill in the blanks with appropriate verb phrases in the present perfe3t tense 3ontaining
the a'verbs always or never2 "ra3ti3e using 3ontra3tions. +se past parti3iples ma'e out
of the base forms in the following list.
be eat live obey see study wor!
drin! have love respect sing use worry
drive li!e ma!e run spea! want
1. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my parents.
%. 7nfortunately# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of trouble with their son.
(. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ tropical climate.
*. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a @olls@oyce.
,. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of money in their business.
0. It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ cold at the +orth ;ole.
3. &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a selfishCgenerous person.
4. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to ta!e a trip around the world.
5. John $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to go on a trip through the &ahara.
16. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my mothers favorite child.
11. Lou $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ respect for yourself.
1%. &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an e)cellent student.
1(. /nn $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a poor student.
1*. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Bnglish well.
1,. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Bnglish during the classes.
10. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ each other very much.
)R!!R EXER&I$E V ")E (
13. "ortunately# she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good health.
14. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ wine with my meals.
15. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Japanese food.
%1
%6. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about their son.
%1. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard drugs. (-ard drugs means any of the addictive drugs such
as heroinA !or#hineA or o#iu!$)
%%. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a woman as beautiful as her.
%(. Jim $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for General -otors.
%*. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in .os /ngeles.
%,. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to go to the dentist a lot.
)R!!R EXER&I$E VI
.o3us% Negative Verb "hrases
.ill in the blanks with appropriate negative verb phrases in the present perfe3t tense.
+se past parti3iples ma'e out of the base forms in the following list.
appear call drin! feel have rain send ta!e
be do drive get occur see spea! wor!
%%
1. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ time to sit down for a second since I got to wor!.
%. Grandpas health $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good for years.
(. Grandma $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ able to wal! well since she fell down and bro!e
her hip two years ago. It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ easy for her.
*. That actor $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in a movie for 1uite a few years.
,. / ma8or earth1ua!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in &an "rancisco since 1560.
0. It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more than a month# and the countryside is very dry.
3. :ill $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ since he retired four years ago.
4. &hes worried because her boyfriend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her for more than a month.
5. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a really good movie for a long time.
16. In spite of the inflation# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ many financial problems. They
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any vacations# however.
11. That student $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any homewor! since the beginning of the
course.
1%. That unfortunate person $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ happy since the beginning of the
course.
1(. .ife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ easy for him since he lost his 8ob.
1*. The doctor is e)tremely busy# and she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the chance (opportunity) to
go to bed since early yesterday morning.
)R!!R EXER&I$E VI ")E (
1,. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the chance to sit down since I got up this morning.
10. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good weather since the beginning of the year.
13. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any alcohol since I started ta!ing penicillin.
14. :ecause he is angry at his brother# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to him for more than a
year.
15. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my native country for two years.
%(
%6. :ecause of his poor vision (eyesight)# my grandfather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a car for
1uite a few years.
%1. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my parents for 1uite a long time.
%%. This $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a difficult e)ercise.
)R!!R EXER&I$E VII
.o3us% Time &lauses with Since
The adverb ever may occur as an intensifier of the subordinate con8unction since9 he*s (een
!adly (very much) in love with her ever since he first !et her; 7*ve felt wonderful ever
since 7 sto##ed s!o)ing; +he*s (een unha##y ever since her hus(and died$
Note% This pattern is used more informally than formally.
.ill in the blanks with past forms ma'e out of the base forms given in the parentheses.
1. (inherit) &hes been a difficult person ever since she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of
money. (happen) >er life has changed completely ever since this $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%. (ta!e) The patient has felt much better ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the new drug.
%*
(begin) Bveryone in his family has felt much better ever since his condition $$$$$$$$$$$
to improve.
(. (drop) Theyve been worried about their son ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out of
school. (To dro# out of means to 5uit. The idiom is most often used in reference to 1uitting
school. a person who drops out f school is called a dro#out.)
*. (move) Aic! has been happy ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to +ew Lor!.
,. (win) >is father has had a great deal of luc! ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of
money in the lottery.
0. (brea!) &hes been unhappy ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his promise to her.
3. (enter) Their daughter has been a very good student ever since she $$$$$$$$$$ school.
(leave) >er life has been completely different ever since she $$$$$$$$$$$$$ home for the
university.
4. (be) Theyve been in love with each other ever since they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ children in
school.
5. (get) Theyve been very happy ever since they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married.
16. (introduce) >is company has been very successful ever since it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a
new mousetrap to the mar!et.
)R!!R EXER&I$E VII ")E (
11. (buy) -y life has been different ever since I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new car.
1%. (meet) Weve had a lot of fun together ever since we $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1(. (graduate) Their son has made a lot of money ever since he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from the
university.
1*. (arrive) -y life has been very different ever since I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in this country.
%,
INTERR,)TIVE $ENTEN&E$ 49uestions5
1. Yes-No 1uestions in the present perfect tense are formed by putting the sub8ect of a
sentence after the au)iliary9 Have they (een ha##y since their !arriageB Has ti"e gone
fast since the (eginning of the courseB
&ingular ;lural
<irst #erson I we
+econd #erson have you have you gone
Third #erson he gone they
has she
it
%. Always and never follow the sub8ect in yes-no 1uestions9 -ave we always had #ollutionB
-ave you never (een in 4uro#eB
(. In negative 1uestions# haven*t or hasn*t precedes the sub8ect9 Haven4t you eaten
anything since last nightB Hasn4t your /ather found a Co(B Why haven4t you (een (usy at
wor)B
%0
*. In formal usage in negative 1uestions# have =has> and not are not contracted# and not
follows the sub8ect9 -as she not (ro)en her #ro!ise to youB -ave , not done the right
thingB Why has the #overn"ent not done !ore for the #oorB
Remin'er% +egative 1uestions are used to show anger# surprise# or irritation.
,. In yes-no answers# have or has follows the sub8ect of the answer9 -ave you (een (ac) to
your ho!etown since &2?0B YesA , have; NoA , haven4t; -as she always lived hereB YesA she
has; NoA she hasn4t2
0. In tag 1uestions# have or has occurs in the tag endings9 You*ve (een at this school for
5uite a few !onthsA haven4t youB +he has never studied 4nglishA has sheB .ohn hasn*t (een
sic)A has heB
3. To as! for the length of an event that began in the past and has continued to the present#
the information words how long occur in information 1uestions with the present perfect
tense. /s in yes-no 1uestions# the sub8ect follows have or has9 -ow long have you )nown
your (est friendB The preposition for may precede how long# but its use is optional9 =<or>
how long has he (een a teacherB -ow !any F years# days# etc.# also occurs9 How "any
years have you (een !arriedB How "any days has the class (een in sessionB
)R!!R EXER&I$E VIII
.o3us% The #ength of an Event
;ronunciation Note< -ow long have sounds li!e how long-ofH how long has sounds li!e
how long-i8 =long8>$ Written contractions of noun sub8ects and have or has do not occur9
however# children have many sound li!e children-ofH Mary has may sound li!e Marys$
$upply appropriate past parti3iples in the blanks.
1. >ow long has the 7nited &tates $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an independent nation=
%. >ow long has pollution $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a serious world problem=
(. >ow many days have they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out of town=
*. "or how many years has Cuba $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a socialist government=
,. "or how many years have you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your best friend=
Now make appropriate information :uestions with how lon# an' how "any. The
following ;preten's< will in'i3ate the :uestions that may be aske'.
E=amples% ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about his or her car. -ow !any years
have you had your carB
%3
;retend you are tal!ing to a little girl. -ow long have you had your dollB
0. ;retend you are tal!ing to a little boy or girl.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
3. ;retend you are tal!ing to someone about his or her best friend.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
4. ;retend you are a doctor tal!ing to a patient.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
5. ;retend you are a lawyer tal!ing to a client.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
16. ;retend you are tal!ing to a person about religion.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
11. ;retend you are tal!ing to another student at school.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1%. ;retend you are having a conversation about politics.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1(. ;retend you are tal!ing to the ;resident.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1*. ;retend you are tal!ing to a scientist about the world in general.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
)R!!R VIII ")E (
Now 3omplete the following senten3es.
1,. >ow many years have $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
10. >ow many days has $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
13. "or how long have $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
14. >ow many wee!s has $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
15. >ow long $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%6. "or how long
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%1. >ow many months $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%4
EVENT$ T N INDE.INITE TI!E IN T8E "$T
1. :esides e)pressing the duration of an event form a definite point in the past time to the
present# the present perfect tense may also be used to describe an event at an indefinite time
in the past9 , have 3een in 4uro#e; +he has studied <rench; They4ve /inished the Co($
%. Bven though these events occurred in past time# they are directly related to events in
present time because they are the cause (reason) for situations that now e)ist. We call this
relationship the cause and effect (reason and situation) relationship. Compare9
&ause 4an event at an in'efinite Effe3t 4now5
time in the past5
7t*s rained a lot$ The streets are all wet$
7*ve eaten lunch$ 7*! not hungry now$
7*ve s#o)en to !y lawyer$ 7*! not worried a(out the #ro(le! now$
7*ve (een in 4uro#e$ 7 )now what it*s li)e$
(. The present perfect tense is never used for an event at a definite point of time in the past.
Remin'er% The simple past tense is used for an event at a definite point of time in the past.
Compare9
1rong &orre3t
7 have 3een there yesterday$ 7 was there yesterday
7 have #one two days ago$ 7 went two days ago$
+he has done it last night$ +he did it last night$
Remin'er% /dverbs such as yesterday and ago may appear in sentences that contain the
present perfect tense but only in subordinate clauses (or time phrases) li!e those introduced
by since9 +he hasn*t felt well since she #ot u. yesterday "ornin#; -e has lived in Teas
since he #raduated /ro" !ornell &niversity three years a#o2
%5
*. /dverbs of indefinite time li!e recentlyA finallyA and Cust are used in verb phrases
containing the present perfect tense. Their usual position is following the au)iliary9 The
!ilitary has recently overthrown the govern!ent; The !ail has /inally arrived; -er #et
(ird has =ust died$
,. .ust may appear only within a verb phrase# but recently and finally may appear in the
initial or final position as well9 Recently, 7 have !ade a great deal of !oney; The children
have co!e ho!e /inally2
"un3tuation Remin'er% When an adverb occurs in initial position# a comma usually follows
the word9 <inallyA s#ring has co!e$
0. / good response to a sentence li!e -e has recently finished school is a 1uestion -ow
recent is recentlyB Decently can mean a wee! ago# a month ago# perhaps a couple of months
ago# or possible even a year ago. The period of time is very indefinite.
3. .ust is more specific than recently. We do not !now e)actly when the event has ta!en
place# but we !now that it has happened close to the present time for e)ample# They have
Cust arrived (they still have on their coats and are tal!ing about the cold weather). When we
use Cust# we !now that the event has ta!en place almost right before the moment of
spea!ing.
4. <inally means more than 8ust a sense of timeH it suggests that we have been anticipating
the event# and we are happy or relieved that it has happened9 The war has finally endedA and
everyone in the nation is relieved that the soldiers can now co!e ho!e$
5. These adverbs also appear in verb phrases containing the simple past tense. When this
occurs# adverbial e)pressions of definite time may follow Cust and finally% -e Cust got
!arried last wee); They finally arrived yesterday; however# definite adverbs of time never
appear with recently% -e recently got out of the hos#ital; -is horse recently won an
i!#ortant race$
16. When the adverb ever occurs in yes-no 1uestions with the present perfect tense# it
means at any ti!e in this life% -ave you ever =at any ti!e in this life> (een in /hinaB
(6
)R!!R EXER&I$E IX
.o3us% Yes-No 9uestions with Ever an' Always
$upply have or has in the first blank an' an appropriate past parti3iple in the se3on'>
use past parti3iples ma'e out of the base forms in the following list. "ra3ti3e yes-no
answers.
be cut eat !eep ride see ta!e wear
brea! do fall live ring sha!e tal!
catch drive have play rise swim tell
1. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in love=
%. $$$$$$$$$$$ your brother always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his homewor! for the class=
(. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ a bone (for e)ample# one of your arms)=
*. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ the ;residents hand=
,. $$$$$$$$$$$ your neighbor always $$$$$$$$$$$$ a "ord car=
0. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ in the ;acific <cean=
3. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ a "rench film (movie)=
4. $$$$$$$$$$$ the seat of the Catholic Church always $$$$$$$$$$$ in @ome=
$$$$$$$$$$$ the ;ope ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ in the /mericas=
5. $$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Japanese food=
16. $$$$$$$$$$$ Washington# A.C.# always $$$$$$$$$$$$ the capital of the 7nited
&tates= $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$ there=
11. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ yourself seriously with a !nife=
(1
1%. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ a bi!ini (a brief bathing suit)=
1(. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ your phone ever $$$$$$$$$$ while you were in the shower=
1*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ on a horse=
1,. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ a serious lie=
)R!!R EXER&I$E IX ")E (
10. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ penicillin=
13. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ your teacher ever $$$$$$$$$$about &ha!espeare=
14. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ your family always $$$$$$$$$$ in California=
15. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ it always $$$$$$$$$$ hot at the B1uator=
%6. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ a @olls@oyce=
%1. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ a shar! (a very big fish)=
%%. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ in an earth1ua!eCa hurricane=
%(. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$ a bro!en heart (disappointment in love)=
%*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$ your brother ever $$$$$$$$$$ on an important team=
Now 3omplete the senten3es.
%,. >ave you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%0. >as your fatherC motherC teacher ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%3. >ave your children always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%4. >as the community always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%5. >as @ichard ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(6. >ave the students always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(1. >ave the new media always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(%. >as it ever
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
((. >as the convention ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(%
(*. >ave they ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(,. >as your garden ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
)R!!R EXER&I$E X
.o3us% Just in Verb "hrases
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 =ust 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (ma!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very foolish mista!e.
%. (spill) Aarn it' I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ bottle of in!.
(. (inherit) Lou wont believe this# but I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of money.
(become) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a millionaire.
*. (get) Can you believe it= I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a telegram from the
;resident. (give) -y secretary $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to me.
,. (brea!) >es e)tremely upset. >is girlfriend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her promise
to marry him. (tell) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ me about it.
0. (hear) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very funny story about you.
3. (get) I must tell you about the wonderful news I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from home.
4. (lose) >ow terrible' &everal people $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their lives in a fire in a
nearby hotel.
5. (meet) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new girl# and he wants to tell me about her.
(enter) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our school.
16. (find) Its hard to believe# but I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a hundreddollar bill on the
street. (have) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a stro!e of luc!. (happen) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
11. (have) >is wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a baby# and hes very e)cited about it. (come)
>e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ bac! from the hospital.
1%. (hear) Congratulations' We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the new about your most
((
recent success. (tell)
Lour boss $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ us.
)R!!R EXER&I$E X ")E (
1(. (get) -ary and Tom $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married secretly# and all their
friends are surprised. (hear) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about it.
1*. -y best friend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1,. The rain $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
10. The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
13. Im still sleepy because $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
14. >urry up' The class $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XI
(*
.o3us% Finally in Verb "hrases
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 /inally 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (come) Its about time' Its three ocloc! in the morning# but our son $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ home. (7t*s a(out ti!eE means finallyE)
%. (become) Its hard to believe# but our cat and dog $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good
friends. (stop) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ fighting.
(. (come) /t last' The guests $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H now we can
have coc!tails. (begin) The party $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. (become) Its about time' The weather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ nice after a long
hard winter. (come) &pring $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
,. (become) /fter many years of study# their daughter $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a
medical doctor. (graduate) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. (find) :ob $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an interesting 8ob. (come) >is long search
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to an end.
3. (improve) Were very relieved. <ur mothers health $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. (finish) It too! a long time# but I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the pro8ect.
5. (get) /t last' I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a letter from my parents.
16. (be) "ortunately# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ able to stop smo!ing.

(brea!) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his dirty habit.
11. (come) /t last' The war $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to an end.
1%. (decide) /t the age of seventyfour# my grandfather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to retire.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XI ")E (
1(. (graduate) Its about time' /ll of our children $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from the
(,
university. (reali2e) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our dreams.
1*. (get) What a surprise' Tom and -arilyn $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married.
1,. (become) /fter more than twenty years# his father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the
president of the company.
10. /t last' The movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
13. Its about time' The bus $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
14. Well# the children $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
15. Their sonCdaughter $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%6. The rainCsnow $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XII
.o3us% Recently in Verb "hrases.
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 recently 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (lose) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of weight. (see) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
him# and he loo!s terrific. (To #ut on weight means to gain weight.) (Terrific means great.)
(0
%. (develop) / research team at the hospital $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new !ind of
treatment for cancer. (read) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about it.
(. (lose) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their house in a fire# so theyre living in a
hotel for the time being.
*. (inherit) / friend of mine $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a great deal of money.
,. (graduate) Their son $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from <)ford 7niversity.
0. (develop) a scientist in my company $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new
method for collecting solar energy. (receive) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a
grant (a sum of money) from the "ederal government.
3. (paint) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their house# and it loo!s wonderful.
4. (read) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a wonderful boo! about animal
life in /frica. (write) The same author $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a boo! about
insect life.
5. (receive) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an important literary pri2e.
16. (have) >is wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a baby# and he is still bragging
(boasting) about it.
11. (1uit) >es ta!ing it easy because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his 8ob.
1%. (find) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a faster way to get up to our
cabin in the mountains. (/ cabin in a small house or cottage.)
)R!!R EXER&I$E XII ")E (
1(. (buy) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a cottage beside a lovely la!e.
1*. -y motherCfather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1,. -y sisterCbrother $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
10. The ;residentCDueen $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(3
13. / friend of mine $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
14. -y bossC teacherC roommate $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E
.o3us% &lauses of Reason with Because
We often use the present perfect tense in a clause of reason introduced by the subordinate
con8unction (ecause9 +he*s etre!ely sad 3ecause she4s =ust lost a very old /riend.
Remin'er% / (ecause clause usually occurs in the final position of a sentence (see above
e)ample)# but we may also put it in the initial position. When we do this# a comma follows
the clause9 Because we haven4t had "uch rainA all of the flowers in our garden are dying$
@emember that a (ecause clause always tells why9 'hy is he a successB $ $ $ (ecause he*s
wor)ed long and hard$
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 47 not5 7 a past parti3iple.
(4
1. (come) The children are e)cited because their father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ home.
(have) Were all hungry because we $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our dinner.
%. (find) Im thrilled because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a wonderful 8ob. (decide)
-y present boss is angry because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to 1uit.
(. (score) Bveryone is cheering because our team $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$a point.
*. (get) Im worried because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any news from my parents.
(write) :ecause I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any letters to them# I havent received

any. (hear) :ecause they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from me for a long time# theyre
theyre beginning to get worried.
Now 3omplete the senten3es with appropriate 3ecause 3lauses.
,. Im in a very goodCbad mood today $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# I am very happyC unhappy.
3. &Ches e)cited $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# my parents are very angry at me.
5. I am worried about a friend of mine $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XII ")E (
16. >es a failure $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
11. &hes a great success $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1%. Im angry at myself $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1(. Im hungryC thirsty $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1*. &Che spea!s Bnglish well $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1,. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# the team is ready.
(5
#RED2 ND 2ET
1. When the adverb already occurs in a verb phrase containing the present perfect tense# it
usually suggests recent to fairly recent time in the past9 They*ve already gone ho!e (an hour
ago)H My (irthday has already #assed (a couple of wee!s ago). >owever# in some
circumstances already may occur in statements about the distant past9 7 don*t want to go to
Meico; 7*ve already (een there (fifteen years ago).
%. .i!e other adverbs (e.g.# CustA finallyA not) already is inserted between the au)iliary and
the main verb9 They4ve already had three childrenA (ut she wants one !ore; They4ve
already done their ho!ewor)A so they can watch TF$
(. In less formal usage# already occurs in the final position of a sentence9 The !ail!an has
co!e and gone already; The children have gone to (ed already$
*. The adverb yet usually occurs in the final position of a simple sentence or in the final
position of a main clause in a comple) sentence9 The rain hasn*t started yet; 7 haven*t !ade
a decision yetA (ut 7 will soon$ Yet is used in negative verb phrases and yes-no 1uestions
only. Note% In more formal usage# and sometimes informal# one could say9 Dain hasn*t yet
started; 7 haven*t yet !ade a decision$
*6
,. Yet shows e)pectation (something that we plan to do) and is closely related to a coming
event in future time9 We haven*t reached the to# of the !ountain yetA (ut with luc) and
deter!ination we will soon; 6ur child hasn*t (egun to s#ea) yetA (ut he will soon$
0. Yet occurs in yes-no 1uestions more fre1uently than the other adverbs of indefinite time9
-ave you had lunch yetB -asn*t your tea! won a ga!e yetB :esides the usual no answers#
the response NoA not yetA may occur in response to a yes-no 1uestion.
3. /bridged (shortened) main clauses containing willA (e going toA and ho#e to often occur
in sentences with yet9 We haven*t done anything a(out the #ro(le! yetA (ut we will =so
so!ething>; They haven*t arrived yetA (ut they*re #oin# to =arrive> soon; 7 haven*t seen that
!ovie yetA (ut 7 ho.e to =see it>$
4. This !ind of abridgment also occurs with the verbs li)e and want% -er (oyfriend doesn*t
li)e to danceA (ut she li)es to =dance>; 7 haven*t gone to .a#an yetA (ut 7 want to =go>$
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIII
.o3us% Already in Verb "hrases
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 already 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (eatCleave) The guests $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%. (writeCsend) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the letter.
(. (have) +o# than! you. I dont care for another drin! because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
four. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a little drun!.
*. (go) Jac! is still here# but his wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ home.
,. (see) I dont want to see that movie because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ it.
0. (rise) ;lease lets go home. The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and Im dead tired
(very tired). (leave) -ost of the other guests $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(be) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for hours.
*1
3. (ta!e) Aont worry about the problem because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care
of it. (spea!) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to my lawyer about it.
4. (hear) Lou dont have to tell me about the scandal because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
about it. (be) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in all the newspapersH (cover) even
television $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ it.
5. (spea!) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to her about the matter# and
Im not going to spea! to her about it again.
16. (do) "ortunately# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my homewor!# so I can go
out with you.
11. (have) :ill hasnt ta!en his vacation yet# but his sister $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ one.
(comeCgo) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ home and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ bac! to wor!.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIII ")E (
1%. (be) I dont want to go to @ome again on my vacation because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
there five times. I want to go some place new.
1(. (blossom) Its only the middle of -arch# but the cherry trees in Washington $$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1*. (get) Its only the beginning of <ctober# but it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ cold.
(have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a few snowfalls.
1,. (set) .ets go home. The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and its getting late.
(leave) Bveryone in the office $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for home.
*%
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIV
.o3us% Negative Verb "hrases an' Yet
.ill in the blank with have *has+ 7 not 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (get) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ over his recent divorce yet# but he will.
%. (arrive) The guests $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet# but I e)pect them any
minute. (Any !inute means very soon$)
(. (sit) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ down to dinner yet# but were going to any
minute now. (Now may be added to any !inute$>
*. (enter) Their son $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the army yet# but he wants to.
,. (get) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ over his last love affair yet# but he
eventually will. (find) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a new girlfriend yet.
0. (see) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ that movie yet# but I hope to.
3. (begin) The movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet# but it will any minute.
4. (call) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my boss yet# but I will in a few minutes.
5. (write) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my parents yet# but I will tomorrow.
16. (go) -y headache $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ away yet# but it will because
*(
Ive ta!en a few aspirins. (ta!e) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ effect yet.
11. (begin) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to rain yet# but it will any minute.
1%. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any news from the university about my
application yet# but I will any day now.
1(. (do) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anything about the problem yet# but I will.
1*. (choose) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a name for out new baby yet# but we
will by the end of today.
1,. (fall) <ur enemies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet# but they will soon.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIV ")E (
10. (get) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married yet# but they e)pect to very soon.
13. (set) The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet# but it will in a few minutes.
14. (meet) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her new boyfriend yet# but I e)pect to
tonight. (introduce) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ him to her family yet# but
shes going to soon. (propose) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to her yet# but he
wants
to. (ma!e) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up her mind yet.
15. (grow) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any tomatoes in our garden yet# but we plan to
ne)t summer. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ time yet.
%6. (deliver) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our new refrigerator yet# but they will any
day now.
**
)R!!R EXER&I$E XV
.o3us% Still an' Yet
/ negative response with yet fre1uently follows an affirmative statement with still% -e*s still
single; he hasn*t found a wife yet$
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 not 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (ma!e) Jac! and Tina are still angry at each otherH they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up yet.
(reconcile) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their differences yet# but they will.
%. (ma!e) The actress is still not ready to go on the stageH she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up yet.
(To !a)e u# can also mean to a##ly cos!etics to one*s face% "ittle girls often li)e to !a)e
u# with their !others* cos!etics$)
(. (ma!e) I still dont want to go homeH I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up a good e)cuse to
give my parents yet. (To !a)eu# Ga story/ ecuse/ ali(iH means to invent sometimes used
meaning to lie$)
*. (ma!e) Im still waiting for my wifeH she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up yet.
,. (ma!e) I still dont !now where Im going on my vacationH I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up my
mind yet. (To !a)e u# one*s !ind means to !a)e a decision$)
0. (get) >is mother is still in the hospitalH she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ over her serious
illness. yet. (recover) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
3. (come) Were still waiting for the busH it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
4. (get) >es still very unhappyH he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ over the loss of his wife yet.
*,
5. (finish) The students are still writingH they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the e)am yet.
(reach) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the hard part yet.
16. (hear) >es still worried about his motherH he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from her yet.
(get) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any news yet.
11. (eat) Im still hungryH I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ enough yet.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XV ")E (
1%. (ma!e) Im still waiting for an answerH they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their minds yet.
(come) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to a decision yet.
1(. (fi)) -y watch is still bro!enH they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ it yet.
1*. (come) The leaves are still on the treesH fall $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
1,. (sleep) Im still tiredH I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ enough yet.
10. (open) The ban! is still closedH it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
*0
)R!!R EXER&I$E XVI
.o3us% Yes-No 9uestions with Yet an' Already
!ake 4alou' an'*or in writing5 appropriate yes-no :uestions with yet or already. The
;preten's< in the parentheses will in'i3ate the :uestions that 3an be aske'.
E=ample% (;retend it is si) ocloc! in the evening.)
>ave you eaten dinner yet=
(;retend you are at an office at nine ocloc! in the morning.)
>as your boss already gotten to his office=
1. (;retend it is one ocloc! in the afternoon.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%. (;retend it is 119(6 at night.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
(. (;retend you are at a train station.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
*. (;retend you are at a newsstand.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
,. (;retend you are a nurse tal!ing to a doctor.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
0. (;retend it is seven ocloc! in the morning.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
3. (;retend you are at a radio and T? repair shop.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
4. (;retend it is in the middle of summer.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
5. (;retend you are giving a party.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
16. (;retend you are standing at the bo) office of a theater.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
11. (;retend you are tal!ing to the police.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1%. (;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about another friend.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
*3
1(. (;retend it is Christmas Bve.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1*. (;retend you are sitting in a classroom.)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
RE"ETED EVENT$ IN T8E "$T
1. / third and fre1uent use of the present perfect tense is to e)press events that have ta!en
place once or more than once in past time9 -e has 3een !arried onceA (ut now he*s
divorced; There have 3een two world wars in this century; Many countries have 3eco"e
inde#endent nations since the end of World War 77$
%. When the present perfect tense is used for repeated events in past time# there is the
e)pectation that the event may occur again in future time9 We have gone to 4uro#e three
ti!es (and we e)pect to go again); There have (een !any little wars over the #ast forty
years (and there will probably be more); +he*s fallen in love only twice (and she will
probably fall in love again.)
(. When we e)press repeated events in past time with the simple past tense# there is no
e)pectation that the event will be repeated. Compare9
The $imple "ast Tense The "resent "erfe3t Tense
There were !any national revolutions in There have (een !any national revolutions
"atin A!erica during the nineteenth since the (eginning of the twentieth
century$ (the nineteenth century is over) century$ (the twentieth century hasnt ended
yet)
7 saw two !ovies last !onth$ (last month is
over)
7 have seen two !ovies this !onth$ (this
month hasnt ended yet)
Note% When never is used with the simple past tense# the e)pectation is reversed. 7 never
went to 4uro#e implies you will continue not to goH 7 have never #one to 4uro#e implies
there is still a chance you will go.
*. The information words how !any ti!es or how !any F nouns may occur in information
1uestions when we as! about repeated events in past time9 -ow !any revolutions has
,olivia hadB -ow !any ti!es have you (een in /hinaB -ow !any ti!es has the earth
revolved around the sunB -ow !any coo)ies have you eaten todayB
*4
)R!!R EXER&I$E XVII
.o3us% Repeate' Events in the "ast
.ill in the blanks with have*has+ 7 a past parti3iple. $upply appropriate wor's in the
parentheses. Do not use negative forms in this e=er3ise.
1. (be) Jane $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married only once.
%. (live) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) countries.
(. (have) -y mother $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) children.
*. (see) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) movies this month.
,. (go) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$ (not) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the dentist ($$$$$$$$$$$ times)
this year.
0. (ring) -y telephone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at least fifty times since I got to wor! this
morning (At least means the !ini!u! of$)
3. (have) >is father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at least thirty 8obs since he started wor!ing.
4. (have) &teve $$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) 8obs since he started wor!ing.
5. (fall) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$ (never) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in love onceCtwice ($$$$$$$$$$$
times).
16. (be) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$ (never) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in Burope
($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$).
11. (be) The ;resident of the 7nited &tates $$$$$$$$$$$$$ (never) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in
/rgentinaC "ranceC Bngland ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$).
1%. (be) <ne of the most beautiful women in the world $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married
($$$$$$$$$$$$$$).
1(. (be) <ne of the most famous men in the world $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in my native country
($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$).
1*. (be) There $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very little rainfall recently.
*5
1,. (send) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) letters this month.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XVII ")E (
10. (deliver) Ar. &mith $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ around two thousand babies since
he started practicing medicine twenty seven years ago.
13. (have) -y best friend and I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ many good times together# and
we e)pect to have more.
14. (do) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$) e)ercises in this program.
15. (ma!e) &ince the beginning of this program# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$)
new friends.
%6. (seeCdo) &ince I arrived in this country# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ and
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ many interesting things.

)R!!R EXER&I$E XVIII
,6
.o3us% Repeate' Events in the "ast
$upply have or has in the first blank an' an appropriate past parti3iple in the se3on'6
using the verbs in the following list.
attend borrow fall fly lend receive see
be brea! feed go lose ride spea!
bet do find have ma!e rob win
1. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in love=
%. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ that fellow $$$$$$$$$$$$$ a womans heart=
(.>ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ Msupply nameN $$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$married=
*. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the doctor this year=
,. >ow many countries $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in=
0. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on ;an /merican=
3.>ow many trips $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ around the world=
4. >ow many 8obs $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$ since you started wor!ing=
5. >ow many academic degrees (e.g.# ,$ A$A M$ A$A Ih$J$> $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you
$$$$$$$$$$= >ow many schools $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
16. >ow many e)ercises $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ we in this section=
11. >ow many houses $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the thief $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1%. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ sChe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ money=
1(. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ sugar from your neighbor=
1*. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ your friend $$$$$$$$$$$$$ money in the lottery=
1,. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ice s!ating=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XVIII ")E (
10. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ your sister $$$$$$$$$$$$$ money to you=
Note% We (orrow fro! and we lend to$
,1
13. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$ money on a horse=
14. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ /lice $$$$$$$$$$$$ her earrings=
15. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ the ;resident of the 7nited &tates $$$$$$$$$$$ in
your native country= >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$ him=
%6. >ow many dogs# cats# or birds $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in your lifetime=
%1. >ow many movies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Janet $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this month=
%%. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your boss $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to his lawyer about
the problem=
%(. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on a horse=
%*. >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ Iim $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the cat today=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIX
.o3us% Irregular "ast "arti3iples
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 a past parti3iple.
1. (blow) Aarn it' <ne of our tires $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out.
,%
%. (hide) Where $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your money=
(. (bite) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a dog ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ you= (sting) $$$$$$$$$$$$$ a bee
ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you=
*. (free2e) >ow many pounds of meat $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
,. (forbid) Why $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your father $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you to go to the party=
0. (lend) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your ban! recently $$$$$$$$$$$$$ money to the government=
3. (find) Its about time' I $$$$$$$$$$$$$ my shoes under my bed.
4. (betCwon) >ow many times $$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$ and $$$$$$$$$$$$ money
on a long shot= (/ long shot is a bet made at and against great odds# as in a horse race# with
only a slight chance of winning.)
5. (throw) Why $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the baby suddenly $$$$$$$$$$$$ up= Is she sic!= (To
throw u# means to vo!it$)
16. (grow) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$ roses in your garden=
11. (hold) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your teacher ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$ class in the par!=
1%. (hang) Where $$$$$$$$$$$$$ your father $$$$$$$$$$$$$ up his 8ac!et=
1(. (hit) >ow many homeruns $$$$$$$$$$$$ your favorite player $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this
season. (ma!e) >ow many fouls $$$$$$$$$$$$$ he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1*. (fight) $$$$$$$$$$ your favorite bo)er ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ with the world champion=
1,. (feed) $$$$$$$$$$$$ you always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your dog that !ind of food=
10. (understand) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your parents always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your problems=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XIX ")E (
13. (beat) /t last' -y favorite team $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ finally $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ its most
important rival. (win) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ finally $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a really big game.
(lose) "or a change# it $$$$$$$$$$$$$ not $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
14. (sing) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your favorite soprano ever $$$$$$$$$$$$ for the
-etropolitan <pera Company in +ew Lor!=
,(
15. (grind) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$up the coffeeC meatC chic!en yet= (To
grind u# means to grind co!#letely$)
%6. (hurt) >is recent actions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his parents feelings.
%1. (begin) >urry up' The movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$ already $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%%. (!eep) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your boyfriend always $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his word=
T8E "RE$ENT "ER.E&T &,NTIN+,+$ TEN$E
1. To form the ;@B&B+T ;B@"BCT C<+TI+7<7& TB+&B# we use have and (een (as a
second au)iliary) and a present participle as a main verb. -ave occurs as an s form in the
third person singular. Not is inserted between have and (een in negative verb phrases.
$ingular "lural
<irst #erson I we
+econd #erson you have (not) been going you have (not) been going
she has (not) been going
it
,*
%. In yes-no and information 1uestions# a sub8ect follows have% Have you (een wor)ing on
any interesting #roCects latelyB -ow long have you (een studying 4nglishB
(. The form is used to emphasi2e the duration of an event that began at a definite point of
time in the past and has continued to the present and possibly into the future9 +he has (een
studying 4nglish /or several years> 7t*s (een raining hard since last ni#ht2
*. /lso# we may use the form for repeated events in the past9 We*ve (een going to a lot o/
interestin# .laces recently; They*ve (een going to the theater a lot this !onth$
,. &ometimes# the form is used to e)press a temporary situation9 They*ve (een living (or
are living) in a hotel for the ti!e (eing; 7*ve (een using (or a! using) .ohn*s ty#ewriter
te!#orarily$
0. .ust and recently may occur in verb phrases with the present perfect continuous tense9
7*ve =ust =recently> (een tal)ing to the #olice a(out the !atter; however# neverA alreadyA
finallyA and how !any ti!es never occur with the form.
3. "or e)pressing the duration of an event# the present perfect tense and its continuous form
are essentially interchangeableH the continuous form only emphasi2es the duration9 They
have (een living (or have lived) in Do!e since &2?&; 7 have (een s!o)ing (or have s!o)ed)
since 7 was siteen; 7 have (een driving (or have driven) for a long ti!e$
4. /s in the present continuous tense# nonaction verbs such as (eA costA needA #referA and
wantA etc.# do not usually occur in the present perfect continuous tenseH however# when we
e)press a temporary feeling or action# a nonaction verb occurs as a main verb in a phrase9
This vacation has 3een costin# a lot (but out vacations have always cost a lot)H 7*ve 3een
wantin# to tell you the secret ever since 7 heard a(out it last wee) (but 7 have always
wanted to travel around the world).
")E (
5. -ave does not occur as a main verb in the present perfect continuous tense when it
means possession only (7 have had !y car for three years). >owever# the verb occurs
idiomatically with certain nouns9 7 have (een having a lot of luc) lately; -e*s (een having
trou3le with his (oss; They*ve (een having .ro3le"s with their son; We*ve (een having a
good =(ad> ti"e on this vacation; We*ve (een having a lot of .arties recently> We*ve (een
having very cold weather this year; +he*s (een having #rivate 4nglish lessons2
16. The e)pressions so farA u# to nowA and until now are used in sentences containing verb
phrases in the present perfect (continuous) tense. They usually occur at the end of a
sentence# but they are sometimes put at the beginning and followed by a comma9 We*ve (een
enCoying ourselves on this vacation so /ar; So /arA we*ve (een having wonderful weather;
&. to nowA everything has (een great$
,,
11. Now (meaning so far) is also used with the present perfect (continuous) tense9 They*ve
(een living in Iaris for seven years now (so far)H -e*s (een at the university for three years
now (so far).
$"E##IN) /EE 4&,NTE$T5
Transform the base forms in the following list into present parti3iples.
EX!"#E$% a9 do doing
b9 try trying
1. carry
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
4. run $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%. lie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5. get $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
(. begin $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 16. cry $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
*. hit
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
11. drip $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
,. stop $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1%. beg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
0. die $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1(. omit $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
3. stay $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1*. leave $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
)R!!R EXER&I$E XX
.o3us% The "resent "erfe3t &ontinuous Tense
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 3een 7 a present parti3iple.
1. (wear) <ur daughter $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ lipstic! since she was si)teen.
%. (rain) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ steadily for three days now.
(. (ta!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of my neighbors cats while theyre away.
(feed) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ them twice a day.
*. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of problems with our new car lately.
(burn) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ too much gas.
,0
,. (worry) Bveryone in the world $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about the situation in the
-iddle Bast for years. (happen) / lot of things $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ there recently.
0. (playCwin) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ cards for the past couple of hours#
and everyone e)cept me $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ money so far.
3. (fight) Aic! and Janet $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ with each other ever since
the day they were married.
4. (wait) &hes angry because her boyfriend hasnt shown up yet# and she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more than three hours.
5. (tal!) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about me behind my bac!# and I dont li!e it.
(spread) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ rumors about me.
16. (wor!) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on a lot of interesting pro8ects lately.
Note% We wor) on pro8ects# but we do wor! or a 8ob.
11. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ beautiful weather this month so far.
1%. (study) <ur daughter $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ at the university for three years now.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XX ")E (
1(. (get) The children $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on my nerves. (ma!e) They
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ too much noise. (To get on one*s nerves means to !a)e
one nervous$
1*. IC youC my father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
1,. -y teacherC doctor $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
10. &C he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
,3
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXI
.o3us% The "resent "erfe3t &ontinuous Tense
.ill in the blanks with have *has+ 7 not 7 3een a present parti3iple.
1. (feel) Im tired because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$well lately.
%. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any problems with our car so far.
(. (go) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ with anyone for a long time. (To go
with so!eone means to have a ro!antic relationshi# with so!eone% +he*s (een #oin# with
her 3oss for so!e ti!e now$>
*. (have) 7nfortunately# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ much luc! in the lottery lately.
,. (go) The weather hasnt been very nice lately# so we $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
to the beach much.
0. (ma!eC try) -y company $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ much money for the past
couple of years because it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard enough.
,4
3. (getC study) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good grades on his test for the
course
because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard enough.
4. (getC send) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any letters lately because I
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any. I havent had the time.
5. (go) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ with anyone since he bro!e up
(ended his relationship) with Janet.
16. (sleep) Im tired because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ enough lately.
11. (ta!e) The patient $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ penicillin for several days now.
(get) >owever# his condition $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ worse.
1%. (wor!) I havent been able to listen to the weather forecasts because my radio $$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. -y T? $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# either.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXI ")E (
1(. (feel) -y grandfather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ well lately.
1*. (winC practice) <ur team $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any games for a long
time because it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard enough.
1,. (live) >is mother and father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ together for 1uite a
few years now. (spea!) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to each other for years.
10. (thin!) Loure ma!ing mista!es because you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard
enough.
13. (ride) Chris $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for several days now# and she misses
her home.
,5
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXII
.o3us% Yes-No an' Information 9uestions
.ill in the blanks with present parti3iples.
1. (feel) >ow have you been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ since your operation=
%. (ta!e) Who has been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of your children=
(. (do) Why havent you been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your homewor! for the class=
(waste) >avent you been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your time=
"ronun3iation Note% (a) What have sounds li!e what-of; (b) -ow have sounds li!e how-of;
( c) Who has sounds li!e hoo8e; (d) Who have sounds li!e who-of$
Remin'er% -aven*t you sounds li!e haven*t-chew$
*. (play) Why hasnt your team been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ more games this season=
,. (lose) >ow much money have you been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on this new pro8ect=
(ma!e) Why havent you been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet=
Now supply present or past parti3iples in the blanks.
0. (do) What has the government been $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ about the problem=
3. (e)plain) Why hasnt your lawyer $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the problem to you=
06
4. (live) Where are you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for the time being=
Now pra3ti3e making appropriate :uestions in response to the following ;preten's.<
+se the present perfe3t 43ontinuous5 tense only.
5. ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about his or her 8ob.
16. ;retend you are discussing the weather with somebody.
11. ;retend you are tal!ing to your teacher about his or her professional career.
1%. ;retend you are tal!ing to a doctorC lawyerC teacherC scientist.
1(. ;retend you are tal!ing to a ta)i driverC secretaryC architect.
1*. ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about his or her new romance.
1,. ;retend you are tal!ing to a writerC dancerC painterC actor.
10. ;retend you are a newspaper reporter# and you are tal!ing to a well!nown movie star.
13. ;retend you are tal!ing to yourself about your schoolC your 8ob.
14. ;retend you are tal!ing to your neighbor about a new recipe.
"ronun3iation Note% -ave 7 following information words li!e how longA whatA etc.# may
sound li!e of-7$
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXIII
.o3us% Situation an' Reason
Do the e=er3ise alou'6 an'* or on a separate pie3e of paper write appropriate
statements to follow the situations an' remarks liste' below. +se only the present
perfe3t tense 4or the present perfe3t 3ontinuous tense when appropriate5.
E=ample% >e doesnt spea! Bnglish very well. -e*s never studied it$
I cant go out with you tonight. 7 haven*t finished !y ho!ewor) yet$
The garden loo!s beautiful. 7t has (een raining a lot lately$
1. Im hungryC thirstyC tired.
%. 7nfortunately# all the plants in the garden are dying.
(. &Che feels a little foolish.
*. Bveryone in -arys family is relieved.
,. <ur neighbors are gong to get a divorce.
0. /ll of the flags in the nation are at half mast. (/ flag at half !ast is a flag halfway up a
flagpole.
3. -y mouth and throat are unusually dry.
4. &Ches gong to get the best grade in the course.
5. Bverything in our house is damp. (Ja!# means wet.)
16. -y apartment is messy and dirty. (Messy means not neat$)
11. &h' The curtain is rising. (;retend you are at the theater.)
1%. We are waiting for the teacher.
1(. Bveryone is cheeringC applaudingC booingC whistling.
1*. There is a long line of people stand at the corner.
1,. +o# Im sorry. I dont !now the temperature outside.
10. &Ches very an)ious and nervous.
13. Im in a wonderful mood# and I must tell you about it.
14. The newspaper says the man will go to prison for life.
15. Im beginning to get boredC worried.
01
%6. +o one is at home ne)t door.
%1. Bveryone at schoolC wor! is e)citedC worriedC surprisedC angryC relieved.
%%. &Ches angry at himC her.
%(. Im not going to ta!e a vacation this year.
%*. +o than! you# I dont care for anything else to eatC drin!. (7 don*t care for means 7
don*t li)e or 7 don*t want$)
%,. &Ches going to enter the university soon.
%0. Bverybody is laughingC crying.
%3. /ll the trees in the par! are blossomingC dying.
%4. I must go to the ban! right away.
%5. Bveryone understands the present perfect tense much better now.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXIV
.o3us% The $imple "ast Tense versus the "resent "erfe3t Tense
.ill in the blanks with verbs in the simple past tense or the present perfe3t tense.
E=ample% (teach) >e taught Bnglish in >ong Iong from 153* to 1530.
(teach) >e has taught at the 7niversity of >awaii since 1530.
1. (learn) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of new things in the class so far.
%. (go) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to Te)as on their vacation last year.
(. (spea!) &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ "rench since she was a little girl.
*. (spea!) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to my lawyer about the problems a couple of
days ago.
(ta!e) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of it since then.
,. (get) Bveryone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to wor! late yesterday morning.
0. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of luc! with our car until now.
3. (have) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a good time when we were in Iran.
4. (be) >er childhood $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very happy one so far.
5. (spend) -y father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his childhood on a farm in Iansas.
16. (begin) &h' The movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ . It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a few
minutes a go.
11. (ring) The bell $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$# and the class is beginning.
1%. (live) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in &an "rancisco since they moved to
0%
California a couple of years ago. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in &eattle# W/.# before
they made their move.
1(. (be) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very happy with their new home ever since.
(visit) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ them on my last vacation.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXIV ")E (
1*. (be) There $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a good musical program on television last
night. There $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1uite a few lately.
1,. (accept) /t last' -y girlfriend $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my proposal.
10. ( !now) Aic! and &ally $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ each other ever since they
were in elementary school. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ both of them.
13. (have) <ur son and daughterinlaw $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ three children.
14. (brea!) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his leg in a s!iing accident last winter.
15. (win) -y favorite team $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ three games out of seven so far.
%6. (win) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ every game last year.
%1. (be) The weather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very hot lately.
%%. (ta!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ three courses in "rench so far.
%(. (have) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ many 8obs since he graduated from school.
%*. (be) .ast summer $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the hottest summer on record.
0(
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXV
.o3us% Reviewing Verb Tenses
.ill in the blanks with verbs in the simple present tense or the present perfe3t tense.
Do not use negative forms.
1. (wor!) >is father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ from nine to five every day.
%. (wor!) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for the same company since he was eighteen.
(. (go) :ill $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the movies once in a while (occasionally).
*. (be) The weather $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good until now.
,. (have) / sailor often $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a girlfriend in more than one port.
0. (win) <ur team $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the game# and everyone is cheering.
3. (go) &h' The baby $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to sleep.
4. (ta!e) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a nap every afternoon.
5. (en8oy) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a coc!tail from time to time (occasionally).
16. (be) Grandpa $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ asleep for several hours now (so far).
11. (have) -y boss $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ three wives.
1%. (meet) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ that woman at parties from time to time.
Now the present 3ontinuous tense may also be appropriate.
1(. (do) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my homewor! for the class already.
1*.(do) &he usually $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her homewor! in the library.
1,. (live) :ob and Gloria $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in a hotel for the time being.
0*
10. (be) The formula for water $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >
%
<. There $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
no change in the formula since it was formulated many years ago.
13. (wor!) :ill occasionally $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on &unday. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ today.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXV ")E (
Now the past or past 3ontinuous tense may also be appropriate.
E=ample% (do) I did my homewor! last night.
(do) When you called me last night# I was doing my homewor!.
14. (go) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to church every &unday.
15. (go) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to Burope five times in the last three years.
%6. (go) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to wor! on the bus temporarily.
%1. (riseC wa!e) The sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ust as I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ up
yesterday morning.
%%. (meet) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very interesting person at the last meeting.
0,
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXVI
.o3us% Reviewing the $imple "resent Tense
+sing the following ;preten's< as a gui'e6 make up6 on a separate pie3e of paper6
appropriate information :uestions in the simple present tense.
E=ample% ;retend you are tal!ing to your teacher about his or her life.
-ow often do you teachB What )ind of car do you haveB
;retend you are tal!ing to someone about food.
What )ind of food do you li)eB -ow often do you eat /hinese foodB
1. ;retend you are a newspaper reporter interviewing a famous baseball player# a movie
star# or a worldfamous scientist.
%. ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about hisC her wifeC husband.
(. ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about hisC her daily schedule.
*. ;retend you are shopping at a department store.
,. ;retend you are tal!ing to someone about different members of his or her family.
0. ;retend you are lost and you are as!ing for directions.
3. ;retend you are angry at someone.
4. ;retend you are tal!ing to someone you have 8ust met.
00
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXVII
.o3us% Reviewing the $imple "ast Tense
!ake up appropriate information :uestions in the simple past tense.
E=amples% ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about yesterday.
What did you do yesterdayB Where were you last nightB
;retend you are tal!ing to a friend who is in the hospital.
-ow did you (rea) you legB
1. ;retend you are tal!ing to a friend about hisC her last vacation.
%. ;retend you are interviewing an important person.
(. ;retend you are a mother or father# and you are tal!ing about one of your children.
*. ;retend you are tal!ing about a footballC soccerC bas!etball game.
,. ;retend you are tal!ing to a woman about her former husband.
0. ;retend you are tal!ing to yourself about your past mista!es.
3. ;retend you are tal!ing to one of the richest people in the world.
4. ;retend you are tal!ing to a notorious criminal.
5. ;retend you are tal!ing to your teacher about his or her professional career. ;retend you
are the teacher.
16. ;retend you are angry at someone in your class.
11. ;retend you are tal!ing to the ghost of +apoleon :onaparteC William &ha!espeareC -ao
TseTungC Che GuevaraC Christopher ColumbusC /dolf >ilterC @omeoC -artin .utherC Joan
of /rc.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXVIII
.o3us% Reviewing Tag 9uestions
03
$upply appropriate tag en'ings in the blanks. Remin'er% When the statement in a tag
1uestion is positive# the tag ending is negative9 +he*s goneA hasn*t sheB When the statement
is negative# the tag ending is positive9 +he hasn*t goneA has sheB Auring the e)ercise#
practice using the down intonation pattern9 hasn*t sheB
E=ample% Loull never be a millionaire# will you=
Theyve left for the beach# havent they=
&he has to study hard# doesnt she=
Its not cold outside today# is it=
1. Louve never been in >awaii# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%. &hes not going to have to ta!e another course# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
(. &he shouldnt smo!e# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
*. >es had many different !inds of 8obs# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
,. >es an engineer for a government agency# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
0. :ob and -ary have to go home now# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
3. :ill and >enry have gone# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
4. &hes recently been ill# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
5. Theres something coo!ing on the stove# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
16. Lou had a good time at the game# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
11. Itll be cold tomorrow# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1%. >es always lived by himself# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1(. >es never on time to wor!# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1*. There were a lot of people at the concert# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
1,. Im going to be with you tomorrow night# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
Remin'er% A! 7 notB is formalH Aren*t 7B is informal.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXVIII ")E (
10. -ary had to coo! dinner# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
13. John has had several operations this year# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
04
14. Weve studied a lot of things so far# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
15. Lou werent at the last meeting# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%6. Theyve never had a child# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%1. Ill be seeing you tomorrow# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%%. Lou can type well# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%(. Im not pronouncing your name correctly# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%*. &he hasnt been en8oying herself lately# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%,. I should do something about the problem at wor!# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%0. >e hurt himself in the accident# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
%3. Lou couldnt be cruel to animals# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXIX
.o3us% Reviewing Too, Either, And an' But
$upply appropriate wor's in the blanks.
E=ample% Loull never ma!e a million dollars# and I wont either.
>e cant spea! Bnglish# but she can.
1. I dont particularly care for travel# but my wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
05
%. I should vote for her in the elections# and you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(. &hell be at the meeting# and her husband $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. &he cut class# and I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. To cut class means not to attend a
scheduled class at school$)
,. Ive never been there# but everyone else in my family $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. .ife without love isnt easy# and life with love $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
3. We have a good reason to complain about the problem# but they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. Ive already sent out my Christmas cards# and he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
5. &hes not been well lately# and her husband $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
16. The city has a lot of pollution# but the country $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
11. I spea! with a foreign accent# and she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXX
.o3us% Reviewing So an' Neither
E=ample% I couldnt !ill a defenseless animal# and neither could you.
&he has to wor! on &undays# and so does her husband.
1. >e doesnt li!e to travel# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his wife.
%. Ive never been late to wor!# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you.
36
(. I have to do a lot of homewor!# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ everyone else.
*. / nice house isnt cheap# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a nice apartment.
,. Their daughter hasnt graduated yet# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ their son.
0. I made a few mista!es in the last test# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the others.
3. I must ta!e care of my health# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you.
4. I should stop smo!ing# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ she.
5. >e couldnt go to the party last night# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his wife.
16. Im not having lunch today# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my boss.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXII
.o3us% Reviewing "repositions
$upply appropriate prepositions in the blanks.
about at for into on to
above during in of since under
E=ample% -y boss was sitting at his des! when I got to wor!.
We arrived in ;aris in early morning.
We arrived at the airport at 39(6 in the morning.
Remin'er% We arrive in a city or a town. We arrive at a place such as a school# an office#
or a station.
31
1. -any people couldnt believe it when man landed $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the moon. Bveryone
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the world was thrilled $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ that moment.
%. .oo! $$$$$$$$$$$ all the birds $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the s!y.
(. The best location $$$$$$$$$$$ a business is $$$$$$$$$$$$ the middle $$$$$$$$ town.
*. We havent been $$$$$$$$$$$$ Burope $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 153*.
,. Loull find your gloves $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the bottom drawer $$$$$$$$$$$$ the des!.
0. Theyve been living $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *5, ;ar! /venue $$$$$$$$$ about ten years.
3. When I came $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the room# no one was here.
4. >is father owns a shop $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ "ifth /venue.
5. I have 8ust recently read an interesting article $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the New Yor) Ti!es. The
article was $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ elephants in India.
16. -y mother first met my father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an elevator.
11. There are a lot $$$$$$$$$$$$ ships $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the bottom $$$$$$$$$ the ocean.
1%. We arrived $$$$$$$$$$$$$ .ondon $$$$$$$$$$ the %,
th
of /pril and left $$$$$$$$$
the first day $$$$$$$$$$$$ -ay.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXII ")E (
1(. >e came $$$$$$$$$$$$$ the 7nited &tates $$$$$$$$$$ 153(. >e went bac! $$$$$$$
/rgentina $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -ay 10# 153,.
1*. Theyve been living $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a hotel $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the time being.
1,. There was a sudden thunderstorm while they were $$$$$$$$$$$ their way $$$$$$$$$
the top $$$$$$$$$$$ the mountain.
10. I ran $$$$$$$$$$$$$ an old friend of mine while I was shopping (To run into so!eone
means to !eet so!eone (y accident$)
13. >e hasnt felt well ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his operation.
14. The people $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the apartment $$$$$$$$$$$$ ours are very noisy.
3%
15. Lour name is $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the top $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this page.
%6. I never li!e to sit $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the first row $$$$$$$$$$$$$ a movie theater.
8VE ),T
1. The verb phrase have got is used idiomatically in the present perfect tense to show
possession in the same way that we use the verb have% 7 have #ot (have) a slight
te!#erature; +he has #ot (has) eleven children$
Note% The past participle gotten never occurs in this form.
%. The form is very informal and does not ordinarily occur in formal writing. :ecause of its
informality# have (has) and sub8ect pronouns most often occur in a contracted form9 ,4ve got
a secret; She4s got a #ro(le! with her daughter$
(. +egative verb phrases with have got are often heard9 , haven4t #ot ti!e to fool around
at school; -e hasn4t #ot !uch !oney in the (an)A (ut he*s a ha##y !an; They haven4t #ot
a carA (ut they*re getting one soon$
*. Yes-No and information 1uestions with have got sometimes occur9 -ave you got ti!e to
hel# !e with this #roCectB -ow !uch !oney have you got in your #oc)etB >owever# the use
of have got in 1uestions is more fre1uent in :ritish usageH a +orth /merican (particularly in
the 7nited &tates) is more li!ely to say9 -o you have ti!e to hel# !e with this #roCectB
-ow !uch !oney do you have in your #oc)etB
3(
,. We cannot show possession with have got in past timeH however# we may e)press
possession with have got for the future9 7*ve got a dentist a##oint!ent to"orrow> 7*ve got
a date for the dance ne5t Saturday ni#ht2
"ronun3iation Note% Kot a sounds li!e gotta when we are spea!ing very 1uic!ly.
Remin'er% +ever use the past participle gotten in this form.
Note% -ave got to F a base form for e)pressing necessity is discussed in the unit on modal
au)iliaries.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXIII
.o3us% +sing Have ot to $how "ossession
.ill in the blanks with have 4has5 47 not5 7 got.
E=ample% Weve got the desire to spea! and write Bnglish well.
I havent got any money left in my ban! account.
1. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the time by any chance=
%. &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any time to en8oy herself.
(. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a wonderful ideaH lets get married right away.
*. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any imagination.
,. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ enough bread to ma!e sandwiches.
0. >ow many brothers and sisters $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=
3. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any money in the ban!# and they dont care. (Jon*t care
means don*t !ind or it doesn*t !a)e any difference$ Ao not confuse don*t care with don*t
care forA which means don*t li)e or don*t want$)
3*
4. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ great suggestionH lets ta!e a brea!.
5. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your sister $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any children=
16. Lou $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any children# have you=
11. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the time to complete the pro8ect# but we
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$the e1uipment.
1%. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a problem with my lawyer# and he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ one with
his. Lou $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lawyer# have you=
1(. &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a :ritish accent# hasnt she=
1*. Im very luc!y because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any financial worries.
1,. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ five sons# but they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a daughter.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXIII ")E (
10. &Che is very upset because sChe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a problem with hisCher
husbandCwife.
13. B)cuse me# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a match=
14. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a secret# and Im not going to tell anyone.
15. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot of good ideas# but hes la2y.
%6. &he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very boring 8ob# but she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the
time to loo! for a new one.
%1. They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a brand new (very new) car# but it isnt wor!ing well.
They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lemon (a bad product).
%%. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ time to do another e)ercise# have we=
%(. >ow much money $$$$$$$$$$$$$ you $$$$$$$$$$$$= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a dime=
%*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ we $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to ta!e a little brea! before we go on to the
ne)t e)ercise=
3,
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXIV
.o3us% Reviewing Information 1or's as $ub?e3ts
Remin'er% When an information word(s) is the sub8ect of an information 1uestion# the usual
1uestion form does not occur9 'ho invented the electric light (ul(B (but When did 4dison
invent itB)H 'hat ha##ened to the dogB (but When did the dog goB)H -ow !any #eo#le
ca!e to the #artyB (but -ow !any #eo#le did you inviteB).
.ill in the blanks with appropriate information wor's.
E=ample% Who gave you your watch=
What happened to you last night=
1. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ people went to the concert=
%. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ people live in your hometown=
(. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ has happened in the world this wee!=
*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Os got a long tail# is rather small# and li!es to eat cheese=
,. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ animal is the tallest in the world=
0. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ate my sandwich=
3. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Os done it=
4. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Os happened to my pen= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$s ta!en it=
5. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ people live in your house=
30
16. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ lives with you=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXV
.o3us% How !o"e
-ow co!e means why$ It precedes the sub8ect in 1uestions (usually negative) in informal
usage9 How co"e he hasn*t done anything for his fa!ilyB >owever# note that with how
co!e the sub8ect precedes the verb# but with why the sentence is in the 1uestion form9 -ow
co!e he is hereB Why is he hereB -ow co!e you didn4t do your wor)B Why didn4t you do
your wor)B
.ill in the blanks with the appropriate negative verb phrases.
E=ample% (ta!e) >ow come he hasnt ta!en care of the problem yet=
(have) >ow come she doesnt have any friends=
1. (come) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to school yesterday=
%. (have) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any money in the ban!=
(. (be) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ here tomorrow=
*. (pay) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your phone bill last month=
,. (come) >ow come the mailman $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet= >es late.
0. (eat) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any dinner last night=
3. (drive) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your car to wor! yesterday=
4. (go) >ow come the children $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to school yet=
5. (ta!e) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a vacation this coming summer=
(ta!e) >ow can you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ one last summer=
33
16. (send) >ow come you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ any Christmas cards last year=
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXVI
.o3us% Be oin# to 7 a /ase .orm in "ast Time
When (e going to F a base form is used for an event in past time# it means the event was
planned but did not ta!e placeH in other words# it was an unreali2ed plan9 We were #oin# to
ta)e a tri# to 4uro#e last su!!erA (ut we decided to go to the 6rient instead$
.ill in the blanks with appropriate verb phrases.
E=ample% We werent going to attend the reception yesterday afternoon# but at the last
moment we finally decided to (attend it).
They were going to get married# but much to everyones surprise# they
suddenly decided against it.
1. Jac! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married to ;atricia# but at the last moment he
married her sister instead.
%. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ another e)ercise# but there wasnt enough time.
(. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our children with us on our last trip to ?ancouver#
but we finally decided to.
*. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yesterdays meeting# but I didnt feel well enough to
get out of bed.
,. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the conference before it began# but we got lost on
our way to the conference hall.
0. >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the convention in Chicago# but he couldnt because the
airlines were on stri!e.
3. >arriet $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the prom (a class dance) with :ob# but a the last
moment she decided to go with :ill.
4. Aic! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a course in "rench last semester# but he finally
decided to.
34
5. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a Japanese car# but we changed our minds and bought
a German one instead.
16. Aaniel $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the 7niversity of California at :er!eley# but he
won a scholarship to >arvard.
11. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to the movies last night# but I changed my mind.
)R!!R EXER&I$E XXXVI ")E (
1%. :ill $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ computer science# but he went into engineering
instead.
1(. We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ our vacation in &pain last summer# but we
decided on Italy instead.
1*. &andra $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a nurse# but she became a medical doctor instead.
1,. I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anything at the store yesterday# but I did when I
found a pair of niceloo!ing shoes.
35
T8E "$T "ER.E&T TEN$E
EVENT$ "RE&EDIN) EVENT$ IN "$T TI!E
1. The ;/&T ;B@"BCT TB+&B is used to e)press an event that occurred be before
another in past time9 When the war in Fietna! finally endedA +aigon had /allen to the
/o!!unists (before the war ended).
%. To form the past perfect tense# had# the past form of have# is used as an au)iliary# and a
past participle occurs as the main verb in the verb phrase9 ,efore 7 got to the doctorA !y
#ain had #one away$
$ingular "lural
<irst #erson I we
+econd #erson you had gone you had gone
she
it
Note% The au)iliary in third person singular is not an -s form.
(. In less formal usage# contractions of had and sub8ect pronouns occur9 ,y the end if the
ga!e =when the ga!e ended>A he4d !ade thirty-two (as)ets; ,y the end of the tennis
seasonA she4d won !ore !atches than anyone else on her school tea!$
Id wed
youd gone youd gone
hed theyd
shed
"ronun3iation Note% There is no contracted form for it hadH however# in spea!ing it had
sounds li!e it-hid$
*. +egative verb phrases are formed by inserting not between the au)iliary and the main
verb9 ,efore the <rench DevolutionA the aristocrats had not .aid any attention tot he
de!ands of the #eo#leA and !any of the! #aid for their !ista)e with the loss of their
heads$
I we
you had not gone you had not gone
he they
she
46
it
")E (
,. -adn*t# the contraction of had not# occurs in informal usage9 -e hadn4t #re#ared for the
final ea!inationA so he got a very low grade$
0. /s in the present tense# such adverbs as alreadyA finallyA Cust and recently appear in verb
phrases containing the past perfect tenseH they immediately follow the au)iliary9 When .a#an
surrendered to the Allies on +e#te!(er 3A &210A Ker!any had already surrendered five
!onths (eforeA When the ar!istice was signed in &2&'A the <irst World War had /inally
co!e to an end; When our son graduated fro! high school; the war in Fietna! had =ust
ended; When 7 (ought !y used car; it had recently (een #ainted$
3. The adverb yet most often appears in its usual position at the end of a clause or sentence
containing a negative verb phrase9 When the :nited +tates won its inde#endence fro! Kreat
,ritainA the <rench Devolution had not ta)en #lace yet; At !idnightA her son had not co!e
ho!e yet$
4. The past perfect tense is also used to e)press the duration of an event that preceded
another in past time9 When .ohn <it8gerald ;ennedy was assassinated in Jallas on
Nove!(er 33A &263A he had (een the Iresident /or less than three years; When their (a(y
was (ornA they had (een !arried /or /ive years$
5. The form may also be used for repeated events before another single event in past time9
When the A!erican /ivil War finally endedA hundreds of thousands of #eo#le had lost their
lives; ,y the ti!e he was fortyA he had written !any (oo)s$
16. :ecause the past perfect tense is most often used for an event preceding another in past
time# the form usually occurs in a comple) sentence containing a main and subordinate
(when) clause. In such sentences# the simple past tense is used in the when (time) clause# and
the past perfect tense occurs in the main clause. The event in the main clause preceded the
event in the subordinate (when) clause. Compare9
$ubor'inate &lause !ain &lause
When .esus died on the /ross$ he had lived for only thirty-three years$
(before he was crucified)
When .i!!y /arter (ecause the IresidentA there had already 3een thirty-eight
Iresidents$(before he became president)
11. The past perfect tense sometimes occurs in subordinate clauses introduced by after and
(efore# but in modern usage# s#ea)ers and writers often replace the form with the simple
past tense9 After 7 had s.o)en =s#o)e> to youA 7 got a letter fro! Javid; ,efore the ro((er
had #one =went> very farA the #olice caught hi!$
41
")E @
1%. The form also occurs in subordinate (ecause clauses to give the reason for a situation
that is e)pressed in main clause of a comple) sentence9 Dichard Nion left the Iresidential
office in disgrace (ecause he had lied to the A!erican #eo#le; Jwight J$ 4isenhower
(ecause a national hero (ecause he had led the A!erican forces to victory in the +econd
World War$
1(. When the past perfect tense is used in a comple) sentence# adverbs of time li!e
yesterdayA last nightA and ago must ta!e a different form in order to !eep the sentence
logical9 (yesterday) When 7 last saw AleA he had Cust ta)en an i!#ortant ea!ination the
day 3e/ore> (last year) 7 didn*t want to go to Iaris (ecause 7*d (een there the year 3e/ore;
(this morning) 7 was very tired the other day (ecause 7*d gotten u# early that "ornin#;
(two days ago) .onathon was still ecited (ecause he*d Cust graduated fro! the university
two days 3e/ore2
1*. In yes-no and information 1uestions# the sub8ect follows the au)iliary had% Had you
finished the ea!ination yet when the (ell rangB -ow long had you had your car when you
finally decided to sell itB In yes-no answers# had follows the sub8ect9 YesA , had> NoA ,
hadn4t2
1,. +egative 1uestions are used to e)press confirmation# surprise# or irritation9 -adn*t you
loc)ed the door (efore you left the houseB Why hadn*t the govern!ent done so!ething
a(out the #ro(le! (efore it got so seriousB
Note% Duestions containing the past perfect tense usually occur only in very formal usage. /
spea!er is more li!ely to use the simple past tense in a main clause combined with a
subordinate clause introduced by (efore% Jid =didn*t> you loc) the door (efore you lift the
houseB Why didn*t the govern!ent do so!ething a(out the #ro(le! (efore it (eca!e so
seriousB
)R!!R EXER&I$E I
.o3us% &ontrasting the "ast &ontinuous Tense with the "ast "erfe3t Tense
4%
Rea' ea3h senten3e alou' twi3e6 on3e using the past 3ontinuous tense in blank 4a5 6 an' on3e
using the past perfe3t tense in blank 4b5 . Remin'er% The past continuous tense is used for an event
that was ta!ing place at the same time as another event occurred. The past perfect tense is used for an
event that preceded another event in past tense.
E=ample% When we got to the theater# the movie (a) was beginning (b) had begun.
When I got to the garage# the mechanic (a) was fi)ing (b) had fi)ed my car.
1. When I got home my mother (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ dinner.
%. When I wo!e up this morning# the sun (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(. When the doctor finally arrived# the patient (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. When I went home yesterday afternoon# the sun (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
,. When I got to the station# the train (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. When I last saw the baby in her crib# she (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to sleep.
3. When his father got out of the army# the war (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. When we got to the airport# our plane (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$ off.
5. When I got to the party# all of the guests (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
16. When I got bac! to the dormitory# my roommate (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his homewor!.
11. When I called -ary the other night# she (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to bed.
1%. When I first met their son# he (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
medical school.
1(. When the bell rang# the teacher (a) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (b) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
into the room.
)R!!R EXER&I$E II
.o3us% Verb "hrases with Just
4(
.ill in the blanks with had 7 =ust 7 a past parti3iple. "ra3ti3e using 3ontra3tions of
sub?e3t pronouns an' had.
EX!"#E% (rise) When I wo!e up# the sun had 8ust risen.
(sit) When you called# wed 8ust sat down to dinner.
1. (set) When we got to the coc!tail party# the sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%. (begin) When I arrived at the meeting# it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(. (end) When we entered the theater# the movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. (rise) When we got to our seats# the curtain $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
,. (have) Bveryone $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ dinner when we got to the party.
0. (end) When he was born# the &econd World War $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
3. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ into the shower when I reali2ed I had forgotten the soap.
4. (ring) When I wal!ed into the classroom# the bell $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
5. (finish) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my dinner when a friend called and as!ed me
to eat out at the best restaurant in town.
16. (leave) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the elevator when the electricity went out.
(get) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out in the nic! of time (at e)actly the right time).
11. (go) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to sleep when the phone rang# and it was a wrong number.
1%. (sit) We $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ down to dinner when the doorbell rang.
1(. (read) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the story in the paper when I suddenly heard it
on the radio.
1*. (leave) >is father $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the doctors office when he fell and bro!e his
leg.
1,. (borrow) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ fifty dollars from me when he as!ed me for fifty more.
10. (start) When I arrived in ;aris# a transportation stri!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
13. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out of bed when my mother called me for brea!fast.
14. (start) The fire $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ when the firemen got there.
15. (close) The ban! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ when I got there.
%6. (leave) When his office called with an emergency# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$ for his vacation.
%1. (turn) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on the radio when the news about the election came on.
%%. (leave) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the house when the rain started.
%(. (send) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a letter to my mother when she called me.
%*. (end) The war $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ when we arrived in &aigon.
%,. (get) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ into the room when the class began.
)R!!R EXER&I$E III
.o3us% Negative Verb "hrases an' 2et
.ill in the blanks with had not 4hadn4t5 7 a past parti3iple.
EX!"#E% (rise) When I got up the sun hadnt risen yet.
4*
(spea!) When I spo!e to her# she hadnt done anything about the problem yet.
1. (ta!e) When I spo!e to my lawyer# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of my ta) problem yet. (do)
>e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ anything about my problem with my wife yet# either.
%. (set) When I left my office# the sun $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
(. (fall) :y late &eptember# the leaves $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
*. (die) When the doctor got to the hospital# the patient $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
,. (fi)) When I got to the T? shop# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my T? yet.
0. (be) When World War II started# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ born yet.
3. (write) When my boss as!ed my about my report# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ it yet.
4. (begin) When we got to the theater# the movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
5. (meet) When my father graduated from high school# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my mother
yet. (finish) -y mother $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ elementary school yet. (begin) Their life
together $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
16. (discover) In 1*56# Columbus $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /merica yet.
11. (invent) When my grandfather was young# the Wright brothers $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
the airplane yet.
1%. (start) When I got to the stadium# the game $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
1(. (become) When Jimmy Carter was fifty# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the ;resident yet.
1*. (feed) When I got home# my wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the baby yet.
)R!!R EXER&I$E III ")E (
1,. (blossom) In early /pril# the cherry trees $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
10. (end) When I was in school# the war in ?ietnam $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
13. (have) When I got home# the family $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ dinner yet.
14. (have) When I got to wor!# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ brea!fast yet.
15. (finish) When he was twenty# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ his studies yet.
4,
%6. (get) When I !new -ary in Chicago# she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ married yet.
%1. (fi)) When I got to the garage# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my car yet.
%%. (ring) When I got to school# the bell $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
%(. (finish) When the bell rang# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$ yet.
%*. (go) When you called# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to sleep yet.
%,. (start) When she was fifteen# she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ wearing lipstic! yet.
%0. (begin) When he was fifteen# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to go out with girls yet.
)R!!R EXER&I$E IV
.o3us% Verb "hrases with Never
$upply appropriate verb phrases 3ontaining the a'verb never. Noti3e the use of 3e/ore
in this e=er3ise.
EX!"#E$% a. When I went to the -etropolitan <pera last night# I had never heard an
opera before.
b. When I had dinner the other night at Ta2u!os# Id never eaten Japanese
food before.
1. When I first came to +ew Lor!# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on a subway before.
40
%. When I went to Central /merica on my vacation# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a banana tree
before.
(. When I went to the wedding on &aturday# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ champagne before.
*. When -ary became Johns girlfriend# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a girlfriend before.
,. When I voted in the last election# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ before.
0. :efore JosP went out with /lice# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out with a +orth/merican
woman before.
3. When I came to the 7nited &tates last Aecember# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ here before.
4. When his father had the heart attac!# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ sic! a day in his life. (A
day in his life in this sentence means in his whole life.)
5. When -ary went out with Carlos# she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ out with a .atin/merican
man before.
16. When he fell in love with /nne at the age of thirtyeight# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in love
before.
11. When I went to >aiti on my vacation# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ in a tropical climate before.
1%. When I went to /frica on my vacation# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ elephants in the natural
habitat before.
1(. When my grandmother flew to Burope last summer# she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on a
plane before.
)R!!R EXER&I$E IV ")E (
1*. When I met Bnri1ue# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a person from /rgentina before.
1,. When our son had a physical e)amination the other day# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ one
before.
10. When he started school# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Bnglish before.
43
)R!!R EXER&I$E V
.o3us% &lauses of Reason with Because
.ill in the blanks with had 4? not5 7 a past parti3iple.
EX!"#E$% a. I got wet during the rainstorm because I had forgotten my umbrella.
b. I was angry at myself because I had put my foot in my mouth. (To #ut
one*s foot in one*s !outh means to say so!ething that is e!(arrassing or is
not a##ro#riate for the occasion$

1. I was very tired because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ well the night before# I couldnt sleep
because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ too much coffee.
%. I didnt get a good grade because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ hard enough.
(. They were proud of their son because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very high honors at the
graduation ceremonies.
*. &he was angry at herself because she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a foolish mista!e.
44
,. I felt wonderful because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ good news from home.
0. I wasnt at home when you called $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
3. >e had a stomach ache $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. I had a headache $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
5. I was furious $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
16. I felt (didnt feel) well $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
11. &he was happy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1%. I was angry at my lawyerCsecretary $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1(. (supply name) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ was angry at me $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1*. I was very thirstyChungryCtired $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1,. -y parents were proud of me $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
10. The people of the nation were disappointed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
)R!!R EXER&I$E V ")E (
13. I felt wonderful $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
14. The garden was very dry $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
15. I didnt have an appetite last night $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%6. I was late to school $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%1. I missed my bus $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%%. I had a bad sunburn $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%(. I couldnt pay last months phone bill $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%*. I was laughing when you saw me out in the hall $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%,. I got up very late $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
45
)R!!R EXER&I$E VI
.o3us% Yes-No an' Information 9uestions
$upply appropriate past parti3iples in the blanks.
EX!"#E$% a. >ow long had they !nown each other before they finally got married=
b. >ow much money had the company lost before they finally went out of
business= =To go out of (usiness means to close a (usiness forever$>
1. >ow long had the patient $$$$$$$$$$$$$ sic! before she was cured=
%. >ow long had the movie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ on when you arrived at the theater=
(. >ad you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$ in Burope before you went last year=
*. >ad the sun already $$$$$$$$$$$$ when you got up this morning=
,. >adnt the children $$$$$$$$$$$$ their dinner before nine ocloc! last night=
Remin'er% +egative 1uestions have the sense of surprise or irritation.
0. Why hadnt the police $$$$$$$$$$$$ the criminal before he stole all that money=
3. >adnt you ever $$$$$$$$$$$$$ champagne before the wedding last &aturday= Im
surprised'
4. Why hadnt you $$$$$$$$$$$ your ta)es before you got into all that trouble with the
government=
56
5. Why hadnt the children $$$$$$$$$$$ their brea!fast before they went to school=
Now supply appropriate base forms in the blanks in the following :uestions
3ontaining the simple past tense. Remin'er% Duestions containing the past perfect tense
usually occur in only very formal usage.
16. Aid you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ your homewor! before you went to bed=
11. Whey didnt the children $$$$$$$$$$$$ their brea!fast before they left=
1%. >ow much money did the company finally $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ before it went ban!rupt=
(We use the e)pression to go (an)ru#t to describe a situation when a business is not able to
pay its bills and is forced to go out of (usiness$)
1(. >ow much money did the city government $$$$$$$$$$$ before it went bro!e= (To go
(ro)e means to go (an)ru#t$)
1*. >ow long did they not $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to each other before they finally made up=
1,. >ow many courses did you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ before you started this one=
)R!!R VII
.o3us% The "ast "erfe3t Tense in !ain &lauses
,n a separate pie3e of paper6 3omplete the following senten3es with appropriate main
3lauses 3ontaining the past perfe3t tense.
EX!"#E% a. When I got to school# none of the other students had arrived yet$
(+ote that an affirmative verb phrase follows none.)
b. When I wo!e up this morning# the sun had already risen$
c. When he told me the gossip about his boss# 7 had Cust heard a(out it fro!
his (oss*s secretary$ (Kossi# means idle tal) a(out other #eo#le or
sensational ru!ors of a #ersonal nature$ The word may also be used as a
verb9 Who gossi#s !oreA !en or wo!enB
1. When I spo!e to my attorney (lawyer) about the problem K
%. When I arrived at the wedding lateK (7se the words (ride and groo!$)
(. When the police arrived at the scene of the crimeK (7se cri!inal and esca#e$)
*. When I got to the airportCtrain stationCdoc!K
,. When I got home very earlyClate last nightK
0. When I left the house for wor! this morningK
3. When I got to wor!K
4. When I got to the ban!K
5. When we finally got to our seats in the theaterK
16. When our teacher arrivedK
11. When I got to classK
Note% To get to may mean to arrive atH however# get to is followed by the destination9
We got to the concert late; but arrive (without to) may occur without the destination9
We arrived late$
1%. When I started this courseK
51
1(. When I got up this morningK
1*. When I went to bed last nightK
1,. When the train arrived at the stationK
10. When Timothy and Gloria went to Greece on their vacationK
13. When I had @ussian food at the party the other nightK
14. When I went to California on my vacation last yearK
15. When I bought my automobileK
%6. When I went to the e)hibition of Indian art at the museumK
%1. When the Dueen arrived at the ;alaceK
%%. When I arrived at the doctors officeK
%(. When >assan went out with an /merican girl from &an "ranciscoK
T8E "$T &,NTIN+,+$ TEN$E
1. T>B ;/&T C<+TI+7<7& TB+&B is used to emphasi2e the duration of an event
preceding another in past time9 When we finally arrived in +an <ranciscoA we had 3een
drivin# our car for !ore than si days; When the (oo) was finally #u(lishedA the author
had 3een wor)in# on it for around twelve years$
%. To form the past perfect continuous tense# we use had and (een as au)iliaries and a
present participle as the main verb of a verb phrase.
$ingular "lural
<irst Ierson I We
+econd Ierson Lou Lou had been going
Third Ierson >e had been going They
&he
It
(. +egative verb phrases are formed by inserting not between had and (een9 When the
hurricane suddenly struc) the cityA #eo#le had not 3een e#ecting it; When 7 finally too)
!y car to the garageA it hadn4t 3een wor)ing well for a cou#le of !onths$
I We
Lou Lou had not been going
>e had not been going They
&he
It
*. In yes-no and information 1uestions# the sub8ect of a sentence follows the au)iliary had$
Had she (een loo)ing for a very long ti!e when she finally found a good Co(B -ow long
had !olu"3us and his crew (een sailing (efore they finally landed in the New WorldB
5%
Note% /dverbs li!e CustA recentlyA and finally do not occur in verb phrases containing the
past perfect tense.
$pe3ial Note% /dverbial e)pressions of time almost always appear in sentences containing
the past perfect continuous tense9 When !y guests finally sat down to dinnerA 7*d (een
coo)ing /or three hours> +he*d (een wor)ing for the co!#any /or twenty-ei#ht years when
she finally retired$
)R!!R EXER&I$E VIII
.o3us% The "ast "erfe3t &ontinuous Tense
.ill in the blanks with had *hadn4t+ 7 3een 7 a present parti3iple.
EX!"#E$% a. (protest) When the war in ?ietnam finally ended# people all over the
world had been protesting against it for many years.
b. (get) Bverything in our garden was dying because we hadnt been getting
any rain for more than five months.
1. (go) "red and ;eggy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ together for three years before they finally got
married.
%. (ma!e) >e lost his 8ob because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ (causing) trouble at the office. >e
was a real troublema!er.
(. (bother) I had to go to the dentist because a tooth $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ me for a
monthH
(ta!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ care of myself.
*. (rain) When the monsoon finally ended# it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more than a month.
,. (wait) When they finally had their baby boy# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more
than seven years.
Now 3omplete the following senten3es orally or on a separate pie3e of paper.
EX!"#E% c. I wasnt surprised by the Airectors decision to suspend Jim from the
school because he*d (een !a)ing a great deal of trou(le for a long ti!e$
0. When the rain finally stoppedK
3. When I finally found a good 8obK
4. When our daughter finally became a medical doctorK
5. -y eyes were very tired last night becauseK
16. -y feet were very tired last night becauseK
5(
11. Johns father had to go to the doctor becauseK
1%. The patient wasnt feeling well becauseK
1(. When we finally reached the top of -t. BverestK
1*. When our plane finally landed at J"I (Iennedy /irport in +ew Lor!)K
1,. When my alarm cloc! rangK
10. When my girlfriendCboyfriend finally got to our meeting placeK
13. When they finally got marriedK
14. When the surgeon finally finished the operationK
15. We were tired yesterday morning because our babyK
%6. >e was !ic!ed out of (suspended from) school because heK
%1. When the concert finally endedK
%%. When I finished my homewor! last nightK
)R!!R EXER&I$E IX
.o3us% The "ast "erfe3t &ontinuous Tense
.ill in the blanks with verbs in the simple past tense or the past perfe3t 43ontinuous5
tense. Do not use negative forms.
EX!"#E$% a. (get) I got to wor! at 59(6 yesterday morning.
b. (get) When I got to wor!# my boss had already gotten there.
1. (immigrate) >e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ to Toronto five years ago.
%. (loo!) When he finally found a good 8ob there# he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more than a
year.
(. (have) >e was eventually able to find a good 8ob because he $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
a good education in his native country.
*. (be) >is first day at wor! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$very e)citing.
,. (see) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a very good movie a couple of nights ago.
0. (see) We didnt want to watch the late movie on T? last night because we $$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ it already at the theater.
3. (ta!e) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ three aspirins an hour ago.
4. (ta!e) -y headache went away because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ some aspirins.
5. (eat) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ chic!en for dinner last night.
16. (eat) When I got home late last night# everyone in my family $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
already.
11. (do) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my homewor! last night.
5*
1%. (do) I was able to go to the game yesterday because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
my
homewor! the night before.
1(. (meet) -y mother $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my father at a Christmas party in
15,3. (be) They $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ very young at the time.
1*. (ta!e) The patient felt better after she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the medicine.
")E (
1,. (rain) When the storm was finally over# it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for more
than a wee!. (be) Bverything in the house $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ damp.
10. (loo!) When I finally found an interesting 8ob# I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for a
couple of years. (!now) They hired me because I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a lot about their
!ind of business.
13. (forget) It was difficult for her to read the e)ercises because she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
to bring her glasses with her to school.
14. (rain) It $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ for 8ust a few minutes last night.
15. (go) When they finally got married# they $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ together for
several years.
%6. (rain) Bverything in the house was damp because it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
for more than a month.
%1. (write) I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a couple of letters last night.
5,
)R!!R EXER&I$E X
.o3us% Reviewing Too6 Either6 n'6 an' /ut
EX!"#E$% a. When we went to the <rient# my wife had already been there# but I hadnt.
b. &he didnt have to go to wor! yesterday# and I didnt either.
1. >e has to do a lot of homewor!# and everyone else $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
%. Ive never made a million dollars# and you $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
(. -ary is very popular at school# but her twin sister $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
*. I have to wor! on &aturdays# but no one else in my family $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
,. -y roommate isnt going to go to school tomorrow# and I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
0. When they went to Burope# he had never been there# but his wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
3. John has to ta!e the bus to wor!# and his brother $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
4. I couldnt go to the game yesterday# and my sister $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
5. I dont care for Japanese food# and my wife $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
16. This boo! cost a lot# and that one $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
11. >e had to attend an important meeting yesterday# and she $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1%. I dont have to be at school tomorrow# but you
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
1(. &he should stop smo!ing# and I $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
50
)R!!R EXER&I$E XI
.o3us% Reviewing $o an' Neither
EX!"#E$% a. :efore their wedding# shed had a blood test# and so had he.
b. &hed never been to Burope before# and neither had he.
1. &he wor!s for a ban!# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her husband.
%. -y boss is wor!ing very hard# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I.
(. Tomorrow will not be cold# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the day after.
*. -y roommate got good grades last semester# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I.
,. Id left the party by midnight# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ everyone else.
0. I didnt en8oy the concert and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ everyone else.
3. Lou must try to do your best in the test# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I.
4. I dont have to get up early tomorrow morning# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my
roommate.
5. &he doesnt have any financial problems# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ he.
16. &hell do well on the final e)amination# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you.
11. It was a wonderful tripH the weather in "rance was perfect# and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
the food.
53
)R!!R EXER&I$E XII
.o3us% Reviewing "repositions
.ill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. Do this e=er3ise as a :uiA.
/t Auring In <ff &ince
7p :etween "or Into <n
Through With Aown "rom <f
<ut To
EX!"#E$% a. Theyve been going together for years.
b. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
1. We are now $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the beginning $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ this e)ercise.
%. Their house is ne)t $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a small par!.
(. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my office# Aic!s des! is $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ front $$$$$$$$$$$$ mine.
*. The thief entered the house $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ an unloc!ed door.
,. We were tired from wal!ing $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the long hill.
0. Its difficult to put thread $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the eye $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ a needle.
3. $$$$$$$$$$$ e)actly ten ocloc!# the teacher wal!ed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the classroom.
4. They arrived $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -e)ico City $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ June 1.
5. The boys li!e to s!ate $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ my driveway.
16. Jac! has been going $$$$$$$$$$$$$ Grace $$$$$$$$$$$ they met $$$$$$$$$ a party
a couple $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ months ago. Theyre going to get married $$$$$$$$$$$$$ June.
Theyre going to get married $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ her parents home.
11. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the hurricane# we stayed $$$$$$$$$$$$$ our home $$$$$$$$$$$
some friends $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ours and had a party.
1%. ;lease !eep this information a secret $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ you and me.
54
1(. Is it difficult to get $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Columbia 7niversity=
")E (
1*. &ome very good friends $$$$$$$$$$$$$ mine live $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ "ifth /venue.
1,. The Biffel Tower is $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the center $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;aris.
10. We !eep a lot $$$$$$$$$ old things $$$$$$$$$$$$ the basement $$$$$$$$ our house.
13. The hostages were allowed to wal! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ the plane $$$$$$$$$$ nine
ocloc! yesterday morning.
55

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