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CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

A PROPOSAL TOWARDS LAB


IMPROVEMENT FOR FUTURE TRENDS
(LIFT PROGRAMME)

IC Applications Lab Lift Planner


By

T.SATYANARAYANA,
Asst.Prof, ECE Dept.

IC Applications LAB

1.

Objectives and Relevance

2.

Scope

3.

Prerequisites

4.

Syllabus

5.

Lab Schedule

6.

Suggested Books

7.

Websites

8.

Experts Details

9.

Mapping of Lab with Projects/Consultancy/R&Ds

10.

Industrial Visits

11.

Shadow Engineering

12.

Calibration, Testing and Inspection

13.

Preventive Maintenance Schedules

14. Troubleshooting

OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE

The main objective of this lab course is to gain the practical hands on
experience by exposing the students to various linear IC applications. The students
will have an understanding of the concepts involved in various Linear and Digital
integrated circuits and their various applications.
Through this lab the students will get a thorough understanding of various linear
ICs and finally this lab introduces some TTL ICs(74LS series) for digital circuit
applications, and the 741 operational amplifier, 555 timer and its various applications.
The lab also introduces various voltage regulators.
2

SCOPE

This lab is more useful in Understanding of Linear and Digital IC Applications


and Understanding the application of ICs in consumer electronic industries to
manufacture the electronic appliances.
3

PREREQUISITES

Theoretical knowledge on subject Integrated Circuit Applications also requires


the awareness of various digital electronics and analog electronics like electronic
devices and circuits, pulse digital circuits, numbering systems combinational and
sequential circuits.
PREAMBLE

This lab covers the experiments in Integrated Circuit Applications subject. The JNTU
has given 17 experiments and divided in to 2 parts in the syllabus out of which
minimum 12 experiments have to be conducted(6 from each part).

PART - 1
4

SYLLABUS-JNTU
UNIT-I

No experiments in this unit as per syllabus.


UNIT II
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Adder, Subtractor and Comparator using IC 741 Op-Amp.
OBJECTIVE

To study the applications of IC 741 as adder, subtractor and comparator.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741


,Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of Adder, Subtractor, Comparator.
d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of comparator.
APPLICATIONS

The applications of comparator are


1.
2.
3.
4.

Zero crossing detectors.


Window detector.
Time marker generator
Phase meter.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC 741.
OBJECTIVE

To design and verify the operation of an integrator and differentiator for a given input.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741,


Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of an integrator and differentiator for a given input.

d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of integrator and


differentiator.
APPLICATIONS

1. The differentiator used in wave shaping circuits to detect high frequency components in
an input signal and also as a rate-of change detector in FM demodulators.
2.

The integrator is used in analog computers and analog to digital converters and
wave shaping circuits

signal-

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Schmitt trigger circuits using IC 741 & IC 555.
OBJECTIVE

To design the Schmitt trigger circuit using IC 741 and IC 555.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,


Operation of IC 555 ,Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.
c. Experimental determination of Schmitt trigger.
d. Graphical determination of UTP and LTP of the Schmitt trigger.
APPLICATIONS

1. Schmitt triggers are typically used in open loop configurations for noise immunity and
closed loop configurations to implement function generators.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Voltage Regulator using IC 723.
OBJECTIVE

To design a low voltage variable regulator of 2 to 7V using IC 723.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 723 , Operation of
IC 555 ,Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .

DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.
c. Experimental determination of characteristics of a voltage variable regulator.
d. Graphical determination of Load and Line Regulation characteristics.
APPLICATIONS

Voltage regulators are used as


1.Control circuits in PWM.
2.Series type switch mode supplies.
3.Rregulated power supplies.
4.Voltage stabilizers.
UNIT-III
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Active Low Pass & High Pass Butterworth Filter(Second Order).
OBJECTIVE

To study Op-Amp as second order LPF and second order HPF and to obtain frequency
response.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,Regulated
Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high pass
filter.
d. Graphical determination of input and output waveforms of integrator and differentiator.
APPLICATIONS

High-pass filters have many applications.

1. They are used as part of an audio crossover to direct high frequencies to a tweeter while
attenuating bass signals which could interfere with, or damage, the speaker.
2. High-pass filters are also used for AC coupling at the inputs of many audio power
amplifiers.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
RC Phase Shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators using IC 741 op-amp.
OBJECTIVE

To design verify the (i) phase shift oscillator (ii) Wien Bridge oscillator for the given
frequency of oscillation and verify it practically.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741,


Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator and CRO.
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high
pass filter.
d. Graphical determination of measuring the time period and amplitude of the output
waveform
APPLICATIONS

Oscillators are used in


1.
2.
3.

Radio,
Television,
Computers, and communications

UNIT-IV
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
IC 555 Timer-Monostable Operation Circuit
OBJECTIVE

To generate a pulse using Monostable Multivibrator by using IC555


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 555,


Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .

DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of frequency response for second order low pass & high
pass filter.
d. Graphical determination of output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
APPLICATIONS

1. Missing Pulse Detector.


2. Frequency Divider.
3.

PWM.

4. Linear Ramp Generator


EXPERIMENT NO. 8
IC 565 PLL Application.
OBJECTIVE

To study and verify the operation of NE 565 PLL.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 565,


Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of operation of NE 565 PLL
d. Graphical determination of output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
APPLICATIONS

Phase-locked loops are widely employed in


1.

Radio.

2. Telecommunications.
3. Computers and other electronic applications.

4. They can be used to recover a signal from a noisy communication channel, generate stable
frequencies at a multiple of an input frequency (frequency synthesis), or distribute clock
timing pulses in digital logic designs such as microprocessors.
UNIT V
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
4 Bit Comparator IC 7485.
OBJECTIVE

To study and the operation of 4-bit Magnitude Comparator using IC 7485.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 7485,


Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 3 to 8 decoder by verifying truth table.
APPLICATIONS

1 Comparator designed for use in computer and logic applications that require the
comparison of two 4-bit words.
UNIT VI
No experiments in this unit as per syllabus.
UNIT VII
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
3 TO 8 DECODER-74LS138
OBJECTIVE

To verify operation of the 3 to 8 decoder using IC 74138.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic Design
,Operation of IC 74LS138, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 3 to 8 decoder by verifying truth table.
APPLICATIONS

Decoding is necessary in applications such as


1. Data Multiplexing.
2. 7 segment display and memory address decoding.
UNIT-VIII
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
D Flip Flop-IC 74LS74 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC 74LS73.
OBJECTIVE

To verify the truth table of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC 74LS73.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design Operation of IC 74LS73 and IC 74LS74, Regulated Power Supply, Function
Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave Flip Flop-IC
74LS73 by verifying truth table.
APPLICATIONS

1. Flip-Flops and latches are used as data storage elements.


2. D Flip-Flop is a storage device used in register.
3. Master slave JK Flip-Flop is used in counter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Decade Counter 74LS90
OBJECTIVE

To construct and verify the working of a single digit decade counter using IC 7490.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design, Operation of IC 7490, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min.


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications.
c. Experimental determination of decade counter.
APPLICATIONS

Decade Counter used in


1. Multiplexers and De-multiplexers

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Universal Shift Register - 74LS194/95.
OBJECTIVE

To study the following applications of the Universal shift register using IC 74LS194/95.
a. Shift Right Logic
b. Shift Left Logic
c. Parallel Load
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design, Operation of IC 74LS194/95, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of D Flip Flop-IC 7474 and JK Master Slave FlipFlop-IC
74LS73 by verifying truth table.
APPLICATIONS

1. A shift register is used for multiplying and devision. If a binary number of say Bin.

100101 (37 Dec.) is multiplied by 2 the bits have to be left shifted one time and the
number will then be Bin. 1001010 (74 Dec.) and to divide by 2 the bits have to be right
shifted

EXPERIMENT NO. 14
8x1 Multiplexer 74151 and 2x1 Demultiplexer 74155
OBJECTIVE

To verify the truth table of a given 8 to 1 Multiplexer and 2 to 1 De-Multiplexer using IC


74151 and 74155 .
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic Design
,Operation of IC 74151/74155, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of 8 to 1 Multiplexer and 2 to 1 De-Multiplexer by verifying
truth table.
APPLICATIONS

1. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end.


2.Multiplexers can be used as components of programmable logic devices
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
RAM (164) - IC 7489 using (read and write operation).
OBJECTIVE

To study the operation of the RAM Ic7489.


PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Switching Theory and Logic
Design ,Operation of IC 74151/74155, Regulated Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min

b. Connection of experiment and its verifications


c. Experimental determination of read and write operation of RAM.
APPLICATIONS

1.
2.
3.

RAMs are used in Personal Computers.


Lap Tops.
Music Players etc.

LAB SCHEDULE:
(A) LAB SCHEDULE: The lab schedule should be planned once in a week. The week wise
scheduled experiment should be completed.

CYCLE 1
Batches
B1(30112),B2(31324),B3(325336)
B4(337348),B5(349360),B6
B3
B4
B5

week-1
Demo

week-2
Exp.1

week-3
Exp.2

week-4
Exp.3

week-5
Exp.9

week-6
Exp.8

week-7
test

Demo

Exp.2

Exp.10

Exp.9

Exp.8

Exp.1

test

Demo
Demo
Demo

Exp.10
Exp.9
Exp.8

Exp.9
Exp.8
Exp.1

Exp.8
Exp.1
Exp.2

Exp.1
Exp.2
Exp.10

Exp.2
Exp.10
Exp.9

test
test
test

CYCLE 2
Batches

week-1

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

week-6

week-7

B1

Exp.3

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

test

B2

Exp.7

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

test

B3

Exp.3

Exp.11

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

test

B4

Exp.10

Exp.12

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

test

B5

Exp.9

Exp.5

Exp.4

Exp.6

Exp.11

Exp.12

test

(B) VIVA SCHEDULE: The viva schedule should be planned prior starting to the lab experiment.

ROUND - 1
Batches

week-1

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

B1,B2,B3

viva

ROUND - 2
Batches

week-1

SG1

viva

SG2
SG3

week-2

week-3

week-4

week-5

viva
viva

SG4

viva

SG5

viva

*SG: Selected Group with a maximum of 6 or 12 students

SCHEME OF EVALUATION OF LABS


LAB INTERNAL

SCHEME OF EVALUATION OF LABS


ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-15

Day to Day Evalution-15Marks


Unifor
m

Observatio
n & Record

Performance

Marks3

Marks-3

Marks-3

Internal Exam-10 Marks

Result

Viva

Write
up

Marks3

Marks3

Marks- Marks4
3

Of the
Experiment

Executi
on &
Results

Viva

Marks-3

Total Marks-25

LAB EXTERNALS
S.NO

Write up

Marks

1.
2.
3.
4.

20

Aim
Procedure etc
Output
Result etc

Results(by skill
assistant)

Final
Evaluation

Viva

Based
on
observation, How the
student is executed
the Experiment.

Based
on
correctness
of
the
Circuit
Connections and
Results

Based
on
understanding
of Experiment
and theoretical
questions
in
the
related
subjects

10

10

10

SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Linear Integrated Circuits-D. Roy Chowdhury, new Age international (p)Ltd, 3rd
Edition, 2008.
2. Digital Fundamentals- Floyd and Jain,Pearson Education ,8th edition,2005.
3. Op-Amp & Linear Integrated Circuits-Concepts & Applications by
JamesM.Fiore,Cengage/Jaico,2/e, 2009.

WEB SITES
1. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/117106030/
2. 2. http://www.nprcet.org/e%20content/Misc/e-Learning/EEE/II%20YEAR/EE2254%20%20Linear%20Integrated%20Circuits%20and%20Applications.pdf
3 http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/LM555.html
4 http://electronicsclub.info/555timer.htm

EXPERTS DETAILS
The expert details which have been mentioned below are only a few of the eminent ones
known Internationally, Nationally and Locally.

INTERNATIONAL
1. Mr.D.Roy Chowdhury, Ph.D. University of Michigan,Dept. of Electronics and
Communication Engg.
2. Mrs. Azita Emami , Ph.D.California Institute of Technology, Professor of Electrical
Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engg.

NATIONAL
1. Prof.Roy Paily Palathinkal,Deptt. of Electrical Engg.,IIT Guwahati

2. Prof. Gaurav Trivedi, Deptt. of ECE, IIT, Guwahati.


3. Mr. R.K.Baruah, Tezpur University.

REGIONAL
1. Prof..Mr.K.Nageshwar Rao, Deptt. of ECE ,JITS,Warangal.
2. Dr.a,S Reddy, Principal, CMREC
3. Prof. C.Ashok Kumar, Depr. Of ECE, CMREC.

MAPPING OF LAB WITH PROJECT/CONSULTANCY/R & D:


The Integrated Circuit Applications Lab course should be designed in such a way that it should
meet the requirements of research and development as well as consultancy projects. Also the
Proposals of Project/R&D/Consultancy are as follows:

Proposal 1: Project Design & Execution


Proposal 2: R& D Level Project Design & Execution
Proposal 3: Consultancy Task / Project Design & Development

PROPOSAL FOR PROJECT ACTIVITY


1.A Proposal of a hobby/mini/proto/general/model/proto type project with estended abstract,
Block Diagram/Circuit/Flow diagram and clear references may be presented and executed.

A proposal has been made to implement the following project for Magni5 Technologies Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad.

Proposal to manufacture a Automatic Control of Gate /Street Light:

A proposal is made possible to Automatic Control of Gate /Street Light with the facilities available
in Integrated Circuit laboratory:

Proposed Equipment for usuage: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, Multi-meter, Power supply etc.

Application of Dark Sensor for automatic lighting system.


OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this Product is to implement AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF GATE


/STREET LIGHT using LDR , and to implement it to save the electric power,
and to reduce the man power in case of street light control system.
Needs no manual operation for switching.
When there is a need of light in dark places it automatically detects and switches
ON the Light.
Light is switched ON at night and put it OFF in the day time.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 741 ,Regulated
Power Supply, CRO.
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to Product.
b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of relay operation and then light control.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

100k resistor x2
4.7k resistor x1
Photo resistor x1
180 ohm resistor
LM741 opamp ic
LED (any color) x1
jumper wires
9v battery
A breadboard

WORKING
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases whichresults in increase of the voltage

at pin 2 of the IC 555.


IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin2 and
1/3rd of the power supply voltage
When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low.
Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to
drive relay or LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.
LDR
It is a special type of resistor whose value depends on the
brightness of light which is falling on it.
It has resistance of about 1mega ohm when in total darkness,
but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated.
It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
TRANSFORMER
For 9v ac power supply we can use step down transformer in order to convert 230 volt to 9 volt.
P.C.B
With the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end products.
P.C.B is made of Bakelite with surface pasted withcopper track-layout.
Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Dark Sensor using 741 IC

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Dark Sensor using 555 IC

APPLICATIONS
The applications are
1. It can be used for GATE lights controlling.
2. It can also be used as a Automatic street lights control system.

PROPOSAL FOR CONSULTANCY:

A proposal has been made to implement the following project using VHDL for Magni5 Technologies Pvt. Ltd,
Hyderabad.

Automatic water tank level controller.

ABSTRACT
The drinking water crisis in India is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon Attai n the nature of
global crisis. Hence, it is of utmost importance to preserve water. In many houses there is unnecessary wastage
of water due to overflow in Overhead Tanks. Automatic Water Level Controller can provide a solution to this
problem. The operation of water level controller works upon the fact that water conducts electricity. So water
can be used to open or close a circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send
different signals. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our requirements.
INTRODUCTION
After assembling the system, what remains is to observe its operation and efficiency. This can be done
by breaking down the activity of the controller from the detection of water to the working of the pump. We go
over the responses obtained when water reaches the sensors and the logic employed behind it. We also try to
justify how a system as simple as ours can compete with those available commercially.
PREREQUISITES

Basic knowledge about Electronic Devices and Circuits , Operation of IC 555, Regulated
Power Supply, CRO .
DESCRIPTION

a. Introduction to experiment -30 min


b. Connection of experiment and its verifications
c. Experimental determination of ON and OFF functioning of the circuit
This simple, economical and versatile circuit switches on the motor pump when water
in the overhead tank falls below the lowest level and turns it off when the tank is full.
Moreover, if the pump is running dry due to low voltage, it sounds an alarm to alert you to
switch off the controller circuit (and hence the motor pump) to avoid coil burn and power
wastage.
The water-level controller circuit (see Fig. 1) is built around IC 555 (IC2) to monitor
the water level in the overhead tank and on/off status of the motor through the inverter and
driver circuits. The transistor switch circuitry monitors the flow of water and raises an alarm
if the pump runs dry.

Fig: Circuit Diagram of water tank level controller using 555 IC

Working of Automatic water tank level controller:


We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the
second pin(trigger pin) is less than 1/3 Vcc.
Also we can reset back the IC by applying a LOW voltage at the 4th pin (Reset pin).
In this project 3 wires are dipped in water tank. Let us define two water levels- Bottom (L) level and
Top (H) level. One of the wire or probe is from Vcc, which can be called as middle level (M).

Fig.6: Position of three sensors in timer 555

The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at
2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water.

. When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected(untouched) from water i.e.
Voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc. Then the output of 555 becomes high.
The

output of 555 is fed to a SL 100 transistor, it energizes the relay coil and the
water pump set is turned ON.

Fig.7: SL 100 transistor


While

the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes
ON. Its collector voltage goes to Vce(sat) =0.2V.

The

low voltage at the 4th pin resets the IC. So the output of 555 becomes 0V. Hence the motor
will turn OFF automatically.

For

practical implementation, you must use a relay. Rating of relay is chosen according to the
load (Motor). 32 Ampere relay is best suited for domestic applications.

Fig.8: Probe/Sensor arrangement diagram

APPLICATIONS
The applications are
1. It can be used for water level control.
2. It can also be used as a Automatic fluid level control system in Industries.
CONCLUSION
Thus by using this simple arrangement we can save wastage of water and
electricity. It is very important for us to control the use of natural source of energy. By
using this circuit we can solve our purpose very easily.

PROPOSAL FOR R & D ACTIVITY:

1. An exact paper from a National/International journal in this entitled area/subject/area(IEEE


Format)
AND/OR
2. An article/white paper from a magazine /journal/weekly/any periodical in the entitled
Subject
AND/OR
3.An Advanced technology development/ proposal/article publication from any source of
Information

EXACT PAPER FROM A NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL:

Using Single Supply Operational


Amplifiers in Embedded
Systems
Bonnie Baker
Microchip Technology Inc.

ABSTRACT
Beyond the primitive transistor, the operational amplifier is the most basic building block for analog
applications. Fundamental functions such as gain, load isolation, signal inversion, level shifting,
adding and/or subtracting signals are easily implemented with this building block. More complex
circuits can also be implemented, such as the instrumentation amplifier, a current to voltage converter,
and filters, to name only a few. Regardless of the level of complexity of the operational amplifier circuit,
knowing the fundamental operation and behavior of this building block will save a considerable amount
of upfront design time
Formal classes on this subject can be very comprehensive and useful. However, many times they fall short in
terms of experience or common sense. For instance, a common mistake that is mae when designing with

operational amplifiers is to neglect to include the bypass capacitors in the circuit. Operational
amplifier theory often overlooks this practical detail. If the bypass capacitor is missing, the amplifier circuit
could oscillate at a frequency that theoretically doesnt make sense. If text book solutions are used, this is
a difficult problem to solve.
This application note is divided into three sections. The first section will list fundamental amplifier
applications with the design equations included. These amplifier circuits where selected with embedded
system integration in mind. The second section will use these fundamental circuits to build useful amplifier
functions in embedded control applications.

Using Single Supply Operational


Amplifiers in Embedded
Systems
Author:

Bonnie Baker
Microchip Technology Inc.

INTRODUCTION
Beyond the primitive transistor, the operational ampli-fier
is the most basic building block for analog applica-tions.
Fundamental functions such as gain, load isolation,
signal inversion, level shifting, adding and/or subtracting
signals are easily implemented with this building block.
More complex circuits can also be implemented, such
as the instrumentation amplifier, a current to voltage
converter, and filters, to name only a few. Regardless of the
level of complexity of the opera-tional amplifier circuit,
knowing the fundamental opera-tion and behavior of this
building block will save a considerable amount of upfront
design time.
Formal classes on this subject can be very comprehen-sive
and useful. However, many times they fall short in terms of
experience or common sense. For instance, a common
mistake that is made when designing with operational
amplifiers is to neglect to include the bypass
capacitors in the circuit. Operational amplifier theory often
overlooks this practical detail. If the bypass
capacitor is missing, the amplifier circuit could oscillate
at a frequency that theoretically doesnt make sense.
If text book solutions are used, this is a difficult problem to
solve.
This application note is divided into three sections. The first
section will list fundamental amplifier applications with the
design equations included. These amplifier cir-cuits where
selected with embedded system integra-tion in mind.
The second section will use these fundamental circuits to
build useful amplifier functions in embedded control
applications.
The third section will identify the most common single
supply operational amplifier (op amp) circuit design

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
The op amp is the analog building block that is analogous to
the digital gate. By using the op amp in the design, cir-cuits
can be configured to modify the signal in the same
fundamental way that the inverter, AND, and OR gates do
in digital circuits. In this section, fundamental building
blocks such as the voltage follower, non-inverting gain
and inverting gain circuits will be discussed. This will be
followed by a rail splitter, difference amplifier, summing
amplifier and current to voltage converter.

Voltage Follower Amplifier


Starting with the most basic op amp circuit, the buffer
amplifier (shown in Figure 1) is used to drive heavy
loads, solve impedance matching problems, or isolate high
power circuits from sensitive, precise circuitry.
VDD

*
VOUT

VIN

MCP601
3

mistakes. This list of mistakes has been gathered over many years
of trouble shooting circuits with numerous designers in the
industry. The most common design pit-falls can easily be
avoided if the check list from this short tutorial is used.

VOUT = VIN
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F
2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

Figure 1:
follower.

Buffer Amplifier; also called a voltage

The buffer amplifier, shown in Figure 1, can be implemented with any single supply, unity gain stable ampli-fier.
In this circuit as with all amplifier circuits, the op amp
must be bypassed with a capacitor. For single sup-ply
amplifiers that operate in bandwidths from DC to
megahertz, a 1F capacitor is usually appropriate.
Sometimes a smaller bypass capacitor is required for
amplifiers that have bandwidths up to the 10s of mega-hertz.
In these cases a 0.1F capacitor would be appro-priate. If
the op amp does not have a bypass capacitor or the wrong
value is selected, it may oscillate.
The analog gain of the circuit in Figure 1 is +1 V/V.
Notice that this circuit has a positive overall gain but the
feedback loop is tied from the output of the amplifier to

DS00682C-page 1

the inverting input. An all too common error is to assume


that an op amp circuit that has a positive gain requires
positive feedback. If positive feedback is used, the
amplifier will most likely drive to either rail at the output.
This amplifier circuit will give good linear performance
across the bandwidth of the amplifier. The only restric-tions
on the signal will occur as a result of a violation of the input
common-mode and output swing limits. These limitations
will be discussed in the third section of this application
note (Amplifier Design Pitfalls).
If this circuit is used to drive heavy loads, the amplifier that
is actually selected must be specified to provide the
required output currents. Another application where this
circuit may be used is to drive capacitive loads. Not every
amplifier is capable of driving capacitors without becoming
unstable. If an amplifier can drive capacitive loads, the
product data sheet will highlight this feature. However, if an
amplifier cant drive capacitive loads, the product data
sheets will not explicitly say.
Another use for the buffer amplifier is to solve imped-ance
matching problems. This would be applicable in a circuit
where the analog signal source has a relatively high
impedance as compared to the impedance of the following
circuitry. If this occurs, there will be a voltage loss with the
signal as a consequence of the voltage divider between
the sources impedance and the fol-lowing circuitrys
impedance. The buffer amplifier is a perfect solution to the
problem. The input impedance of
the non-inverting input of an amplifier can be as high as
1013 for CMOS amplifiers. In addition, the output
impedance of this amplifier configuration is usually less
than 10 .
R1

R2
VDD
VDD

MCP601

VIN

*
*

VOUT

buffer can be used to perform the function of driving


heavy loads while the front end circuitry can be used to
make precision measurements.

Gaining Analog Signals


The buffer solves a lot of analog signal problems, how-ever,
there are instances in circuits where a signal needs to
be gained. Two fundamental types of amplifier circuits can
be used. With the first type, the signal is not
inverted as shown in Figure 3. This type of circuit is
useful in single supply1 amplifier applications where
negative voltages are usually not possible.
R1

R2
VDD

MCP601

VIN

VOUT

R2
VOUT = 1 +-----V IN
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F

R1

Figure 3:
Operational amplifier configured in a
non-inverting gain circuit.
The input signal to this circuit is presented to the high
impedance, non-inverting input of the op amp. The gain that
the amplifier circuit applies to the signal is equal to:
R2
VOUT = 1 + ------ V IN
R1
Typical values for these resistors in single supply cir-cuits
are above 2k for R2. The resistor, R1, restric-tions are
dependent on the amount of gain desired
versus the amount of amplifier noise and input offset
voltage as specified in the product data sheet of the op amp.

Buffer
Precision Amplifier
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F
Figure 2:
amplifier.

Load isolation is achieved using a buffer

Yet another use of this configuration is to separate a heat


source from sensitive precision circuitry, as shown in Figure
2. Imagine that the input circuitry to this buffer amplifier is
amplifying a 100V signal. This type of amplification is
difficult to do with any level of accuracy in the best of
situations. This precision measurement can easily be
disrupted by changing the output current drive of the device
that is doing the amplification work. An increase in current
drive will cause self heating of the chip which will induce
an offset change. An analog

DS00682C-page 2

Once again, this circuit has some restrictions in terms of the


input and output range. The non-inverting input is
restricted by the common-mode range of the amplifier. The
output swing of the amplifier is also restricted as stated in
the product data sheet of the individual amplifier. Most
typically, the larger signal at the output of the ampli-fier
causes more signal clipping errors than the smaller signal at
the input. If undesirable clipping occurs at the output of the
amplifier, the gain should be reduced.
1.

For this discussion, single supply implies that the neg-ative


supply pin of the operational amplifier is tied to ground
and the positive supply pin is tied to +5V. All discussion
in this application note can be extrapolated to other supply
voltages where the single supply ex-ceeds 5V or dual
supplies are used.

2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

An inverting amplifier configuration is shown in


Figure 4. With this circuit, the signal at the input resistor, R1, is gained and inverted to the output of the ampli-fier.
The gain equation for this circuit is:
R2
R2
VOUT = ------ V IN + 1 + ------ V BIA S
R1
R
The ranges for R1 and1 R2 are the same
as in the noninverting circuit shown in Figure 3.

VIN

R1

VDD
R1=10 to 100
C2
R3
MCP601

C1
VREF

VS

R2

R4

R2=10 to 100
VOUT

VIN

ADC

VDD
*
MCP601

VOUT

VBIAS

R 2
R2
VOUT = -----V IN + 1 + ------ V BIAS
R1
R1
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F
Figure 4:
Operational amplifier configured in an
inverting gain circuit. In single supply environments a
VBIAS is required to insure the output stays above
ground.
In single supply applications, this circuit can easily be
misused. For example, let R equal
10k R equal
2
1 1k,
VBIAS equal 0V, and the voltage at the input resis-tor, R ,
equal 1 to 100mV. With this configuration, the out-put
voltage would be 1V. This would violate the output swing
range of the operational amplifier. In reality, the output of
the amplifier would go as near to ground as possible.
The inclusion of a DC voltage at VBIAS in this circuit
solves this problem. In the previous example, a voltage
of 225mV applied to VBIAS would level shift the output
signal up 2.475V. This would make the output signal
equal to (2.475V 1V) or 1.475V at the output of the
amplifier. Typically, the average output voltage should be
designed to be equal to VDD/2.

Single Supply Circuits and Supply Splitters

V OUT = V S

R 3R+4R 4
-------------------*Bypass Capacitor,
1F
Figure 5:
A supply splitter is constructed using one
operational amplifier. This type of function is particularly useful in single supply circuits.
A solid level shift voltage can easily be implemented
using a voltage divider (R3 and R4) or a reference volt-age
source buffered by the amplifier. The transfer function for this circuit is:
4

V OUT = VDD R R+ R
----------------- 3 4
The circuit in Figure 5 has an elaborate compensation
scheme to allow for the heavy capacitive load, C1. The
benefit of this big capacitor is that it presents a very low AC
resistance to the reference pin of the A/D converter. In the
AC domain, the capacitor serves as a charge reservoir that
absorbs any momentary current surges which are
characteristic of sampling A/D converter reference pins.

The Difference Amplifier


The difference amplifier combines the non-inverting
amplifier and inverting amplifier circuits of Figure 3 and
Figure 4 into a signal block that subtracts two signals. The
implementation of this circuit is shown in Figure 6.

V2

R1

R2
VDD

As was shown in the inverting gain circuit (Figure 4),


single supply circuits often need a level shift to keep the
signal between negative (usually ground) and positive
supply pins. This level shift can be designed with a sin-gle
amplifier and a combination of resistors and capac-itors as
shown in Figure 5. Many times a simple buffer amplifier
without compensation capacitors will accom-plish this task.
In other cases the level shift circuit will see dynamic or
transient load changes, like the refer-ence to an Analog-toDigital (A/D) converter. In these applications, the level
shift circuit must hold its voltage constant. If it does change,
a conversion error might be observed.

R1

VOUT

MCP601

R2
VREF
R2
VOUT = V 1 V2 ------+
R1
VRE F ------- *Bypass Capacitor, 1F

R2
R1

Figure 6:
Operational amplifier configured in a
difference amplifier circuit.

2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00682C-page 3

The transfer function for this amplifier circuit is:


R2
R2
VOU T = V 1 V 2 ------- + V REF ------

R1
R1
This circuit configuration will reliably take the difference of
two signals as long as the signal source impedances are low.
If the signal source impedances are high with
respect to R1, there will be a signal loss due to the volt-age
divider action between the source and the input
resistors to the difference amplifier. Additionally, errors can
occur if the two signal source impedances are mis-matched.
With this circuit it is possible to have gains equal to or
higher than one.

C2
R2
D1
Light

Summing amplifiers are used when multiple signals need


to be combined by addition or subtraction. Since the
difference amplifier can only process two signals, it is a
subset of the summing amplifier.

V3

R1

*
MCP601

VOUT

*Bypass Capacitor, 1F

R1

*
MCP601

VOUT

R2

R2
VO UT = V1 + V2 V 3 V 4 -----R1
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F
Figure 7:
Operational amplifier configured in a
sum- ming amplifier circuit.
The transfer function of this circuit is:
R2
V OUT = V 1 + V 2 V 3 V 4 -----

R
Any number of inputs can be used on either1 the invert-ing or
non-inverting input sides as long as there are an equal
number of both with equivalent resistors.

Current to Voltage Conversion


An operational amplifier can be used to easily convert the
signal from a sensor that produces an output cur-rent, such
as a photodetector, into a voltage. This is implemented
with a single resistor and an optional capacitor in the
feedback loop of the amplifier as shown in Figure 8.

DS00682C-page 4

VDD

ID1

VOUT = R2 ID1

VDD

R1

R1

VOUT

R2

D1
Light

R2

V4

V1
V2

MCP601

VBIAS

Summing Amplifier

VDD

ID1

Figure 8: Current to voltage converter using an


amplifier and one resistor. The top light scanning
circuit is appropriate for precision applications. The
bottom circuit is appropriate for high speed
applications.
As light impinges on the photo diode, charge is gener-ated,
causing a current to flow in the reverse bias direc-tion of the
photodetector. If a CMOS op amp is used, the high input
impedance of the op amp causes the cur-rent from the
detector (ID1) to go through the path of
lower resistance, R2. Additionally, the op amp input bias
current error is low because it is CMOS (typically
<200 pA). The non-inverting input of the op amp is referenced to ground which keeps the entire circuit biased to
ground. These two circuits will only work if the com-mon
mode range of the amplifier includes zero.
Two circuits are shown in Figure 8. The top circuit is
designed to provide precision sensing from the photodetector. In this circuit the voltage across the detector is
nearly zero and equal to the offset voltage of the
amplifier. With this configuration, current that appears
across the resistor, R2, is primarily a result of the light
excitation on the photodetector.
The photosensing circuit on the bottom of Figure 8 is
designed for higher speed sensing. This is done by
reverse biasing the photodetector, which reduces the
parasitic capacitance of the diode. There is more leak-age
through the diode which causes a higher DC error.

2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

USING THE FUNDAMENTALS


Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation amplifiers are found in a large variety of
applications from medical instrumentation to process
control. The instrumentation amplifier is similar to the
difference amplifier in that it subtracts one analog sig-nal
from another, but it differs in terms of the quality of the
input stage. A classic, three op amp instrumenta-tion
amplifier is illustrated in Figure 9.

A second instrumentation amplifier is shown in


Figure 10. In this circuit, the two amplifiers serve the
functions of load isolation, and signal gain. The second
amplifier also differentiates the two signals.
RG
R2

R1

VDD

VREF
1
/2

VDD
V2

1
/2

R2

1/
2

R3

12
MCP602
/

V1

VDD

R2

RG

R2

V2

R4

R3

MCP602

R1

MCP602

MCP602

VO U T = V 1 V 2 1 + ------ + --------- +
R
R
RV REF
2R2 G
1

VOUT

VOUT

*Bypass Capacitor, 0.1F


12

V1

MCP602
/

R4
VREF

2R 2 R 4
R
VO UT = V 1 V 2 1 + -------------- + V REF4

RG R3
R3
------ *Bypass Capacitor, 1F

Figure 10: An instrumentation amplifier can be


designed using two amplifiers. This configuration is best
suited for higher gains. (gain > 3 V/V)
2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

Figure 9:
An instrumentation amplifier can be
designed using three amplifiers. The input operational
amplifiers provide signal gain. The output operational
amplifier converts the signal from two inputs to a
single ended output with a difference amplifier.
With this circuit the two input signals are presented to the
high impedance non-inverting inputs of the amplifiers.
This is a distinct advantage over the difference amplifier
configuration when source impedances are high or mismatched. The first stage also gains the two incoming signals. This gain is simply adjusted with one resistor, RG.
Following the first stage of this circuit is a difference
amplifier. The function of this portion of the circuit is to
reject the common mode voltage of the two input sig-nals
as well as differentiate them. The source imped-ances of
the signals into the input of the difference amplifier are
low, equivalent and well controlled.
The reference voltage of the difference stage of this
instrumentation amplifier is capable of spanning a wide
range. Most typically this node is referenced to half of the
supply voltage in a signal supply application. A sup-ply
splitter such as the circuit in Figure 5 can be used for this
purpose. The transfer function of this circuit is:
2R 2 R 4
R
VOUT = V 1 V2 1 + ------------- + VREF4 -----

R G R3
R3

The circuit reference voltage is supplied to the first


op amp in the signal chain. Typically, this voltage is
half of the supply voltage in a single supply
environment.
The transfer function of this circuit is:
R1
R

V OUT = V1 V 2 1 + ------ + -------- + V


2

2R 1
R

RE F
G

Floating Current Source


A floating current source can come in handy when
driv-ing
a
variable resistance,
like an
Resistive Temperature Device (RTD). This particular
configuration produces an appropriate 1mA source
for an RTD type sensor, however, it can be tuned to
any current.
R1

R1
VDD
2 (VREF -

*
/
2VR1) MCP602

1
2

Rl=2.5k
VREF=2.5 V +VR1
R1

1
2

R1

MCP602

VREF - 2VR1
TD IOUT

I OUT = -----------*Bypass Capacitor, 1F

V REF
R1=25k

Figure 11: A
operational
reference.

floating current source can


be
constructed
using
two
amplifiers and a precision voltage

DS00682C-page 5

With this configuration, the voltage of VREF is reduced via


the first resistor, R1, by the voltage VR1. The voltage
applied to the non-inverting input of the top op amp is V
V . This voltage is gained to the amplifiers out-put
by two to equal 2(VREF VR1). Meanwhile, the out-put for
REF
R1
the bottom
op amp is presented with the voltage VREF
2VR1. Subtracting the voltage at the output of the top
amplifier from the non-inverting input of the bottom
amplifier gives 2(VREF VR1) (VREF 2VR1) which
equals VREF .

DS00682C-page 6

The transfer function of the circuit is:


V REF
I OUT =
R
--------L

Filters

Bandpass and low pass filters are very useful in eliminating unwanted signals prior to the input of an A/D
converter. The low pass filter shown in Figure 12 has two
poles that can be configured for a Butterworth filter
response. Butterworth filters have a flat magnitude
response in the pass-band with good all-around performance.
R3

R4

100k

909k

VDD

R1

R2

54.9k

97.6k

VIN

*
MCP601

V
OUT

C1
470pF

100pF

V OUT
R
------------= 1 4+
V
R
3
------ I N
Second Order: 10kHz, Low Pass Sallen Key Filter
*Bypass Capacitor, 1F
Figure 12: Low pass, 2-pole, active filters are easily
designed with one operational amplifier. The resistors and
capacitors can be adjusted to implement other filter
types, such as Bessel and Chebyshev.

On the down side, there is some overshoot and


ringing with a step response through this filter.
This may or may not be an issue, depending on
the application cir-cuit requirements. The gain
of this filter is adjustable with R3 and R4.
Notice the similarities in this gain equation
and the non-inverting amplifier shown in Figure
3.
This type of filter is also referred to as an antialiasing filter, which is used to eliminate circuit
noise in the fre-quency band above half of
nyquist of the sampling sys-tem. In this manner,
these high frequency noises, that would typically
alias back into the signal path, are removed.
The DC gain of the circuit in Figure 12 is:
V OUT
V

------------ =
1 +

R4
R
2000 Microchip Technology Inc.

-----I N
3

The bandpass filter shown in Figure 13 is


configured with a zero and two poles to
accommodate speech applications. The single
zero high pass filter portion of
this circuit is constructed with C1 and R1 in
parallel with R2. Notice that R1 and R2 also
creates a supply splitter voltage at the noninverting inputs of both of the amplifiers. This insures that both operational amplifiers operate in their linear region. The second amplifier,
U2, in conjunction with the components R3, R4,
C3, and C4 set a two pole corner frequency.
This filter eliminates
high frequency noise that may be aliased back
into the signal path.
The signal gain of this circuit is:
V OUT = VIN -----
--------------4
1

For more details about low pass filters refer to


AN699 Anti-aliasing Analog Filters for
Data Acquisitions Systems.

R +R

VDD
R3

VDD

C3

VIN

1
/2

C1R1

MCP602

REF

R5

R4

1
/2

C4

IN+

MCP602

PIC12C509

ADC

R2

IN

R3
R2
V OUT = V IN R
------ R + R
------------------ 4 1
2

*Bypass Capacitor, 1F

Figure 13: Band pass filters can be implemented with one operational amplifier designed to perform the high pass
function and a second amplifier to perform the low pass function.
24.9k
24.9k
1
/4

MCP604

1mA

2.49k
1
4

24.9k

24.9k

V REF =2.5 V

MCP604

100
49.9k

100k

4
100k

10k

MCP604

MCP604

2.67k

REF

+IN

4.7F
PIC12C509

ADC

13k
3.3F

Pt100
Lead Compensation

2.2F
Gain = 6V/V

Figure 14: Complete single supply temperature measurement circuit.


Putting it Together
The circuit shown in Figure 14 utilizes four operational
amplifiers along with a 12-bit A/D converter to imple-ment a complete single supply temperature measure-ment circuit. The temperature
sensor is an RTD which requires current excitation. The current excitation is supplied by the circuit described in Figure 11. The gain and
anti-aliasing filter is implemented with the circuit shown in Figure 13.
The voltage signal from the RTD is sensed by an ampli-fier that is used in a combination of a non-inverting con-figuration and inverting
configuration.
The output of this amplifier is then sent to an amplifier that is configured as a two pole, low pass filter in a gain of +6V/V. A gain of
six was chosen in order to comply with the input range of A/D converter. Assuming the sampling frequency of the A/D
converter is 75kHz, which is also know as the nyquist frequency, the cut-off frequency of the anti-aliasing filter (U4) is set to 10kHz.
This allows plenty of bandwidth for the filter to attenu-ate the signal prior to 1/2 of nyquist. The A/D converter is a 12-bit Successive
Approximation Register (SAR) converter that is interfaced to the PIC12C509 micro-controller.

Microchip Technology Inc.

AMPLIFIER DESIGN PITFALLS


Theoretically, the circuits within this application note
work. Beyond the theory, however, there are few tips that
will help get the circuit right the first time. This sec-tion,
Amplifier Design Pitfalls, lists common problems
associated with using an op amp with a power supply and
an input signal on a PC Board. It is divided into four
categories: General Suggestions, Input State Prob-lems,
Bandwidth Issues, and Single Supply Pitfalls. Hopefully,
the most common problems with op amp implementation
have been addressed within this appli-cation note, however,
if you have any other inputs from experience, please email your suggests to bon-nie.baker@microchip.com.

2.

3.

Do You Have the Bandwidth?


1.

In General
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Be careful of the supply pins. Dont make them too


high per the amplifier specification sheet and dont
make them too low. High supplies will dam-age the
part. In contrast, low supplies wont bias the internal
transistors and the amplifier wont work or it may
not operate properly.
Make sure the negative supply (usually ground) is
in fact tied to a low impedance potential. Additionally, make sure the positive supply is the
voltage you expect when it is referenced to the
negative supply pin of the op amp. Placing a volt
meter across the negative and positive supply pins
will verify that you have the right relation-ship
between the pins.
Ground cant be trusted, especially in digital circuits. Plan your grounding scheme carefully. If the
circuit has a lot of digital circuitry, consider
separate ground and power planes. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to remove digital switch-ing
noise from an analog signal.
Decouple the amplifier power supplies with
by-pass capacitors as close to the amplifier as
possible. For CMOS amplifiers, a 0.1F capaci-tor
is usually recommended. Also decouple the power
supply with a 10F capacitor.
Use short lead lengths to the inputs of the amplifier. If you have a tendency to use the white perf
boards for prototyping, be aware that they can
cause noise and oscillation. There is a good
chance that these problems wont be a problem with
the PCB implementation of the circuit.
Amplifiers are static sensitive! If they are damaged, they may fail immediately or exhibit a soft
error (like offset voltage or input bias current
changes) that will get worse over time.

Input Stage Problems


1.

Know what input range is required from your


amplifier. If either inputs of the amplifier go
beyond the specified input range, the output will
typically be driven to one of the power supply
rails.

DS00682C-page 8

If you have a high gain circuit, be aware of the


offset voltage of the amplifier. That offset is
gained with the rest of your signal and it might
dominate the results at the output of the ampli-fier.
Dont use rail-to-rail input stage amplifiers
unless it is necessary. By the way, they are only
needed when a buffer amplifier circuit is used or
possibly an instrumentation amplifier configura-tion.
Any circuit with gain will drive the output of the
amplifier into the rail before the input has a
problem.

2.

Account for the bandwidth of the amplifier when


sending signals through the circuit. You may
have designed an amplifier for a gain of 10 and find
that the AC output signal is much lower than
expected. If this is the case, you may have to look
for an amplifier with a wider bandwidth.
Instability problems can usually be solved by
adding a capacitor in parallel with the feedback
resistor around the amplifier. This does mean
typically and not always. If an amplifier circuit is
unstable, a quick stability analysis will show the
problem and probably the solution.

Single Supply Rail-to-Rail


1.
2.

3.

Operational Amplifier output drivers are capable of


driving a limited amount of current to the load.
Capacitive loading an amplifier is risky business. Make sure the amplifier is specified to
handle any loads that you may have.
It is very rare that a single supply amplifier will
truly swing rail-to-rail. In reality, the output of
most of these amplifiers can only come within 50
to 200mV from each rail. Check the product data
sheets of your amplifier.

REFERENCES
Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and
Analog Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill
Frederiksen, Thomas, Intuitive Operational Amplifiers, McGraw Hill
Williams, Jim, Analog Circuit
worth-Heinemann

Design,

Butter-

Baker, Bonnie, Anti-aliasing Analog Filters for Data


Acquisition Systems, AN699, Microchip Technology
Inc.
Baker, Bonnie, Operational Amplifier Topologies and
DC Specifications, AN722, Microchip Technology Inc.
Baker, Bonnie, Operational Amplifier AC Specifications and Applications, AN723, Microchip Technology
Inc.

2000 Microchip Technology Inc

FUNDED/ UNFUNDED PROPOSALS:

The proposal for Two Weeks Embedded Systems Faculty Development Programme (FDP) under
AICTE grants is applied and waiting for its approval.
10. PROPOSALS (WEEK WISE INDUSTRIAL VISITS) (IN HOUSE OR OUTSIDE
VISIT)/TRAINING PROGRAMMES:
TABLE 1: INDUSTRIAL VISITS

As of now no industrial visits is proposed.

S. No

Type of
industry

Nature of
industry

Date of
visit

No. of
students
participated

Year/branch

Remarks

1
2

TABLE 2: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (Shadow Engineering)


(Career Visit Approval)
Three day training on Custom IC design using 45 nm technology is proposed at CDAC, Hyderabad.
Name of Nature of Duration
Authority
Date of
Remarks
the
industry
of
Training/Certificate
S.No
Course
Training
No.

GUIDELINES FOR SHADOW ENGINEERING (VIP)

INDUSTRIAL VISITS (IIP INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL LEARNING PROGRAM):

OBJECTIVES OF SHADOW ENGINEERING:

1. The program which uplifts the knowledge of the students related to laboratories.
2. To improve the industry-college interactions.
3. To create industry like environment for all the students in order to make future assignments.
4. This program leads to matrixing with the students.

PROPOSALS (WEEK WISE INDUSTRIAL VISITS)(IN HOUSE OR OUTSIDE


VISIT)/TRAINING PROGRAMMES:

TABLE 1 : INDUSTRIAL VISITS


S.no

Type of
industry

Nature
of
industry

Date of
visit

Year/branch

No. of
students
participated
17/08/14 60

24/8/14

III/IV I
SEM

60

remarks

III/1V I SEM

GUIDELINES FOR SHADOW ENGINEERING(VIP)

INDUSTRIAL VISITS (IIP INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL LEARNING PROGRAM):

OHJECTIVES OF SHADOW ENGINEERING:

1. The program which uplifts the knowledge of the students related to laboratories.
2. To improve the industry-college interactions.
3. To create industry like environment for all the students in order to make future
Assignment.
4.This program leads to matrixing with the students.

TABLE 2: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (Shadow Engg)


(Career Visit Approval)
S.n
o
1

Name of the
Course

Nature of
industry

MECHATRONIC
S

ADVANCED
MACHININ
G

Duratio
n of
Training
1
WEEK

Authority

Date of
Training/Certificat
e No.

remark
s

DyDirecto
r

ACTIVITIES IN LIFT PROGRAMME:

CALIBRATION/INSTALLATION AND TESTING:

Calibration: Aim of this concept is to check :


i.whether all the equipment is functioning correctly as per the
standards

ii. To bring correctness in the errors of instrument or equipment.


iii. To rectify the errors if any

Installation: Aim of this concept is to make and maintain installation procedure for a
New equipment or already existing equipment

Testing

: Aim of this concept is to test the equipment after installation whether it


Meets the existing standards.

The list of equipments (hardware/software) :


Necessity of tools for development and testing
Equipment to be calibrated
Installation of supporting equipment if any.

PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION:

Any Equipment or Instrument or Gauge or Machine can be calibrated as the standard


guidelines mentioned under:

1.Identify the Equipment/Instrument/Gauge/Machine which is under defective or


to be calibrated or correction for error
2.Identify the type of error and estimate its frequency of variation.
3. Check with Master Standards or equipment/instrument/machine which is
working correctly and meeting our requirements.

4. Estimate the frequency of deviations from normal mode.


5. If the equipment is under warranty, then inform to concerned supplier or
agency who will carry out calibration.
6. If the equipment is out of warranty then we can compare the deviations and set
the error rectification.
7. Generally as per the procedure, the equipment or instruments can be calibrated
by the agencies and issue calibration certificate which consists of date of
calibration, calibration next due date and remarks as mentioned in the following
format.
8. Record and keep all the calibration certificates in safe custody.

After calibration the details of equipment should be submitted in following format.

S.no

Type of
equipment

Cathode
ray
Oscilloscop
e
Trainer
Kits

Cathode
ray
Oscilloscop
e

Certificate
no

Certificate
issued by

Date of
calibration

Date of
calibration
due

Remarks

SS
Instruments
,Kukatpally
SS
Instruments
,Kukatpally
-do-

iv.Calibration,Testing and Installation details equipment wise are mentioned as follows:


Case 1: Calibration of Equipment --------------------------------------- if any

Case 2: Installation of Equipment --------------------------------------- if any


Case 3: Testing of Equipment ----------------------------------------------- if any

Presently there is no new equipment is present for either testing or


installations.

MAINTAINANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING :

Maintenance:
Maintenance and trouble shooting of each equipment in a laboratory must follow the
following guidelines:
Maintenance Schedules:
(1) Preventive Maintenance Schedules of lab will be decided by lab in charge along with
concerned HOD. The details of schedule should be recorded in the following template of
format.
S.No. Name of the
Equipment
1
Cathode ray
Oscilloscope
2
Trainer Kits
3

Power Supplys

Multi-meters

Date of
Maintenance

Type of Activity
Cleaning and
Servicing
Testing and
Troubleshooting
Testing and
Troubleshooting
Error Correction
and Calibration

Remarks
Working
well
Working
OK
Working
OK
Working
OK

(2) Maintenance Reports duly signed by in charges as well as HODs and duly approved by
Principal periodically.

TROUBLE SHOOTING SCHEDULES:


A proposal is to be made from each lab branch wise. The proposal should carry following
details related to specific equipment in lab.
S.No., Equipment Name , Type of Problem (Too much Noise, Abnormal Sound, Corrupt
Software, Anti Virus Problem, Missing of Display, CRT not working, Motor is not giving signal,
Digital display is not working, Break of tools, Mis alignment of machine elements, PLC is not

properly working), Expected Reasons ( Bearing failure, Improper alignment of machine centres,
Missing of vibration pads etc)
Trouble shooting exercises should be properly recorded in a separate format as mentioned below:
S.No. Date of recording
activity

Equipment
Name

Type of
Trouble

Remedial
Activity

Remarks

ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION PROCESDURE AS PER NABL


Accreditation is the formal recognition, authorization and registration of a laboratory that
has demonstrated its capability, competence and credibility to carry out the tasks. It provides the
feedback to laboratories as to whether they are performing according to technical competence as
per guidelines of NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories)
The laboratory should carry out the following important tasks towards getting ready for
accreditation from NABL.
1. Preparation of methodology in each experiment
2. Preparation of Standard Operating procedure for each equipment
3. Preparation of Laboratory Manual as per the guidelines specified by Combined Lab
Team(CLT) headed by Principal/HOD/Dean/incharge
4. Ensure Effective environmental conditions(temperature, humidity,storage and
placement) in the laboratories by implementing proper housekeeping and cleaning of
the equipments from dust, dirt etc.
5. Ensure Calibration of instruments/equipment(Only NABL accredited authorized
laboratories provide calibration.
6. All the details of Calibration should be included in the format specified exclusively for
calibration procedure.
7. Ensure proper implementation of all the documents, formats to be included in the lab
manual.
8. Impart training for all the technicians working in labs about the importance of
documentation, log sheets, operating procedure of the lab.

9. Incorporate Internal Lab audits for effective functioning of the laboratories. Audits
may be once in a month or 3 months or at the end of the semester. The audit schedule
will be decided by the Chairman and Principal of the CLT team.
10. Auditors should submit the detailed report of each lab duly signed to the Principal.
11. Each lab should maintain all the bills/invoices of each instrument or equipment in a
separate file.
12. All the stock registers either consumable or non consumable should be updated
whenever any purchases of consumables or equipment takes place.
13. All the safety precautions are properly displayed in front of each lab.
14. All the Lead experiments should be maintained separately in a record /record in a
separate folder.
15. Based on Pre Assessment report submitted by auditor, corrective actions should be
carried out by each lab in charge and that must be forwarded to concerned HOD and
Principal.

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