J aringan Bergerak dan Nirkabel

Introduction to RFID
Dr. I Wayan Mustika, ST., M.Eng.
Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi
FT UGM
Outline
What is RFID?
RFID: Applications
RFID System Components
Reader-Tag Coupling
What is RFID? What is RFID?
RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification
Identification system that consists of chip-based tags and
readers
Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF
Competes with Bar Code, Magnetic stripes, Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR) on Bank Checks
Bar Code
RFID v.s. Bar Code
Deliberate scan vs. automatic scan
Human bar code scanners error
You might be entering 3 t-shirts on the keypad instead of
scanning the three items
Line of sight vs. random orientation
makes for faster processing, can read through conveyance
walls, is weather resistant
A unique item identifier for every item on earth
Other capabilities: location information
(write many read many)
RFID advantages over bar-codes
No line of sight required for reading
Multiple items can be read with a single scan
Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
Individual items identified and not just the category
Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
Active tags can be read from great distances
Can be combined with barcode technology
Many Forms of RFID
Smart labels:
EPC (Electronic Product Code) tags
Barcode EPC tag
Line-of-sight Radio contact
Specifies object type Uniquely specifies object
Fast, automated
scanning
Provides pointer
to database entry
for every object,
i.e., unique,
detailed history
2030: Week in the life of a milk carton
30 April: RFID-tagged cow Bessie produces milk
30 April: Milk transferred to RFID-tagged tank
Cow identity and milking time recorded in tank-tag database
1 May: RFID portal on truck records loading of refrigeration tanks
(Truck also has active RFID (+GPS) to track geographical location and RFID
transponder to pay tolls)
2 May: Chemical-treatment record written to database record for milk barrel
Bessie s herd recorded to have consumed bitter grass; compensatory sugars added
3 May: Milk packaged in RFID-tagged carton; milk pedigree recorded in
database associated with carton tag
4 May: RFID portal at supermarket loading dock records arrival of carton
5 May: Smart shelf records arrival of carton in customer area
5 May 0930h: Smart shelf records removal of milk
5 May 0953h: Point-of-sale terminal records sale of milk (to Alice)
6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home
6 May 1103h: Alice s refrigerator records arrival of milk
6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up
database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726
6 May 1807h: Alice s smart home warns domestic robot that milk has been
left out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk
7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refills
baby bottle
6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home
6 May 1103h: Alice s refrigerator records arrival of milk
6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up
database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726
6 May 1807h: Alice s smart home warns domestic robot that milk has been
left out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk
7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refills
baby bottle
7 May 2357h: Recycling center scans RFID tag on carton; directs carton to
paper-brick recycling substation
7 May 0531h: Robot discards carton; Smart refrigerator notes absence of
milk; transfers order to Alice s PDA/phone/portable server grocery list
RFID: Applications
Manufacturing and Processing
Inventory and production process monitoring
Warehouse order fulfillment
Supply Chain Management
Inventory tracking systems
Logistics management
Retail
Inventory control and customer insight
Auto checkout with reverse logistics
Security
Access control
Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention
Location Tracking
Traffic movement control and parking management
Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking
RFID: Applications
Anti-Theft
Keyless entry
Automobile ignition keys
Automotive anti-theft
Immobilization
f
Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Proximity cards
Crate #123
(jet engines)
Smart groceries
Add an RFID tag to all
items in the grocery.
As the cart leaves the
store, it passes through
an RFID transceiver.
The cart is rung up in
seconds.
Smart fridge
Recognizes what s been put in it
Recognizes when things are removed
Creates automatic shopping lists
Notifies you when things are past their expiration
Smart groceries enhanced
Track products through their
entire lifetime.
Animal tracking
Not Really Mad
Livestock
Housepets
The cat came back,
the very next day
People tracking
Schools
Amusement parks
Hospitals
In the same vein: mobile phones with GPS
Privacy Issues
RFID System
RFID System Components
www.barcoding.com
www.datasoft.se
www.eff.org
www.kennedygrp.com
www.forrester.com
TAGS READER MIDDLEWARE
RFID Tags
RFID tag is an electronic device that can store and
transmit data to a reader in a contactless manner using
radio waves
Tags can be attached to almost anything:
Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
74AB8
5F8KJ 3
Evian bottle
#949837428
Passive Tags
No onboard power, powered by incoming RF.
Activated in presence of the readers radio waves.
Smaller in size, cheaper, long-life.
Approx range 5m.
HarshEnvironment
Active tags
Onboard Power Supply: battery
More reliable reading.
Can be read 100 ft away.
Other items processors, i/o ports
Larger in size
Comparatively expensive
RFID Tag Properties
RFID Frequency Types
Low Frequency
High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Microware Frequency
Each frequency has different characteristics
Operating Distance
Material Affinity etc.
LF LF HF HF UHF UHF Microwave Microwave
Freq. Range Freq. Range
125 125 -- 134KHz 134KHz 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 866 866 -- 915MHz 915MHz 2.45 2.45 -- 5.8 GHz 5.8 GHz
Read Range Read Range
10 cm 10 cm 1M 1M 22--7 M 7 M 1M 1M
Market share Market share
74% 74% 17% 17% 6% 6% 3% 3%
Coupling Coupling
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Electro magnetic Electro magnetic Electro magnetic Electro magnetic
Data rate Data rate
Slower Slower Moderate Moderate Fast Fast Faster Faster
Application Application
Smart Card, Smart Card,
Ticketing, animal Ticketing, animal
tagging, tagging,
Access, Laundry Access, Laundry
Small item Small item
management, management,
supply chain, supply chain,
Anti Anti--theft, theft,
library, library,
transportation transportation
Transportation Transportation
vehicle ID, vehicle ID,
Access/Security, Access/Security,
large item large item
management, management,
supply chain supply chain
Transportation Transportation
vehicle ID (road vehicle ID (road
toll), toll),
Access/Security, Access/Security,
large item large item
management, management,
supply chain supply chain
Materials LF HF UHF Microwave
Clothing Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Paper Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Metals Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque
Graphite Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque
Plastic Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Oil Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly
Water Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent
Other
Liquids
Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent
RFID Reader
RFID Reader is also called
an Interrogator
It is a device that can read
and write data to the RFID
tags
Serial Readers
Directly hook on the
computers serial port using
RS232 or RS485
Communication link is
reliable than network readers
Network Readers
Connected via wire or
wireless network
Remote updates possible
Communication link can
become a bottleneck
Inside RFID Reader
915MHz
Radio
Network
Processor
Digital Signal
Processor
(DSP)
13.56MHz
Radio
Power
Supply
Components
Transmitter &
Receiver
Microprocessor
Memory
IO Channels
Communication
Interface
Power supply
Reader functions:
Remotely power tags
Establish a bidirectional data link
Inventory tags, filter results
Communicate with networked server(s)
Can read 100-300 tags per second
Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed
point such as
Entrance/exit
Point of sale
Readers can also be mobile/hand-held
Reader-Tag Coupling
Passive tags have capacitor to store energy for replying
(TDD)
Can respond on another frequency while reader is still
transmitting (FDD)
Near-Field = Within a few wavelength
Far-field = Beyond a few wavelengths
Low-Frequency (large ) system operate in near-field
High-Frequency and UHF system operate in far-field
Inductive Coupling: In near-field
Both Antennas are coils (like
transformers)
Reader sends a AM/FM/PM
modulated wave
Tag responds by varying its
load on the reader
NN
SS
TAG
R
e
a
d
e
r
Inductive Coupling Inductive Coupling
Back Scatter: In far-field
Reflecting the energy back.
Tag changes its reflection to
respond.
R
e
a
d
e
r
TAG
Backscatter Backscatter
Technical Details: Low Frequency
Technical Details: High Frequency
RFID Printer
Readers are also classified as
stationery and handheld.
RFID Printer is a type of stationery
reader which prints smart label.
A smart label consists of a barcode and
a RFID tag.
Information such as sender, recipient
addresses, product information etc can
be printed
Step towards RFID adoption
RFID Range
Reading range depends upon the transmitted power,
antenna gains, frequency, reader receiver sensitivity.
Affected by the environment: Metal objects (aluminum foil),
Water (Wetness, salt water)
Middleware
Each reader manufacturer
Commercial middleware
Open source middleware work at UofA
Database
Store attributes related to the serial
Number of the RFID tag
Examples
What is it?
Who made it?
Who bought it?
Where has it been?