Surveying II 10CV44

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Question paper solution

Unit 1:
1&5 Definition (Dec 2010 ,June 2011, June 2013)
Transiting/Plunging: Its a process of rotating the telescope about horizontal axis
along the vertical plane through 180
0
.
Swing: It is a direction of rotation of the instrument about vertical axis in the
horizontal plane. When the instrument is rotated in the clockwise direction it is
called right swing. When the instrument is rotated in the anticlockwise direction it
is called left swing.
Double sighting: Prolonging a line is an important supplementary work carried
out by theodolite. This method is adopted when the instrument is not in
adjustment.
Fixing & Centering: It is an adjustment in which the instrument is attached to the
tripod stand and then placed exactly over the identified ground point.
Levelling: It is a stage of adjustment in which the instrument in made level w.r.t
the mean ground at the station.
Trunion axis: It is an axis parsing though the centre of vertical circle and A.
frame. Telescope is supported and rotated about this axis in the vertical place.
Vertical axis: Its an axis passing through the centre of the level plates.
Instrument is rotated about this axis in the horizontal place.
Axis of collimation: It is an axis passing through the centre of cross hair of the
eyepiece of the and the objective. This should run along the centre of the
telescope tube.
2&6) Temporary adjustments (Dec 2010 ,June 2011, june 2013)
Before the instrument is put to field usage certain adjustments one to be
carried out so that the instrument is ready.
Fixing & Centering: It is an adjustment in which the instrument is attached to the
tripod stand and then placed exactly over the identified ground point.
Levelling: It is a stage of adjustment in which the instrument in made level w.r.t
the mean ground at the station.
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1. The 3 foot screens are brought to the certain of their run
2. By adjusting the legs the head plate is made horizontal by eye judgment
3. The plate level is brought parallel to any of the two foot screens and the
corresponding foot screens are turned inwards or outwards simultaneously till
the bubble is in the center of the run
4. Plate level is turned perpendicular to its earlier position and the 3
rd
foot screen
is turned inwards or outwards till the bubble comes to the centre.
5. The steps 3 & 4 are repeated till the bubble is at the centre for any direction
Elimination of Parallax: It is an adjustment in which the image of the bisected
object is made to fall on the plane of cross hair.
It is done through the following steps:
1. Looking through the eyepiece lye piece is turned clockwise or anticlockwise
till the cross hairs are seen dark.
2. Telescope is turned to a far off object and looking through the eye piece the
focusing screen is turned till the clean image of the object is seen.

3&7) Measurement of Horizontal angle by repitition method
(June 2011, June 2013)
Horizontal angles are measured in 2 method
A) Method of repetition:
It is a method in which the angle between 2 points on objects in measured
repeatedly
for n no. of times, in different formats the actual angle in each format will be.
The method is adopted
i) When there are few objects between which angle is required
ii) Very accurate value of the angle is required.

Tabulation
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Object Bisected Face:-
Scale A
0 , ,,
Scale B
, ,,
Mean
0 , ,,
No. of repetition
P
Q
0 0 0
42 25 20
0 0
26 40
0 0 0
42 26 00
1
P
Q
42 25 20
84 48 40
26 40
48 20
84 48 30 2
P
Q
84 48 40
126 22 20
48 20
21 0
126 21 40 3










Procedure:
1. Instrument is fixed and centered at R ( the reference point)
2. Releasing UCS and LCS the horizontal plate reading is made 0
0
0

the clamp
screws are tightened.
3. Releasing UCS the telescope is turned to Q and UCS is clamped.
4. With Upper tangential screw bisection of point is made.
5. The reading of scale A and scale B are interred in the corresponding column of the
tabular column.
This completes 1
st
repetition.
6. Releasing LCS the telescope in turned back to of P LCS is clamped after
bisection with this the same reading which was at Q now will be at P.
7. The above procedure listed in step 3 and 4 is repeated to the required No. of
repetitions
P
R
Q
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The accurate angle PRQ will be equal to the final reading/No.of repetitions
4) (Dec 2010)
Face: It is a condition that tells informs the side or position of the vertical circle to
the observer
Face left: If the vertical circle is to the left of the observer it is called face left
observation
Face right: Its a condition when the vertical circle is to the light of the observer

8) Measuring direct angles, deflection angles, prolonging a straight line, running of a
straight lines between two points, locating point of intersection of two straight lines,
laying of horizontal angle, laying of angle by repetition. (Jan 2014)

9) Prolonging a line is an important supplementary work carried out by theodolite.
a) When theodolite is in adjustment: (Jan 2014)
This procedure helps in continuing a line during base line measurement in
laying out pipe line or roadway, setting out curves e.t.c the work is accurate and is
faster.
Procedure:
1. Let AB be the line to be prolonged
2. Instrument is placed at pt B with all temporary adjustments
3. Releasing the UCS and LCS telescope is turned about the vertical axis till the
peg or arrow at pt A is bisected then the plate ensues i.e (UCS & LCS) are
clamped.
4. Telescope is plunged there by line of sight shifts after B in line with AB.
5. Telescope is now rotated to bisect the tip of the ranging rod at a convenient
distance. This gives point C.
6. Now again the instrument is shifted to point C and the procedure in step 3 & 4
us repeated to get further pints D,E,F etc and hence the line is prolonged.
b) When the theodolite is not in adjustment (Poor adjustment)
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This method is adopted when the instrument is not in adjustment.

Procedure:
1. Let AB be the line which is to be continued on prolonged.
2. Instrument is centered about point B with all temporary adjustments.
3. The arrow kept at A is bisected and the horizontal plate is clamped
4. Telescope is transited and a pt C on other side of B is bisected. Releasing the
horizontal plate, pt A is again bisected by swinging the telescope and the
horizontal plate is clamped
5. Transiting the telescope to bisect the earlier pt C, when we dont get C we
bisect another point C in the same line (Now instrument is said to be not in
adjustment.
6. Distance C C is measured pt. C is obtained by measuring distance CC or C
C = CC/2
Instrument is now shifted to point C which is in line with AB and the above procedure
from step 2 to 5 is repeated


Unit 2:
1) List of permanent adjustments of a transit, spire test (June 2011 & Dec 2010)

Adjusting the horizontal axis (Spire Test):
Aim: Horizontal axis perpendicular to V.A
Necessity: If the horizontal axis is not prospered to V.A when the telescope is
transited we do not get the vertical plane but it will be scant thus during
prolonging a line or while transferring foundation points we do not get the
designed straightness.
Testing:
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1. Instrument is established nears to high rise object like transmission town or
multistoried building with all temporary adjustments.
2. Top of the object is bisected and horizontal plate is clamped. Telescope is rotated
down to get a point on the ground mares to the station pt.(B)
3. Telescope is made to transit & the instrument swing back to bisect B again
4. Clamping the horizontal plate telescope is lifted up to bisect earlier point A if
bisected instrument is said to be another pt.C is noted and in adjustment if not
corrections has to be applied.
Rectification or Adjustments:
1) Looking through the telescope in the last stage trunion screw of the vertical frame
is released and the telescope is physically adjusted till the midpoint of AC is
bisected.
2) The tasting procedure is repeated again with the corrections applied at the end of
tartly till point A is bisected. When telescope is transited in the different face.
2&3) List the conditions to be satisfied by a vernier theodolite to be in permanent
adjustments? (Dec 2010 & June 2011)
Following are the desired relationship b/w the various axes for the proper
functioning of theodolite.
1. Plate level axis must be perpendicular to vertical axis: If this relation does not
exist vertical axis will not be truly vertical and hence we get error in centering
of the instrument which gives a very wrong observed value.
2. Horizontal axis must be perpendicular to vertical axis: This is essential to get
accurate horizontal angle measurements in any face.
3. Horizontal axis shall be perpendicular to axis of collimation (AOC): This is
important while prolonging a line or to eliminate the index error in the vertical
circle.
4. Altitude bubble shall be parallel to axis of collimation (AOC): This
relationship will reduce the index error in the vertical forms as well as in
getting concurrent values in different face readings.
C
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4) Desired relation (June 2011)
i. Collimation axis perpendicular to axis of bubble tube
ii. Axis of bubble tube perpendicular to vertical axis
iii Vertical axis perpendicular to horizontal cross

5) Let us assume line of sight inclined upwards. (June 2011)
Let 'e' be the error in 25 m
Instrument at L
1
,
Correct difference (h) = 1.40 2.40 = -1.0 m -------(1)
h is negative, B is lower than A

Instrument at L
2
, L
a
= 10 m
Correct Staff reading at A = 1.5 0.4e
Correct staff reading at B = 2.6 2.4e

Difference of levels = (1.5 0.4e) (2.6 2.4e)
h = -1.10 +2e --------(2)
Equating (1) & (2)
e = +0.05 0.4e = 0.02 m
2.4e = 0.12 m
Correct S.R at A = 1.48 m
Correct S.R at B = 2.48 m
R.L of B = 200 1.00 = 199.0 m

relationship will reduce the index error in the vertical forms as well as in getting
concurrent values in different face readings.
6. Testing: Two peg tests adopted to rectify the collimation axis (Jan 2014)
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Two level staffs are kept at 100m apart on a level ground say at A & B
Dumpy level to be tested in placed closed to staff A and reading on staff B is taken as ha
& hb. The difference in elevation between A and B is having which is partially correct \
Instrument is shifted and placed very close to staff B, such that telescope is in contact
with level staff
The staff readings on B and A are taken as ha and hb, the true difference between A and
B is obtained as ha ~ hb which is partially correct.
The actual difference in elevation between A and B is calculated as
(ha ~ hb) + (ha ~ hb)/2
If the difference in elevation obtained when instrument is at P is equal to difference in
elevation when the instrument in at Q instrument is said to be in adjustment. If not
correction has to be applied.
7) True difference in elevation between A & B = H= 2.250-2.025=0.225 (Jan 2014)
Apparent difference in elevation between A & B=H=1.875-1.670=0.205
Calculated reading on B at the same level of the staff = 1.875-0.225=1.650
Collimation error for 100m=1.670-1.650=0.020m
Correction on A = 20/100*0.020=0.004m
Correction on B=120/100*0.020=0.024m
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Correct reading on staff A=1.875-0.004=1.871m
Correct reading on staff B=1.670-0.024=1.646m
True difference = 1.871- 1.646=0.225m
8). AC=40.76m (June 2012)
BC=46.08m
H1=23.23m
H2= 25.04m
RL of C = 20+2.5+23.53=46.03m


Unit 3:
1) Derivation of expression (4 ) (Dec 2010 ,June 2011, June 2013)

When the base of the object is Inaccessible (single plane method)
i. When the perpendicular inst. Is at a lower level than 2
nd
inst. St
Data collected:
Instrument at A
O
1
Vertical angle to top of object/tower
S
1
Staff reading on BM
Inst. At B
O
2
Vertical angle to top of object/tower
S
2
staff reading on BM
b Horizontal distance between st A and st B
70
60
a

50
A B
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Calculation:
RL of tower or height of tower = HI
A
+ h
1
h
1
= D tan
1
----------- (1)
h
2
= (b + D) tan
2
---------- (2)
(2) (1)
D = [S + b tan
2
] / [tan
1
- tan
2
]
This is a condition when the object whose height is required will be in a thick forest on
mid of a pond and we cannot reach the base of the object. In such case, we take the help
of the data collected from 2 inst. Stations and calculate the height of the object.
Procedure
1. Let Q be the top of the lower whose height of is required
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2. Instrument is set at a convenient point with all temporary adjustments.
3. Bisecting the tip, the vertical angle to the object and staff reading on the BM is
observed as Q
1
and S
1
respectively.
4. When the top of the object is bisected horizontal plates are clamped
5. Telescope is transited and a ground point B for the second instrument station is
bisected.
6. Instrument is shifted and centered over B.
7. With all temporary adjustments vertical angle Q
2
to the top of the object and staff
reading with telescope horizontal on BM as S
2
are observed.
8. These datas are utilized to find the height of the object as shown in the
calculations.
Data Collected:
Inst. At A : Q
1
vertical angle to top of the lower h
1
-ht of top of tower above LOS.
Inst At B : Q
2
vertical angle to top of lower h
2
ht of top of lower above LOS
b- Distance between 1
st
and 2
nd
inst
Calculation:
h
1
= D tan
1
h
2
= (D + b) tan
2
But h
1
- h
2
S
1
- S
2
= S
(D + b) tan
2
D tan
1
= h
1
- h
2
=S
D (tan
2
- tan
1
) + b tan
2
= S
D = (S b tan
2
) / (tan
2
tan
1
)

Substituting D is h
1
we get
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H
1
= (S b tan
2
) tan
1
/ (tan
2
tan
1
)
R.L of top of tower = S
1
+ BM + h
1


2&3,5) List of advantages of total station (June 2011 & Dec 2010)
Advantages of totalstation.
1.reduce error
2.time saving
3.accurate outcome
4.precise data

6)
1
= 28
0
42'
2
= 18
0
6' b = 100 m (June 2011)
S
1
= 1.67 S
2
= 2.550
S = 2.550 1.670 = 0.88 m
D = (b + S cot
2
) tan
2
/ (tan
1
tan
2
)
D = 152.13 m
h
1
= tan
1
=
152.32 tan
28
0
42'
h
1
= 83.29 m

h
2
= (b + ) tan
2
=> h
2
= 82.40 m
R.L of the top of hill
= R.L of B.M + S
1
+ h
1

= 345.580 + 83.29 + 1.67 5 = 425.539 m
or 345.580 + 82.40 + 2.55 5 = 425.539 m

7) Height of vane about instrument axis is equal to Dtan=2000tan9
0
30=334.68m
CC=0.06728D
2
=0.06728*4=0.27 (Jan 2014)
Height of vane above instrument axis = 334.68+0.27=334.95m
RL of vane= RL of BM+BS+Height of vane=50.217+0.880+334.95=386.047m
RL of Q=386.047-4.00=382.047m.

8) Distance D=bsin
2
/sin(
1
+
2
)=60*sin68
0
18/sin(60
0
30 + 68
0
18)=71.532m
Height h1=dtan
1
= 71.532tan10
0
12=12.87m

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RL of Q= 264.910m
Height h2= bsin
1
/ sin(
1
+
2
)tan
2
=60sin60
0
30*tan10
0
18/sin(60
0
30+68
0
18)
= 12.78m
RL of Q = 264.910m


Unit 4: (Dec 2010 ,June 2011, June 2013)
1) Definition + Systems of tacheometry
Also called as indirect leveling to find the height of object / RL of object only
with one instrument station RL is found & is calculated. Compared to previous
measuring methods this is very fast. Tachometric surveying is a type of surveying in
which we determine the height or elevation of the objects similar to leveling work.
In this method, the horizontal distance to the object base is not measured but
calculated from the observed data. Hence the method is fast easy and convenient. Thus
the method is suitable to find out the elevation sin hilly areas, river valley, rough terrain
where the distance to the object from the instrument cannot be measured.
As all the calculations depends only on observed data. The method may not be
accurate. The staff man should be able to reach the point whose elevation is required. In
tachometric surveying and instrument called tachometer is adopted this is nothing but
normal venire theodolite fitted with stadia haired.
Stadia hairs are the additional cross hairs placed one above & one below the
regular horizontal cross hair.

`
2) pitch p = 1/100 = 0.01 cm, K = f/p = 2250 (June 2011)
m = 3.425 + 3.930 = 7.355
c = f + d = 0.425 m
= KS/m + C S = 3 m
= 2250 x 3/7.355 + 0.425
= 918.17 m





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3) K = 100, C = 0, = KS cos
2
(June 2011)
CA = 100 x cos
2
4
0
20' V = (KS sin2) /2
CA = 61.64 m --> V
1
= 4.671 m
CB = 61.99 m --> V
2
= 0.192 m


AB = ( CA
2
+ CB
2
2CA.CB cos 35
0
20')
AB = 37.25 m

Assuming RL of instrument axis as 100.0
R.L of A = RL of instrument axis + V
1
R
1
= 103.061
R.L of B = 98.782 m
Difference in elevation between A & B = 103.061 98.782
= 4.279 m
Gradient AB = 1 in 8.77

4) determining the constants of a tacheometer (Dec 2010)
Tachometric constants K and C are determined in the field with the following
procedure.
1. Instrument is set at a convenient point on a level ground withal temporary
adjustments.
2. Horizontal plate of the instrument is clamped and along the plane ground points
are marked at regular intervals from the instrument ground point.
3. Staff is held at all the marked points say A,B,C . And the corresponding staff
intercept (Upper hair heading lower hair reading) say S
A
, S
B
, S
C
,.are
determined.
4. Knowing the distance to each staff point form the instrument the constant K & C
are determined as shown in the calculations
We have,
D
1
= K S
A
+C
D
2
= K S
B
+C
D
3
= K S
c
+C
A
B
C
35
0
20'
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Solving above equations
Equation2 equation 1 gives
D
2
- D
1
= (KS
B
+C) - (KS
A
+C)
= KS
B
- KS
A
D
2
- D
1
= K(S
B
S
A
)
K
1
= D
2
D
1
/ S
B
S
A

K
2
=D
2
D
1
/ S
C
- S
A

K
3
= D
3
D
2
/ S
C
- S
B

True value of K = (K
1
+ K
2
+ K
3
) / 3
In the same way values are substituted in corresponding equations to get value of C
1
,
C
2
, C
3
True value of C is obtained by taking the average
C = (C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
) / 3
5. anglAPB=7630 (June 2011)
PA=216.51m
V1= 16.66m
PB=197.16m
V2=17.94m
AB=256.55m, Gradiant=1/216.8m
(Jan 2014)
7) Also called as indirect leveling to find the height of object / RL of object only
with one instrument station RL is found & is calculated. Compared to previous
measuring methods this is very fast. Tachometric surveying is a type of surveying in
which we determine the height or elevation of the objects similar to leveling work.
In this method, the horizontal distance to the object base is not measured but
calculated from the observed data. Hence the method is fast easy and convenient. Thus
the method is suitable to find out the elevation sin hilly areas, river valley, rough terrain

A
B
P
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where the distance to the object from the instrument cannot be measured.
As all the calculations depends only on observed data. The method may not be
accurate. The staff man should be able to reach the point whose elevation is required. In
tachometric surveying and instrument called tachometer is adopted this is nothing but
normal venire theodolite fitted with stadia haired.
Stadia hairs are the additional cross hairs placed one above & one below the
regular horizontal cross hair.
Following are the different arrangements of stadia hairs.






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8) Principle of tacheometric surveying:- Tachometric equation with usual notation.
(Jan 2014)


Let us take and internal focusing telescope to obtain tachometric equation.
As in the fig.F is a focal point M is a midpoint and O is a vertical axis pt for the
telescope.
Proof: Let AB be the two pts bisected on a level staff.
The distance between AB is S its inverted image is seen on the diaphragm as ab
the distance between ab will be i(stadia internal) i.e., (Distance between top and bottom
stadia hair) from the
le
AMB & AMI
AB / ab = u / v -------------- (1)
Here u & v are the conjugate distances and f is the focal length distance, d is the distance
between vertical axis & midpoint.
The lens formula can be used i.e
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
Multiplying uf on both sides
u = f + uf / v
u = (AB / ab) v
Substituting values
u = f + (s/i)f
Where AB = s, ab = i
But D = Horizontal distance to the object is from the vertical axis of the inst.
D = u+d
Substring the value of U from (2) we get.
D = (f/i) s + (f + d)
Here f, i, d are constants for a given instrument.
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9) First observation:
V
A
= f/q*s
A
*sin2
A
/2 = 100*(2.355-1.155)*sin9
0
/2 = 9.386m
D
A
= f/q*s
A
*cos
2

A
= 100*(2.355-1.155)*cos
2
4
0
30 = 119.261m
Second observation:
V
B
= 26.265m
D
B
= 142.250m
RL of instrument axis = 150.00+1.550=151.550m
RL of A = 151.550.9.386-1.755= 159.181m
RL of B = 151.550+26.265-2.0=175.81m
Distance between A B =104.050m
Difference of level between A and B = -16.635
Gradient from A to B= 1 in 6.25

Part B

Unit 5:

1)Definition (Dec 2010 & June 2011)
1. Mid ordinate Mp (O
0
) This is the line joining centre of curve to mid point to the
long chord.
O
0
= R (1 - cos /2)
2. Vertex distance/external distance : PV= (V)
This is the distance between centre of the curve to intersection angle
VP = R (sec /2 1)
3. Point of tangency: T
2
(P.T):
This is the point where the curve ends and changes to straight stretch

2. By successive bisection of chord:
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In this method the major chord is bisected successively to get the midpoints of small
curves. These midpoints when jointed will give the curvature of simple circular curve.
Procedure:
1. After getting T
1
, T
2
they are connected to get the major chord.
2. The midpoint is identified and midordinate is erected to get P.
3. T
1
P is taken as an independent curve for which T
1
P is the major chord and the
midpoint M
1
is identified.
4. At M
1
the midordinate O
1
further curve is constructed
5. With this T
1
P
1
and P
1
P will now be 2 independent curves for which we set out
midordinates to get curve points P
2
P
3
.
6. This process can be continued to get number of midodirate points joining which,
we get smooth curve.
Calculations
Midordinate MP = R (1 - cos /2)
= R - (R
2
(L/2)
2
)
Ordinate M
1
P
1
= R(1 cos /4) = R - (R
2
(L/4)
2
)
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3) O= R - (R
2
(L)
2
)
O
1
= 400 - (400
2
0
2
) = 0
O
2
= 0.125m
O
3
= 0.50m
O
4
= 1.12m
O
5
= 2.00m
O
6
= 3.13m

4) Various methods of setting out simple curves (Dec 2010)
Simple circular curves can be set in two ways.
a. Linear method: Here, only chain and tape is used as a major device for
setting out curves. The method is adopted for small curves and in roadway
construction.
b. Angular / Instrumental method: Here theodolite is used as a major device
along with tape and chain the method is adopted in setting out large curves,
in railway line construction and where accuracy is preferred.

5) O
0
= R- (R
2
-(L/2)
2
); L = 100m, O
0
= 5m, x = 10m (June 2011)
R = 252.5 m
O
x
= (R
2
-x
2
) (R-O
0
)

x 10 20 30 40 50
O
x

4.8 4.21 3.21 1.81 0

6&7) Tangent length = Rtan(/2) = 97.48m (June 2011)
curve length = (/180) R x = 188.50 m
Chainage of T
1
= 1190 97.48 = 1092.52
02
Chainage of T
2
= 1281.02m

n
= 1718.89 C
n
/R
n
=
n-1
+

n


Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 21


Peg No Chainage (m) Chord Length(m) Tangential Angle Deflection Angle Actual Thread
Reading
T1 1092.52
1 1110 17.48 1
0
40' 09'' 1
0
40' 09'' 1
0
40' 0''
2 1140 30 2
0
51' 53'' 4
0
32' 02'' 4
0
32' 0''
3 1170 30 2
0
51' 53'' 7
0
23' 55'' 7
0
24' 0''
4 1200 30 2
0
51' 53'' 10
0
15' 48'' 10
0
15' 40''
5 1230 30 2
0
51' 53'' 13
0
07' 41'' 13
0
07' 40''
6 1260 30 2
0
51' 53'' 15
0
59' 34'' 15
0
59' 40''
7 1281.02 21.02 2
0
0' 26'' 18
0
0' 0'' 18
0
0' 0''

Check =
7
= 36/2 = 18
0


8. Offsets from chord produced (Deflection distance method) (June 2013, Jan 2014)

This method is an important one which is used to set out large curves and cures on high ways or
road constructions.

Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 22

Procedure:
1. The total curve length is divided into no. of equal parts such that joining these parts we get sub
chords and the sub chord length will be equal to the corresponding curve length ie., T
1
A = T
1
A
2. The length of 1
st
chord C
1
is measured along tangent to get A
1
At A
1
an arc of length o
1
is
drawn to cut an arc of radius C
1
drawn from T
1
this will give point A on the curve
3. The chord T
1
A is produced to B
1
so that A B
1
= C
2
At B
1
and ordinate of length O
2
is cut
through arc to cut an arc of radius C
2
from pt A this gives pt B on the curve.
4. Step 3 is repeated till we reach T
2
by getting points on the curve


Data and Calculation:
T
1
v = Rare tangent/ Backward tangent
T
1
A = T
1
A = C
1
= First sub chord
A B
1
= AB = C
2
= Normal chord
O
1
= A
1
a = First ordinate = T
1
A* 8
O
2
= B
1
b = Second ordinate
= O
n-1
VT
1
A = = AA
1
T
1
= B
1
A B
2
T
1
OA = 2
Let the first sub chord T
1
A Make an angle with the back tangent (race tangent)
Angle V T
1
A== T
1
A A
1

Now the arc length A
1
A = 0
1
= T
1
A x
Here
T
1
A = T
1
O x 2
T
1
OA=2A T
1
A
1

= C
1
/ 2R
Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 23


O
1
= C
1
2
/ 2R
' = C
2
(C
1
+ C
2
) / 2R
O
n
= C
n
(C
n
+ C
n-1
) / 2R
9) Degree of curve is expressed in terms of either
a. Radius : (Adopted is Britain)
b. Degree of curvature : (Adopted in India, USA, Germany)
To express the degree of curvature there are 2 definitions
b. Arc definition: According to this degree of curve is the central angle subtended at the centre by
an arc of 30m length.
D
0
= 1718.87 / R (degree)
c.
Chord definition:
According to this degree of curve is the angle subtended at the centre by a
chord of 30M or 10M length.
10) R = 1719 / D















Point Chainage Chord
length
Deflection
angle
Total
deflection
angle
T
1
1183 - - -
P
1
1190 7 0
0
488 0
0
488
P
2
1210 20 2
0
1731 3
0
539
P
3
1230 20 2
0
1731 5
0
2310
P
4
1250 20 2
0
1731 7
0
4041
P
5
1270 20 2
0
1731 9
0
5812
P
6
1290 20 2
0
1731 12
0
1543
P
7
1310 20 2
0
1731 14
0
3314
T
2
1313.89 3.89 0
0
2645 14
0
5959
Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 24

Unit 6:
1) (June 2011)
R
1
= 350m R
2
= 500m
Length of common tangent
R
1
tan 55/2 + R
2
tan 25/2 = PQ
PQ = common tangent = 293.04 m

length of First tangent = 125.75 + 350 tan 55/2

T
1
I = 307.95m
Length of second tangent = 243.74+500 tan 25/2
T
2
I = 354.59m
I Arc Length = (/180) 350 x 55
0
= 335.93
II Arc length = 218.14m

2) Sin (/2) = V/L = 25/220 (June 2011)
= 13
0
03'
V = 2R(1- cos ) R = 484m L = 110m
Setting of I arc offsets from long chord
X m 0 10 20 30 40 50 55
O
x
3.14 3.04 2.73 2.21 1.48 0.55 0

O
0
= R- (R
2
-(L/2)
2
) O
0
= 3.14m
O
x
= (R
2
-x
2
) (R-O
0
)


3) Compound curves: A kind of circular curves which has more than one are of a
circle having different radio with centers of the arc on one side of common
tangent.
Length of the common tangent = R=(R
1
tan
1
/2+ R
2
tan
2
/2)
Length of the arc = R
1

1
/180


I
P Q
T1
T2
25
0
55
0

Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 25

4) Reverse curve: Its a kind of circular curve which has more than one arc of a
circle with different on equal radii having the centers of are on either side of the
common tangent.
They are used when either the two straights are parallel or their angle of
intersection is too small. They are used in hilly terrains, in railway sidings, on
highways when low speed is required. When r1 and r2 are the radius of two
circular arms total angle of deflection is the central angle is
1
and
2.

1
and
2

are the angle between the straights.
R=d/(tan
1
/2 + tan
2
/2)
5)
1
= 180
0
- 150
0
= 30
0

2
= 180
0
- 140
0
= 40
0

= 30
0
+40
0
=70
0

Length of the tangent for first arc = 200tan15
0
=53.58m
Length of the tangent for second arc = 300tan20
0
=109.19m
Common tangent length = 162.77m
Chainage of T
1
= 950-164.92=785.08m
Curve length = 104.72m
Chainage of T
2
= 785.08+104.72= 889.80m
Long curve length = 209.44m
Chainage of T
3
=1099.24m
Deflection angle of full chord = 1718.9*20/200=2
0
5153
Deflection angle of sub-chord= 1718.9*4.12/200 = 0
0
4034
Deflection angle of full chord for 30m= 1718.9*30/300=2
0
5153
Deflection angle of final sub-chord = 1718.9/300*29.44=2
0
4841


Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 26

Unit 7:
1) Transition curve (Dec 2010, June 2011, June 2013)
Characteristics of Transition Curve
1. In order to fit in the transition curve at the ends a circular imaginary curve of
slightly greater radius has to be shifted towards the center. The distance
through which the curve is shifted is known as shift (S) of the curve equal to
L
2
/24R, where L is the length of each transition curve and R is the desired
circular curve
2. Length of the combined curve is equal to
= (R + S) tan /2 + L/2
3. Spiral angle
1
= L /2R radians
4. The central angle for the curve = - 2
1

5. Length of circular curve is equal to R( - 2
1
) / 180
0

6. Length of combined curve = R( - 2
1
) / 180
0
+ 2L
7. Chainage of beginning of combined curve = chainage of intersection point
total length for combined curve
8. Chainage of junction point of transition curve and circular curve = chainage of
tangent point + length of transition curve
9. Chainage of other junction point of the circular curve and the other transition
curve is equal to chainage of E + length of circular curve.
10. Chainage of the end point of the combined curve = chainage of T + length of
combined curve
11. The deflection angle for any point on the transition curve distant l from the
beginning of combined curve = L/6R radians


Surveying II 10CV44

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Length of Transition Curve
1. Length may be assumed on the basis of experience and judgment.
2. Length may be such that super elevation is applied at a uniform rate 1 in
300 to 1 in 1200.
3. The length of the transition curve may be such that super elevation is
applied at an arbitrary time rate of a cm/sec. The super elevation attained
= (L/v) x a = h.
4. The radial acceleration on the circular curve is L = v
3
/ CR, where v is the
speed in m/sec , C is the rate of change of radial acceleration in m/sec
2
, R
is the radius of curve in meters.

2&4) Length of vertical curve (June 2011)

Vertical curves are introduced at changes of gradient to avoid impact and to
maintain good visibility. They are set out in a vertical plane to round off the angle and to
obtain gradual change of gradient. They are also called as summit curves if they have
convexity upwards and valley curves if they have concavity upwards.
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3) V = 50kmph = 13.88m/s = 0.5m/s R = 300m (June 2011)


1. length of transition curve = V
3
/(R) = 17.867m
2. Super elevation BV
2
/(9R) = (8 x 13.88
2
)/(9.81 x 300) = 0.5243
3. Shift = l
2
/(24R) = 17.869
2
/(24 x 300) = 0.044m

5). CR= V
2
/8R R=315m (June 2013)
L= V3/R = 227m
s = L/2K = 2038
c = -2 s=384224
lc = 212.8m S= L
2
/24R=6.82m
T= (R+S)tan/2+L/2=383.5m
Ch 0f T1=42478.5m
Ch of D= 42705.5m
Ch of D= 42918.3m
Ch of T2 = 43145.3m

6)V= 60 kmph= 16.66m/s (Jan 2014)
K=0.3m/s
3

Surveying II 10CV44

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R=200m
Length of transition curve = v
3
/KR = 77m

7) Vertical curves (Jan 2014)
Vertical curves are introduced at changes of gradient to avoid impact and to
maintain good visibility. They are set out in a vertical plane to round off the angle
and to obtain gradual change of gradient. They are also called as summit curves if
they have convexity upwards and valley curves if they have concavity upwards.


Unit 8:
1) (June 2011)
i. C = 0 A = M(FR IR + 10N)
N = +1
A = 100 (4.325 80436 + 10)
A = 588.9 cm
2
ii. N = -2
A = M(FR IR + 10N + C)


588.9 = 100[5.434 2.844 20 +C]
C = 23.299
A
0
= MC = 2329.9 cm
2

Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 30

2) (June 2011)
Chainx 0 100 200 300 400 500
F.L 110.5 111.7 112.9 114.1 115.3 116.5
G.L 107.8 106.3 110.5 111 110.7 112.2
Height h 2.7 5.4 2.4 3.4 4.6 4.3
Area of c/s m
2
38.8 106.92 33.12 47.12 83.72 75.68

A = ((9+9+4h)/ 2) h = (9 + 2h) h
V= 100[(39.88+75.68)/2 + 106.92 + 33.12 + 47.12 + 83.72]



3) It is a mechanical integrator used for the measurement of areas of figures,
plotted to a scale. There are tw types of planimeters: the Amsler polar planimeter
and the rolling planimeter. If areas that do not have straight line boundaries are
drawn to some scale on a map or plan, their values can be very easily found by the
planimeter. Some of the other uses of planimeter are measuring areas of cross-
sections for highways and railways, and checking computed areas in property
surveys.
The most common type of a planimeter is the polar planimeter. The area is
computed by utilizing the relationship between the tracing arm point, moved over
the outline of the figure, and the connected recording wheel which records the
displacement.
A planimeter essentially consists of two bars hinged together. At the extreme end
on one of the bars, a weight is suspended over a 'needle point' or 'anchor point'
which is used to anchor the bar outside the area to be measured. The other bar
known as the tracing arm, has a 'tracing point' at its extreme end. The tracing point
is moved as desired, about the needle point. At the other end of the tracing arm
there is a roller which rolls on the surface of the plan as the pointer is moved.
Thus, when in use the planimeter has three contact points on the surface of the
plan, the anchor point, the tracing point, and the roller circumference. A fixed
vernier is attached to the roller drum. A disk is also connected to the roller, by a
work drive such that one revolution of the roller turns the disk trough one part.



2
1
2
1
9+4h
9m
Surveying II 10CV44

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In large planimeters the tracing arm is made adjustable. This arrangement has two
distinct advantages. Firstly, the arm can be adjusted to the unit area of the plan; and
secondly, the planimeter may be tested for any unit area, and if found incorrect , the
error can be eliminated by adjusting the arm. Consider a moving line AB, of length L as
shown in the fig. the ends of which move in a given loci. The ends A and B, of the line
AB, are displaced to A
1
and B
2
respectively. Let the normal displacement of end A be dz
and the rotation of B
1
as d.
The area swept ABB
2
A
1
,
dA' = Ldz +
L L
d
or dA' = Ldz + L
2
d
Now suppose a wheel F fixed upon AB, its plane being perpendicular to that line, so that
in the displacement of AB, the wheel rolls when the point F moves perpendicularly to
AB. Let d be the angle through which the wheel turns upon its axis in passing from F to
F'. If r is the radius of the wheel, rd is the length of the arc applied to the paper. This
length is equal to dz + the arc L'd
rd = dz + L'd
Surveying II 10CV44

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Eliminating dz from Eq.(1)
dA' = rLd + (L
2
/2 LL')d
dA' = rLd + (L
2
/2 LL')d
When the directing curve AA
1
is exterior to the area X,
rLd = rL = Lz (where z = r)
d = 0, since AB returns to its original position without having made a circuit about O.
Therefore integrating Eq.(4)
A' = A = Lz
4.
Trapezoidal rule A=d/2(O0+On+2(O1+O3+.On-1) (June 2013)
A=188sqm
Simpsons rule A=d/3(O0+On+4(O1+O3+.)+2(O2+O4+)
A=199.66 sqm

5. Cross Sectional area A=(b+nh)h (June 2013)
A0=10.2sqm,
A1=14.84sqm,
A2=28.43sqm,
A3=34.38sqm,
A4=23.63sqm,
A5=16.23sqm,
A6=9.58sqm.
Trapezoidal rule =5096.4 cub.m
Prismoidal rule = 5142.9 cub.m
6) (Jan 2014)
Sl.no Component Chainage Base Offset Mean Offset Area
1 Triangle 0 & 20 20 0 & 42 21 420
2 Trapezoidal 20& 65 45 42 & 58 50 2250
3 Triangle 65 & 110 45 58 & 0 29 1305
4 Triangle 90 & 110 20 0 & 60 30 600
5 Trapezoid 40 & 90 50 60& 20 40 2000
6 Triangle 0 & 40 40 20 & 0 10 400
Total area= 6975m
2
Surveying II 10CV44

Department of Civil Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology Page 33

7) Cross Sectional area A=(b+nh)h (Jan 2014)
A0=10.2sqm,
A1=14.84sqm,
A2=28.43sqm,
A3=34.38sqm,
A4=23.63sqm,
A5=16.23sqm,
A6=9.58sqm.
Trapezoidal rule A=d/2(O
0
+O
n
+2(O
1
+O
3
+.O
n-1
)
V=5096.4 m
3

Simpsons rule A=d/3(O
0
+O
n
+4(O
1
+O
3
+.)+2(O
2
+O
4
+)
V=5142.9 m
3