Tutorial Transductores

GBM5320 GBM5320
Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents

Sensors : Introduction Sensors : Introduction
Mohamad Sawan, Professor
Benoit Gosselin, and Louis-Francois Tanguay, Ph.D. Candidates
Laboratoire de neurotechnologies Polystim
http://www.cours.polymtl.ca/gbm5320/
mohamad.sawan@polymtl.ca
M5418
9 February 2008
GBM5320 - GBM5320 - Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents
GBM5320 - Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents 2
Biomedical microsensors : Course outline
Microsensors
- Overview
- Definitions
Microsensors types:
- Strain
- Pressure
- Displacement
- Temperature
- Gas (Electrode-based)
- Chemical sensors (ISFET, CHEMFET)
Biosensors
Lab-on-chip technology
Microsensors?
Microsensors are small devices that convert physical
or chemical signals to electrical signals. They enable
objects to interface to the real world;
Implantable microsensors enables monitoring
biological parameters. They could allow real-time
measurement of temperature, pressure, pH, oxygen
and nitric oxide concentrations in vivo;
They allow to help the medical research community in
learning about the progression of diseases and assess
degree of response to treatment;
More & better access to measurement sites
- Do not perturb the system under test
- More accurate measurements and less invasive
- Less psychological trauma & feedback
More functionality, better portability, and lower cost.
Pressure sensor
Gas sensor
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2003_0910.htm
Definitions
Microsensor
A microdevice that transforms a signal in measured/analyte format in
an electrical signal.
Direct sensor
Signal to be measured is directly transformed to electrical signal.
Example: photo-conductor converts light to change of resistance.
Indirect sensor
Signal to be measured is first converted to some other variable that is
then converted to an electrical signal
Example: acceleration sensor converts acceleration to strain
which is then sensed.
Biosensor
A microsensor dedicated for medical implantable and cellular devices.
Sensor Performance Characteristics
Transfer Function: The functional relationship between physical
input signal and electrical output signal.
Sensitivity: The sensitivity is the ratio between a small change in
electrical signal resulting from a small change in the physical signal to
be measured.
Dynamic Range: The range of input physical signals which may be
converted to electrical signals by the sensor. Signals outside of this
range are expected to cause unacceptably large inaccuracy.
Linearity: The maximum deviation from a linear transfer function over
the specified dynamic range.
Accuracy: Generally defined as the largest expected error between
actual and ideal output signals.
Resolution: The resolution of a sensor is defined as the minimum
detectable signal fluctuation.
Sensor Performance Characteristics
Hysteresis: Some sensors do not return to the same output value
when the input stimulus is cycled up or down. The width of the
expected error in terms of the measured quantity is defined as the
hysteresis.
Noise: All sensors produce some output noise in addition to the
output signal. The noise of the sensor limits the performance of the
system based on the sensor. Noise is generally distributed across the
frequency spectrum.
Bandwidth: All sensors have finite response times to an
instantaneous change in physical signal. In addition, many sensors
have decay times, which would represent the time after a step change
in physical signal for the sensor output to decay to its original value.
The reciprocal of these times correspond to the upper and lower
cutoff frequencies, respectively. The bandwidth of a sensor is the
frequency range between these two frequencies.
Microsensors: General architecture
A generalized architecture of a microsensor system:
Sensor/Actuator
Array
Signal Conditioners
(Analog + Digital)!
Embedded Controller
(Calibrate-measure, process
& compress, store & forward)
Drivers
Comm.
Interface
Inputs
Strain sensors - Resistive
Resistance is related to length and area of cross-section of the
resistor and resistivity of the material as
By differentiating both sides, the equation becomes
Dimensional
Piezoresistance
Strain gage component can be related by poissons ratio (v) as
Length
Transfer Function : Input is strain, output is dR.
Webster, Medical Instrumentation
Strain sensors - Resistive
Gage Factor of a strain gage
G is a measure of sensitivity
Put mercury strain gage around an arm or
chest to measure force of muscle
contraction or respiration, respectively
Used in prosthesis or neonatal apnea
detection, respectively.
! = dL/L
www.microstrain.com/
Piezoelectric Sensors
What is piezoelectricity ?
Strain causes a redistri-
bution of charges and
results in a net electric
dipole
where q = charge, f = force
k = 2.3 pC/N for quartz
= 140 pC/N for Barium
Different transducer
applications:
- Accelerometer,
- Microphone.
q = k f & V = q / C
www.ipodlinux.org/
group27imaging.com/RespiratorySensor.aspx
Displacement Sensor - LVDT
LVDT
www.pages.drexel.edu/~pyo22/mem351-2004/lecture04/pp062-073lvdt.pdf
An LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) is used as a
sensitive displacement sensor: for example, in a cardiac assist device
or a basic research project to study displacement produced by a
contracting muscle.
Signal Conditioning
Electronics Muscle
Inductive displacement sensors:
- Self inductance;
- Mutual inductance;
- Differential transformer.
Capacitance-based Sensors
Differential
Mode
Variable Dielectric Mode Variable Area Mode
Acceleration sensor
Accelerometer for
displacement monitoring
- Surface micromachined,
capacitive sensor
- Sensor + Electronics on same
substrate= smart
Analog Devices ADXL-50
C1 C2
g
Pressure sensors
Collins Miniature Passive Pressure Transensor for Implanting, 1967.
Miniature Passive Pressure Transensor for Implanting in the Eye
Measurement of intraocular and other physiological pressures.
Displacement transducer contained in a small distensible pillbox. This passive
resonant transensor absorbs energy from an oscillating detector coil outside
of the animal at a frequency dependent upon the pressure in the eye.
15
The value of capacitor
change with pressure
due to the deflectable
diaphragm. This
variation change the
resonant frequency of
the LC circuit and is
measured wirelessly.
Pressure sensors
Allen, GA Tech, 1999-2002.
PTFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene
FEP = Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
Ceramic chamber
Flexible Wireless Passive Pressure
Sensors for Biomedical Applications.
The sensor consists of a cavity,
bounded on 2 sides by capacitor
plates interconnected with inductance.
Micromachined pressure sensors
Pressure Sensor
-Resistive / capacitive based measurements
-Thin Silicon Membrane deforms with
pressure
-Piezoresistors change with strain induced
by bending membrane
-Packaging requires sealing to maintain
pressure differential.
www.dolphin.fr/flip/mems/mems_cps.html
www.memstouch.net/
High sensitivity capacitive
strain sensor.
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors have become common elements in wide range of
modern integrated circuits
The main parameters of temperature sensors are: temperature range,
sensitivity, output range, linearity, accuracy
Types of integrated temperature sensors:
- Resistance based : Thermistors, RTDs
- Thermocouples & CMOS PTAT references.
www.singleiteration.com/
Thermistors
Thermistors are made from
semiconductor material
Generally, they have a negative
temperature coefficient (NTC), that is
NTC thermistors are most commonly
used
Ro is the resistance at a reference point
(in the limit, absolute 0), B is material
constant, and T and T0 are absolute and
reference temperatures.
Webster, Medical instrumentation
Thermocouples
A conductor generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient. To
measure this voltage, one must use a second conductor material which
generates a different voltage under the same temperature gradient. So,
Thermocouples measure temperature differences and need a known reference
temperature to yield the absolute readings.
When a pair of dissimilar metals are joined at one end, and there is a
temperature difference between the joined ends and the open ends, thermal
electromotive force (emf) is generated, which can be measured in the open
ends. There are three major effects involved : the Seebeck, Peltier, and
Thomson.
www.efunda.com/.../images/thermocouple_A.gif
CMOS temperature sensor

V
BE2
!V
BE1
= "V
BE
(T)
=
kT
q
ln
pI
E
I
S2
#
$
%
&
'
( !
kT
q
ln
I
E
I
S1
/ r
#
$
%
&
'
( =
kT
q
ln p) r [ ]
The voltage difference between the two diodes, operated at a different
current density, is used to generate a Proportional To Absolute
Temperature (PTAT) current.
This voltage difference is PTAT with a temperature coefficient of
+0.085 mV/C at room temperature.
Pertijs et al, Precision Temperature Measurement using ,
IEEE Sensors, v4, 2004.
I
PTAT
= I
5
=W
5
/W
4
*I
2
CMOS temperature sensor : Complete PTAT circuit
The current mirrored at the
output is PTAT:

V
X
!V
Y

V
R1
=V
Y
!V
Z
"V
X
!V
Z
V
R1
=V
EB1
!V
EB2
=
kT
q
ln
A
1
A
2
#
$
%
&
'
(

I
R1
= I
2
=
V
R1
R
1
=
1
R
1
!
kT
q
ln
A
1
A
2
"
#
$
%
&
'
pH Electrodes
Glass electrodes develop a gel layer
with mobile hydrogen ions when dipped
into an aqueous solution;
pH changes cause ion diffusion
processes generating an electrode
potential. Lithium-rich glasses are well
suited for this purpose;
The potential is measured in comparison
to a reference electrode which is usually
an Ag/AgCl system;
The electric circuit is closed via a
diaphragm separating the reference
electrolyte from the solution.
Sonnleitner, Bioanalysis and Biosensors for Bioprocess Monitoring,
Springer, 1999.
Oxygen Partial Pressure (pO
2
) electrode
A membrane through which oxygen
must diffuse separates the measuring
solution from the electrolyte
Oxygen is reduced by electrons
coming from the central platinum
cathode which is surrounded by a
glass insulator.
This design, a so-called polaro-graphic
electrode, needs an external power
supply.
For oxygen, the polarization voltage is
in the order of 700 mV and the typical
current for atmospheric pO
2
is in the
order of 10
7
A.
Springer, 1999.
Clark-type oxygen
partial pressure (pO2)
electrode
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (pCO
2
) electrode
CO
2
diffuses through the membrane into or out of the electrolyte where
it equilibrates with HCO
3
thus generating or consuming protons.
The respective pH change of the electrolyte is sensed with a pH
electrode and is logarithmically proportional to the pCO
2
in the
measuring solution.
Springer, 1999.
Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETS and CHEMFETs) are
basically metal oxide semiconductor field-effect devices.
The construction of an ISFET differs from the conventional MOSFET
devices, in that the gate metal is omitted and replaced by a
membrane sensitive to the ions of interest.
ISFET/CHEMFET sensors
www.sentron.nl/nieuw/index.php?id=4
Shepherd, Weak Inversion ISFETs Sensing , S&A B , v107, 2005.
pH ISFET equivalent model
The drain current for the weak inversion ISFET in saturation is given by:
Shepherd & Toumazou, Weak Inversion ISFETs for Ultra-Low Power
Biochemical Sensing , Sensors and Actuators B (Chemical), v107, 2005.
pH-ISFET Macromodel
Classification of biosensors
Ferrari et al, BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Vol IV:
Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis, Springer, 2006.
Biosensors
A bioreceptor is a biological molecular species (e.g., an antibody, an
enzyme, a protein, or a nucleic acid) or a living biological system (e.g.,
cells, tissue, or whole organisms) that utilizes a biochemical
mechanism for recognition
The sampling component of a biosensor contains a bio-sensitive layer.
The layer can either contain bioreceptors or be made of bioreceptors
covalently attached to the transducer.
The most common forms of bioreceptors used in biosensing are based
on:
- Antibody/antigen interactions
- Nucleic acid interactions
- Enzymatic interactions
- Cellular interactions (i.e. microorganisms, proteins)
- Interactions using biomimetic materials (i.e., synthetic bioreceptors).
Example : Glucose Sensors
Enzymatic Approach
Glu e O GluconicAcid H O
Glu eOxidase
cos
cos
+ ! " !!!!!! +
2 2 2
Makes use of catalytic (enzymatic)
oxidation of glucose
The setup contains an enzyme
electrode and an oxygen electrode and
the difference in the readings indicates
the glucose level.
The enzyme electrode has glucose
oxidase immobilized on a membrane or
a gel matrix*.
Platinum
electrode
Plastic
membrane
Glucose
O2
Gluconic
acid
Silver
anode
O2
H2O2
O2
*In the enzyme electrode, when glucose is present it combines with O2, so less O2 arrives to the cathode.
Example : Glucose Sensors
Affinity Approach (Optical)
This approach is based on
the immobilized competitive
binding of a particular
metabolite (glucose) and its
associated fluorescent label
with receptor sites specific to
the metabolite and the
labeled ligand. This change
in light intensity is then
picked up. 3 mm
0.3 mm
Hollow dialysis fiber
Excitation
Emission
Optical
Fiber
Glucose
Schultz et al, Affinity sensor : A new technique, Diabetes Care, 1982.
Measure of glucose concentration by detecting changes in fluorescent light
intensity caused by competitive binding of a fluorescein-labeled indicator.

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Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents Dispositifs Mdicaux Intelligents

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