Bluetooth

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ABSTRACT:
Blue tooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that
allows any sort of electronic equipment – from computers to cell phones and keyboards
to headphones – to make its own connections without wires, cables or any direct action
from the user. The technology encompasses a simple low-cost, low-power, global radio
system for integration into mobile devices. Such devices can form a quick ad-hoc secure
“piconet” and communicate among the connected devices. This technology creates many
useful mobile usage models because the connections can occur while mobile devices are
being carried in packets and briefcases (therefore, there are no line-of-sight restrictions).
This paper provides a brief introduction of Bluetooth technology and its working. It also
gives some insights of applications, features and benefits. Finally, the implementation
issues of Bluetooth technology are observed.
Bluetooth has to receive an overwhelming support of all the digital and

computerized manufacturers to become a basic unit in a production process. Acceptance
by those companies outside the SIG will hold back the implementation of Bluetooth in all
devices in the future.
Bluetooth is a radio system designed for connecting a variety of mobile devices in

a secure ad-hoc fashion. The Bluetooth specification is definitely real and is being
widely adopted by industry leaders. The possibilities for new applications are very
exciting with this versatile technology.
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INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks

(PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices
like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital
cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range radio frequency.
The name Bluetooth was born from the 10th century king of Denmark, King Harold
Bluetooth who engaged in diplomacy which led warring parties to negotiate with each
other. The inventors of the Bluetooth technology thought this a fitting name for their
technology which allowed different devices to talk to each other
Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short
range (power class dependent: 10 centimeters, 10 meters, 100 meters) and with a low-
cost transceiver microchip in each device.
Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they are
not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 meters of each other,
dependent on the power class of the product. Products are available in one of three power
classes:
Power Power Range

Class
(mW) (dBm) (approximate)
Class 1 100 mW 20 dBm ~100 meters
Class 2 2.5 mW 4 dBm ~10 meters
Class 3 1 mW 0 dBm ~10cm (1 meter max)
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth is a name given to the novel technology that uses short range, radio
link, intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed communicating
devices. Such as mobile phones, desktops, notebook computers, cameras, printers, coffee
makers, telephones etc.
OR
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low cost, low power,
short range, radio technologies for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data any
where in the world.
THE NAME BLUETOOTH COMES FROM…
Bluetooth is named for Harald Blatand, the king of Denmark who united
Denmark and Norway. Blatand translates into Bluetooth in English. The Ericsson
Company originally started Bluetooth as a project.
Similarly, in the beginning of the Bluetooth technology era, Bluetooth was aimed
at unifying the telecom and computing industries.
THE REASON WE CAME TO BLUETOOTH…
Let us take an example of telephones for cables where as mobiles are wireless.
Because of the problem of interference over cabling we came to Bluetooth technology.
This Bluetooth is also a cable replacement technology i.e. wireless.
BLUETOOTH IS WIRELESS…
Blue tooth uses omni-directional radio waves which even operate in the
unlicensed ISM band at 2.4GHZ that can be transmitted through walls and non-metal
barriers. Bluetooth uses 1600 times/sec frequency hopping to avoid interference.
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLER…
 The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)

 This group worked together to define and promote an open, royalty-free
specification.
 This group also defines a certification program for Bluetooth products to
ensure product compatibility across manufacturers.
 The Bluetooth SIG includes promoter companies 3Com, Ericsson, IBM, Intel,
Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia and Toshiba, and more than 2000
Adopter/Associate member companies.
FEATURES
 Universal short-range (up to 100 mts) radio communication standard.

 Runs at 2.4GHz band, which is near microwave frequency.
 Performs fast frequency hopping between 79 points to avoid interference i.e.,
1600 times/sec.
 It is full-duplex.
 Low power, 32-100mA during sustained data transmissions between devices.
Devices automatically switch to power saving mode.
 Transfers data at 721 Kbps (Kilo Bits Per Second), which is 3 – 8 times the
average speed of parallel and serial ports respectively.
 Bandwidth is wide enough to carry voice and data signals.
 300 – 400 Kbps real data rate.
NETWORKS
Bluetooth defines two types of networks.

♦ Piconet
♦ Scatternet
PICONET
It is a small subset of Bluetooth devices that share the same physical channel in an
ad-hoc fashion.
Piconet comprises of eight stations in which only one serves as master & the rest
as slaves.
All the slave stations synchronize their clocks & hopping sequence with the
master. An indefinite number of parked devices remains synchronized with the Piconet
but is not active. A slave in the parked state is synchronized with the master but cannot
take place in communication until it moves from parked state to active state.
Activating a station from parked state means that an active station should be
moved to parked state.
The communication between master & slaves can be of
• One-to-one (or) single point-to-point

• One-to-many (or) multipoint
M – Master S - Slave
M M
S
S S S
W
SCATTERNET
A group of two or more partially overlapping Piconet connected through gateways.

(Or)
A Scatternet is a group of Piconet linked via a slave device in one Piconet, which plays
master role in other Piconet.
The connection between master and slaves is same as in Piconet. In Scatternet the slave
of one Piconet can be a master to another Piconet.
M
M – Master
S
S – Slave S S
M/S
S S
S
BLUETOOTH LAYERS
Applications
Profiles
ol
ntr
Data
Co
L2CAP
Audio
Link Manager HCI
Baseband
RL
RADIO LAYER:
The radio layer coordinates the functions required to transmit bit stream over a
medium.
It deals with Band, FHSS & Modulation. This layer uses 2.4GHz ISM band
divided into 79 channels of 1MHz each .In this layer a method called Frequency hopping
spread spectrum is used in order to avoid interference from other devices or other
networks. To transform bits to a signal a sophisticated version of FSK called GFSK
(FSK with Gaussian Band Width Filtering) is used.
BASE BAND LAYER:
Base band layer governs the operation of the access method.

It deals with access method TDMA & Physical links. This layer deals with access
method TDD-TDMA (Time Division Duplexing–Time Division Multiple Access). TDD
is a kind of half duplex communication. The communication for each direction uses
different hops.
 TDMA:
In TDMA access method communication is of two types:
• SINGLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION

If the Piconet has only one slave then the master uses even numbered
slots and the slave uses odd numbered slots to communicate with one another in half
duplex method.
• MULTIPLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION

If the Piconet consists more than one slave then the master uses the
even numbered slots, but a slave sends in the next odd numbered slot if the packet in the
previous slot was addressed to it.
 PHYSICAL LINKS:
The types of links between master and slave are

SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented) link
ACL (Asynchronous Connection Less) link
• SCO:
A synchronous connection oriented link is used when avoiding

Latency (delay in data delivery) is more important than integrity (Error-free delivery).In
SCO, a physical link is created between a master and slave by reserving specific slots at
regular intervals. In SCO, if a packet is damaged it is never retransmitted. So, SCO is
used for real- time audio. A slave can create up to three SCO links with the master
• ACL:
An Asynchronous connectionless link is used when data integrity is
more important than avoiding latency. ACL can achieve a data rate up to 721 Kbps.
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
This layer is responsible for setting up the link between two Bluetooth radios
(Security aspects and control issues on Baseband packet sizes). Link manager uses the
services of link controller to perform its services. It essentially consists of number of
protocol data units, which sends from one device to another. Furthermore, it controls the
power modes and duty cycles of Bluetooth radio services, and connection states of
Bluetooth unit in a Piconet.
HCI (Host Controller Interface)
It is provided to ease the partition of the Bluetooth Stack across to processors.

Some systems will implement the Baseband and link manager on the Bluetooth device
and higher levels on the host processor. The HCI is provided as command interface
between these parts. This HCI is functionally broken up into three parts.
HCI Firmware, HCI Driver & Host Controller Transport Layer
HCI Firmware & HCI Controllers are communicated through Host Controller Transport
Layer.
L2CAP LAYER:
L2CAP is the acronym for Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol. L2CAP
adapts upper layer protocols over the Baseband and resides in the data link layer. L2CAP
permits higher-level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data
packets up to 64KB of length.
How Bluetooth Technology Works?
Connecting Devices In order to understand how Bluetooth technology works we must

first take a look at how electronic devices (Bluetooth or not) connect and communicate
with one another. There are several questions that need to be addressed before any two
devices can communicate with one another
Will the devices communicate via wires or through the air?
Obviously, if the devices are using Bluetooth, they will communicate without wires.
However, if the devices are not Bluetooth enabled, then they have the option of
communicating either with or without wires. Devices can take advantage of several
wireless technologies, Bluetooth included, by using various transmitters to send
information over the airwaves.
BLUETOOTH DEVICES
Bluetooth devices are required where cable replacement needed and at data and
voice access points, ad-hoc networking and some like in medical or industrial
organizations.
o Cable Replacement – PCs &peripherals, home networking, headsets

o Data and Voice Access Points – E-mail, web access, Cordless telephone, etc.
o Ad-hoc Networking – Business card exchange, multi-layer

Games, vending machines, white goods, etc.
o Medical – Monitoring devices
o Industrial – Inventory management systems
ADVANTAGES
 Allows transmission range of up to 100 meters

 Robustness: This is capable of operating in an environment strongly
interfered by other technologies using the same radio spectrum
 Low Complexity: This is suitable for devices with low memory and low
cpu capacity, so that it could be easily integrated in chipsets
 Low Power: This is suitable for small devices that are battery powered
and energy constrained
 Low Cost: Very large scale production can be implemented on a single
chip
 Blue tooth devices are wireless
DISADVANTAGES
¤ Only applicable to short range (up to 100 mts)
¤ Bluetooth technology is of high cost when compared to other

technologies.
¤ Relatively low transfer rate(721Kbps)
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
 There are three Security Modes
∗ Security Mode 1
− No security procedures and any Bluetooth device can initiate

a connection
∗ Security Mode 2
− Security is enforced after the connection has been

established.
− Can allow greater flexibility to work with application

requirements.
∗ Security Mode 3
− Security is enforced during set-up.
 Only a device is authenticated, not its user.

 Bluetooth security not intended to replace other software security
methods.
 Network security still needed to control access to LANs.
 Bluetooth wireless technology not built for secure e-commerce
transactions.
COMPETITOR
The other WLAN technology is
 IEEE 802.11b
– Office or campus LAN
– 11 Mbps
– Multiple clients per access point
– Up to 100 metres range
– Uses Wired Equivalent Privacy
APPLICATIONS
 Headset – Hands free cell phone (road, office ,car)

 3 in 1 Phone – Intercom (no charge),
Portable phone (fixed line charge),
Cellular in Office LAN
 Internet Bridge – Network access point, for mobile internet browsing
 Automatic Synchronizer – Background Syncs between PC & PDA, Phone, PC
 Instant Postcard – Digital camera send to cell phone
 Interactive Conference – Exchange Business Cards & Data in meetings
 Wireless Workplace – Peripherals connect to your PC or LAN w/o wires
CONCLUSIONS:
This paper is intended to explain the working, advantages and applications of

Bluetooth technology .Today over 1,000 international electronics manufacturers belong to
Bluetooth special interest group or SIG. This ability to establish peaceful communication
between differing peoples is a metaphor for the ability to connect devices from differing
technologies. The SIG today consists of more than 2,000 member organizations. The core
or “promoter” group, in the SIG is composed of 3com,Ericsson,Intel,IBM ,Lucent
,Microsoft , Motorola,Nokia and Toshiba.Thus there is an urgent need for all the other
companies to understand the importance of Bluetooth and implement it to acquire more
fruitful results. As Bluetooth technology becomes more main stream, go ahead and take it
for a whirl and enjoy a cable less and hands-free environment.

Bluetooth

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Visit: www.geocities.com/chinna_chetan05/forfriends.

Bluetooth has to receive an overwhelming support of all the digital and

Bluetooth is a radio system designed for connecting a variety of mobile devices in

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks

Power Power Range

THE NAME BLUETOOTH COMES FROM…

THE REASON WE CAME TO BLUETOOTH…

This Bluetooth is also a cable replacement technology i.e. wireless.

 The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)

 Universal short-range (up to 100 mts) radio communication standard.

 300 – 400 Kbps real data rate.

Bluetooth defines two types of networks.

The communication between master & slaves can be of

• One-to-one (or) single point-to-point

A group of two or more partially overlapping Piconet connected through gateways.

BASE BAND LAYER:

Base band layer governs the operation of the access method.

In TDMA access method communication is of two types:

• SINGLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION

• MULTIPLE SLAVE COMMUNICATION

The types of links between master and slave are

A synchronous connection oriented link is used when avoiding

LMP (Link Manager Protocol)

HCI (Host Controller Interface)

It is provided to ease the partition of the Bluetooth Stack across to processors.

How Bluetooth Technology Works?

Connecting Devices In order to understand how Bluetooth technology works we must

Will the devices communicate via wires or through the air?

o Cable Replacement – PCs &peripherals, home networking, headsets

o Ad-hoc Networking – Business card exchange, multi-layer

 Allows transmission range of up to 100 meters

¤ Only applicable to short range (up to 100 mts)

¤ Bluetooth technology is of high cost when compared to other

¤ Relatively low transfer rate(721Kbps)

− No security procedures and any Bluetooth device can initiate

− Security is enforced after the connection has been

− Can allow greater flexibility to work with application

− Security is enforced during set-up.

 Only a device is authenticated, not its user.

The other WLAN technology is

 Headset – Hands free cell phone (road, office ,car)

This paper is intended to explain the working, advantages and applications of

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