John Gartner

Research Director

Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Published 1Q 2014
WHITE PAPER

Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 1
INTRODUCTION
During 2014, the global electric vehicle (EV) industry is poised to grow by 86% and will surpass
more than 346,000 new vehicles sold. North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific will continue to
drive EV sales, as the technology will have only limited availability in the emerging markets of
Latin America and Africa.
The selection of models will increase as luxury automakers Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Mercedes,
Saab, and Volvo will all introduce their first plug-in cars. These vehicles will expand the higher
end of the market while also putting competitive pressure on Tesla Motors. More affordable
options will also be introduced by Kia, Mahindra, Skoda, and Volkswagen, which will bring new
customers to these established companies. Nissans upcoming electric van, the e-NV200, will
give fleets a new option for reducing their carbon emissions footprint. Increasing interest in
natural gas for the truck segment will continue to reduce the opportunity for EVs in that
segment, though a few companies will likely announce their intent to develop a plug-in electric
truck by years end.
Electric alternatives to owning a passenger car will continue to impact the automotive market.
EVs will play a supporting role in carsharing programs, while many younger urbanites will opt
for electric bikes, scooters, and motorcycles as cost-effective and easier-to-park vehicles.
Local governments will continue to provide incentives to reduce the number of cars burning
gasoline or diesel in cities, which will result in tangible air quality benefits.
The shakeout in the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) market that occurred during 2013
will continue in 2014, as this industry is rapidly becoming a commodity market. Manufacturers
will introduce wireless and bidirectional equipment in an effort to differentiate their products and
increase revenue. Based on extensive study of the automotive industry, Navigant Research
has identified 10 significant trends that will shape the EV market in 2014, which are described
in detail in Section 2.



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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 2
ELECTRIC VEHICLES: 10 PREDICTIONS FOR 2014
2.1 Automakers Accelerate Push for Changes in the California ZEV Mandates
Californias zero emission vehicle (ZEV) regulations require that volume automakers sell a
minimum number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) each year in the state. The requirement
has been extended through 2025; however, the mandated sales levels are not likely to be met
and will be heard about frequently in 2014. The latest rules found in California code 1962.2
require a minimum of 2% of vehicles sold in 2018 which escalates to 10% in 2022 to be
PEVs. Since some vehicles can receive more than one ZEV credit each (there are eight ZEV
tiers in all), the actual number of vehicles produced could be lower than the required
percentage.
A second set of rules for improving fuel efficiency requires a variety of enhancements to new
models, such as offering hybrids. This number is calculated by a byzantine set of credits and
swaps between companies and states. Under the rules, automakers will be required to create
emissions reductions equal to new vehicle sales of 4.5% ZEVs in 2018, growing to 22% in
2025. Seven other states (Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode
Island, and Vermont) currently follow Californias ZEV rules for sales of vehicles locally.

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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

However, based on Navigant Researchs state-by-state analysis in Electric Vehicle Geographic
Forecasts, consumers are not likely to buy enough PEVs to meet the minimum level in many of
the eight states that have signed an agreement to meet the ZEV goals. These forecasts, which
are based on a myriad of factors including individuals income, cost premiums of the vehicles,
historical purchases of hybrids, local incentives, models likely to be offered by the automakers,
etc., indicate that only buyers in California and Oregon will purchase sufficient numbers of
vehicles in order to meet the ZEV requirement in 2018 and 2019. By 2022, not even California
will meet the 10% ZEV requirement.
Chart 2.1 PEV Percentage of Light Duty Vehicle Sales, Eight ZEV States: 2018-2022

(Source: Navigant Research)
Since automakers have already designed the vehicles that they will be selling in 2018, they will
become more vocal in 2014 to push for changes. Automakers asked the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for relief from the ZEV mandate in 2013 and received no response.
As a result, the dispute will get louder and more contentious during 2014. Taking legal action
over the ZEV mandates would be a repeat of the late 1990s: automakers filed a federal lawsuit
that led California to water down its ZEV requirements beginning in 2001, thus effectively
ending most automakers electric vehicle (EV) programs for more than a decade. The
automakers may also put pressure on the other states that voluntarily follow Californias ZEV
mandate. The governors in those states can choose to opt out of following the rules at any
time, though currently eight states including California are co-developing strategies to increase
EV adoption.
Since litigation is often the most costly and acrimonious way to settle a business dispute, a
better alternative would be to create an environment where the ZEV mandates could be met.
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
(
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e


o
f

L
D
V

S
a
l
e
s
)
ZEV Requirement
Forecasted PEV Sales
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Possibilities include dramatic reductions in the cost of EV batteries that lead to more cost-
competitive vehicles, greater state or federal incentives, or increasing taxes on fossil fuels.
2.2 Tesla Motors Will Have a Volatile Year
Aside from the bad press over three Model S fires, 2013 was by and large a highly successful
year for Tesla Motors. The Model S was a critical triumph, garnering the most awards of any
car in 2013, including the Motor Trend Car of the Year award and Consumer Reports highest-
scoring car ever; sales have also steadily increased throughout the year. From a low of $32.91
in January, Teslas stock soared to a high of $193.37 in September, and then a significant
correction in 4Q dropped the price back down to a more modest $143 near years end.
Several new challenges will be presented to the innovative automaker in 2014. First, Tesla
plans to vastly expand the supercharger network in North America to address charging
infrastructure concerns. Currently, there are 37 supercharger stations located exclusively in the
United States, and Tesla plans to have 80% of the U.S. population (over 150 superchargers)
and parts of Canada (11 superchargers) covered by the end of 2014. With each supercharger
station estimated to cost $500,000, at least $62 million will be required to meet this goal.
Scaling up the production of vehicles will perhaps be the largest challenge for Tesla in the
coming year. More than 19,000 Model S vehicles have sold worldwide since its debut in June
2012, and Tesla is expanding its facilities in northern California to be able to produce more than
56,000 in 2014. Automakers and their suppliers face greater quality control issues as
production expands, and any perception of a reduction of quality would be magnified by the
media.
Selling in new markets will also be a test for Tesla. The first deliveries of the Model S in China
are anticipated to take place in 1Q 2014, but as of the start of the year, the company cannot
use its brand name due to a local trademark issue. Tesla is also readying the Model X, a more
affordable crossover for launch by the end of 2014. Unfortunately, EV makers including Tesla
have not had a stellar record of launching new models on time. Manufacturing and
distributing vehicles in multiple regions of the world presents many logistical issues, though
established automakers have overcome similar challenges in the past.
Lastly, after slowly developing their vehicles, the first real competitors in the luxury EV space
will be targeting the same potential customers as Tesla in 2014. Plug-in models that will be
fighting for market share include the BMW i8 and i3, the Audi e-tron, the Cadillac ELR, the
Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive, and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid. Since consumers will
have more options when it comes to luxury EVs, Tesla may see a decline in overall market
share for 2014.
Throughout 2014, Tesla Motors fortunes will have tongues wagging (and international car
buyers salivating) as the brand becomes a global phenomenon. The company has had a nearly
flawless record of execution thus far, but as the stakes get higher, even the smallest of
missteps will likely be exaggerated as the company will continue to be one of the focal points of
the EV industry.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

2.3 Electric Motorcycles Breakout as Transportation Alternative
The last few years have seen growth in the two-wheel EV market, but that growth has largely
been attributable to either e-bicycles or e-scooters. Sales of e-motorcycles have been
increasing, but the market remains a tiny fraction of the e-bicycle and e-scooter market (5.2
million e-bicycles and e-scooters compared to about 30,000 e-motorcycles were estimated to
have been sold in 2013 outside of China). However, there are a number of factors that point to
the potential that higher powered e-motorcycles may see a big year in 2014.
First and foremost, there are more products available for purchase with new entrants ready to
boost the market profile. While in the past e-motorcycle growth was focused on range and cost-
effectiveness, 2013 turned a corner on these issues with Zero Motorcycles and Brammo both
offering higher power (>60hp) motors and a range of 100-plus miles. Superbikes have been
coming fast and furious as well, with Lightning Motorcycles, Mission Motorcycles, and a new
player, Agility Motors, demonstrating high-powered (and expensive) e-motorcycles. Traditional
motorcycle players are now on the verge of entering the market as well, with Yamaha and BMW
offering products in 2015.
In a sign that regional economies are rebounding, the motorcycle markets in North America and
Europe are showing signs of life after several years of decline. While Europe likely ended 2013
down for motorcycle sales, the decrease will be smaller than in past years and some key
markets (Germany, Austria, and the United Kingdom) are on the rise. Additionally, the 11%
decrease in Europe for motorcycles in 2013 is significantly better than the 20% year-on-year
decline for smaller powered two-wheelers. China is also seeing a slowing motorcycle market,
yet the export market for Chinese products ended slightly ahead of 2012.
The luxury internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycle market may be growing in both the
United States and Europe, as well. The Indian brand (a competitor to Harley Davidson) is back
as of August with deliveries beginning in early 2014, so the market for bigger, more expensive
motorcycles is likely to see a rebound. While these factors do not directly impact the e-
motorcycle market, they do point to potential strength in the motorcycle market for 2014.
Another signal more specific to the e-motorcycle market is that Brammo is eyeing an initial
public offering (IPO) in the last half of 2014. While IPOs do not sell motorcycles, it does point
to the potential market strength of a major player in the e-motorcycle market.
The result of all the factors is that 2014 could prove to be a significant year for the e-
motorcycle. E-motorcycle companies product lines have come a long way, and lower-powered
e-motorcycles that have not been commercially successful are being revised or dumped all
together. In broader context, battery prices have come down providing competitive price points
for e-motorcycles, and Tesla has proven that EVs can be lust-worthy vehicles. The result is a
marketplace that is more competitive with better products. The finances of e-motorcycle
companies are also more stable thanks to the recent focus on the fleet market, which provides
a reliable base to pursue new market strategies and new customers in 2014.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

2.4 EV Makers Pursue Revenue Beyond Vehicle Sales
In the mature automotive markets of North America and Western Europe, sales of new vehicles
are close to peaking. Sales of all light duty vehicles are expected to grow at a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of just 1% annually in Western Europe and 1.3% in North America
between 2014 and 2022, according to data from Navigant Researchs Electric Vehicle Market
Forecasts report.
Chart 2.2 Annual Light Duty Vehicle Sales for Select Regions: 2014-2022

(Source: Navigant Research)
EVs will, however, represent an increasing portion of new vehicle sales. Since EVs require less
maintenance and replacement of parts, which currently provides considerable revenue to
dealers and automakers, car companies are looking to diversify their revenue streams. PEVs
are inherently connected cars with state-of-the-art telematics and communications systems that
also sync with mobile phones, and automakers will want to tap into that connectivity to offer
information and entertainment services. Automakers are also launching their own carsharing
programs (BMW, Daimler, etc.), as described in Section 2.6
Another revenue avenue that automakers will vigorously pursue includes providing data about
the power that is being consumed by their vehicles by partnering with energy aggregator
services and utilities, such as demand response and ancillary services. Automakers like Ford
are already looking to manage customers home energy by extending the data platforms that
they are using to track vehicle power consumption.
-
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
North America
Western Europe
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

2.5 Fuel Cell Car Launches Will Spur a New Round of Fuel Cell Vehicle versus Battery
Electric Vehicle Hype
The fuel cell vehicle (FCV) market had a bumpy 2013, starting with Daimlers announcement
that it was postponing its commercial FCV introduction from 2015 to 2017. In 2014, in the face
of continuing skepticism about this technology, a handful of automakers will forge ahead on
their next commercial models. In 2013, Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai each reaffirmed a
commitment to introducing a commercial FCV, albeit at low volumes, in 2014 and 2015. Honda
and Toyota recently unveiled the concepts for their 2015 production FCVs: Honda at the LA
Auto show and Toyota at the Tokyo Auto Show. Hyundai is expected to bring its Tucson FCV to
the United States in 2014, as well.
The arrival of these vehicles will generate ample media coverage hyping the return of the fuel
cell car, which had been declared dead by EV advocates and the media. Included in the frenzy
will be contrived battery electric vehicle (BEV) versus FCV debates in the media and among
clean fuel vehicle advocates. FCVs offer far greater driving range than most BEVs, and with
their significantly higher price point, they will only compete with BEVs in the luxury vehicle
market. Since the FCV and BEV platforms share many of the same systems (e.g., batteries,
electric drive systems, etc.), the companies developing the components can achieve scale
production more quickly if both succeed.
At the same time, a few geographic markets will continue to prepare for FCV introduction by
building hydrogen stations. In October, California passed legislation committing to build 100
hydrogen stations by 2024. Germany, the United Kingdom, several Nordic countries, Japan,
and South Korea are continuing to pursue their hydrogen infrastructure roadmaps. H2USA, the
new U.S. initiative to develop a plan for hydrogen infrastructure rollout, is still in the early
stages, and 2014 is unlikely to see any major result.
This upcoming year will thus lay the groundwork for what the early commercial market for FCVs
will look like: clusters of hydrogen stations in a few regions of the world, which will become the
de facto proving ground for early commercial FCVs that have been produced at low levels to
test out the market. The FCV market is unlikely to take see major penetration until the end of
the decade, so the competition in 2014 will be limited. With this lengthy timeframe of
production ramp up, FCV makers are positioning themselves either to slowly jump in if the
market looks promising or to quietly pull back on FCV programs over time.
2.6 EVs Will Play a Leading Role in Carshare Growth
Carsharing programs are spreading to many major cities, and 2014 will be a breakout year for
the alternative renting programs in part thanks to EVs. It is still the early days for carsharing,
but the total number of vehicles in service in carshare programs will grow by 20% in North
America to more than 22,000 vehicles, as forecast in Navigant Researchs Carsharing
Programs report. EVs are good fit for those who do not want to own vehicles because of the
savings and convenience of driving on electricity rather than paying at the pump. Also, many
consumers curious about EVs can have their first experience at a low cost. Many EV models
are smaller and easier to park, and they uniformly include GPS systems as a standard feature.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Chart 2.3 Total Vehicles in Carsharing Services by Region, World Markets: 2013-2020

(Source: Navigant Research)
The AutoLib program in and around Paris features only the electric Bollore BlueCar model and
has had amazing growth since its inception in December 2011. The program now averages
62,000 rentals per week and will expand to 3,000 cars by the end of 2014. This model of
saturating a city and its nearby suburbs provides great flexibility for drivers who primarily walk,
bike, or rely on public transportation but occasionally need access to a car. IER, which runs
Autolib, is expanding to Lyon and Bordeaux in France and will have its initial U.S. presence in
Indianapolis. France has been the epicenter of EV carsharing programs, with the Auto Blue,
AutoPartage, and Yelomobile fleets all including a considerable number of EVs in their fleets.
Startup companies, traditional car rental agencies, and car makers themselves will continue to
replicate this model in new cities around the world throughout 2014. For example, BMW and
Daimler are growing programs that started in their home country of Germany, as well as in the
United States, where they started out in San Francisco and San Diego, respectively. City
governments have also identified the value of emissions-free carshare programs, and many
others will follow the likes of Houston in providing EVs to their workforce for travel to daytime
meetings.
2.7 Wireless Charging Moves from the Lab to the Street
Considerable progress was made in commercializing wireless EV charging in 2013, and the first
products will be shipped in small quantities in 2014. In June 2013, Bosch began selling the
Plugless Power unit developed by Evatran for $3,000. The charger can be installed as a retrofit
for the Nissan LEAF and the Chevrolet Volt and is currently only available in North America.
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
(
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
)
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
Middle East & Africa
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or transmitted by any means, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of Navigant Consulting, Inc.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Toyota made a public commitment to offer wireless charging when it signed a licensing
agreement to use technology from the startup Witricity.
In a significant announcement that will prompt standardization in what was a wide open field,
the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) agreed upon a single frequency and three power
levels for light duty vehicle charging. The SAE standard is critical to achieving interoperability
among wireless systems brought to market. The appeal of wireless charging systems will be
limited until vendors can incorporate regional standards that provide interoperability and give
automakers confidence that their vehicles will be able to charge at a broader number of
locations.
With the focus on research and development (R&D) in the rearview mirror, wireless charging
development will move to finalizing commercial products and pilot deployment projects.
Technology developed by Qualcomm Halo will be tested on the streets of London as well as
debuting on the racing circuit in 2014 through an agreement with the Formula E global series of
races.
There will also be continued development of dynamic charging, a promising application
particularly for the transit sector in 2014. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology (KAIST) has been trialing two electric buses along a 7.5-mile route equipped with
wireless charging since August 2013. U.S. company WAVE, Inc. is set to test its system with
buses at the University of Utah and Long Beach Transit. The value proposition is not only in
extending the range of an electric bus but also in allowing the use of a smaller battery and thus
reducing the price of the electric bus. The upcoming year will see continued development of
this promising application for light duty PEVs as well.
If these trials prove successful, more automakers are likely to sign licensing agreements for
offering wireless charging as an option with their vehicles. In addition to bus lines, fleet
operators where vehicles have predictable routes and stopping locations are the next likely
programs to start trials in 2014. However, wireless charging still needs to move from retrofit
equipment to a dealer option in order to see greater market penetration. For the near term,
wireless charging will remain a promising premium option for a small segment of PEV
customers.
2.8 EVs Will Reduce Vehicle Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States by More Than
1 Million Tons
Although the penetration of EV sales has not been as high as some predicted and others
hoped, numbers are steadily climbing. Data from Navigant Researchs Electric Vehicle Market
Forecasts report shows that by the end of 2014, the United States will have just over 304,000
PEVs on its roads. Of these, 170,000 will be plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and
134,000 will be BEVs.
Assuming that these vehicles replace a car that would have gotten the current fleet average of
25 mpg and that the annual electric miles driven was between 10,000 and 12,000, the total
reduction in carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions in 2014 will be about 1.2 million tons. While EV
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

sales will fall shy of 1% of new vehicle sales in 2014, the benefits to air quality in urban areas
are beginning to become significant. Additional emissions will still occur from the power
generated for the vehicles electricity, but many of the states where EV sales are strongest
(e.g., Oregon, Washington) have cleaner power production than the U.S. average.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) will also add to the CO
2
savings. Navigant Research forecasts
that by the end of 2014, nearly 3 million HEVs will be on the road in the United States. Based
on fuel efficiency assumptions data from the U.S. Department of Energys Alternative Fuel Data
Center, HEVs in the United States will reduce CO
2
emissions by an additional 133,000 tons.
2.9 More Than 2.2 Million Electric-Drive Motors Will Ship in 2014
In 2014, light duty electric motors, which provide propulsion for HEVs, PHEVs, and BEVs, will
surpass the 2 million mark globally in annual shipments for the first time. More than 1.9 million
HEVs will be sold globally in 2014, far outpacing the sales of BEVs (216,235) and PHEVs
(130,226).
Automotive companies are anxiously awaiting substantial reductions in the cost of the battery
pack (the largest added cost in many EVs) to increase sales of PHEVs and BEVs in future
years. For now, most of their attention is focused on what can be accomplished at the other
end of the technology ladder to get the most improvement from the least investment.
Chart 2.4 Light Duty Electric Vehicle Motor Sales by Vehicle Type, World Markets: 2014

(Source: Navigant Research)

HEVs
85%
PHEVs
6%
BEVs
9%
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have now invested in their own electric motor
manufacturing capability for the high-power drive motors, but the next wave of technology is
likely to be electrification of ancillaries such as power steering, brake assist, and heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). The ICE is also likely to get efficiency improvements
from electric oil and water pumps. All of these represent loads that have traditionally taken
energy from the engine by being driven directly and continuously from belts connected to the
crankshaft. What is not yet clear is if OEMs will develop their own small electric motors or look
to purchase off-the-shelf. The 12V supply is seen as a limiting factor for major electrification
and adding a 48V subsystem appears to be the preferred solution in the immediate future.
As vehicle manufacturers prepare for increasingly stringent emissions and efficiency targets,
they will look for ways to make their conventional vehicles more efficient. This cannot be done
entirely by improving the combustion process. Electric motors will be an important part of the
solution, and increasing the basic voltage from 12V to 48V will be one critical step that will
begin in 2014.
2.10 Vehicle-to-Grid Pilot Projects will Expand and Begin Generating Revenue across the
United States
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies have been tested sporadically during the past few years in
several countries, including Denmark and Japan, and V2G revenue generation in the United
States began in earnest in 2013. V2G technologies allow PEVs to assist grid operators in
maintaining a consistent and reliable supply of power to electricity consumers by drawing or
storing power to offset the intermittent variations in demand for power and supply.
NRG Energy subsidiary eV2G began generating revenue by swapping power between the grid
and EV batteries in conjunction with Mid-Atlantic state grid operator PJM in 2013.
Demonstration programs carried out by the U.S. Department of Defense also enhanced V2G
development through PEV fleets at bases in the California ISO (CAISO) area, which is another
likely region for more V2G projects in 2014.
During 2014, the number of projects will expand to additional regions thanks to the Federal
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (FERC) Order 755, also known as Pay for Performance,
requirements. The order, passed in late 2011, mandates that the compensation be higher for
assets supplying frequency regulation markets that quickly and accurately respond to the grid
operators generation signal, which plays to the strength of EV batteries. The FERCs Order
755 significantly enhances the revenue potential that PEVs can accrue per kW of service
provided to the grid. The order applies directly to independent system operators (ISOs) and
regional transmission organizations (RTOs) in the United States. ISOs and RTOs have begun
to implement the order, and all ISOs and RTOs should have full implementation in 2014.
As other ISOs and RTOs finalize the implementation of the FERCs Order 755, large fleets will
become more interested in V2G-enabling their PEVs. Legacy PEV automakers and EVSE
manufacturers will also invest in bidirectional technologies that enable vehicles to both give and
receive power from the grid.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 3
ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATION LIST
Battery Electric Vehicle ........................................................................................................................... BEV
California Independent System Operator ............................................................................................... CAISO
Carbon Dioxide ........................................................................................................................................ CO
2
Compound Annual Growth Rate ............................................................................................................. CAGR
Electric Vehicle .......................................................................................................................................... EV
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ......................................................................................................... EVSE
Environmental Protection Agency (United States) ..................................................................................... EPA
Federal Electricity Regulatory Commission ............................................................................................. FERC
Fuel Cell Vehicle ..................................................................................................................................... FCV
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning .............................................................................................. HVAC
Horsepower ............................................................................................................................................... hp
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ............................................................................................................................ HEV
Independent System Operator .................................................................................................................. ISO
Initial Public Offering ................................................................................................................................ IPO
Internal Combustion Engine ...................................................................................................................... ICE
Kilowatt .................................................................................................................................................... kW
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ............................................................................ KAIST
Miles per Gallon ....................................................................................................................................... mpg
Original Equipment Manufacturer ............................................................................................................. OEM
Plug-in Electric Vehicle ........................................................................................................................... PEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ............................................................................................................... PHEV
Regional Transmission Organization ........................................................................................................ RTO
Research and Development ..................................................................................................................... R&D
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Society of Automotive Engineers ............................................................................................................. SAE
United States .......................................................................................................................................... U.S.
Vehicle-to-Grid........................................................................................................................................ V2G
Volt ............................................................................................................................................................. V
Zero Emission Vehicle .............................................................................................................................. ZEV





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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014 ........................................................................................................ 2
2.1 Automakers Accelerate Push for Changes in the California ZEV Mandates ............................................ 2
2.2 Tesla Motors Will Have a Volatile Year ................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Electric Motorcycles Breakout as Transportation Alternative ................................................................. 5
2.4 EV Makers Pursue Revenue Beyond Vehicle Sales .............................................................................. 6
2.5 Fuel Cell Car Launches Will Spur a New Round of Fuel Cell Vehicle versus Battery Electric Vehicle
Hype ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 EVs Will Play a Leading Role in Carshare Growth ................................................................................ 7
2.7 Wireless Charging Moves from the Lab to the Street ............................................................................ 8
2.8 EVs Will Reduce Vehicle Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States by More Than 1 Million Tons ... 9
2.9 More Than 2.2 Million Electric-Drive Motors Will Ship in 2014 .............................................................. 10
2.10 Vehicle-to-Grid Pilot Projects will Expand and Begin Generating Revenue across the United States ...... 11
Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Acronym and Abbreviation List ....................................................................................................................... 12
Section 4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Table of Charts and Figures ............................................................................................................................. 16

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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Scope of Study ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Sources and Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 17
Notes ................................................................................................................................................................ 18

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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 5
TABLE OF CHARTS AND FIGURES
Chart 2.1 PEV Percentage of Light Duty Vehicle Sales, Eight ZEV States: 2018-2022 ..................................... 3
Chart 2.2 Annual Light Duty Vehicle Sales for Select Regions: 2014-2022 ...................................................... 6
Chart 2.3 Total Vehicles in Carsharing Services by Region, World Markets: 2013-2020 .................................. 8
Chart 2.4 Light Duty Electric Vehicle Motor Sales by Vehicle Type, World Markets: 2014 ............................... 10

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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

Section 6
SCOPE OF STUDY
Navigant Research has prepared this white paper to provide current and interested stakeholders in the electric
vehicle (EV) market, including automakers, charging equipment service companies, suppliers, utilities,
investors, and policymakers, with an overview of 10 key predictions for the EV market during 2014 and beyond.
The major objective of this white paper is to provide an understanding of how these key market developments
will impact the automotive and utility industries in the coming years. Note that this white paper does not intend
to offer an exhaustive assessment of these predictions and their impacts. Navigant Research will provide
comprehensive analyses in more in-depth reports during 2014.

SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY
Navigant Researchs industry analysts utilize a variety of research sources in preparing Research Reports.
The key component of Navigant Researchs analysis is primary research gained from phone and in-person
interviews with industry leaders including executives, engineers, and marketing professionals. Analysts are
diligent in ensuring that they speak with representatives from every part of the value chain, including but not
limited to technology companies, utilities and other service providers, industry associations, government
agencies, and the investment community.
Additional analysis includes secondary research conducted by Navigant Researchs analysts and its staff of
research assistants. Where applicable, all secondary research sources are appropriately cited within this
report.
These primary and secondary research sources, combined with the analysts industry expertise, are
synthesized into the qualitative and quantitative analysis presented in Navigant Researchs reports. Great care
is taken in making sure that all analysis is well-supported by facts, but where the facts are unknown and
assumptions must be made, analysts document their assumptions and are prepared to explain their
methodology, both within the body of a report and in direct conversations with clients.
Navigant Research is a market research group whose goal is to present an objective, unbiased view of market
opportunities within its coverage areas. Navigant Research is not beholden to any special interests and is thus
able to offer clear, actionable advice to help clients succeed in the industry, unfettered by technology hype,
political agendas, or emotional factors that are inherent in cleantech markets.


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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014

NOTES
CAGR refers to compound average annual growth rate, using the formula:
CAGR = (End Year Value Start Year Value)
(1/steps)
1.
CAGRs presented in the tables are for the entire timeframe in the title. Where data for fewer years are given,
the CAGR is for the range presented. Where relevant, CAGRs for shorter timeframes may be given as well.
Figures are based on the best estimates available at the time of calculation. Annual revenues, shipments, and
sales are based on end-of-year figures unless otherwise noted. All values are expressed in year 2014 U.S.
dollars unless otherwise noted. Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
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Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2014








Published 1Q 2014

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retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of
Navigant Consulting, Inc.

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