Temperature Measurements

IJK & team Temperature Measurement
1
In Jumanda K
injumanda@gmail.com
0818 0205 4292
Temperatur/suhu merupakan parameter fisik yang
banyak digunakan sebagai parameter kondisi
operasi pada suatu proses.
Suhu merupakan ukuran derajat aktivitas termal
partikel dalam material.
Satuan temperatur dalam SI:
o
C dan K
Satuan temperatur dalam British:
o
F dan R
Temperature Measurements
Measurement Fundamental - IJK &
team 2
2
Pengukuran suhu menggunakan
termometer memanfaatkan
pemuaian/penyusutan cairan akibat
kenaikan/penurunan suhu
Pembacaan suhu dilakukan melalui
pembacaan tinggi permukaan cairan
pada pipa kapiler.
Cairan dalam temperatur dan rentang
pengukurannya:
Temperature Measurements 3
team 4
3
Prinsip Kerja Thermocouples
Seebeck in 1821 discovered that thermal
electromotive force (t.e.m.f.) is generated in a
closed circuit of two wires made of dissimilar
metals if two junction are at different
temperatures.
One junction is inserted into a measuring media,
and it is called a hot or measuring junction.
Another one, called a cold or reference junction,
is kept either at 0 C or at ambient temperature
and is connected to a measuring instrument
(millivoltmeter).
team 5
1 11 1 - hot junction;
2 22 2 - metal A;
3 33 3 - metal B;
4 44 4 - connection head;
5 55 5 - extension wires;
6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 - positive and negative terminals, respectively, of a measuring
instrument;
8 88 8 - measuring instrument.
team 6
4
team 7
team 8
5
team 9
Tipe Termokopel
Tabel Tipe termokopel Menurut Standard Instrument Society Of
America (ISA)
Tipe Bahan Rentang Suhu
(C)
GGL (V)
B Platina, 6% Rodium (+)
dan Platina, 30% Rodium (-)
0 1820 0 13,814
R Platina (+)
dan platina, 13% Rodium (-)
-50 1768 -0,226 21,108
S Platina (+)
dan platina, 10% Rodium (-)
-50 1768 -0,236 18,698
J Besi (+) dan Konstantan (-) -210 760 -8,096 42,922
K Khromel (+) dan Alumel (-) -270 1372 -6,458 54,875
T Tembaga (+) dan Konstantan (-) -270 400 -6,258 20,869
E Khromel (+) dan Konstantan (-) -270 1000 -9,835 76,358
team 10
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-300 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Temperature, C
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
o
t
i
v
e

f
o
r
c
e
,

m
V
Type K
Type J
Type T
Type S
6
The principle of resistance temperature
detectors (RTD) is based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals with
temperature.
For this purpose several metals are used,
namely, platinum, copper, nickel.
When temperature increases the resistance
of these metals increases.
Temperature function of resistance for
metals in a narrow temperature interval can
be expressed by a relationship:
team 11
The principle of resistance
temperature detectors (RTD)
is based on the variation of
electrical resistance of metals
with temperature.
When temperature increases
the resistance of these
metals increases.
For this purpose several
metals are used, namely,
platinum, copper, nickel.
team 12
7
Temperature function of resistance for metals in a
narrow temperature interval can be expressed by a
relationship:
R
= R
0
(1 + )
R
and R
0
- are the values of electrical resistance of
a metal conductor at temperatures
- thermal coefficient of electrical
resistance,
team 13
team 14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-300 -100 100 300 500 700 900
t,
o
C
R
,

O
h
m
Platinum RTD
Copper RTD
8
Platinum RTDs are used for temperature
measurements from -220 to 850 oC
copper RTD - from -50 to 150 oC, and Nickel
RTD - from -215 to 320 oC.
team 15
team 16
Sistem termal isian bekerja berdasarkan prinsip
pemuaian fluida.
Piranti ini dibedakan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu
berdasar perubahan volume dan tekanan.
Pada jenis pertama, sensor berisi cairan. Pada
jenis kedua, sensor berisi gas atau campuran uap
dan cair.
SAMA (Scientific Apparatus Makers Association)
memberikan klasifikasi sistem termal isian.
9
team 17
Klasifikasi Uraian
I
Liquid filled volume change (selain merkuri)
IA Full compensation
IB Case compensation
II
Vapor-filled pressure-change
IIA Dirancang untuk suhu di atas suhu lingkungan
IIB dirancang untuk suhu dibawah suhu lingkungan
IIC Dirancang untuk suhu diatas dan bawah suhu lingkungan
IID Dirancang untuk seluruh suhu
III
Gas-Filled pressure-change
IIIA full compensation
IIIB case compensation
V
Mercury-filled volume change
VA full compensation
VB case compensation
team 18
Sistem Isian Cair
10
team 19
Sistem Isian Uap
Kelas IIA Kelas IIB
team 20
Sistem Isian Gas
Kelas IIC Kelas IID
11
Keunggulan
small time lag;
small dimensions of thermal bulb.
Kelemahan
narrow temperature range, from -50 to 300 C;
slow response time (time lag) of about 20 seconds;
non-uniformity of the temperature scale.
team 21
team 22
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, C
V
a
p
o
u
r

(
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
)

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

M
P
a
Methyl chloride
12
Bekerja dengan prinsip bahwa logam akan
memuai jika dikenai panas dan koefisien
pemuaiannya untuk setiap jenis logam akan
berbeda.
Elemen yang sensitif terhadap suhu adalah
campuran antara dua jenis logam yang
dikeraskan menjadi lempengan berbentuk pita.
team 23
If semiconductors or heat-treated metallic
oxides (oxides of cobalt, copper, iron, tin,
titanium, etc.) are used as the materials for
producing temperature sensitive elements.
These oxides are compressed into the
desired shape from the specially formulated
powder.
After that, the oxides are heat-treated to
recrystallise them.
As the result of this treatment the ceramic
body becomes dense.
team 24
13
team 25
Elemen yang dapat mengamati perubahan suhu yang sangat
kecil, tetapi memiliki rentang pengukuran yang sempit (-20...
100
o
C).
Thermistor terbuat dari kombinasi antara bahan keramik dan
semacambahan semikonduktor oksida logam.
Keunggulan :
o Ukurannya kecil
o Murah
Kelemahan :
o Hubungan antara suhu dan resistansi tidak linear
o Membutuhkan pembungkus/pelindung
team 26
Pirometer digunakan untuk mengukur suhu
berdasar prinsip radiasi termal yang dipancarkan
benda.
Kelebihan pirometer adalah, tidak menyentuh
objek terukur.
Dengan demikian pengukuran hampir tidak
mempengaruhi suhubenda.
Pirometer banyak digunakan untuk mengukur
lelehan besi dan suhu tanur pembakaran.
14
Sensor Type Limits of
Application (C)
Accuracy
1,2
Dynamics:
t (s)
Advantages Disadvantages
Thermocouple
type E:
chromel-constantan
-100 to 1000
1.5 or 0.5% for
0 to 900 C
see note 3
-good reproducibility
-wide range
-minimum span of 40 C
-temperature vs. emf
not exactly linear
-drift over time
-low emf corrupted by
noise
type J:
iron-constantan
0 to 750 2.2 or 0.75%
type K:
chromel-nickel
0 to 1250 2.2 or 0.75%
type T:
copper-constantan
-160 to 400
1.0 or 1.5% for
-160 to 0 C
RTD -200 to 650 0.15 + 0.2|T| see note 3
-good accuracy
-small span possible
-linearity
-self-heating
-less physically rugged
-self-heating error
Thermister -40 to 150 0.10 C see note 3
-good accuracy
-little drift
-highly nonlinear
-only small span
-less physically rugged
-drift
Bimetallic - 2% -
-low cost
-physically rugged
-local display
Filled system -200 to 800 1% 1 to 10
-simple and low cost
-no hazards
-not high temperatures
-sensitive to external
pressure
team 27
team 28

Temperature Measurements

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