SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

By,
Pn. Zetty Nurazlinda Zakaria
PPK Sistem Elektrik
UniMAP
End of this chapter, you should be able
to:
Explain the important of symmetrical component.
Construct positive sequence networks for a power
system.
Construct negative sequence networks for a power
system.
Construct zero sequence networks for a power
system.

Symmetrical Components???
By C.L. Fortescue (1918)
Allows unbalanced 3 phase phasor quantities to be
replaced by the sum of 3 separate but balances
symmetrical components:
Applicable to current and voltage
Permits modeling of unbalanced systems and networks

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Representative symmetrical components;
POS-SEQ: 3 phasors with equal magnitudes, 120
phase displacement and positive sequence

NEG-SEQ: 3 phasors with equal magnitudes, 120 phase
displacement and negative sequence

ZERO-SEQ: 3 phasors with equal magnitudes and zero
phase displacement

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b) Fig. 1(c)
Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Positive sequence phasors (refer Fig.1(a));




Where operator a identities;

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Negative sequence phasor (refer Fig.1(b));




Zero sequence phasor (refer Fig.1(c));

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Relating unbalanced phasors to symmetrical
components:




In matrix notation:

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
[A] is known as the symmetrical components
transformation matrix:



Solving for the symmetrical components leads to :

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
In component form, the calculation for symmetrical
components are:





From above, the zero-sequence component of current is
equal to one-third of the sum of the phase currents.
Therefore, when the phase currents sum to zero, e.g, in the
3 phase system with ungrounded neural, the zero sequence
cannot exist.
If the neutral of power system is grounded, zero-sequence
currents flows between the neutral and the ground.

Symmetrical Component
Transformation
Similar expressions exist for voltages:


The apparent power may also be expressed in terms
of symmetrical components:

Example 1
Obtain the symmetrical components of a set of
unbalanced currents:

Solution Example 1:
Example 2
The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced
voltages are:



Obtain the original unbalanced voltages.
Solution Example 2:
Sequence Impedances
The impedance offered to the flow of positive-
sequence currents is known as positive-sequence
impedance (Z
1
)
The impedance offered to the flow of negative-
sequence currents is known as negative-sequence
impedance (Z
2
)
When zero-sequence currents flow, the impedance is
called as zero-sequence impedance (Z
0
)

Sequence Impedances
Augmented network models:
Generators
3-phase transformers
Y-connected balanced loads
# For this class, we will see the sequence
impedance of Y-connected load only!

Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine
Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine
Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine

Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine
Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine
Sequence impedances of Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Circuits of Y-Connected Loads
If impedance Zn is inserted between the neutral and
ground of the Y-connected impedances shown in
figure below, then the sum of the line currents is equal
to the current In in the return path through the
neutral:


Sequence Circuits of Y-Connected
Loads
Expressing the unbalanced line currents in term of
their symmetrical components gives:
In = Ia + Ib + Ic
= (Ia
0
+Ia
1
+Ia
2
)+(Ib
0
+Ib
1
+Ib
2
)+(Ic
0
+Ic
1
+Ic
2
)
= (Ia
0
+Ib
0
+Ic
0
) +(Ia
1
+Ib
1
+Ic
1
)+(Ia
2
+Ib
2
+Ic
2
)
= 3Ia
0

Since the +ve sequence and ve sequence
currents added separately to zero at neutral point
n, there cannot be any +ve sequence and ve
sequence currents in the connections from neutral
to ground regardless of the value of Zn.


Sequence Circuits of Y-Connected
Loads
Moreover, the zero-sequence currents combining
together at n become 3Ia
0
produces the voltage
drop 3Ia
0
Zn between neutral and ground.
Van = voltage of phase a with respect to neutral
Va = voltage of phase a with respect to ground
Thus, Va = Van + Vn, where Vn = 3Ia
0
Zn

Sequence Circuits of Y-Connected
Loads







zero-sequence
equivalent circuit
positive-sequence
equivalent circuit
negative-sequence
equivalent circuit
Sequence impedances of Transformer
Sequence impedances of Transformer

Sequence impedances of Transformer

Construction of Sequence Networks of
A Power System
Complete sequence networks of a power system can be
constructed by using all the sequence networks discussed
before; synchronous machines, transformer and lines.
Start with one-line diagram with respect to impedances;
POS-SEQ has synchronous machine (generators & motors) in
the sequence network.
NEG-SEQ has same sequence network like POS-SEQ but it
has zero voltages.
ZERO-SEQ- combine all the zero sequence networks of SMs,
transformers and lines. No voltage sources present in the
sequence.

Example 3
For the power system below, sketch the positive
sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
network.
Example 4
A 25 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase generator has a subtransient
reactance of 20%. The generator supplies two motors over
a transmission line with transformers at both ends as
shown in figure below. The motors have rated inputs of 15
and 7.5 MVA, both 10 kV with 25% subtransient reactance.
The 3-phase transformers are both rated 30 MVA,
10.8/121 kV, connection -Y with leakage reactance of 10%
each. The series reactance of the line is 100 ohms. Draw
the positive and negative sequence networks of the system
with the reactances marked in per unit.
Example 5
Draw the zero sequence network for the system in
Example 4. Assume zero sequence reactances for the
generator and motors are 0.06 per unit. Current
limiting reactors of 2.5 ohms each are connected in
the neutral of the generator and motor No. 2. The
zero sequence reactance of the transmission line is
300 ohms.