STATIC AND PITOT BLOCKAGES

FACTS ABOUT BLOCKAGES

1. In an un pressurized a/c, cabin pressure is usually slightly lower than ambient
pressure due to air being drawn out by the slip stream.
2. Breaking altimeter or VSI glass in un pressurized a/c will result in cabin
pressure being ed to the casing o the altimeter and the VSI. !"his is not
useul or VSI#.
$. In a slide slip, upwind side has slightly higher static pressure than downwind
side.
%. In a climb, the VSI capsule gets compressed as opposed to e&pansion o
capsule in a climb in an altimeter.
ALTIMETER (FROM PITOT STATICS)
(Ref pages 39 to ! a"# $9% to 3&$)
Stat'( B)o(*
&+,&+ I" (ase of a(('#e"ta) ()os'"g of a" a'-(-aft.s )eft stat'( p-ess/-e po-t (-a'"0 1'-#s)0 t2e
a)t'3ete-4
a. '(er reads the altitude in case o a side)slip to the right and displays the correct inormation
during symmetric light.
b. *eeps on pro(iding reliable reading in all situations.
c. +nder reads the altitude.
#+ O5e- -ea#s t2e a)t't/#e '" (ase of a s'#es)'p to t2e )eft a"# #'sp)a6s t2e (o--e(t
'"fo-3at'o" #/-'"g s633et-'( f)'g2t+
Side slip is to the let. ,et port is blocked. -ight port eeds a lower pressure which results in o(er
indication during the side slip. In straight and le(el light, static pressure rom the right port is
ade.uate to gi(e correct indication.
$+,+ I" a "o"7p-ess/-'8e# a'-(-aft0 'f o"e o- se5e-a) stat'( p-ess/-e po-ts a-e #a3age#0
t2e-e 's a" /)t'3ate e3e-ge"(6 3ea"s fo- -esto-'"g a p-a(t'(a))6 (o--e(t stat'( p-ess/-e
'"ta*e4
a+ B-ea*'"g t2e -ate7of ()'31 '"#'(ato- g)ass 9'"#o9+
b. Slightly opening a window to restore the ambient pressure in the cabin.
c. /escending as much as possible in order to ly at a pressure as close to 101$.21 h as possible.
d. 2alculating the ambient static pressure, allowing or the altitude and 345 and ad6usting the
instruments.
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred. Breaking the glass o the altimeter or VSI will pro(ide cabin pressure to
the altimeter case. "he cabin pressure being slightly lower than the ambient static pressure, the
altimeter will o(er read. In a pressurized a/c, cabin pressure being normally higher than the
ambient pressure, this solution may not be (ery eecti(e.
3+,&9+ If t2e stat'( so/-(e to a" a)t'3ete- 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# #/-'"g a ()'310 t2e '"st-/3e"t
9'))4
a+ Co"t'"/e to '"#'(ate t2e -ea#'"g at 92'(2 t2e 1)o(*age o((/--e#+
b. +nder)read by an amount e.ui(alent to the reading at the time that the instrument became
blocked.
c. '(er)read.
d. 7radually return to zero.
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred.
:+,$!+ If t2e stat'( so/-(e of a" a)t'3ete- 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# #/-'"g a #es(e"t t2e '"st-/3e"t
9'))4
a. 7radually indicate zero.
b. +nder)read.
c. Indicate a height e.ui(alent to the setting on the millibar subscale.
#+ Co"t'"/e to #'sp)a6 t2e -ea#'"g at 92'(2 t2e 1)o(*age o((/--e#+
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred.
+,3$+ If t2e stat'( 5e"ts '" a" /"7p-ess/-'8e# a'-(-aft 1e(o3e 1)o(*e#4
a. Breaking or opening the windows will enable the altimeter to unction.
b. Breaking or opening the windows will enable the 8SI to unction.
(+ B-ea*'"g t2e f-o"t g)ass 9')) e"a1)e t2e a)t'3ete- to f/"(t'o"+
d. 'nly instruments ed rom an 8/2 will unction.
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred. Breaking the glass o the altimeter or VSI will pro(ide cabin pressure to
the altimeter case. "he cabin pressure being slightly lower than the ambient static pressure, the
altimeter will o(er read. In a pressurized a/c, cabin pressure being normally higher than the
ambient pressure, this solution may not be (ery eecti(e, and under such high pressure
conditions, the altimeter will under indicate by a wide margin.

;+,39+ If t2e stat'( t/1e a"# #-a'"s 1e(o3e 1)o(*e#4
a. "he altimeter will under indicate.
b. "he altimeter will indicate zero.
c. "he altimeter will o(er indicate.
#+ T2e a)t'3ete- 9')) /"#e- o- o5e- '"#'(ate #epe"#'"g o" a)t't/#e+
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred. "hus, i the a/c now climbs, the altimeter will under indicate, but, i the
a/c descends ater the blockage occurred, the altimeter will o(er indicate.
%+,:$+ <2at 9')) 2appe" to t2e a)t'3ete- '"#'(at'o"s '" a" a'-(-aft '" )e5e) f)'g2t 'f t2e -'g2t
stat'( 5e"t 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# a"# t2e )eft -e3a'"s ()ea-4
a+ O5e- '"#'(ate 92e" s'#e s)'pp'"g -'g2t+
b. '(er indicate when side slipping let.
c. +nder indicate in all conditions.
d. '(er indicate in all conditions.
In a le(el light, the altimeter will pro(ide correct inormation. In a slide slip, upwind side
has slightly higher static pressure than downwind side. -ight (ent is blocked, and i side
slip is to the right, lower pressure rom the let (ent will be pro(ided and the altimeter
will o(er indicate.
=+,:;+ A 1)o(*e# stat'( 5e"t 9')) affe(t4
a. 8SI.
b. VSI.
c. 8ltimeter.
#+ A)) of t2e a1o5e+
8SI, VSI, and altimeter re.uire static pressure. 4on)a(ailability o static pressure will aect
indications o all o them.
9+,:=+ If t2e stat'( 5e"ts '" a" /" p-ess/-'8e# a'-(-aft 1e(o3e 1)o(*e#4
a. Breaking or opening the windows will enable the altimeter to unction.
b. Breaking or opening the windows will enable the 8SI to unction.
(+ B-ea*'"g t2e f-o"t g)ass 9')) (a/se t2e a)t'3ete- to /"#e- '"#'(ate+
d. 'nly instruments ed rom an 8/2 will unction.
4on a(ailability o static pressure results in reezing the indication ie indicating the same altitude
when the block occurred. Breaking the glass o the altimeter or VSI will pro(ide cabin pressure to
the altimeter case. "he cabin pressure being slightly lower than the ambient static pressure, the
altimeter will o(er read. In a pressurized a/c, cabin pressure being normally higher than the
ambient pressure, this solution may not be (ery eecti(e and under such high pressure
conditions, the altimeter will under indicate by a wide margin.
>SI (Ref Pages %! to %$ a"# 3:! to 3:%)
Stat'( B)o(*
&!+,$+ If t2e stat'( p'pe 1e(o3es pa-t)6 1)o(*e#4
a. "he VSI indication will be too high when descending.
b. "he VSI indication will be too high when accelerating.
(+ T2e >SI '"#'(at'o" 9')) 1e too )o9 92e" ()'31'"g o- #es(e"#'"g+
d. "he VSI indication will be unaected.
8 VSI pro(ides an indication o (ertical speed based on the rate o change o static pressure.
Static pressure is ed at an /"-est-'(te# -ate into a capsule. "hus, the rate o change o pressure
inside the capsule is determined only by the (ertical speed o the a/c. "he instrument case is ed
with static pressure at a -est-'(te# -ate+ "he #'ffe-e"(e 1et9ee" t2e p-ess/-es (PD) inside the
capsule and outside the capsule is p-opo-t'o"a) to the #'ffe-e"(e 1et9ee" t2e t9o f)o9 -ates+
"he restricted rate being a constant rate, the p-ess/-e #'ffe-e"(e(PD) is p-opo-t'o"a) to t2e -ate
of (2a"ge of a31'e"t p-ess/-e+ 9artial blockage o static pipe reduces the rate o change o
pressure being ed and under)indication will occur.
&&+,:+ If t2e (2o*e '" t2e >SI 1e(o3es pa-t)6 1)o(*e#4
a. "he VSI indication will be too high when climbing.
b. "he VSI indication will be too low when descending.
c. "he VSI indication will be too high at all times.
#+ T2e >SI '"#'(at'o" 9')) 1e too 2'g2 92e" ()'31'"g o- #es(e"#'"g+
9artial blockage o choke reduces the restricted rate. "his increases the pressure dierence!9/#,
which results in o(er)indication.
&$+,+ T2e (o--e(t a(t'o" to 1e ta*e" 92e" t2e stat'( 5e"t 1)o(*s o" a" /" p-ess/-'8e#
a'-(-aft 's to4
a. Break the VSI glass.
1+ Use t2e sta"#16 stat'( so/-(e+
c. 2alculate -'2 using mathematically.
d. 'pen a window to e.ualize pressures.
2omplete blockage o static (ent results in e.ual pressure inside and outside the capsule resulting
into reezing the VSI indication to zero. Breaking the VSI glass allows cabin pressure to be ed
into the instrument case bypassing the choke and thus o no use. :athematical calculation o
-'2 is cumbersome. 'pening window is ineecti(e, because there is no direct path rom cabin
to the window. Stand by static source is pro(ided rom inside the a/c or protection rom debris
and ice. +sing stand by static source will be eecti(e only i the blockage is upstream o the point
where the main and stand by static sources are connected.
&3+,;+ If t2e (as'"g of a >SI '" a p-ess/-'8e# a'-(-aft #e5e)ops a )ea*4
a. VSI indications will be too low when climbing or descending.
b. VSI indications will be too high when climbing or descending.
c. VSI indications will be too low when climbing and too high when descending.
e. >SI '"#'(at'o"s 9')) 1e too 2'g2 92e" ()'31'"g a"# too )o9 92e"
#es(e"#'"g+
,eakage in the case allows cabin pressure to low directly into the case by) passing the choke,
thereby reducing the pressure dierence !9/# and causing /"#e-7'"#'(at'o" (&). B/t, cabin
pressure in a pressurized a/c is almost in(ariably higher than the ambient static pressure. T2's
#ep-esses t2e #'ap2-ag3 which is what happens during a climb. "hus, e(en in a straight and
le(el light a climb will be indicated ($). '(erall eect o (&) a"# ($) is that the datum o start o
indication itsel rises, and thereore in a climb, there will be an o(er indication and under
indication in a descent.
&:+,&&+ If t2e stat'( p'pe 1e(o3es pa-t)6 1)o(*e#
a. "he VSI indication will be too high when descending.
b. "he VSI indication will be too high when accelerating at constant altitude.
c. "he VSI indication will be too low at all times.
#+ T2e >SI '"#'(at'o" 9')) 1e too )o9 92e" #es(e"#'"g+
9artial blockage o static pipe reduces the rate o change o pressure being ed and under)
indication will occur.

&+,&:+ If t2e po-t stat'( 5e"t of a )a-ge a'-(-aft 's 1)o(*e#0 92at 9')) 2appe" to t2e >SI
'"#'(at'o"s 92e" 't 's s'#e s)'pp'"g to t2e )eft '" a #es(e"t4
a+ O5e- '"#'(ate+
1+ U"#e- '"#'(ate+
(+ Be /"affe(te#+
d. ;luctuate.
In a slide slip, upwind side has slightly higher static pressure than downwind side. 9ort
(ent is blocked and side slip is also to the port. "hereore, a slightly lower pressure rom
the right (ent is a(ailable. B/t0 >SI '"#'(at'o"s a-e "ot -e)ate# to stat'( p-ess/-e+ T2e6
a-e -e)ate# to -ate of (2a"ge of stat'( p-ess/-e+
Ignoring descent, the eect o sideslip towards the blocked (ent will depend upon the
nature o the side slip. Increasing rate o sideslip results in sensing decreasing static
pressure. /ecreasing rate o sideslip results in sensing increasing static pressure. 2onstant
rate o sideslip results in sensing constant static pressure.

I we now add on the eects o the descent, o(er indication o -'/ in accelerating side
slip, under indication o -'/ in decelerating sideslip, and correct indication o -'/ in a
constant rate o sideslip will result.
;luctuating -'/ is improbable.

P'tot B)o(*
&;+,&+ If t2e p'tot p'pe 1e(o3es pa-t)6 1)o(*e#4
a. "he VSI indication will be too low when climbing.
b. "he VSI will be too low when descending.
(+ T2e >SI 9')) "ot 1e affe(te#+
d. "he VSI will be too low when descending and too high when climbing.
4o pitot pressure is re.uired by VSI.
&%+,&$+ If t2e p'tot p'pe 1e(o3es pa-t)6 1)o(*e#4
a. "he VSI will o(er read when climbing or descending.
1+ T2e >SI 9')) 1e /"affe(te#+
c. "he VSI will o(er under read at all times.
d. "he VSI will read zero at all times.
4o pitot pressure is re.uired by VSI.
ASI
Stat'( B)o(*
&=+,+&= If t2e stat'( so/-(e to a" a'-spee# '"#'(ato- (ASI) 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# #/-'"g a #es(e"t
t2e '"st-/3e"t 9'))4
a. -ead zero.
b. 2ontinue to indicate the speed applicable to that at the time o the blockage.
c. +nder)read.
#+ O5e-7-ea#+
"otal pressure is the sum o static pressure and dynamic pressure. "he total pressure attempts to
e&pand the capsule and the static pressure attempts to compress it. "hus, the capsule responds to
changes in dynamic pressure, which is proportional to I8S.
/uring descent, static pressure on either side o the capsule increases, and the dynamic pressure
continues to indicate constant I8S.
<hen static is blocked, instrument case pressure is trapped and remains constant, but the capsule
pressure increases and o(er indication results.
&9+,3=+ If t2e stat'( t/1e a"# #-a'"s 1e(o3e 1)o(*e#4
a. "he 8SI will o(er indicate.
b. "he 8SI will under zero.
c. "he altimeter will o(er indicate.
#+ T2e ASI 9')) /"#e- o- o5e- '"#'(ate #epe"#'"g o" a)t't/#e+
8 blocked static in a climb will not permit reduced static pressure to be ed to the instrument case
and o(er indication in a climb will result. 'n the other hand, under indication will result in
descent,
$!+,:!+ If t2e stat'( s)ots of a p'tot p-o1e 1e(o3e 1)o(*e# 1/t t2e p'tot tapp'"g -e3a'"s
()ea-4
a. 8SI acts as an altimeter.
1+ ASI a(ts '" t2e oppos'te se"se to a" a)t'3ete-+
c. 8SI indication reezes.
d. 8SI indication alls to zero.
In a climb, altimeter capsule e&pands, and in a descent, it contracts. I static slots o pitot probe
also pro(ide static pressure to altimeter, blockage o the slots will trap the static pressure in the
instrument cases o altimeter and 8SI. In an altimeter, this will result in reezing o the indication.
In the 8SI, total pressure will continue to remain a(ailable, and in a climb, drop in static pressure
will compress the 8SI capsule and in a descent, the 8SI capsule will e&pand. "his is opposite o
what happens in a normal unblocked altimeter. "hus, option !b# is correct.
$&+,:3+ <2at 9')) 2appe" to t2e ASI a"# 3a(2 3ete- '"#'(at'o"s '" a" a'-(-aft '" )e5e)
f)'g2t 'f t2e -'g2t stat'( 5e"t 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# a"# t2e )eft -e3a'"s ()ea-4
a. "hey will not be aected.
b. "hey will both o(er indicate.
c. Both will under indicate when side slipping right.
#+ Bot2 9')) /"#e- '"#'(ate 92e" s'#e s)'pp'"g )eft+
<ith right (ent blockage and let slip, e&cessi(e static pressure will be sensed by both 8SI and
:ach meter. "his will result in under indication o both 8SI and :ach meter.
$$+,::+ If t2e stat'( so/-(e 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# '" a #es(e"t t2e ASI 9'))++++ '"#'(ate0 t2e >SI
9')) ++++ '"#'(ate a"# t2e a)t'3ete- 9'))???? '"#'(ate4
a. +nder under under.
b. +nder o(er o(er.
c. '(er under under
#+ O5e- /"#e- o5e-+
Static block traps static pressure inside the instrument case o 8SI, but pitot pressure is
unaected, thereore, 8SI will o(er indicate. VSI indication will ha(e rozen to zero, and
thereore, in a descent the VSI will under indicate. 8ltimeter indication will ha(e rozen and
thereore in a descent, it will o(er indicate.
P'tot B)o(*
$3+,9+ D/-'"g a ()'31 afte- ta*e7off f-o3 a (o"ta3'"ate# -/"9a60 'f t2e tota) p-ess/-e
p-o1e of t2e a'-spee# '"#'(ato- 's 1)o(*e#0 t2e p')ot f'"#s t2at '"#'(ate# a'-spee#4
a. /ecreases abruptly towards zero.
1+ I"(-eases stea#')6+
c. Increases abruptly towards V4=.
d. /ecreases steadily.
8 blocked pitot probe traps pitot pressure in the capsule, but static pressure in the instrument case
drops steadily with increase in height as the a/c climbs and thereore, the capsule e&pands,
thereby increasing the I8S indication steadily.
$:+,&!+ <'t2 a p'tot p-o1e 1)o(*e# #/e to '(e 1/')# /p0 t2e a'-(-aft a'-spee# '"#'(ato- 9'))
'"#'(ate '" a #es(e"t4
a. Increasing speed.
b. ;luctuating speed.
(+ De(-eas'"g spee#+
d. 2onstant speed.
8 blocked pitot probe traps pitot pressure in the capsule, but static pressure in the instrument case
increases steadily with decrease in height as the a/c descends and thereore, the capsule contracts,
thereby decreasing the I8S indication steadily.
$+,&&+ Afte- a" a'-(-aft 2as passe# t2-o/g2 a 5o)(a"'( ()o/# 92'(2 2as 1)o(*e# t2e tota)
p-ess/-e p-o1e '")et of t2e a'-spee# '"#'(ato-0 t2e p')ot 1eg'"s a sta1')'8e# #es(e"t a"# f'"#s
t2at t2e '"#'(ate# a'-spee#4
a. Increases steadily.
b. /ecreases abruptly towards zero.
(+ De(-eases stea#')6+
d. Increases abruptly towards V4=.
8 blocked pitot probe traps pitot pressure in the capsule, but static pressure in the instrument case
increases steadily with decrease in height as the a/c descends and thereore, the capsule contracts,
thereby decreasing the I8S indication steadily.
$;+,$&+ A )ea* '" t2e p'tot tota) p-ess/-e )'"e of a "o"7p-ess/-'8e# a'-(-aft to a" a'-spee#
'"#'(ato- 9o/)# (a/se 't to4
a+ U"#e-7-ea#+
b. '(er)read.
c. '(er)read in a climb and under)read in a descent.
d. +nder)read in a climb and o(er)read in a descent.
8 leak in the pitot total pressure line will cause partial loss o total pressure and thereore, a low
total pressure will be sensed, resulting in under)reading by the 8SI indicator.
$%+,$+ A p'tot 1)o(*age of 1ot2 t2e -a3 a'- '"p/t a"# t2e #-a'" 2o)e 9't2 t2e stat'( po-t
ope" (a/ses t2e a'-spee# '"#'(ato- to4
a. -ead a little high.
b. -ead a little low.
c. ;reeze at zero.
#+ Rea(t )'*e a" a)t'3ete-+
Blockage o pitot pressure traps it in the capsule. 5owe(er, static pressure continues to be correct
and is being ed to the instrument case. "hereore,
increase in static pressure with a lower height will contract the capsule and a lower I8S will be
indicated. /ecrease in static pressure with height will e&pand the capsule and a higher I8S will
be indicated. "his contraction and e&pansion is like an altimeter capsule.
$=+,$;+ A p'tot t/1e (o5e-e# 16 '(e 92'(2 1)o(*s t2e -a3 a'- '")et 9')) affe(t t2e fo))o9'"g
'"st-/3e"t(s)4
a. 8irspeed indicator, altimeter and (ertical speed indicator.
1+ A'-spee# '"#'(ato- o")6+
c. 8ltimeter only.
d. Vertical speed indicator only.
8mongst 8SI, altimeter and VSI, only 8SI uses pitot pressure. "hereore, blockage o pitot tube
will be aect 8SI only.
$9+,3%+ If t2e p'tot t/1e )ea*s a"# t2e p'tot #-a'"s a-e 1)o(*e# '" a" /" p-ess/-'8e#
a'-(-aft4

a. "he 8SI will o(er indicate.
1+ T2e ASI 9')) /"#e- '"#'(ate+
c. "he altimeter will under indicate.
d. "he altimeter will o(er indicate.
8 leakage in pitot tube means escape o pitot pressure. "his will result into under indication o
8SI.
3!+,:&+ If t2e p'tot tapp'"g 1e(o3es 1)o(*e# 't 9')) affe(t t2e ope-at'o" of4
1. 8SI.
2. 8ltimeter.
$. -adalt.
%. :ach meter.
1. VSI.
a. 1, 2,$,%.b. 1,2,%, 1.(+ &0 :+ d. 1, 1.
Blockage o pitot tapping will aect 8SI and :achmeter.
Ma(23ete- (Ref Page 93 a"# 3=&)
Stat'( B)o(*
3&+,&!+ @o9 9')) t2e 3a(2 3ete- -espo"# '" a (o"sta"t CAS ()'31 'f t2e stat'( so/-(e
1e(o3es 1)o(*e#4
a. Increase.
1+ De(-ease+
c. -emain constant.
d. Increase or decrease depending on airspeed.
Static pressure is ed to the :ach meter case. Blockage o static traps static pressure in the case.
I" a (o"sta"t CAS ()'310 #6"a3'( p-ess/-e -e3a'"s (o"sta"t 92')e stat'( p-ess/-e #-ops+
"his decreased static pressure is not a(ailable in the case. Instead, the higher trapped static
pressure is a(ailable which will cause a higher subtraction rom the pitot pressure resulting in
contraction o the capsule. Mo-eo5e-0 fa')/-e of t2e #e(-eas'"g stat'( p-ess/-e to -ea(2
o/ts'#e of t2e a)t't/#e (aps/)e 9')) p-e5e"t t2e (aps/)e f-o3 eApa"#'"g0 so 't 9')) "ot 3o#'f6
t2e 3ot'o" of t2e 3e(2a"'s3+ 8s the a/c climbs urther, still lower static pressure will be
brought into the case along with the total pressure resulting in decreasing indication o the :ach
meter.
3$+,&&+ @o9 9')) t2e 3a(2 3ete- -espo"# '" a (o"sta"t TAS ()'31 'f t2e stat'( so/-(e
1e(o3es 1)o(*e#4
a. Increase.
1+ De(-ease+
c. -emain constant.
d. Increase or decrease depending on airspeed.
I" a (o"sta"t TAS ()'310 CAS 9')) #e(-ease a"# t2e-efo-e #6"a3'( p-ess/-e 9')) #e(-ease+
But, increasing altitude causes decreasing temperature and drop o ,SS, and thus increase in
:ach number. <ith static blockage, higher trapped static pressure is subtracted rom the total
pressure. Mo-eo5e-0 fa')/-e of t2e #e(-eas'"g stat'( p-ess/-e to -ea(2 o/ts'#e of t2e a)t't/#e
(aps/)e 9')) p-e5e"t t2e (aps/)e f-o3 eApa"#'"g0 so 't 9')) "ot 3o#'f6 t2e 3ot'o" of t2e
3e(2a"'s3+ "his results into decreasing :ach number.
33+,&$+ @o9 9')) t2e 3a(2 3ete- -espo"# '" a (o"sta"t 3a(2 "/31e- ()'31 'f t2e stat'(
so/-(e 1e(o3es 1)o(*e#4
a. Increase.
1+ De(-ease+
c. -emain constant.
d. Increase or decrease depending on airspeed.
I" a (o"sta"t 3a(2 "/31e- ()'310 t2e -ate of #e(-ease '" #6"a3'( p-ess/-e #/e to
#e(-eas'"g a'-spee# s2o/)# eAa(t)6 3at(2 t2e -ate of #e(-ease '" stat'( p-ess/-e #/e to
'"(-eas'"g a)t't/#e+ T2's s2o/)# (a/se t2e Ma(2 3ete- '"#'(at'o" to -e3a'" (o"sta"t+ <ith
static blockage, higher trapped static pressure is subtracted rom the total pressure. Mo-eo5e-0
fa')/-e of t2e #e(-eas'"g stat'( p-ess/-e to -ea(2 o/ts'#e of t2e a)t't/#e (aps/)e 9')) p-e5e"t
t2e (aps/)e f-o3 eApa"#'"g0 so 't 9')) "ot 3o#'f6 t2e 3ot'o" of t2e 3e(2a"'s3+ "his results
into decreasing :ach number.