PDH & SDH PDH & SDH PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 t t f voice < 3500 Hz f sample = 8000 Hz t sample = 125 us 10001001 00010100 8 bits at 8000 Hz 8 x 8000 = 64 kbits/s 125 us Pulse Code Modulation, PCM Pulse Code Modulation, PCM ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 TS 0 1 31 -> 32 x 64 kbit/s = 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 125 us 32 x 8 bits 125 us = 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s 32 Time Slots: 30 voice, 1 synch, 1 signalling Primary Multiplexing Primary Multiplexing ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 8 4x2 8 4x8 34 4x34 140 4x140 565 2048 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s 34 368 kbit/s 139 264 kbit/s Primary multiplexing Higher order multiplexing 1 30 PDH Multiplexing Structure PDH Multiplexing Structure ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 Rate adaptation Rate adaptation Rate adaptation Rate adaptation Bit interleaving multiplexer F A S ,
R A I
a n d
S p a r e
B i t
i n s e r t i o n Control & synchronisation Trib. 1 Trib. 2 Trib. 3 Trib. 4 Higher order frame Principle of Higher Order PDH Multiplexing Principle of Higher Order PDH Multiplexing ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 PCM ~ AXE ~ 2048,001 kbit/s 2047,999 kbit/s MUX ~ 8 Mbit/s Framing Overhead Rate adaptation (justification bits) Traffic PDH Rate Adaptation PDH Rate Adaptation ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 G Inflexible and expensive because of asynchronous multiplexing G Limited network management and maintenance support capabilities G High capacity growth G Sensitive to network failure G Difficulty in verifying network status G Increased cost for O&M PDH Problem Areas PDH Problem Areas ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 G STM-1 155 Mbit/s G STM-4 620 Mbit/s G STM-16 2500 Mbit/s G STM-64 10 Gbit/s STM = Synchronous Transport Module SDH Bit Rates SDH Bit Rates ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 155 Mbit/s STM-1 620 Mbit/s STM-4 2500 Mbit/s STM-16 2 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s x 63 x 3 x 1 x 4 x 16 Mapping of PDH Signals Mapping of PDH Signals ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 G Cost efficient and flexible networking G Built in capacity for advanced network management and maintenance capabilities G Simplified multiplexing and demultiplexing G Low rate tributaries visible within the high speed signal. Enables direct access to these signals. G Ability to transport existing digital hierarchies and future signals, e.g. ATM G Cost efficient allocation of bandwidth G Fault isolation and management G Byte interleaved multiplexing and demultiplexing SDH Advantages SDH Advantages ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 C: Container VC: Virtual Container TU: Tributary Unit TUG: Tributary Unit Group AU: Administrative Unit AUG: Administrative Unit Group VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-N C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2 C-3 2 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s x 3 x 7 x 1 x 3 x 1 x N = OH Processing = Pointer Processing = Multiplexing = Aligning = Mapping SDH Multiplexing Structure SDH Multiplexing Structure ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 9 columns 270 columns 9 rows Payload OH OH 125 us Rate = 9 x 270 x 8 125 x 10 -6 bit/s = 155.52 Mbit/s STM-1 Frame STM-1 Frame ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 STM-4: 9 rows x 1 080 columns Rate = 622.08 Mbit/s STM-16: 9 rows x 4 320 columns Rate = 2 488.32 Mbit/s STM-64: 9 rows x 17 280 columns Rate = 9 953.28 Mbit/s STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 Frames STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 Frames ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 PDH Stream Container Justification bits = Containers, C Containers, C ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 Container Virtual Container Path Overhead = Virtual Containers, VC Virtual Containers, VC ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 VC may float inside TU or AU using the justification bytes (to handle asynchronism inside the SDH network) Virtual Container Pointer Aligning Tributary/Administrative Units, TU/AU Tributary/Administrative Units, TU/AU ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 ~ NE NE NE NE NE Primary Reference Clock Synchronization Network Synchronization Network ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 Switch to internal clock ~ NE NE NE NE NE PRC Timing Marker (TM) indicates the quality of synchronisation TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd. ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 ~ NE NE NE NE NE PRC Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd. ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 ~ NE NE NE NE NE f PRC f f = f PRC ? Synchronization Network, contd. Synchronization Network, contd. ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 TM STM-N ADM STM-N STM-N IR STM-N STM-N STM-N DXC STM-N STM-N STM-N Terminal Multiplexer Intermediate Regenerator Add / Drop Multiplexer Digital Cross Connect Network Elements Network Elements ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 Logical Layer - High Order Path (HOP) - Low Order Path (LOP) Physical Layer - Multiplex Section (MS) - Regenerator Section (RS) Logical and Physical Network Logical and Physical Network ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 ADM IR TM DXC ADM ADM TM 2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s RS RS MS MS MS MS MS HOP (VC-4) HOP (VC-4) LOP (VC-12) Logical and Physical Network, contd. Logical and Physical Network, contd. ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 MSP (Multiplex Section Protection) Physical protection * 1+1 Hot Standby * 1:N Cold Standby SNCP (Sub Network Connection Protection) Logical protection * 1+1 Hot Standby * 1:N Cold Standby Protection Methods Protection Methods ERA/LN-97:1960 1997-10-10 Rev PA1 MSP Switched SHR (Self Healing Ring) Physical protection * MS USHR (Unidirectional SHR) * MS BSHR (Bidirectional SHR) = MS SPRing (Shared Protection Ring) Protection Methods Protection Methods