Wireless sound transmission using ac power lines

Design Review
Authors: Marshall Katz, Sam su, Ra!at Singhal
A: on" Mangognia
1
Introduction
1.1 Title
Wireless sound transmission using AC power lines:
Since a long time, we have had the capailit! to transmit sound waves etween an! two
locations. The wa! it has een traditionall! done is to use a wired s!stem to transmit the
waves, or more recentl!, we have had the technolog! o" wireless capailit! !
transmitting using radio waves. #owever, there is a "undamental prolem with oth o"
these methods which currentl! has not een addressed. Wired s!stem is $ust not a
practical option "or longer distances and the reliailit! o" a completel! wireless s!stem is
not the est. In lieu o" this situation, we have come up with the idea o" using an e%isting
estalished networ& o" AC power lines and use these lines "or transmission purposes.
And the! have man! advantages over the e%isting s!stem. 'irst o" all, we get the
reliailit! o" a wired s!stem without incurring an! "urther costs, since it uses an alread!
estalished networ&. In addition, it will e a relativel! (wireless) s!stem since, even
though we will e using coa%ial cales to transmit the sound waves, there will e no ugl!
wires running throughout the location, which can also e a time consuming and an
e%pensive.
1.* +$ectives
+ur goal in this pro$ect, as mentioned aove, is to use the e%isting AC power lines which
operate at ,-#. to transmit sound waves at variale "re/uencies 0in our case, we will e
implementing the transmission o" up to 1-1h. sound waves2. This will e done !
having a set o" devices at oth the sending location and the receiving location.
At the sending location, we will have a "re/uenc! generator and a '3 transmitter, which
will e our input. This input will then e passed on to a and pass "ilter so that we can
otain onl! the re/uired "re/uenc!, and "ilter out the rest. The "iltering out is a ver!
important part ecause the AC lines have a tendenc! to pic& up a lot o" signals o" variale
"re/uenc!, which we want to "ilter out, especiall! the ones operating at ,-#..
At the receiving end, we will again e using a "ilter to "ilter out onl! our re/uired signal
0which will e close to the one generated "rom the "re/uenc! generator2, and which will
then e passed on to the '3 receiver. In this wa!, we can create a reliale method o"
transmitting our audio waves etween an! two locations.
4roduct 'eatures:
5elativel! small piece o" circuitr! at each o" the sending and receiving ends.
Ailit! to connect headphones or spea&ers directl! to the receiving end ! using
a 6.7mm audio $ac&.
Ailit! to wor& "or a wide range o" "re/uencies since the power lines operate on a
small range o" "re/uencies with small "re/uenc! values.
5adical improvements in reliailit! over the current standards.
*
4roduct 8ene"its:
5elativel! small circuitr! and no additional e/uipment means the overall cost o"
this pro$ect will negligile.
Ailit! to add "urther channels at the receiving end to convert the output into
surround sound etc.
9ualit! o" output will e reall! good since looses will e minimal.
A neat s!stem without wires running throughout the place.
6
:esign
*.1 8loc& :iagram
;
*.* 8loc& :escriptions
1. Low Pass Filter: The "unction o" the low pass "ilter is to allow the 1*- volt ,-#.
power "rom the power line through to the power suppl! while loc&ing the signal
"rom the transmitter.
2. Power Supply: The power suppl! will provide power to either the receiver or the
transmitter.
3. Band Pass Filter: The and pass "ilter will e connected etween the power line
and oth the "m transmitter and "m receiver. The "ilter will loc& out noise and the
,-#. signal while allowing the signal "rom the transmitter though.
4. RF Amplifier: The 5' ampli"ier is used to oast the signal "rom the transmitter
e"ore it goes out onto the power line and is used again to oast the power o" the
signal coming o"" the power line into the demodulator.
5. Freuen!y "odulated #s!illator: The purpose o" the '3 oscillator is to ta&e
"re/uenc! modulate a carrier signal o" 1 3#. with an audio signal. The audio
signal will come "rom a *.7mm audio $ac&< the modulated signal will e
connected to the and pass "ilter and go out to the power line.
$. Freuen!y "odulated %emodulated: The demodulator will ta&e in a signal
"rom the power line via the and pass "ilter and output the audio "rom the signal to
a 6.7mm plug.
*.6 Schematics and Simulations
The schematics o" our circuits were ased on the loc& diagram which was shown
aove, with a schematic design proposed "or the 3odulator, :emodulator, power
lines, the "ilters and the ampli"iers. The detailed designs with pin numers and
part numers are shown elow:
A note on Simulations:
The simulation o" the aove schematics was otained using 4spice to ensure that
our circuit was operating to speci"ication. +ne o" the prolems we had was in the
7
simulation o" the AC power lines. Since there is no direct wa! to simulate the AC
lines and predict the losses "rom the lines, we went aout this prolem !
introducing a resistor which, up to an e%tent, predicts the losses "rom the lines.
The other ma$or prolem that we encountered was the non availailit! o" the =3
7,7 in 4spice to simulate our results. Since changing the >C+ would have meant
changing the whole circuit, we decided to implement the actual circuit on the
readoard and tr! to (ph!sicall!) simulate our circuit and otain our results on
the oscilloscope. The screenshot o" the result o" this actual circuit "or the
modulator is given elow as well.
+ther than that, the simulation results were as e%pected and are summari.ed
elow:
=ow 4ass 'ilter:
L
L1
R=.05 Ohm
L=75 mH
C
C2
C=150 uF
C
C1
C=150 uF
Term
Term2
Z=50 Ohm
Num=2
Term
Term1
Z=50 Ohm
Num=1
20 40 60 80 0 100
-15
-10
-5
-20
0
freq, Hz
d

!
"
!
2
,
1
#
#
Re$d%u&
m1
m1
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.'74
60.00 Hz
,
The low pass "ilter is a Che!shev t!pe 1 "ilter with the cuto"" "re/uenc! located at ,7 #.
to allow the ma%imum ripple to occur at ,-#.. The "ilter will e used to protect the
power supplies "rom the 5' noise o" the transmitter and receivers.
8and 4ass 'ilter:
L
L2
R=0.025 Ohm
L='( uH
L
L1
R=0.025 Ohm
L='.8 mH
Term
Term2
Z=50 Ohm
Num=2
Term
Term1
Z=50 Ohm
Num=1
C
C1
C=0.1 uF
m1
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.005
)e$*
78.'8*Hz
m4
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.140
50.08*Hz
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20 200
-15
-10
-5
-20
0
freq, +Hz
d

!
"
!
2
,
1
#
#
Re$d%u&
m1
Re$d%u&
m4
Re$d%u&
m5
m1
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.005
)e$*
78.'8*Hz
m4
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.140
50.08*Hz
m5
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-0.'0'
14(.(*Hz
20 '0 40 50 60 70 80 (0 10 100
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
-120
0
freq, Hz
d

!
"
!
2
,
1
#
#
Re$d%u&
m2
m2
freq=
d!"!2,1##=-7(.'45
60.00 Hz
The high pass "ilter is designed to create an open at low "re/uencies instead o" a short to
ground. I" the "ilter was designed to present a short to ground at low "re/uencies the
components could overheat and ecome damaged due to the large voltage provided !
the power suppl! mains. The "ilter is designed to allow "re/uencies "rom 7-&#. to 7--
1#. through as the signals are s/uare waves at 1--1#. and *--1#.. Since the signals
are s/uare waves the "ilter has to allow the harmonics caused ! the use o" a s/uare wave
to pass.
Ampli"ier:
?
R #
# M
R $
# M
R %
# M
R &
# ' ( $ K
'
) * c c
) # + * d c
'
* #
' ( # * a c
' * d c
'
,
&
)
$
* ,
-
* )
%
. /
0
. S #
#
. S $
+
/ #
1 M - % #
'
* $
# + * d c
'
The ampli"ier design is ased on a =3?;1 general purpose op@amp used in an inverting
ampli"ier role. The gain o" the ampli"ier stage is *-d8 with an input impedance i" 13
ohms. The ampli"ier is set up with 17> "or >CC and @17> "or A>BB, 17> was chosen
ecause this is the same voltage as is used in the modulator and demodulator. 8! using
the same voltage there will e the need "or one less power suppl! saving mone! and
oard space.
Input impedance C 51 C 13D
Eain C
* ; *
1 * 6
01 2
O
I
V R R R
V R R R
= + +
51 is 13D to allow the input impedance
5* and 5; are chosen to e 13D< solving the aove e/uation "or a gain o" *-d8 or 1--
56 is 1-.*1D.
3odulator:
F
Fi&ure 1: Pspi!e S!'emati! of F" "odulator !omponent usin& p'ase lo!()loop !'ip L"5$5 at
1**(+, !arrier freuen!y.
Schematic +verview:
The circuit in "igure 1 represents the '3 modulator component o" our
transmission device. Gational Semiconductor)s =37,7CG 4hase =oc&ed =oop 04==2
chip is utili.ed to implement the '3 signal with a carrier "re/uenc! o" 1-- &#..
An audio signal would enter into the A' input port and pass through low@pass and
high@pass "iltering implemented ! capacitors C6 and C; and resistor 5, mainl! to
suppress an! :C o""set "rom A' input. The alternating A' input voltage is then
connected to the voltage control input 0pin ?2 o" the >C+ component o" the 4== chip
with an added :C o""set provided ! the voltage divider 056 and 572. The "re/uenc! o"
the output signal would increase or decrease "rom the ase carrier "re/uenc! depending
on the voltage level o" the audio signal. The capacitor, C*, and the resistor, 51, are
respectivel! connected to the timing capacitor input 0pin H2 and timing resistor input 0pin
F2 o" the >C+. The values o" the timing capacitor input and the timing resistor input
determine the carrier "re/uenc! o" the out put signal. 4ins * and 6 are the inputs to the
phase detector component o" the 44= chip and are given a common signal. >
CC
is set to
I17 volts and A>
CC
is connected to ground. =astl!, the output o" the '3 modulator comes
"rom 4== chip 0pin ;2 which would connect with the signalJline coupling component and
then enter into the power line.
The phase comparator input 0pin 72 to the >C+ and the re"erence output 0pin ,2
are not need "or '3 modulation o" our audio signal and le"t unconnected.
H
4arameter Calculations:
The "re/uenc! o" the circuit is determined ! the "ollowing e/uation:
*.;0 2
CC C
t t CC
V V
f
RCV

=
if:
1 *.*
* .-1
17
-
t
t
cc
c
R R k
C C F
V V
V V

= =
= =
=
=
With no A' input 0>
c
C - volts2, the output "re/uenc! should e the carrier
"re/uenc! o" 1-- &#. as the e/uation elow demonstrates.
*.;017 - 2
1-H-H-.H
*.* .-1 17
c
V V
f Hz
k F V

= =

The modular sensitivit!, 1
-
, o" the '3 modulator is related ! the change in
output "re/uenc! 0K'2 with the change in input voltage 0K>2 and related ! the "ollowing
e/uation:
*.;
t t cc
F
V RCV

=

-
*.;
?*?*.?
**-- .-1 17
F
Hz
K
volt
V F V

= = =

To determine our voltage input rating with consideration to our carrier "re/uenc!
o" 1-- &#. and maintaining a minimum "re/uenc! deviation, L, o" 1- &#., we solved "or
>
m
0ma%imum voltage input2 "rom "re/uenc! deviation e/uation:
-
1----
1.6F
M M ?*?*.*
m
V volts
K

= = =
The screenshot o" the results "rom the circuit o" the modulator is shown elow:
1-
In"ormation "rom power lines:
4ower =ine Simulation Schematic +verview:
In order to get a general idea o" the ehavior o" our design, we simulated a
standard home power line o" 1*- volts amplitude at ,- #. with a source impedance o"
7-N. We modeled our transmitter through the placement o" 1- volt amplitude, 1-- &#.
sinusoidal wave generator connected in parallel to the line. A *7 N resistor 0572 was
placed to simulate the impedance o" the transmitter and a 1., O' capacitor was place in
series to as a one@wa! coupler with the power line. The high "re/uenc! 1-- &#. signal
will have low impedance into the line with the low "re/uenc! *- #. power line signal
will have high impedance going into the transmitter device. The will help protect the
device "rom e%periencing large amounts o" power eing drawn into the s!stem.
The receiver is modeled ! a *7 N resister 05,2 and has a 1-- &#. and@pass
"ilter etween the resister and the power line. :iscussion on the "ilter is discussed in more
detail in the latter part o" this proposal.
=astl!, there is an aritrar! load connect in parallel with the home power lines.
This is modeled ! a *7 N resistor 05?2. This resistor could represent an! h!pothetical
appliance connected to the wire in another soc&et such as a lamp or television.
The resistance values "or our resistances and "or the transmitter voltage source
are, "or the most part, aritrar! values. The simulation primaril! demonstrates the
ehaviors o" the audio transmission design through the power lines and is intended to
demonstrate the asic concepts pertaining to the design. 3an! assumptions and aritrar!
values are made "or line and load resistance values.
Simulation +verview:
11
A simulation was run "or 6- ms so that two ,-#. periods could e recorded. The
voltage across the aritrar! load voltage 05?2 was recorded along with the voltage across
the receiver resistor 05,2. The aove "igure displa!s the result o" the simulation. The
ottom graph displa!s an enlarged view o" the aove simulation. 'or the aritrar! load,
the 1-- &#. signal is imposed over the ,- #. power line signal to "orm a high voltage
sinusoidal wave. The input signal a"ter and pass "iltering loses the high voltage, low
"re/uenc! ,- #. power line signal while retaining the 1-- &#. '3 modulated audio
signal. Goise and loss! transmission lines was not ta&en into consideration "or our model.
1*
Another simulation was run with the same timing parameters as the previous
simulation. #owever, the power line voltage 0across 5;2 and the transmitter voltage
0across 572 were recorded. The aove "igure displa!s the power line signal which has a
high voltage, low "re/uenc! ase signal o" ,- #. which is superimposed ! a low
voltage, high "re/uenc! o" 1-- &#.. :ue to the coupling capacitor 0C12, the transmitter
resistor onl! e%periences low voltage values, protecting the transmitter components.
Another AC ground can also e placed in the transmitter to redirect the high voltage
power into the ground rather than into the capacitor. This, however, is not presentl!
incorporated into the design.
16
:emodulator:
'
R # ' &
% ( - 2
R # ' $
% ( - 2
R # ' #
# '
R # ' %
# ' 2
R # ' +
# ' 2
3 # ' $
' ( # u
'
3 # ' #
' ( # u
'
R # ' 0
# ' 2
R # ' -
# 2
4 5
$
4 5
&
* 4 5
+
)
*
3
3
#
,
*
3
3
#
'
* . /
%
R 6 7
0

R
6
S
8

3
A
9
:
* 3 . 5
-
/ #
1 M + 0 +
3 # ' &
' ( # u
'
'
3 # ' %
% - ' p
3 # ' +
% - p
3 # ' 0
% - p
'
3 # ' -
# + ' p
'
3 # ' 8
' ( ' ' $ $
'
3 # ' :
' ( ' ' # u
'
R # ' 8
% - 2
R # ' :
# ' 2
R # # '
# ' 2
3 # # '
# ' u
* #
# + * d c
'
F M I n p u t
O u t p u t
F M D e m o d u l a t o r S c h e m a t i c
( R e f e r e n c e : L a b 7 : F r e q u e n c y M o d u l a t i o n b y t o m W h e e l e r c ! " " ! #
The '3 :etector shown is ased on the =3 7,7 4hase =oc&ed =oop >C+. The
51-, resistor can act as a potentiometer< hence the carrier "re/uenc! o" the
demodulator can e ad$usted ased on the carrier "re/uenc! o" the input
modulator.
=oo&ing at the le"t hal" o" the circuit, The Input '3 signal "rom the power lines
will e coupled to pin *, the re"erence input, through the C1-6 capacitor. The
single source power suppl! connected to the =37,7 will split the input voltage
across the * resistor 1-* and 1-6 through voltage divider. The C1-* capacitor will
tend to act as an 5' ias "or the ias point, while the 1-; and 1-7 resistors will e
used to isolate the * inputs "or the 7,7, in order to ensure that onl! one input is
activated at an! given time.
Similarl!, loo&ing at the right hal" o" the circuit, the >C+ control voltage o" the
7,7 0on pin ?2 contains * components. +ne is a :C level corresponding to the
input "re/uenc! into the 7,7, which initiall! comes in "rom the '3 modulator.
The other one is the AC level which is actual detected in"ormation signal. The
C1-,, C1-? and 51-F are the loop "ilters that which set up "or the demodulation
1;
to ta&e place, while the 51-H, 511-, and the other capacitors "orm the
components o" the low pass "ilter to ensure that no component o" the input carrier
"re/uenc! is presented in the output. The "inal output is coupled with C11-,
leaving onl! the demodulated in"ormation at the output.
*.6 3echanical :rawings
Since our pro$ect did not have a mechanical component, and was solel! ased on
an electrical circuit input and output, we do not have an! mechanical drawing.
The onl! mechanical component that will e used is the spea&er s!stem to "inall!
output our result o" the demodulation "rom the power lines.
*.; 4er"ormance 5e/uirement
The range o" the '3 transmitter should e around 1-- "t, ut in practicalit!,
should not e%ceed 7-- "t. This is especiall! true in real li"e situation when !ou
do not want the range to e inter"ering with the neighors signal etc.
The input signal will e connected to a "re/uenc! generator producing an
input at a particular "re/uenc! range. The "re/uenc! received at the output
0measured using an oscilloscope2 should e within 7P o" our input "re/uenc!.
The power ranges throughout the whole s!stem should e "airl! constant, with
the range no e%ceeding 6d etween the input and the output.
>eri"ication
6.1 Testing 4rocedures
@ The low pass "ilters will e tested ! appl!ing a range o" "re/uencies on the inputs
and measuring how much the power "rom the signal drops on the outputs. The
"ilter will also e tested ! plugging it into a wall $ac& and ensuring the ,-#.
wave is not loc&ed and that the "ilter does not over heat.
@ The and pass "ilters will e tested ! appl!ing a range o" "re/uencies on the
inputs and measuring how much the power "rom the signal drops on the outputs.
The "ilter will also e tested ! plugging it into a wall $ac& and ensuring the ,-#.
wave is loc&ed and that the "ilter does not over heat.
17
@ The 5' ampli"ier test will involve sending a range o" "re/uencies that correspond
to carrier "re/uenc! with a width e/ual to the andwidth o" the signal. The output
power o" the ampli"ier will e measured along with how much distortion the
ampli"ier has.
@ The demodulator will e tested ! sending a signal "rom a "re/uenc! generator
with a 1-- 1#. carrier "re/uenc! modulated with a range o" signals "rom 1-- #.
to 1- &#.. The output o" the demodulator will e connected to an oscilloscope
and the "re/uenc! and power levels will e measured.
@ The '3 oscillator testing will consist o" connecting a "re/uenc! generator to the
input with a range o" "re/uencies etween 1--#. and 1- &#., the output will e
connected to an oscilloscope, the power and signal will e measured.
@ The entire pro$ect will e tested ! plugging the transmitter and receiver units into
di""erent outlets. At the input o" the transmitter a "re/uenc! generator will e
hoo&ed up to generate tones while output o" the receiver will e hoo&ed up to an
oscilloscope to measure the "re/uenc! and power levels.
6.* Tolerance Anal!sis
The audio signal that needs to e transmitted ma! have especiall! high or low
"re/uenc! components, the transmitter and receiver needs to e ale to transmit
those signals. To test that the s!stem can transmit a ver! wide range o"
"re/uencies the s!stem will e tested to determine what the highest "re/uenc! and
lowest "re/uenc! the s!stem can transmit. The test will entail slowl! lowering the
input "re/uenc! until the output power drops ! ,d8 relative to the power o" a 1
1#. signal. Then the "re/uenc! will e slowl! raised until the output power drops
! ,d8 relative to the power o" a 1 1#. signal.
Cost and Schedule
;.1 Cost Anal!sis
=aor:
:ream Salar!: Q67
#ours to complete: 1* hrs a wee& R 1*wee&s C 1;; hrs
=aor Costs C :ream Salar! R *.7 R #ours per wee& C 67 R *.7 R 1;; C Q1*,-- 0per
person2
4arts:
We would e re/uiring ver! "ew parts since we will e uilding all the components "rom
scratch using resistor, capacitors etc.
1,
We will need:
4ower Suppl!:
Cost: Q*7
Amount: *
Total Cost: Q7-
3isc. Components: 0#igh rating capacitors, resistors, op amp etc.2
Cost: SQ1-
E5AG: T+TA=: =A8+5 I 4A5TS

C Q1*,-- I Q,- C -12$$*
;.* Schedule
Sam Tsu 5a$at Singhal 3arshall 1at.
'eruar! ; A 1- 4roposal
05esearchJ:esign2
4roposal
0IntroJ+$ective2
4roposal
0TestingJCost2
'eruar! 11 A 1? Start :esign o"
're/uenc! 3odulated
+scillator
Start :esign o"
're/uenc! 3odulated
:emodulator
Start :esign o" 'ilters
and 5' Ampli"ier
'eruar! 1F A *;
0:esign 5eview2
Simulate oscillator in
4S4ICB and comine
with other circuits
Simulate demodulator
in 4S4ICB and
comine with other
circuits
Simulate "ilters and
ampli"ier in 4S4ICB
and comine with
other circuits
'eruar! *7 A
3arch 6
+rder parts and start
construction o"
oscillator
+tain the necessar!
parts ased on the
design review and
eing construction.
+rder parts and start
construction o" "ilters
3arch ; A 1- 'inish construction o"
oscillator on read
oard and egin
testing.
'inish construction o"
the demodulator circuit
and egin testing
operations.
'inish construction o"
"ilters in read oard
and start ampli"ier,
3arch 11 A 1? Continue testing and
modi"ication o"
oscillator. :esign
inter"ace with other
components.
'inish testing to
con"irm the individual
device is operating and
connect it to Sam and
3arshall)s component.
'inish construction o"
ampli"ier and test
"ilters and ampli"ier
3arch 1F A *; S45IGE 85BA1 S45IGE 85BA1 S45IGE 85BA1
1?
3arch *7 A 61
03oc&@up
:emo2
4repare "or moc& up
demo and order the
4C8)s ased on our
overall design.
4repare "or moc& up
demo
4repare "or moc& up
demo.
April 1 A ? Start process "or
integration o" all
design components
Start process "or
integration o" all
design components
Start process "or
integration o" all
design components
April F A 1; Test whether the
oscillator is
success"ull!
transmitting the signal.
Test the ampli"ier and
"ilters to ensure proper
gain and low distortion
Test whether the
oscillator is
success"ull! receiving
the signal and is eing
outputted to the
spea&er.
April 17 A *1
0:emo and
4resentations2
Integrated s!stem
testing and "ine@tuning
Integrated s!stem
testing and "ine@tuning
Integrated s!stem
testing and "ine@tuning
April ** A *F 4repare "or
presentation
4repare "or
presentation
4repare "or
presentation
April *H A
3a! 7
0'inal 4aper2
4repare "inal report 4repare "inal report 4repare "inal report
1F