CT30104-Lighting Systems in Buildings

Lecture 02
Eng G R Madushan Kumara Eng. G.R. Madushan Kumara
(BSc. Eng.)
Electron absorbs some energy which causes it Electron absorbs some energy which causes it
to jump to a higher energy level. This is
called excitation.
E2
E1
Energy
N l Nucleus
The electron, preferring to be in the lower The electron, preferring to be in the lower
energy, immediately drops back down to the
lower energy level (de-excitation).
E2
Energy
E1
E2
gy
E1
In order to conserve energy, a photon In order to conserve energy, a photon
(discrete bundle of energy) is emitted.
E2 Photon Energy
Photon Energy = E2 E1 E1
Light travels in straight lines. Light travels in straight lines.
Light travels much faster than sound.
Because of its electric and magnetic Because of its electric and magnetic
properties, light is also called
electromagnetic radiation.
We see things because they reflect light into
our eyes.
Shadows are formed when light is blocked by
an object.
A luminous object is one that produces light. A luminous object is one that produces light.
Sun
Lamp
Fire
Lightning Strike
A l i bj t i th t fl t A non-luminous object is one that reflects
light.
Moon Moon
Reflectors
Walls
Shadows are places where light is blocked Shadows are places where light is blocked
Rays of light Rays of light
Light travels through empty space at a speed Light travels through empty space at a speed
of 300,000 km/s.
At this speed it can go around the world 8
times in one second.
In the 1860s, the Scottish mathematician and In the 1860s, the Scottish mathematician and
physicist James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in
describing all the basic properties of electricity
d i i f i and magnetism in four equations.
This mathematical achievement demonstrated
that electric and magnetic forces are really that electric and magnetic forces are really
two aspects of the same phenomenon, which
we now call electromagnetism.
Newton thought light was in the form of Newton thought light was in the form of
little packets of energy called photons and
subsequent experiments with blackbody
di i i di i h i l lik radiation indicate it has particle-like
properties
Youngs Double Slit Experiment indicated Young s Double-Slit Experiment indicated
light behaved as a wave
Light has a dual personality; it behaves as a Light has a dual personality; it behaves as a
stream of particle like photons, but each
photon has wavelike properties
Plancks law relates the energy of a photon to its
f l h frequency or wavelength
E = energy of a photon
h = Plancks constant
c = speed of light
= wavelength of light
The value of the constant h in this equation,
called Plancks constant, has been shown in
laboratory experiments to be. laboratory experiments to be.
h = 6.625 x 10
34
J s
A blackbody is a hypothetical object that A blackbody is a hypothetical object that
is a perfect absorber of electromagnetic
radiation at all wavelengths.
Stars closely approximate the behavior of
blackbodies, as do other hot, dense
objects objects.
The intensities of radiation emitted at
various wavelengths by a blackbody at a various wavelengths by a blackbody at a
given temperature are shown by a
blackbody curve.
The dominant
wavelength at which
bl kb d i a blackbody emits
electromagnetic
radiation is inversely radiation is inversely
proportional to the
Kelvin temperature
of the object.
The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that a The Stefan Boltzmann law states that a
blackbody radiates electromagnetic waves
with a total energy flux E directly
i l h f h f h proportional to the fourth power of the
Kelvin temperature T of the object.
E = T
4
The combination of all the allowed The combination of all the allowed
transitions produces an emission spectrum
for that particular element.
No two elements have the same emission
spectrum, so the emission spectrum can be
used to identify the element in question used to identify the element in question.
Three Basic Functions. Three Basic Functions.
Eyes receive light and generate messages.
Visual pathways transmit those messages.
Visual centers interpret those messages.
All visual structures are intact at birth
th h l i t though several are immature.
For humans most of sensory information is
derived via the visual system(eyes) derived via the visual system (eyes).
Human eye
Exposure
Cornea
Iris/pupil
Retina Brain
Processing Image formation
Exposure
Control
Detection
Cornea
Lens
Iris/pupil
Photoreceptor
sensitivity
Retina
Rods
Cones
Brain
Why cant we see immediately after you Why can t we see immediately after you
enter a movie theater from daylight?
The threshold of detection changes with
overall light level.
The switch is quite gradual, until the
iti iti f d d t sensitivities of cones and rods cross over at
about 7 minutes in the dark.
White light is not a single colour; it is made White light is not a single colour; it is made
up of a mixture of the seven colours of the
rainbow.
Can demonstrate this by splitting white
light with a prism.
Hue Hue
Value
Intensityy
The name given to a colour. The name given to a colour.
RED YELLOW VIOLET
Pure and basic. Pure and basic.
Cannot be made from any other colours.
All other colors are made from these.
Equal distance from each other on colour
wheel.
RED
YELLOW
BLUE
Made by mixing equal amounts of 2 primary Made by mixing equal amounts of 2 primary
colors
Found halfway between the primary hues on
the wheel
+
ORANGE
+
=
+ =
GREEN
+ =
VIOLET
Made by mixing equal amounts of adjoining Made by mixing equal amounts of adjoining
primary and secondary colors.
A GUIDE TO STUDY
HOW TO CHOOSE AND HOW TO CHOOSE AND
COMBINE COLORS
The lightness (Tint) or the darkness (Shade) The lightness (Tint) or the darkness (Shade)
of the colour.
Tint is adding white to a colour so that it is
lighter.
Shade is made by adding black to a colour so
th t it i d k that it is darker.
+
=
+
HUE WHITE TINT
+
=
HUE BLACK SHADE
The brightness or dullness of a color The brightness or dullness of a color
FUSCHIA - HIGH INTENSITY FUSCHIA HIGH INTENSITY
OLIVE - LOW INTENSITY
All colors
White
No color
Black
White + Black
Gray
Can be used with most
Beige
colors
Appear hot like the sun or like fire Appear hot like the sun or like fire
Give feelings of gaiety, activity or
cheerfulness
Appear to advance-they make body look
larger
Can give a nervous impression if overdone
Remind us of water or sky Remind us of water or sky
Give feelings of quietness or restfulness
Appear to recede and make body look pp y
smaller
Can be depressing if overdone
This is a one-color plan that uses different This is a one color plan that uses different
tints, shades and intensities of the color
BLUE
The colour an object appears depends on the The colour an object appears depends on the
colours of light it reflects.
A red book only reflects red light.
White
light
Only red light
is reflected
light
is reflected
A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple
light (and red and blue, as purple is made
up of red and blue).
M t li ht Magenta light
A white hat would reflect all seven colours. A white hat would reflect all seven colours.
White
light
If we look at a coloured object in coloured If we look at a coloured object in coloured
light we see something different.
Shirt looks red
White
light
Shorts look blue
In different colours of light this kit would In different colours of light this kit would
look different.
Red
light
Shirt looks red
Shorts look black
Shirt looks black
Blue
light
Shirt looks black
Shorts look blue
Filters can be used to block out Filters can be used to block out
different colours of light.
Red
Filter
Magen
ta
Filter Filter
The color temperature of a light source is The color temperature of a light source is
the temperature of an ideal black body
radiator that radiates light of comparable
h h f h li h hue to that of the light source.
Higher color temperatures over 5000 K are
called cool colors (blueish white) but the called cool colors (blueish white), but the
lower color temperatures (2,7003,000 K) are
called warm colors (yellowish white through
red).
Temperature Source
1,700 K Match flame
1 850 K Candle flame sunset/sunrise 1,850 K Candle flame, sunset/sunrise
2,7003,300 K Incandescent lamps
3,000 K
Soft (or Warm) White compact
fluorescent lamps
3,200 K Studio lamps, photofloods, etc.
3,350 K Studio "CP" light
4,1004,150 K Moonlight
[
, , g
5,000 K Horizon daylight
5,000 K
Tubular fluorescent lamps or cool
white/daylight compact
fluorescent lamps (CFL) fluorescent lamps (CFL)
5,5006,000 K Vertical daylight, electronic flash
6,200 K Xenon short-arc lamp
6,500 K Daylight, overcast
6,50010,500 K LCD or CRT screen
15,00027,000 K Clear blue poleward sky