ITS OK TO COPY

WHAT YOU MUST KNOW ABOUT USING IDEAS

THAT CAN BE FOUND ELSEWHERE
DEFENSIVE WRITING (Part 1)
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013
CONTENTS
Introduction
If You Didnt Copy
Whats Plagiarism
Defensive Writing
Borrowed Ideas
Five Protections
How to Quote
How to
Paraphrase
How to Cite
How to Reference
Original Ideas
EVEN IF YOU DIDNT COPY
INTRODUCTION
Its OK to Copy
But you must do it the right way
The wrong way of copying is called
plagiarism
Plagiarism is unacceptable
Plagiarism is punishable
ITS OK TO COPY WHEN...
You use the exact words and word
arrangement
Enclose in quote marks
Use a citation each time,
Use a reference for each source
ITS OK TO COPY WHEN (2)
You change the words and word
arrangement
Dont enclose in quote marks
Use a citation each time,
Use a reference for each source
Even if You Didnt Copy
If an idea in your paper can be found
somewhere else (even if it came
from your own brain), your idea is a
copy.
It is not original.
No excuses, no exceptions.
Even if You Didnt Copy
This presentation will show you
how to protect yourself from any
possible punishment.
This is called defensive writing
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WHAT EXACTLY IS PLAGIARISM?
NEXT
What Exactly is Plagiarism (1)
You use someones exact words and
word arrangement but
Not enclosed in quote marks
Incorrect or no citation each time,
Incorrect or no reference for each
source
What Exactly is Plagiarism (2)
You changed the words and word
arrangement but
Incorrect or no citation each time,
Incorrect or no reference for each
source
What Exactly is Plagiarism (3)
You change the arrangement of words
but
Incorrect or no citation each time,
Incorrect or no reference for each
source
What Exactly is Plagiarism (4)
You changed all or some of the words
but
Incorrect or no citation each time,
Incorrect or no reference for each
source
Its not only words
The term ideas refers to
words, images, sounds
or any combination thereof
Its not only words
The term ideas also refers to the way
the words, images, sounds are
arranged
combined
used
produced
HOW TO WRITE DEFENSIVELY
WRITER PROTECTION
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Defensive Writing 1
After your first complete draft,
Google your key ideas to see if these
can be found elsewhere.
If not, no problem.
If so, attribute.
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Defensive Writing 2
Attribution means to indicate
where an idea comes from by
using citations and references
in your writing.
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Defensive Writing 3
If you find ideas that are the
same as or similar to yours,
cite them to support your
ideas.
This can create stronger
arguments and more
convincing ideas.
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Defensive Writing 4
If you find ideas that are opposite
or contrary to yours, cite them
to balance your ideas.
This can add objectivity to and
lessen bias in your writing.
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Defensive Writing 5
If you find ideas that are
related to your ideas, cite
them to add details to your
writing.
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Defensive Writing 6
When you find ideas in
unrelated works, clearly
connect and cite them in your
writing.
This can introduce scope and
breadth to your work.
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Defensive Writing 7
Attribute correctly; use the
attribution style preferred by
your school, organization, or
publisher.
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BORROWED & ORIGINAL IDEAS
DEFENSIVE WRITING
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The Ethics of Borrowing
When you borrow something,
you must first ask permission
If you borrow something, you
must return it.
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Borrowing Ideas
When its not possible ask permission
to borrow ideas for your paper but:
You can say where it can be found
You can say who owns it or
You can say who created it.
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Borrowing Ideas
Say where published, when published,
and who published it.
Transparency: That makes it easier
for others to find.
Full disclosure: This shows that
youre not hiding anything.
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Returning Borrowed Ideas
You cant return ideas in research-
based writing but:
When you use exact words and
structures, you can clearly indicate
that these are from someone else
You can show the reader exactly how
to return to the source of your
borrowed ideas
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Mixing Ideas
When you mix your own ideas with
borrowed ideas, you can clearly
indicate which ideas belong to
someone and which ideas are
yours.
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Mixing Ideas
You can mix clearly & correctly by:
paraphrasing
quoting
citation
referencing
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Mixing Ideas
You can mix borrowed and original
ideas smoothly by:
integrating sources and
integrating sourced ideas
Quotes
Paraphrases

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Lending Ideas
When publishing your work, show
others how to use your ideas by:
Including an example of how your
work can be cited in different ways
Including an example of how your
work can be listed as a reference
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Lending Ideas
You can include examples for each
attribution style such as:
APA
Chicago
Turabian
MLA
Harvard
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation
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FIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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1. THE QUOTE
WHEN BORROWING EXACT WORDS & STRUCTURES
Definition: The Quote
A quote is the exact words and exact
arrangement of words taken from a
source
Exact words
Exact sentence structure
Rules: The Quote
Exact words
Exact sentence structure / arrangement of
words
Should be enclosed in quote marks
Any removed words should be replaced by
three dots
A citation should be used each time
A reference should show each source
2. THE PARAPHRASE
WHEN BORROWING IDEAS
Definition: The Paraphrase
A paraphrase is the exact idea taken
from a source, but using different
words, and different arrangement of
words
Same idea
Different words
Different sentence structure
Rules: The Paraphrase
Exact ideas, different words
Different sentence structure /
arrangement of words
No quote marks
A citation should show the source of
each paraphrase
3. THE CITATION
INDICATING CREATORS AND PUBLISHERS OF IDEAS
Definition: The Citation
Open parenthesis (
Last name of author Smith
Comma ,
year of publication 2009
close parentheses )
Example: (Smith, 2009)
Located in the text, near the quote or
paraphrase
Rules: The Citation
Each borrowed idea should have a
citation
Use author last name only in the citation
The full stop is after the close
parenthesis.
There were times in the past when life
in Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

Rules: The Citation
If there is no author, use company or
organization name
(Albukhary Foundation, 1992)

Rules: The Citation
If there is no company or
organization name, use Anon. which
means anonymous
(Anon., 1992)
Rules: The Citation
A comma separates the author and
the date
(Anon., 1992)

Rules: The Citation
Each citation should have a year
If there is no year, use n.d. which means
no date
(Buruhanudeen, n. d.)
The reference is a complete version of the
citation.
Buruhanudeen, n. d. My Secret Life. AiU
Press, Malaysia. Online at
www.faris.com
Rules: The Citation
A comma separates the author and
the date
(Anon., 1992)


Rules: The Citation
A comma separates many authors of
one document.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)

Rules: The Citation
If there are more than three authors,
use the first author, followed by et.
al. (Latin for et alia = and others)
(Abu, et. al., 1992)


Rules: The Citation
A comma shows that the names are in a
different order:
Martin Abu = Abu, Martin
Use the complete last name and the first
letter of the first name.
(Abu, M., 1992)
The full-stop means the first name is
shortened to one letter.

Rules: The Citation
A comma separates many authors of
one document.
(Abu, M., and Montri, J. 1992)
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)

The last name is preceded by and.
(Cruz, B., Abu, M., and Montri, J., 1992)
Rules: The Citation
If there are more than three authors, use the
first author, followed by et. al. (Latin for et
alia = and others)
(Buruhanudeen, F., et. al., 1992)
The reference is a complete version of the
citation: all authors are listed, no et. al.
Buruhanudeen, F., Cruz, B., Abu, M., and
Montri, J., (1992) My Secret Life. AiU
Press, Malaysia. Online at www.faris.com

4. THE REFERENCE LIST
INDICATING EXATCLY WHERE IDEAS CAN BE FOUND
The Reference List
Complete citation: Author name,
year, title, publisher, city of publisher,
website
Even better: DOI, live web link
Located: at the end of the document
The Reference List
Each citation has one reference; each
reference is related to a citation
The list is arranged alphabetically
The list is titled List of References or
References
QUOTES & CITATIONS
ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
Quote & Citation #1
The exact words are inside quote marks.
The full-stop is after the citation.

There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, M., 1997).

Quote & Citation #2
Only the date is in the parenthesis.
The date follows the author name.
The first name initial is not used.

There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous says Buruhanudeen (1997).

Quote & Citation #3
Only the date is in the parenthesis.
The date follows the author name.
The first name initial is not used.

According to Buruhanudeen (1997),
There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous.

QUOTES & CITATIONS (TWO AUTHORS)
ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONS OF USING
Quote & Citation #1
The exact words are inside quote marks.
The full-stop is after the citation.

There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, F., and
Ssemudu, I., 1997).

Quote & Citation #2
Only the date is in the parenthesis.
The date follows the author name.
The first name initials are not used.

There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous says Buruhanudeen and
Ssemudu (1997).

Quote & Citation #3
Only the date is in the parenthesis.
The date follows the author name.
The first name initials are not used.

According to Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu
(1997), There were times in the past
when life in Malaysia was not only
difficult but also dangerous.

FOR MORE INFORMATION
Search using the following keywords
citation, reference, __ style, cheatsheet
Add any of these
filetype:pdf
filetype:ppt
filetype:doc
5. ORIGINALITY OF IDEA
HOW TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY
IDEAS (Its not only words)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
Words or arrangement of words
Images or arrangement of images
Sounds or arrangement of sounds
Colors, patterns
Objects, feelings

BORROWED IDEAS
A borrowed idea is not original. This includes:
Any idea that did not come from your own
senses
Any idea that can be found in any source, such
as the internet
Any idea that you did not experience by
yourself
ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking
can be original. However, it is not original
when:
Someone else thought of it before you did
It can be found in any source
It is based on ideas with sources that you
have forgotten
Most of it is similar to someone elses ideas
ORIGINAL IDEAS
An idea that comes from your own thinking can be
considered as original when:
It is a new idea formed by combining the ideas of
others (synthesis)
It is a new idea formed by changing the ideas of
others (modification)
There is no proof that someone else thought of it
before you did
Nothing exactly like it can be found in any source
DOCUMENTATION
All borrowed ideas should be cited and
referenced. This is called attribution
You must attribute ideas that you use in
your writing if they are:
Borrowed
Similar
Add related details
Opposing
END OF PRESENTATION
Email comments or corrections to
mr.jaime.aiu@gmail.com
Its OK to Copy by Syed Muhammad Faris bin Syed Buruhanudeen and Jaime Alfredo Cabrera,
03 July 2013, Albukhary International University, Alor Setar, Malaysia.
Version 2 completed 05 Nov 2013