CONTENTS

1. FUTURE WILL AUXILIARY

2. MAY / MIGHT

21
23

3. IN, ON, AT (PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE)

26

4. COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

28

5. SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

31

6. MODAL AUXILIARY (SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, COULD)

34

7. ADVERBS (MANNER)

37

8. IF CONDITIONALS

40

9. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE

44

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS

47

11. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

50

12. SOME/ANY

51

FUTURE WILL
AUXILIARY

a) We use WILL (ll) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.

Example:
Oh, I left the door open. Ill go and shut it.
What would you like to drink? Ill have some coffee, please.
Did you call Ann? Oh no, I forgot. Ill do it now.
Im too tired to walk home. I think Ill get a taxi.

b) Do not use WILL to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:
Example:
I cant meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me.
(correct)
I cant meet you tomorrow because my parents will come to see me.
(incorrect)

c) The negative of WILL is WONT (or WILL NOT)

Example:
Receptionist: Im afraid Mr. Wood cant see you until 4:00.
You:

Oh, in that case I wont wait.

d) We often use I think Ill of I dont think Ill when we decide to do something.
Example:
I think Ill stay home this evening.
I dont think Ill go out tonight. Im too tired.

EXERCISES:

I. Change these sentences from simple present to future tense using the auxiliary
WILL.
1. He drinks juice today. (tomorrow)
______________________________________________________________________
2. She calls her friend every Sunday. (next Sunday)
______________________________________________________________________
3. I go downtown every Monday. (this Monday)
______________________________________________________________________
4. You clean the apartment every weekend. (next weekend)
______________________________________________________________________
5. They dont work every morning. (tomorrow morning)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. It snows every winter. (next winter)
______________________________________________________________________
7. Does he talk to her every night? (tomorrow night)
______________________________________________________________________
8. The circus comes every summer. (next summer)
______________________________________________________________________
9. The girls drink a lot alcohol every weekend (next weekend)
______________________________________________________________________
10. The boys go to the church every Sunday. (next Sunday)
______________________________________________________________________
11. Do my neighbors drive so fast every day? (tomorrow)
______________________________________________________________________
12. She doesnt seek a lot of information in the computer every Friday. (next Friday)
______________________________________________________________________
13. Does she play basketball this Saturday? (next Saturday)
______________________________________________________________________
14. What do they study today in Mexico? (next year in Mexico)
______________________________________________________________________
15. Why do we go out every night? (tomorrow night)
______________________________________________________________________

MAY/MIGHT

MAY:

a) We use the auxiliary MAY to express permission.

Example:
You and you friends want to sea on the floor.
May we sea on the floor?
You want to eat an ice cream.
May I eat an ice cream?

b) Formal permission.
Example:
You may leave the room.
He may be at the library.

Note: the negative form is MAY NOT. There is not contraction for this auxiliary.

MIGHT:

a) We use the auxiliary MIGHT for possibility in the present or future tense.
Example:
He might tell his wife where he was.
He might go to the United States.

b) We also used this auxiliary in the cases we have less than 50% certainty.
Example:
I might go to the party.
Paco might be at the library.

EXERCISES:

I. Ask for permission in the following situations using the auxiliary MAY.
1. You want to leave.
______________________________________________________________________
2. You and your friend want to watch TV.
______________________________________________________________________
3. You want to use the car.
______________________________________________________________________
4. You and your friend want to go to the store.
______________________________________________________________________
5. You want to eat pizza.
______________________________________________________________________
6. You want to use the phone in class.
______________________________________________________________________
7. You and you boyfriend want to go camping.
______________________________________________________________________
8. You want to park your car in the entrance of a garage.
_________________________________________________________________
II. Complete the thoughts using MIGHT and the cues.
1. It is cloudy. (rain)
______________________________________________________________________
2. My birthday is next week. (have a party)
______________________________________________________________________
3. The Sanchez plan to take a trip. (go to Hawaii)
______________________________________________________________________
4. We like that house. (buy it)
______________________________________________________________________
5. I need a stamp. (ask my friend for one)
______________________________________________________________________
6. Walter does well in mathematics. (became a computer programmer)
______________________________________________________________________
7. Elena likes fresh fruit. (eat an orange)
______________________________________________________________________
8. My watch stopped. (be late for my appointment)
______________________________________________________________________
9. I like to get god grades. (study every day)
______________________________________________________________________
10. I dont have clean clothes. (wash this weekend)
______________________________________________________________________

EXERCISES:

III. Make sentences using the auxiliaries WILL, MAY, MIGHT using the cue
words.
Example:
Esteban will go to Cancun next Monday. (the office)
He wont go to the office.
1. Susie may go to the party tomorrow. (look after her little sister)
______________________________________________________________________
2. My father will visit my aunt Dora in New York. (go bowling)
______________________________________________________________________
3. You may go to the movies tonight. (come to class)
______________________________________________________________________
4. Youll like my new dress. (hat)
______________________________________________________________________
5. Lucy may speak Spanish in front of the American guy. (English)
______________________________________________________________________
6. They may want to tell him. (her)
______________________________________________________________________
7. You might open the box now. (this letter)
______________________________________________________________________
8. My sister will go to the movies alone. (with Donald)
______________________________________________________________________
9. After the party, Martha might stay asleep until 11:00. (go to work at 6:00)
______________________________________________________________________
10. She may talk to the principal. (talk to the coordinator )
______________________________________________________________________

IN, ON, AT
PREPOSITIONS (TIME/PLACE)
TIME:
a) We use IN as a preposition of time when we talk about a part of the day: in the
morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.
Example:
I go to school in the morning.
Mary ironed her clothes in the evening.
b) We also use IN when we refer to a season: in the winter, in the summer, in the fall,
in the spring.
Example:
I go on vacation in the spring.
We visit our grandma in the winter.
c) We use IN when we want to talk about just a month of a year: in June, in December,
in, May, etc.
Example:
My birthday is in June.
Marcela leaves in September.
d) We use ON when we talk about a day of the week: on Monday, on Saturday, on
Tuesday, etc.
Example:
I kissed her on Tuesday.
She ran way on Sunday.
Note: when you are using a date (month and a day) you have to use ON instead of IN.
Example:
My birthday is in June.
(only month)
My birthday is on June 16th.
(date: month and a day)
e) We used AT when we talk about: night, midnight, noon: at midnight, at noon, at
night.
Example:
I work at night. (correct)

I work at the night. (incorrect)

Note: when you use AT is not necessary to use the article THE.

f) We also use AT when talk about an hour.

Example: My class starts at 4:00.
The movie is at 8:20.
Mary will come at 9:45.
.

EXERCISES:

I. Choose in, on, at for the blanks space in each sentence.

1. The mailman delivered the letter ________ 1:45 p.m.
2. I woke up ________ three oclock ________ the morning.
3. The weather is pleasant here ________ the spring.
4. Mr. Johnsons son birthday is ________ February 20th.
5. We saw Smith in L.A. ________ September.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are leaving for England ________ Saturday.
7. The flight from Miami arrived in New York ________ noon.
8. Mr. Anderson plans to return to California ________ the third of April.
9. Mr. Shaw graduated from the university ________ 1949.
10. My English class starts ________ ten minutes after three.
11. Mr. Foster will get back from Chicago ________ the tenth of January.
12. Many people take their vacation ________ June, July, and August.
13. Are you going to study ________ the afternoon or ________?
14. We had a wonderful time at that party ________ Friday night.
15. My brother studies ________ morning and he works ________ night.
16. I finished my studies ________ September 19th and Ill go to the U.S. ________
July.
17. She doesnt want to work ________ Saturday but she wants to work ________
December.
18. Lees sister-in-laws cousin plays soccer _______ Monday and her boyfriend
_______ Sunday.

COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES
a) We use -er for the comparative of short adjectives (one syllable adjective) and
adverbs:
Cheap/cheaper than hard/harder than

large/larger than

Example:
Its cheaper to go by car than to go by train.

b) We use more(not -er) for long adjectives (more than one syllable adjectives):
more modern than

more serious than

more expensive than

Example:
More expensive hotels are usually more comfortable than cheaper ones.

c) Irregular Adjectives
Good/Better than

Bad/Worse than

Far/Farther than

RULES FOR SHORT ADJECTIVES (-ER)

A few adjectives have special rules for adding er.

d) When an adjective ends in Y, we change the Y to I and add er.

Example:
Busy/Busier than

Lazy/Lazier than

Crazy/Crazier than

e) When an adjective ends in one short vowel and one consonant, we double the
consonant and add er.
Example:
Hot/Hottest than

Big/bigger than

Thin/Thinner than

f) We use comparative of adjective to compare two things, two groups, etc.(one on one)
but never to compare one thing, one group, etc. to two o more things, groups, etc.
Example:
A bicycle is cheaper than a car. (correct)
girls (incorrect)
A hotel is more expensive than a motel (correct)
(incorrect)

She is prettier than all the

He is better than all the kids.

EXERCISES:

I. Add er to the adjectives below.

Adjective

Comparative of Adjective

1. Ugly

___________________________________

2. Sad

___________________________________

3. Lucky

___________________________________

4. Funny

___________________________________

5. Busy

___________________________________

6. Thin

___________________________________

7. Lovely

___________________________________

8. Juicy

___________________________________

9. Red

___________________________________

10. Friendly

___________________________________

11. Hot

___________________________________

12. Noisy

___________________________________

13. Sad

___________________________________

14. Crazy

___________________________________

15. Mad

___________________________________

16. Pretty

___________________________________

17. Hungry

___________________________________

18. Fat

___________________________________

19. Happy

___________________________________

20. Early

___________________________________

21. Heavy

___________________________________

22. Big

___________________________________

23. Slim

___________________________________

24. Flat

___________________________________

EXERCISES:

II. Complete the sentences using comparative of adjectives using the adjective in
parentheses.
1. A hamburger is (delicious) a steak.
______________________________________________________________________
2. Kathy is (pretty) Patty.
______________________________________________________________________
3. My neighbors car is (noisy) my car.
______________________________________________________________________
4. Los Angeles is (polluted) Texas.
______________________________________________________________________
5. New York is (big) El DF.
______________________________________________________________________
6. Dr. Gomez is (busy) Dr. Anderson.
______________________________________________________________________
7. The tree is (tall) the house.
______________________________________________________________________
8. Mexican food is (healthy) American Food.
______________________________________________________________________
9. Mr. and Mrs. Lees house is (long) Marios house.
______________________________________________________________________
10. A large town is (exciting) a small town.
______________________________________________________________________
11. The sofa is (comfortable) a chair.
______________________________________________________________________
12. A lion is (dangerous) a monkey.
______________________________________________________________________
13. Rhode Island is (small) Japan.
______________________________________________________________________
14. Vicky is (friendly) her husband.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Roberto is (young) his sister.
______________________________________________________________________
16. Lesson two is (difficult) lesson one.
______________________________________________________________________
17. Television is (interesting) Radio.
______________________________________________________________________
18. This dancer is (graceful) that one.
______________________________________________________________________
19. A watermelon is (big) an orange.
______________________________________________________________________
20. San Fernando Av. is (wide) Madero Street.
______________________________________________________________________
21. Miss Moya Class is (noisy) Mr. Hernandez.
______________________________________________________________________

SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES
a) We use est or mostto form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. In general
we use est for shorter adjectives (one syllable adjective) and most for longer
adjectives (two or more adjectives).
The rules are the same as those for the comparatives.
Example:

Adjective
Small
Big
Crazy
Good
Bad
Far
Expensive
Beautiful

Comparative

Superlative

Smaller than
Bigger than
Crazier than
Better than
Worse than
Farther than
More expensive than
More beautiful than

The Smallest
The biggest
The craziest
The best
The worst
The farthest
The most expensive
The most beautiful

My house is smaller than my house.

My house is the smallest in the neighborhood.
My girlfriend is crazier than your girlfriend.
My girlfriend is the craziest in the whole world.
My computer is more expensive than your computer.
My computer is the most expensive in the class.
My friend is better at math than my cousin.
My friend is the best at math in the state.

b) We use superlative of adjectives to compare one thing, one, one group, etc. with the
rest.
Example:
Susan is the most beautiful girl in the high school.
My car is the oldest in the neighborhood.

EXERCISES:

I. Add est to the adjectives below.

Adjective

Superlative of Adjective

1. Ugly

___________________________________

2. Sad

___________________________________

3. Lucky

___________________________________

4. Funny

___________________________________

5. Busy

___________________________________

6. Thin

___________________________________

7. Lovely

___________________________________

8. Juicy

___________________________________

9. Red

___________________________________

10. Friendly

___________________________________

11. Hot

___________________________________

12. Noisy

___________________________________

13. Sad

___________________________________

14. Crazy

___________________________________

15. Mad

___________________________________

16. Pretty

___________________________________

17. Hungry

___________________________________

18. Fat

___________________________________

19. Happy

___________________________________

20. Early

___________________________________

21. Heavy

___________________________________

22. Big

___________________________________

23. Slim

___________________________________

24. Flat

___________________________________

EXERCISES:

II. Complete the sentences using superlative of adjectives using the adjective in
parentheses.
1. The hamburger is (delicious) in the restaurant.
______________________________________________________________________
2. Kathy is (pretty) in her house.
______________________________________________________________________
3. My neighbors car is (noisy) in the town.
______________________________________________________________________
4. Los Angeles is (polluted) the United States.
______________________________________________________________________
5. New York is (big) city in the United States.
______________________________________________________________________
6. Dr. Gomez is (busy) in the hospital.
______________________________________________________________________
7. The tree is (tall) in the park.
______________________________________________________________________
8. Mexican food is (healthy) in the whole world.
______________________________________________________________________
9. Mr. and Mrs. Lees house is (long) in the neighborhood.
______________________________________________________________________
10. Smallville is (exciting) town in the states.
______________________________________________________________________
11. The sofa is (comfortable) thing in our house.
______________________________________________________________________
12. A lion is (dangerous) animal in Africa.
______________________________________________________________________
13. Rhode Island is (small) America.
______________________________________________________________________
14. Vicky is (friendly) in her class.
______________________________________________________________________
15. Roberto is (young) kid in the Gomez family.
______________________________________________________________________
16. Lesson two is (difficult) lesson in the book.
______________________________________________________________________
17. Television is (interesting) thing in the 20th century.
______________________________________________________________________
18. This dancer is (graceful) in the competition.
______________________________________________________________________
19. The watermelon is (big) fruit in the store.
______________________________________________________________________
20. San Fernando Av. is (wide) Av in Colima.
______________________________________________________________________
21. Miss Chiu Class is (noisy) class in FECE .
______________________________________________________________________

MODAL AUXILIARIES
(SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, COULD)
Uses
Should:
a) It means expectation.
Examples:

Must:
a) It means necessity.
Examples:

There shouldnt be crime in the city, but there is.

immediately.
Our children should be good all the time.
day.
b) It means advisability.
Examples:

He must go to the doctor

Mariana must eat well every
b) It means strong recommendation.
Examples:

You should take care of the problem now.

its wonderful.
She should buy a new dictionary.
hes a bad guy.
c) It also means recommendation.
Examples:

You must see that movie,

She mustnt go with him,
c) It also means strong probability.
Examples:

They should read that book.

very difficult.
We should see this movie.
well paid.

The presidents job must be

Being a teacher must be very

*May or Might:
a) It means slight probability in present time.
in past.
Examples:
They may have a lot of money, but I dont think so.
yesterday.
They might have lots of money, but I dont think so.
was broken.
b) It is also used for asking permission.
probability.
Examples:
May I please open the window?
dont know.
May I go early?
so lazy.

Could:
a) It shows ability or possibility
Examples:
I couldnt carry the packages
I could go for a drive, my car
b) It is also used to show slight
Examples:
Mike could be sick, but I
Joe could be great, but he is

Note: *The auxiliaries MAY and MIGHT are just a review.

EXERCISES:

I. Supply appropriate modal auxiliary in the blanks

1. I ____________ go to the store because Ive run out of sugar. I have to get it right away.
(necessity)

2. There ____________ be a discipline problem at the school, but there is.

(expectation)

3. We ____________ run out of money. (slight probability)

4. They ____________ be at the gas station, (necessity) or they ____________run out of gas.
(slight probability)

5. You ____________watch that program on TV. tonight. (recommendation)

6. You ____________ take better care of your health. (advisability)

7. We ____________tell the police about the crime. (necessity)
8. She ____________have to live out of the big city. (necessity)
9. He ____________have to eat that crap thing. (prohibition)
10. You ____________read this book; its about the present political situation in your
country (recommendation)

11. Life in India ____________be hard. (strong probability)

12. Dick ____________be sick today, he didnt come to class. (slight probability)
13. ____________I please leave the room? (polite request, permission)
14. He ____________pay a lot of money because he has sold everything. (strong probability)
15. You ____________take that medicine; its dangerous. (strong prohibition)

16. She ____________be in love, but I dont know. (slight probability)

17. You ____________be lazy (prohibition)
18. Everyone ____________be honest, but some people arent. (expectation)
19. Ive run out of energy; I ____________slow down. (necessity)
20. America soccer team ____________be the best team; it has won every match in this
season. (strong probability)

EXERCISES:

II. Use a modal auxiliary with each verb in parentheses. More than one auxiliary
may be possible (SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD, WILL,
WOULD). Use the one that seems appropriate to you and explain why you chose
that one rather than another.
1. It looks like rain. We (shut) __________________ the windows.
2. Ann, (you, hand) __________________ me that dish? Thanks.
3. Spring break starts on the 13th. We (go, not) __________________ to classes again
until the 22nd.
4. The baby is only a year old, but she (say, already) ______________________ a few
words.
5. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children (attend)
__________________ six years of elementary school.
6. There was a long line in front of the theater. We (wait) __________________ almost
an hour.
7. I dont feel like going to the library to study this afternoon. I (go)
__________________ to the shopping mall than to the library.
8. Annie, you (clean) __________________ this mess before Dad gets home.
9. In my country, a girl and a boy (go, not) __________________ out on a date unless
they are accompanied by a chaperone.
10. Jimmy was serious when he said he wanted to be a cowboy when he grew up. We
(laugh, not) __________________ at him. We hurt his feelings.
11. A: How are you planning to get to the airport?
B: By taxi.
A: You (take) __________________ a shuttle bus instead. Its cheaper than a taxi.
12. A: Why didnt you come to the party last night?
B: I (study) __________________.
A: You (come) __________________. We had a good time.
13. A: (I, speak) __________________ to Peggy?
B: She (come, not) __________________ to the phone right now. (I, take)
__________________the message?

ADVERBS
a) An adverb is a part of a speech. It is a word that modifies any other part of language
(verbs, adjectives, clauses, sentences and other adverbs) except for nouns; modifiers of
nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives.

b) Adverbs typically answer such questions as how?, when?, where?, in what way?, or
how often? This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by
single words but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
Example:
They treated her well. (SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBIAL)
An extremely small child entered the room. (SUBJECT + VERB +
OBJECT)
ADVERBS OF MANNER

a) In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often derived from
adjectives by using the suffix -ly. The -ly is a common, but not reliable, marker of a
word being an adverb, since many adjectives also end in -ly.
Example:
Correct
Correctly
Bad
Badly
wise
wisely

b) If an adjective ends in le, drop the e and add y

Example:
Gentle

Gently

c) If and adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add ly

Example:
Happy

Happily

d) Notice the following IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

Example:
Hard Hard
Fast Fast
Late Late
Good
Well
e) There are a number of other suffixes in English that derive adverbs from other word
classes, and there are also many adverbs that are not morphologically indicated at all.

f)

Formally, adverbs in English are inflected in terms of comparison, just like

adjectives. The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are generated by adding
-er and -est. Many adverbs are also periphrastic indicated by the use of more or most.
Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. The usual form pertaining
to adjectives or adverbs is called the positive.

EXERCISES:

I. Change the following ADJECTIVES into ADVERBS OF MANNER

ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

1. Correct

__________________________________________________

2. Quiet

__________________________________________________

3. Clear

__________________________________________________

4. Quick

__________________________________________________

5. Sad

__________________________________________________

6. Silent

__________________________________________________

7. Wise

__________________________________________________

8. Sincere

__________________________________________________

9. Careful

__________________________________________________

10. Beautiful

__________________________________________________

11. Easy

__________________________________________________

12. Slow

__________________________________________________

13. Good

__________________________________________________

14. Fast

__________________________________________________

15. Hard

__________________________________________________

16. Loud

__________________________________________________

II. Rewrite the sentences below using the adverb in parentheses after the verb.
Example:
Anna walks to the bus stop. (rapidly)
She walks rapidly to the bus stop.
1. Steven wrote on the blackboard this morning. (clearly)
__________________________________
2. The dog barked at the cars. (loudly)
__________________________________
3. The classes begin at nine oclock. (promptly)
__________________________________
4. David drove through the red light. (carelessly)
__________________________________
5. The students ate at the cafeteria before class. (quickly)
__________________________________
6. Jill waited for an answer to her letter. (anxiously)
__________________________________
7. Mrs. Lin spoke to her grandchildren. (affectionately)
__________________________________
8. They contributed to their church. (generously)
__________________________________
9. Mrs. Santos listened to her friend. (patiently)
__________________________________
10. The boat sailed across the lake. (slowly)
__________________________________
EXERCISES:

I. Make new sentences changing the adverb of manner into adjectives.

Example:
He works quietly. He is a quiet worker.
1. He speaks clearly.

_______________________________________________

2. He talks slowly.

_______________________________________________

3. He writes well.

_______________________________________________

4. He talks loud.

_______________________________________________

5. He swims fast.

_______________________________________________

6. He works hard.

_______________________________________________

7. He teaches well.

_______________________________________________

8. He runs fast.

_______________________________________________

9. He advises well.

_______________________________________________

10. He drives carefully.

_______________________________________________

11. He reads fast.

_______________________________________________

12. He sings well.

_______________________________________________

13. He speaks sincerely.

_______________________________________________

14. He dances gracefully.

_______________________________________________

II. Make new sentences changes the adjective into adverbs of manner.
Example:
The quiet doctor worked. The doctor worked quietly.
1. The careful student is studying.
________________________________________________
2. The sincere doctor is speaking.
________________________________________________
3. The quiet girl studies.
________________________________________________
4. The prompt girl is coming.
________________________________________________
5. The punctual student arrived.
________________________________________________
6. The careful teacher is writing.
________________________________________________
7. The sincere man spoke.
________________________________________________
8. The slow student is talking.
________________________________________________
9. He quiet boy is reciting.
________________________________________________
10. The careful girl is answering.
________________________________________________
11. The intelligent student answered
________________________________________________

IF CONDITIONALS
Conditional sentences are two statements. One expresses a condition and the
other one a result.
There are four different kinds of conditionals:
Zero Conditional
(0 Conditional or Preset Real)
First Conditional (1st Conditional or Present Real)
Second Conditional (2nd Conditional or Present Unreal)

Zero Conditional or Present Real

These conditional sentences express true, factual ideas in the present (not the
simple future). Both sentences the condition and the result are in the simple present
tense.
Examples:
If I dont eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class.
Water freezes if the temperature reaches 0C.
If it rains, we should stay at home.

First Conditional or Present Real

These conditional sentences express true, factual ideas in the future. The
condition sentence is in simple present tense and the result sentence is in simple future
tense.
Examples:
If I have enough time, I will watch TV later tonight.
If it rains now, Ill get wet in a few seconds.
She will go to Manzanillo if Peter picks her up.

Second Conditional or Present Unreal

A present unreal conditional statement consists of a clause introduced by if
sentences. The condition sentence is always in PAST and the result one is using the
auxiliary WOULD + the base form of the verb. Note: A past form is most often used in
the IF clause to mean present time, WERE is used for all the subjects or subject
pronouns.
Examples:
Reality
If I spoke English well, I would be in the university now
English well.

I dont speak

If she had a car, she would drive to work every day.

She doesnt
have a car. If he didnt have any money, hed borrow some from the bank.
He has
lots of money.

EXERCISES:

I. Put the verb into the correct form using the second conditional or present
unreal.
1. They would be hurt if I ________________ to see them. (not / go)
2. If you got more exercise, you ________________ better. (feel)
3. If they offered me the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)
4. Im sure Amy will lend you the money. Id be very surprised if she
_______________. (refuse)
5. If I sold my car, I _______________ much money for it. (not / get)
6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ________________. (close down)
7. What would happen if I _______________ that red button? (press)
8. Liz gave me this ring. She ________________ very upset if I lost it. (be)
9. My parents are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ______________.
(not / come)
10. Would Bob mind if I ________________ his book without asking him? (borrow)
11. If somebody ________________ in here with a gun, I would be very scared. (walk)
12. Im sure Sue _______________ if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

II. Put the verbs into the correct form using the second conditional or present
unreal.
1. She doesnt know you are in the hospital. If ______________ (know),
_____________ (go) to see you.
2. John gets to the station in time to catch his train. If _____________ (miss) it,
____________ (be)
late for his interview.
3. Im glad that you remind me about Rachels birthday. _______________ it (forget)
If _______________ (not / remind) me.
4. Unfortunately, I dont have my address book with me now I am on vacation.
If _______________ (have) Marthas address, _______________ (send) her a
postcard.
5. A: How is your trip? Do you have a nice time?
B: It is OK, but ________________ (it / be) better if _______________ (the
weather / be) nicer.
6. I am not tired after the soccer match. If _____________ (be) tired, I ______________
(go) to bed.

III. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences using the first conditional or
present real.
1. If I get more exercise,
_______________________________________________________.
2. I feel very angry
if______________________________________________________.
3. If I dont go to work today,
_______________________________________________________.
4. Will you go to the party
if______________________________________________________.
5. If you buy a car,
_______________________________________________________.
6. Will you mind
if______________________________________________________.

EXERCISES:

IV. Put the verb into the correct form using the 2nd Conditional (Present Unreal) .
1. He would be sad if we ___________________ to play with him. (not / go)
2. If Peter worked harder, he ___________________ more money. (earn)
3. If Robert and Arnold offered me more money for my job, I think I
________________ here. (stay)
4. Christy will lend you her car. Id be surprised if she __________________. (not/want
to)
5. If George bought a new motorcycle, he ___________________a lot of money in it.
(spend)
6. Many people would be hurt, if the America Soccer Team _____________the
championship. (win)

V. Write a result in each sentence according to the 1st Conditional (Present Real).
1. If it rains,
_____________________________________________________________
2. If my students study,
_____________________________________________________________
3. If my child eats well,
_____________________________________________________________
4. If the motorcycle works,
___________________________________________________________
5. If he doesnt work hard,
___________________________________________________________
6. If she comes here,
________________________________________________________________

VI. Write a result in each sentence according to the 0 Conditional.

1. If the exam is easy,
______________________________________________________________
2. If the new coach is
polite,_________________________________________________________
3. If I dont make any
noise,_________________________________________________________
4. If I am lucky,
_____________________________________________________________
5. If I dont pass the
exam,__________________________________________________________
6. If they play well,
______________________________________________________________
7. If we go out,
______________________________________________________________

8. If David stays at CENBI,

_________________________________________________________
9. If she doesnt get
married,_________________________________________________________
10. If I do my
homework,___________________________________________________________

EXERCISES:

VII. What Would You Do If?

If I won a million dollar,
_______________________________________________________
If I were an English teacher,
_______________________________________________________
If I could travel around the world,
___________________________________________________
If I were president of
_______________________________________________________
If I were______ years old again,
____________________________________________________
If I could have any job I
wanted,____________________________________________________
If today were the last day of my
life,_________________________________________________
VIII. Complete these sentences according the second conditional and the picture in
each
sentence.

When I am a child, I dont have enough money and I cant buy a

new guitar.
1.
If
I
___________________________,
I
__________________________________________.

I like going fishing with my dad but he is so busy and we cant go

fishing because I has to work.
2. If I ___________________________, I
________________________________________.

My dad gives me presents when it is my birthday or Christmas

but that wont happen this time. My dad doesnt have enough money.
3. If my dad ______________________, I
________________________________________.

My parents and I sing carols when it is Christmas time, but this

year we are not going to sing anymore. They are too busy in their office.
4. If they ________________________,
we_______________________________________.

PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE

a)

We use the Past Continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before his time
but had not finished
Example:
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10:00 last night?
I waved at her, but she wasnt looking.

b)

We often we the Simple Past and the Past Continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else:
Example:
Matt burned his hand while he was cooking.
I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass.
While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

EXERCISES:

I. What were you doing at the following times? Use Past Progressive. We can use a
Simple Past
tense.
1. (at 8:00 last night)
_______________________________________________________

2. (at 5:00 last Monday)

_______________________________________________________
3. (at 10:15 yesterday
morning)_____________________________________________________
4. (at 7:45 last night)
_______________________________________________________
5. (half an hour ago)
_______________________________________________________

II. Use your won ideas to complete these sentences. Use the Past Continuous.
1. Marcus burned his hand while
___________________________________________________
2. The doorbell rang while I
___________________________________________________
3. We saw an accident while we
___________________________________________________
4. Lauren fell asleep while she
___________________________________________________
5. The television was on, but
nobody___________________________________________________

III. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Simple Past.
1. Jane ___________________ (wait) for me when I ___________________ (arrive).
2. What ___________________ (you/do) at this time yesterday? I was asleep.
3. ___________________ (you/go) out last night? No, I was too tired.
4. How fast ___________________ (you/drive) when the accident
___________________(happen)?
5. John ___________________ (take) a picture of me while I ___________________
(not/look).
6. We were in a very difficult position. We ___________________ (not/know) what to
do.
7. I havent seen David for ages. The last time I ___________________ (see) him, he

___________________ (try) to find a job in Miami.

8. I ___________________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I
___________________ (hear)
footsteps behind me. Somebody ___________________ (follow) me. I was scared,
and I
___________________ (start) to run.
9. When I was young, I ___________________ (want9 to be a pilot.
EXERCISES:

IV. Complete the passage with the simple past form of the verbs in parentheses.
Include
adverbs when indicated, and pay careful attention to spelling.

The First Born

Lily ________(be) Bob and Dorothys first child. Dorothy ________(become)
pregnant, the couple immediately ________(begin) to prepare for the baby. They
________(go) shopping for baby furniture and ________ (buy) toys and playthings.
Dorothy ________(make) little clothes and blankets. And when Baby Lily ________
________(come/finally) into the world, the happy parents ________(fall) in love with
their precious child. They ________(take) pictures of Baby Lilys first smile, step, and
birthday party. At bedtime, they ________(sit) and ________(hold) her and
________(tell) her little stories and ________(read) her books and ________(sing) her
lullabies. They ________(wake) up in an instant if they ________(hear) her cry during
the night. They ________(write) letters and ________(send) cards to friends and
relatives detailing every little thing Lily ________(do). In fact, her parents
________(give) Lily their complete attention. That is, until her sister, Cathy
________(be) born two years later

V. These passages describe scenes from the past. Complete them with the past
continuous forms of the verbs in parentheses. Pay attention to the spelling of
the
ing endings.

A Special Memory

I have a special memory of Christmas when I was five years old. My aunts,
uncles, and cousins _______________(visit) us. I _______________(wear) my
beautiful new red dress. We _______________(sit) around the Christmas tree, and
everyone _______________(open) Christmas presents. I _______________(look at)
one big present near the corner of the room. Then my mother took me over to that
present. It was for me! It was the most beautiful dollhouse I had ever seen!
I have a special childhood memory of a summer night when I was seven or
eight. My mom and dad and my sisters _______________(sit) on the porch. The sun
_______________(set), and the sky _______________(become) red and golden. My
sisters

_______________(swing)

on

the

porch

swing,

and

my

mother

_______________(rock) in her rocking chair. Our dog _______________(lie) on the

steps. My father _______________(play) his guitar and _______________(sing).
Everyone _______________(listen) to him. He loved to sing, and he had a wonderful
voice. I felt so happy and peaceful and secure. That night is one of my best memories.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
a) Like all future forms, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning
with "when", "while", "before", "after", "by the time", "as soon as", "if" and
"unless".
Example:
While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner.
(Correct)
While I will be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner.
(Not Correct)

FORM Future Continuous

WILL or IDIOMATIC FUTURE (BE GOING TO)
1. Subject/Subject P. + WILL BE + VERB in ing form + Complement.
Example:
When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you.
or

2. Subject/Subject P. + (AM / IS / ARE) + GOING TO + VERB in ing form +

Complement.
Example:
When your plane arrives tonight, I am going to be waiting for you.

USES

b)

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be
interrupted. The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Future. Remember this
can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Example:
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and
you need to
contact me.
He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when
she arrives.

EXERCISES:

I. Complete the following sentences using Future Continuous.

1.
Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait) _____________________________ for us when our train arrives. I
am sure he (stand)_________________________on the platform when we pull into the
station.
Sandra: And then what?
Marcus: We (pick) _________________________ Michele up at work and go out to
dinner.
2.
Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) _________________________TV, Sam
(make) _________________________ drinks, Beth (dance)
_________________________ by herself, and Thad (complain)
_________________________ about his day at work.

Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) _________________________ the same things;
they always do the same things.
3.
Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash)
_________________________ all of those?
Jack: I promise I (do) _________________________them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of
sparkling clean dishes (sit) _________________________ in the cabinets.
4.
Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) _________________________ at
the Hoffman Hotel.
Nancy: I (call) _________________________ you if there are any problems.
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids.
Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) _________________________ fine.
5.
Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie) _________________________ on a
tropical beach in Maui drinking Mai Tai's and eating pineapple.
Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress)
_________________________ out over this marketing project. How are you going to
enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so hard.
Samantha: I 'll manage somehow.
Darren: You're terrible. Can't you take me with you?
Samantha: No. But I (send) _________________________ you a postcard of a
beautiful, white-sand beach.
Darren: Great, that (make) _________________________ me feel much better.

EXERCISES:

II. Contrast the Simple Future Future Continuous

1. I (give) ___________________ Mr. Harris your message when I see him tomorrow.

2. Mr. Brinks (cross) ___________________ the Atlantic by the time the news reaches
him.
3. When you go into the office, Mrs. Roland (sit) ___________________ at the front
desk.
4. Our English teacher (explain) ___________________ that lesson to us tomorrow.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor (live) ___________________ in their new house by next spring.
6. I (try) ___________________ to explain it to the students when they ask me about it.
7. We (wait) ___________________ for you right here when you return at 5:30 p.m.
8. The Browns (travel) ___________________ through New England at this time
tomorrow.
9. When we see Mr. Johnson tomorrow, we (remind) ___________________ him of
that.
10. When you come today, I (work) ___________________ at my desk in room 12.
11. Dont take so many books. Your suitcase (weigh) ___________________ too much.
12. Its too early. Our friends (eat) ___________________ their dinner when we get
there.
13. Mary (give) ___________________ us the information after she has spoken to Fred.
14. Jack says he (return) ___________________ the money to you at two oclock
tomorrow.
15. We (wait) ___________________ for you when you get back tomorrow.
16. I (work) ___________________ on the report when you arrive this afternoon.
17. By the time you receive this letter, we (travel) ___________________ through
Spain.
18. Don and Timothy (live) ___________________ in San Francisco.
19. Dont call me at 2:30. I (interview) ___________________ job applicants.
20. I (pack) ___________________ my suits once a Month.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive Pronouns are used with a limited number of verbs to indicate that the
subject and the object have the same referent.
They are also used to emphasize that the action of the verb is performed by the
subject rather than by someone else as might be expected from the context.
Example:
None of Bettys friends prepare lunch.
She prepare it herself.

a) A reflexive pronoun preceded by BY means alone.

Example:
Bill usually studies by himself.
Do you ever go to the movies by yourself?

b) Sometimes it has the additional meaning of without assistance. When used in this
way it is often preceded by all, for emphasis.
Example:
Bill cleans his room all by himself.

Subject Pronouns
I
You
She
He
It
We
You
They

Reflexive Pronouns
Myself
Yourself
Herself
Himself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves.

EXERCISES:

I. Supply the correct Reflexive Pronoun:

Example:
John hurt/when he fell.
John hurt himself when he fell.
1. The baby cannot dress
__________________________________________
2. Helen cut/with a knife.
__________________________________________
3. William shaves/every day.
__________________________________________
4. We enjoyed/at the concert.
__________________________________________
5. She looked at/in the mirror.
__________________________________________
6. Some people like to talk about
__________________________________________
7. Do you like to talk about
__________________________________________
8. The little girl burned/with a match.
__________________________________________
9. I shave/every morning.
__________________________________________
10. The poor man killed
__________________________________________
11. He fell and hurt/on the ice.
__________________________________________

II. For the word ALONE substitute the preposition BY with the correct Reflexive
Pronoun.

1. John lives alone.

__________________________________________
2. She likes to study alone.
__________________________________________
3. I went to the movies alone.
__________________________________________
4. Do you like to go to the movies alone?
__________________________________________
5. He likes to walk alone in the park.
__________________________________________
6. My aunt lived alone.
__________________________________________
7. He works alone in a small office.
__________________________________________
8. He prefers to work alone.
__________________________________________
9. I do not like to eat alone.
__________________________________________
10. The boys study alone as well as the
girls.__________________________________________
11. He wrote the entire book alone.
__________________________________________

SOME/ANY
-Body and One have the same meaning. No one is two words. All the other
combinations.
(everybody, anyone, etc.) are one word.
Use somebody/someone or anybody/anyone in questions about one person or more.

Use anyone/anybody as the object in negative statements. No one/nobody is generally

used as the subject of a statement, or as a single-word answer. Not is not used with no
one/nobody.

-BODY

-ONE

Somebody

Someone

Anybody

Anyone

Everybody

Everyone

Nobody

No one

In general we use Somebody, Someone or Everybody in positive sentences and

Anybody, Anyone, Nobody or No one in negative sentences.
Example:
I talked to somebody yesterday.
(affirmative)
She loves someone from the States.
(affirmative)
I didnt talk to anybody yesterday.
(negative)
She doesnt love someone from the states. (negative)

-THING

-WHERE

Something

Somewhere

Anything

Anywhere

Everything

Everywhere

Nothing

Nowhere

In general we use Something, Somewhere or Everything in positive sentences and

Anything, Anywhere, Nothing or Nowhere in negative sentences.
Example:
They were eating something delicious.
(affirmative)
He went somewhere away from here.
(affirmative)
They werent eating anything delicious.
He didnt go anywhere away from here.

(negative)
(negative)

EXERCISES:

I. Complete the sentences with some or any + body/one/thing/where.

1. I was too surprised to say _________________

2. Theres _________________ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Does _________________ mind if I open the window?
4. You must be hungry. Would you like _________________ to eat?
5. I wasnt feeling hungry, so I didnt eat _________________.
6. Quick, lets go! Theres _________________ coming, and I dont want
_________________ to
see us.
7. Sarah was upset about _________________ and refused to talk to
_________________.
8. This machine is very easy to use. _________________ can learn to use it in a very
short time.
9. There was hardly _________________ on the beach. It was almost deserted.
10. Do you live _________________ near Jim? No, he lives in another part of
town.
11. Where do you want to go on vacation? Lets go _________________ warm and
sunny.
12. They stay at home all the time. they never seem to go _________________.
13. Im going out. If _________________ calls while Im out, tell them Ill be back at
11:30.
14. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost _________________?
15. _________________ who saw the accident should contact the police.
16. Sue is very secretive. She never tells _________________ _________________ (2
words)

II. Complete these sentences with no or any + body/one/thing/where.

1. I dont want _________________ to drink. Im not thirsty.
2. The bus was completely empty. There was _________________ on it.
3. Where did you go for vacation? _________________. I stayed at home.
4. I went to the mall, but I didnt buy _________________.
5. What did you buy? _________________. I couldnt find _________________ I
wanted.

6. The town was still the same when I returned years later. _________________ had
changed.
7. Have you seen my watch? Ive looked all over the house, but I cant find it
_________________.
8. There was complete silence in the room. ________