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GOVERNMENT OF INDlA
ARCHJEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF I NDIA
ARCHJEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY
ACCESSION NO._!.i_6,...,.5u./ _____ _
O.ALL
D.G.JI. 79
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TWO BAS-RELIEFS
07 TH1I
STUPA OF BHARHUT.
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l'WO B.A.S-RELIEFS
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011 TUll If' ..,. .,
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S'l'UP A OF BHARHUT
Dr. S . .T. WARREN,
Or)fH.UU ltlfCJ'OR, OOilD&I:: 'CUt.
I tOt I
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CENl RAL ARCHAE01.0 ... lGA.I.
LIBRARY, D . .:-1 1.
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Da.to ... L .. : ... .:.:3. .: .......... ,.._
O.U
GRATEFULLY AND RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED TO
D . J . :a:. C. KERN
Ol! HIS SANSKRIT PBOFESSORSO!P
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UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN.

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TWO BASRELIEFS OF THE STUPA
OF BHARHUT.
Among the numerous sculptures on the railings and pU
Jars of the Bbarhut stnpa, that magniftoent Buddhist monu
ment of wblch Gen8l'al Otmningham has given in his precious
work
1
) a minute description and beautiful pho!()graph.s, many
ba.s-rellefs are illustraliona of SC811es taken from the Jtalms,
stories tl-om previous existences of the Buddha Oautama.
Most of those basrelleftl have inscriptions and as, moreover,
the scenes tbey represent are on the whole very oharacte
ristio, the Jotaka Illustrations have tieen, for the grester
part, ldentitled by Ounningbam hitiiS81f, and, after bim, by
Rhys DaV!ds '), with. the Jatska story in the Plill
which tbey illustrate. Since 1880, the date or Rbys David's
book, Vol. m and IV of Prof. FausbOlls edition of the Jala-
kas '), bave appeared, containing 210 stories, by wblcb lt
IB possible to give a text to others of those sculptured illus-
trations or tb6 tales that have tlowed mors than twenty
centuries ago lhlm the mouth of tbe great Master.
1) Tlat St;lpa ot Ubrbh A Bll.d4b.bt IQOIIfllltDt OI"U.tjtlttcJ 1fl0. muurou
ec:olplura llhutntin of Dadd.hirt legend a.ad hitto'1 ia nit tbili etaca.ry B. 0. \7
A..loUI.dtr 0\IA.DIIlgbam.. LoDdOt 1879.
2) Tho Jlt.h Slltrlot. Tr..,lated by Rbys Davldt, Vol. I. TrQbuer' Orient.!
Su i"' 1880.
8) Tbt Jatat!L toptbn wiLh it eorn.ment&ry for the od.lttd la the
glnal Pll br V, JlauobiJU. Vl. Ill 11183. Vl. IV 1887.
8
On the following pages I have endeavoured to explam two
of those has-reliefs.
The ftrst bears the Inscription: Kinara JIItalla..
Ounnlngham gives the folloWing notice, page 69:
12. Kinnra. JMaka.
.This 81llall bas-reliet is unfortunately broken, so that the
lower halves of the three ftguree are wanting; but there can
be no doubt that the two etanding figures are intended Cor
Kinnaras, male and female, ID aA:COidance with the title of
the Jataka.
Tbe Kinnnra was a fabulous being
1
), the upper half of
whose body was human, and lower half that of a IJ!rd, and
the big le.wes or feathers whloh go round the bodies of the
two standing figures, must have separated their human bo
dies from thelr bird legs .
In a list of the 560 Jataka.s of Ceylou, ldndly furnished
to me by Subhuti, there Is only one In which the name of
Klnnara ocours. Thls Is the Cbandra Kinnara which
agrees with the Bharhut has-relief in limiting its actore to a
Raja and a. pa.lr of Kinna.ras, male and fomale. The following
is a brief summary of the story made from Subhllti's trans-
lation of tbe Jntaka."
This story is now published In Vol. IV of FausbOIJ's edi
tion. It is N. 485, and may be condensed thus: A hunting
raja seas, himself unseen , a pa.lr of Klnuara.s; he shoots the
Klnnara and endeavoure to seduce the Kinno.n. She escapes;
he goes away and Salra revives the Klnna.ra..
Cunningha.m ends his notice with these words:
.If this is the same aa is represented in the Bharhut bas
relief, then the seuJ ptured version differs from the Pall legend
of Ceylon in making the pair of Kinnara.s dance before the
Raja of Benares while he is seated on a chair or throne. "
9
It is clear that the Co.ndak:innamjatakll can not be con
nected with tbis sculptw-e. There Is In tbe whole story no
scene corresponding to tbe Illustration.
I take the bas-relief to be e.n illustration of the
Jl\takll, n. or FauabOUs edition , told by the Lord to
their royal highnesses Pnsenadl King or Kosala,
and bis queen-consort (aggamalil#r) lCalllkt.
This Malllkt. was the only daugh!Alr of a garland seller In
Sava.ttlu, the residence of .Paaenad.l; sbe was young, fair
and pious. In consequenoo of a gift to the Buddha she bsd
been exalted to the hlgh position of queen-consort
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).
That sbe is thus suddenly raised in rank causes In ber
fits or pride and now and then a quarrel with the King;
but othenvise she is an amiable, modest and wifG.
Tbereforo the Lord Buddha lovGS her and does take to heart
the quarrels between the royal couple and tells many char
ming tales In order to t'OOOncile or to amuse them.
Thus be has .told Mallikllm devim 1 concerning the
queen Mallikn, the Sujntajntaka (80G), tbe
jlltaka (415) and the BhnllatlyajAtaka (604). Of the lastnamed
a faithful translation is given bote.
The introduction Is almost tbo same as in 806:
This story wu told by the Lord in Jetavnua concerning
Mallikn deY1.
Onco 1ho had " quancl with the king, n ltr,yaMl<olalw or
iritrif>QJ/o , that i a bedchamber qunrtel.
Annoyed the king took no notiu of her My more.
She tboughl ,gw..,ly our lbo Buddha doesn't know
thnt lhe king i.e angry wilh 1ne."
The Lord beard or the event. day he went wiU1
his mODke a begging bia food in t.ho city and came to the
palace. ltlng, coming w him
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took his bowl from
1) '1'IOa otealla ...., ....,...uoall7 r<lllallla U.. --111. ot llWca Ui.

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him, beeged him to enter Lhe palaco and let Lhe monks
lbemselves. After having served Lhem whh .wect. and
savoury food he sat down near to
Snid t.he Lord: Why doesn't the queen UPllenr?" The
king nntwcred: She is maddened Ly lhc pride of bor
prosperity." Quoth the Lord: In n former time, o king,
when you wore bon os a nud woo sepnmted from
you k;llm#"l ono night you have l'eponLed it. sovou hundred
ycnrs." At lbo request of t.he kin!( bo now tells what bap
pencd during fo1mer life.
The Introduction to 806 relates tho same story in terms
somewhat dl1feront from those used above. The king is so
angry on account of the same cause tllat he even ignores
the e:d.steoce of the queen. The Lord, heruiog the royal pair
does not Uve on Qiendly terms, thinks:
1
! will reconcile them
with each other", goes to the palace, but , before accepting
any food, asks where the queen is . Don't mind her (says
tbe Icing); her success has made her presumptuous." .Sirs,
says the Lord, you have raised her so high your self; having
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raised 11 woman so high, you must also bear with her faults."
The king sends for her and the Lord exhorts them to peace
and concord, by telling the SujM.ajM.nka, wbicb, however
by !IO mGanB so pretty, hiiS tho same effect ne the Bh&l
la(;i.ya.jlltaka, the tra.nslation of which is as follows:
Ono day lbe king of Benares, Bhallatiya by numo,
1 should liko to meat of deer on coals." After
having enl.r'ulted the aJI'airs of govruumcol 10 his miu;.t81'8,
he lef\ the city, lll"ll>cd with llve scrls of weapons, and fol-
lowed by a pack or excellent.ly trained dogs. Thus goiug
aloog tho Gnoga, he went up the Himavat. mountains. When
ho could not ascend higher there, he followed n rivulet, that
Oowod int.o lho Ganga, killed many ll!lt.olopes, bem'S etc.,
and having eaten meat
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roasted on coals, ho climbed up n

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hill. At the foot of lhe hill flowed a beautiful rhulet, ol
which the water, w\um swollen, reached to Ulo breast ,
when hallow, to the knees. A multitude of varioWI
and tortoises swam in it; the sand ulong the bnnka glit4ered
like silver; on either shor'e st<lod, bent by the bm'deo of
OowCI'II nod fruits, various trees
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f'ull of birds and bees, in-
toxicated by the fr'l\grance and the j uice of the nowers nnd
fiuita, while various beasts, autilopes et.c., sought n shelter
in the shade of tne tr-ees. On the banks or that dulicious
streom the kiug suw two kinnarlll, who
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embrnciug aud
kissing eaeh other, wniled and wept. He thought: I will
ask thoso kiMoru why they weep,'' and lookiuj! at dogs,
he snapped hia fingers, at which l.be well lluined uoble ani-
mala crept into tho bushes
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nnd uouehcd down 011 the
ground. When he hod seen that they were gone, he depo-
sed his bow and quiver and other weapoua ocnr. tmc ou
the enrth, and
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having stolen softly up to the kioMI'4I, he
asked 1 Why ore boU1 of you crying?"
The kitrtl4t'a said nothing, the conversing
witll tho king, spoke the following
.Kinnar!. Paodamki, Tiku along those
cool rivors do we aojoarn. Animals and men
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o buoter,
know us os kimplll'iBTull.
Ilin!J. Most pitoously ore ye wailiog, although the beloved
ia embraced by his beloved. I ask thee, U1nt arl endowed
with a human body, wby are ye weeping here so aadly in
the wooclf
(This stanza is twioo repeated with the only clwlge !lom
wuptng oo lamenttng a.nd mourning).
Kimtarf. Against our will we passed a night sepa-
rated from ouch other, o hunter
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thinking of each other;
rcmorsoful wo mourn for that aillglo night: that night cnn
not I'OIUl'U .
22&51
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Ki"!l siugle night for. which you mourn as for
lost money or a dead father - J uk thee, fair creature,
how did it happen you passed that nlghL separated?
.KiftiiM'I. The rapid altcnm, you Me, wboae rocky shorea
are covered with varioua lreCa, my beloved once crossed in
the rainy seuon, believing tbaL I followed )1im.
And I myaelf gaU1er Mkoln.t:.N, and <Jtim11UM, and lldta-
lu1): my lover ahnll WCl1\r " wreath of Oowen aod I, my
self covered wilh Oowen, I will go to him.
And galhering nowcn from bloaaomiog riccplanl$; I make
a gorlnod: my lover &hall wcnr ele.
A>Jd gathering nowert from n Ooweriog l4l lne, I make
a heap; ahnll be a couch for us, on which to lio down
to night.
And COI' CICII I cruoh wiU1 a alone aloe and aandelwood ;
my beloved's body shall be ll'!fumed, and, with n perfumed
body I ehnll so to him.
But the wnto cnmo quickly
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cnrying along my flowers
1wd garlands; the rive wna Oiled nnd could uoHo cossed ').
'l'hus wo st.oorl oach on a bank, eneing cneh other; and now
we wept, lhcn \VO lnughed nnd &lowly thnt night. crept.
And cnrly in tho morning
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na os \ha suu had riS<ln,
we crossed the shallow rive1, huntsman, and, embmciug
eath other, wo, both ot us, wept and laughed.
Within three years 700 years have elapsed we spent
here a night, from each other, hunl&man; your
life IRSt. but a hundred yCtU'8; bow can you dwell here
. wilhout your beloved?
.King. And your life, how long does it last? If you know,
1) - oripoal lw ... , otloer ..... or llow ....
t) The,. 1o a ,., AM po. ..,. J. lo&>)o .. , tnl&laloi ou _, poet p.,..
ptu, .Getche:Wta"' i tbo two lonrt IN tc:puatell 'b7 t rinr. Bat U:e
-pll or lbe ...... pool la lo!lior' 114 ......... 1110\ollcol.
18
,
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by ttnditioo or by lhe ropo1't of ancieoi.B, \.ell me the
time of your lifo ').
Ktimar!. Our lifo lasl& a lhoUJand years, aod duriog it we
know no hideous sicknea; few are lhe suO"cringo, more nu-
merous lhe joys; ever loriug, wo leave life.
Having heru-d l.hia lhe king thought: These beings, which
Ol't' but DD I mala
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mourn seven hundred years for lhe separa_-
tion of a single nighl
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wbilo I dwell in tJJe woods, having
lefl lhe delightful rteuures of my great kingdom of 300
yojtliiiJI. Alas I I o.m a fool I" And ho returned to llenares, told
his minislera what had happenod to him , and pa.ued his lire
in giving gif\a and enjoying
Then lbee lAr-d epoke two struuas:
Roving heard this Ci'Om not bumau beings, rejoice and
quarrel no moro, lest remorse tormeut you, like tlte kiuna-
ras that .single uighl."
And the Mallikn, having heard the Lord's exhort.a-
Lion, arose from he seat, and raising her joined bands to
her forehead, she praised the Lord, and spoke tbe last
Rianzn:
Wit b. a believing miod, I hear thee
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pouring forth many
blessfull words; speaking, o Lord, thou dispels my pain.
0 happines bringing taiMI}tJ . Jivo long rot us I"
And tl1e ot Kosala lived lhencefortJt in peace vvith
his queen.
Jataka 806 ha.s also been told by the Lord, with the same
intention and the same effect, whence it may be perhaps
inferred, that, by the editors themselves of the Jata.ka.book,
the pious fiction, that the Lord Buddha should have told an
those tales on particular occasions
1
was itaelf considered a
fiction and treated as such.
1) I ..,. ut qliC. ...,.. U.ot tb oaMAIDC ot Uo lod.
a
It is clear that this Bbai!At;iyajataka is a tale, bettar fitting
to the bas-relief, than the Kinnart\illtak& (486), In which the
king kill8 the Kinnar& UDawares, and the Ktnnan eecapes,
so that, In not any pru:t of the tale, the Klnnam couple stands
quietly before the calmly seated Raja. The only dilftcu.fty is
the title, but it is not paramount, as the titles, engraved
on the soulptures, often ditrer from those of the oorrespon
dlng Pill! stories. 'l'he NAga jataka, for example (Cunningbam,
Plate :XXV), is the same as the Kakkata (267) of the PA!i
collection; HamsaJ. (Plate XXVII) is called in the Pllllbook
N accajatalca (82).
Even the Kinna.rajlltaka in question is there ciilled Canda-
klnnaraj. The Bhisbaha.raniyaj. (Plate XL Vlli), not Identified
by Cnnnlngham, has in the Oeylonese oollection the tit.le of
B ~ a t a k (488).
The eeoond besrellef aiso, which I will now explain, bears
a quite different title from the corresponding Jlltaka story.
The photograph is given by Genern.J Cunnlngha.m on plate
XL VI and is very fine, very clear and characteristic. Cun
ningham gives the following description:
,.The actors In this soene are a holy Rishi, with a pair
of dogs and a pair of cats. The simple title of Ucla J/Uaka
does not occur in the long list of the 650 Jatakas of Ceylon;
but there is an Udas4 or Udacatli J. and an Uddala. J., one
of which may possibly be the mbject of the Bh&rhut sculp-
ture. The R1shi is seated on the ground with his watarbowl
and & basket or food near him. Before him is a pool or wa
tar, stocked with tlsb. On tbe bank a pair of cats are qua-
rsl!Jng over the head and tail of a .tlsh, and beyond tbem
are two dogs, one trotting joyfully oft' with n bone, and the
other sitting down disappointed, with his back turned to
his luckier rlvlll. - This story ought to be Identified at
once by any one possessing a. complete copy of the 560 J11-
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15
tatas. The title of Uda Jalaka. means simply the Water
Birth", but I suspect that the name has been unintentionally
shortened by the sculptor."
It Is quite true what Cunning)lam says that .any one
posaessi.ng a complete copy ought to ldeoti('y at onoe the
story"; so atrlldng iS the illustration, that I recognl.aed it
at first sight.
The tale Is called, in the Pllli collection, the Dabbhapup
phqJataJca (400). Here follows the translation.
In oldeu times, when llrahmadalla reigned at Bcnares,
the Bodnisat W1l.8 n treegod, on the bunk of a rirer. Tben ri
jaekal, Deceil!ul wus his name, dwelt tbere on that bank.
Now one day hiA wife ssid to him: >Dear Sir, a tloAa?o
1
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hu taken bold of me: I long to eat a freth goldfish." Quoth
the jac4!: Be easy, my dear, 1 wiU briog thee a goldfish."
Ha-ring spoken these words, he strolled al011g the blink of
tile river, through the tteeping planls. Just. at that moment
1
Deepgoing a.nd RiveJbankgoing, two otters (tultla ') SlcrL 3?;'
udro)
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were standing on the bnnk, prying for fish. And
Decpgolng saw a big goldfish; quickly ho sprung into the
flood and seized the fish by the tail. But the big fish drag
ged him along.
Theoforo he called his frieod to the rescue
1
e17ing:
Riverbenkgoing
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my dear friend , reseue me I
I have taken a big fish
1
but he drags me aloug with force.
On heariug tbia tbe other spoke the second atanu:
Deepgoing, my dear, take bo!d or him strongly;
I shall draw him out of tbe ...ater
1
as a a sorpent."
l) DoA.[o lt !M ororioz a..iro of pregnODt .,.,.... Tllo i41141M (1111 zreal
part io tbo t&loa. la 1ahb 601 a qu_ eeo in a drum a goldoolourc.l 4061'. Awaked
tb.o tbJDkll , Jt f Mf t.o tho tb1t 1 hlfO HOD. (t iD a drtlm, be wi.U lake DO
hoed or it ; bat wheo I "' U b a dohtlo he will do hit utterraoti to prooo.r. it,,.
and ho act aooord.lC.Sif with cho bat eft'eo\.
i) Tho mto Ofl tbt buH.llet it r/d .. OODIOD.aotl nu dou.blod.
l!S
And together they drew the fish on shore and killed him.
u they were about to di'ride their prey, they quar-
relled and eo they aat there, not knowing how to divide it
rightly. Juat. at that moment the jnckal appeared on the
bank. Seting him , both turned to him and apoko the third
ltt\D7A.:
Stl'ifo hM arisen betwixt us, o listen to me;
AppoMO ou strife, Sir, let our qunr.ol be eudod 1'.
Flnving hP.aJ"d those words the jncknl eaid:
I hove nlwnys been jnst, many cnses hnve been docided by me;
[ will DJ>peose your strife; this quarrel ahnll be ended."
And dividing the fi..b, be said:
o'l'he tail is for Deepgoing, the head for Rivetbankgoinp:,
the middle port aball be for me, the j..-t."
Baviug thua di-rided the prey, he said: Don't quarrel ony
more, but eat tho head and the ton, aDd, having seized
the middle part wil.b his teeth, he ran away. Sadfaced they
sat there, M if they had lost a thousand coins and spoke
Lho six Ut stall7.1l:
FOI" many a time there would been rood
1
if we
hod 1101 quorrelled ; Now the jneknl robs us of tJe nsb
head and toil."
Tb" jnekaU was very glod in his mind, os be thought:
t To day my wife shall eat a goldfish," and lto ran to her.
him she said, rejoiciug:
ti\5 a uoble king would rejoice, having talceu a kingdom,
So l to-day rejoice, seeing my lord full mouthed."
Alld aaking him in what way he had got hold of his prey:
tHow hast thou, that art landboro, taken a fish iD the
water? Answer my questiou, air , bow hnst thou seized it?''
And Lhe jackal, telliDg her in what way be bad gotten
hold of tire Osh, said thereupon:
>By quarrelling they grow poor, by quo.rrolliog they lose
17
their weahh; The otters have lOS\ their prey by ltlrife,
thou, llcceitful, this Gab."
I think, it can't rationally be disputed that the bas-rolief
is an illustration of t.hJs tale, and that the and dogs
of General Cunnlngham are otters and jackals. I most con
ress I cn.n 't soo disappointement on tl1e fru:e of one of the
jackals. As he is the bigger of the two, I think he is the
hejacknl, that, having given the ftsb to his wlfo, casts a
depo.rt!ng at the deceived otters. The humw figure
on the basroliof is, beyond doubt, a Rishi, and nota devata;
but that difference !s of no importance because the Bodhlsat,
as in more JAt.akas, where ho is a treegod, takes no part
in the action, but Is only a tlgumnt, a x.,qJa, 1rpJnwov.
I have nowhere met with a downtight imil::l.tion oftbl.s Jlll:aka
story. Only the welllrnown fable of La. Fontaine, et
188 plq.id4ura (X, 9), seems to be a fur-off echo or it '). La
Fonta.ine has taken it ft'om Boileau, who has versified it in
his second Epltre. Unfortunately I have not been able to
dillcover whence Boileau has t;aken it. He blm.se!E says: Un
jour , cUt uu auteur, n 'importe en qual chapltre", and the
only annotator, I have been able t.o oonsult, says, with the
same nonohaklncs, that .elle est tirlle d'une ancien ne com&lle
Itallenno". Likewise Eugene Leveque, in his uncritical work :
.Les mytbes et lea ltlgendes de l'Inde et la Perse da!!s Aris-
topbane etc.", speai:ing of this fable and oomparillg it lnju
diciously with a buddhlst AvadiJla '), translated from the
Chinese by St. Julien (A vadi!.na LXXI. V), says Rippantly :
I) hnitatio .. ol tbi> lablt m to 1>a loaad iD Jj',..ch rnuli.liboob.
t) 'l'hl1 A.adllt
1
.. TA aitpllt.e aca aeU% b qaite tbo pme dory AI lhat
ot king Putnka and tho two mea "hh tht magio oop. 1ta0'. ud pair ot llpptn.
old by Somadcn iD bit ant book. IUUi belln bo.L a fC!!DOlO Uktnw to the
bttorJ. It ro.mlod on or Uto Outcll 11rove:b , nnincd by Jacob Co.t.t1 .Twct houd
Cn v.c-bteo om MD been. Ben Mrdo 1oort or ru mce hooo!'
18
.Pour arrivor ~ La FontaineJ la Dispute des deux D6mons a
~ transforml!e dans un fabliau franqais ou !tall en".
Of the eame origin as La Fonlalne's fable is perhaps the
story of the two cats, which, having stolen some cheese,
quarrel about the division of their prize, refer the matter
to a monkey to act as arbitrator and are cheated by their
judge').
This Jntakll. contains nine stanzas; moreover , in the epl
logue the Lord himself, as .A.bbisambuddha, speaks a tenth
stanza; nevertheless it is classed in the seventh section
(8attan!pata).
It Is also worth remarking that the moral, pointed out
by the Lord iD the last stanza, does not agree with the
moral of the introductory story.
The stanza says: .So, where strife arises between men,
they run to a jnst man: he ~ s a them what !aright; then
they lose their wealth; and the king's trensure increases."
In the introductory sto1y a tale Is told of the greedy priest
Upa.nanda. It Is a fictitious tale, pa.rtly composed of a story
told !n the Mahn.vagga (Vlli, 26 p. 800), where Up.'\nanda
three tlmee 11CC6pts a Jot of clothes from some monks who
are dividing clothes, presented to them at the end of the
1Ja88a. The Buddha, on hearing of the bad conduct of Upa-
nanda., diSapproves of it, and reproves him, ending with
the solemn formula: apaUt dukka{asaa.
Out of this Jofahnvagga chapter and the Jatak.a story itself
the Introductory story (paccuppanMmtlhu) is oomposed,
not very artistically indeed
1
). In it Ujl81la.ode. ls represented
as e. monk, who, exhorting his fellowmonks to simplicity
1) t huG aut with thl1 Cbla in Ch11mbcn' Nliouo.l ltoldlft8 book, fil part,
"bere ft ta iYe.ft wiUaoat to aame ot the au.tbor.
2) ll. g., An !a lho Jatoko torr occ:mios oxprw!on ( .. m,a plld p.(llddAit.a)
la aor:aowhul Wunully 1dopted in th.e lo.troducUon,
19
and modesty, so that his hearers throw away their ftne
clothes and wear tattered gnrrrienta (as monks ought to do),
procures for himself a good many fine robes and ft.nally chests
two old prlests, who have . invoked h!s aid, as the otters
that of the jackal. The Lord , hearing of his hypocrisy and
robbery, says: Upananda. ba8 not, o monks, acted aooor-
ding to morsl duty; a monk, wbo preaches about their du-
ties to others, ought in the first plaoe to act up to his
principles, and then admonish others .
Let each man apply himself first to what is propre;
Then Jet him teach others i thus a wise man will not suffer."
(Dhammapada vs. 158)
Not now for the first time, o monks, in a preVious exis-
tence also bas U pananda bean -covetous and greedy; neitber
does he rob only now these monks of their property; for-
merly also did he do so."
Then be tells the Blrtb Story, in concluding which he
identifies Upananda with tbe .1acka.l , the two old monks
with the otters and himself with the tree deity.
The J11takn stol"les, S[>Oken o{ above, are very old
stories, as Is testified by their bef.ng out fn stone on the
Bbarbut monument, the age of which is assigned by General
Ounnlngbam to the .A.aoka period, somewhere between
260 and 200 B. C. There are many stories in the Pllli col-
lection, which, though not sculptured on that monument,
date also at least from the third or foorLh century B. C., QS
they are already found {not yet in the form of Jltak:as) in
the older texts, e. g. the (871) in Maluwagga.
X, 2, the Tlttlrij. (87) in Cullavsgga VI, 6. AB in the case
of the Uda- or Do.bbhopupphc,j., the introduction of many
other stories has been taken from the lfuhavagga or other
old textbooks, e. g. t.bat or the Kllfnqj. (ta7) is a fine pua.-
phra.se of two Bti#M from tbe Sultoniplsla, viz. Dllami;a.mita
20
and KDmo8tllla. It seems, indeed, t.bat the authors of tbe
Introductory stories bad embraced tbe doctrine of , Je p.rends
mon blen oil je le trouve", even from proftl.ne texts. Thus
tbe I.Dtroductton of the 118" J&taka Is an Imitation of the
plot of the drama in which the love of O ~ r u a t t a and Va-
santasenn. is exhibited with great poetical force. It Is true,
one of the dramatis personae is a Buddhist monk: our Bud
dhist authors were thus in good company .
. /

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