Friday Feb 21 Handouts

Lecture Handouts
Friday,
21
th
Feb, 2014
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
1
DesignRequirementsfor
MasonryWallsandRC
Confining ElementsSubjectedtoEffects
ofAxialLoad,Bending,andShear
Short Course on Seismic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings
February 17-21, 2014, I I T Gandhinagar, I ndia
Designphilosophy
Limitstatedesign
Forcesaremultipliedbyloadfactors
Thebasicloadcombinationsareasfollows:
CM1=1.4D
CM2=1.1D 1.1Sx 0.3Sy
CM3=1.1D 0.3Sx 1.1Sy
Strengthisreducedbyacorrespondingreduction
factorF
R
F
R
= u.6 foraxialstrength
F
R
= u.8 combinedaxialandflexuralstrength(P<Pr/3)
F
R
= u.7 forshear
2
Confinedmasonrybasicrequirements
Basicrequirements
Thefirststepindesignistocomplywiththis
requirements
3
Confiningelements
Designforverticalloads
P
R
= F
R
F
L
(
m
A
1
+ A
s
)
c
c
=
t
2
-
b
S
F
L
= 1 -
2c
t
1 -
kE
Su t
2
1 +
E
I
+
E
I
u.9
c
i
= c
c
+
t
24
F
R
=0.6
L distancebetweenlateral supports
H freeheight of theWall betweentwoelementscapableof givinglateral support
e eccentricity calculated as the calculated eccentricity plus and accidental
eccentricityequal tot / 24;
k =1extremewall, =0.8intermediatewall, slabrestrainthelateral displacement
Verticalloads
onawallmay
beestimated
using
tributary
areas
4
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrengthofmasonry
m
=
P
tb
=

m
1 + 2.Sc
0.15
eccentricity
Nomomentistransmitted
asitisassumedthatthe
mortarjointsrotate
Eccentricityisjustforthe
slabload,theloadcoming
fromthewallaboveis
assumedbecantered,so
eccentricitiesarelargerfor
upperfloorsandsmaller
forfistfloor
5
Lateralsupport
Tiecolumnsareassumedtoprovidelateralsupport,and
Transversewalls
Listhedistancebetweenthislateralsupportelements
Examples(I
i
E,b) E = 2Su
Extremewall,k=1
justonefloor,b determineseccentricity
I
i
E islimitedforconfinedmasonrytothe
distancebetweentiecolumns<1.5Hor4m
I
i
E
b = 12
b = 6
b = S
F
L
F
L
< u.9
ForH=250,onlyverysmallvaluesof
slabsupportmaygenerate
F
L
< u.9
6
Examples(I
i
E,b) E = S6u
I
i
E
b = 12
b = 6
b = S
F
L
F
L
< u.9
Flexuralstrength
BasicHypothesis(likeconcrete)
Masonryishomogeneous
Planedeformations(planesections)
Masonrydoesnotresisttension
Perfectadherencebetweenreinforcementand
surroundingconcrete
Masonrysnormaldeformationatfailureis0.003
Masonrysthestressdeformationcurveislinear
uptofailure,unlessotherwisedemonstrated
7
Flexionandcompressioncombined
Equilibrium:
H = p
P = p
Interactiondiagram
Forhighmomentsreinforcementintensionmayhavelargedeformation
Hardeningwouldnormallyneedtobeconsidered
8
Simplifiedequations
R
P 3
(5.6)
H
R
= F
R
H
0
+ u.SP
u
J
H
R
= (1.SF
R
H
0
+ u.1SP
R
J) 1 -
P
u
P
R
i u P
u

P
R
S
i P
u
>
P
R
S
H
0
= A
s
J
(5.5)
(5.6)
P
R
= F
R
F
L
(
m
A
1
+ A
s
) (5.3.1)
SimplifiedInteractionDiagram
9
Shearstrength
I
mR
= F
R
u.S:
m
A
1
+ u.SP 1.SF
R
:
m
A
1
I
R
= I
mR
+I
sR
I
sR
= F
R
pp
h
h
A
1
Totalshearstrengthmaybewrittenas
where
Isthestrengthduetomasonry.Strengthisassumeduptothecrackingshear,
and
Strengthduetomasonry
Diagonaltension
Strengthdueaxialload
Strengthduetohorizontal
reinforcement
Effectofaxialload
10
Shearstrengthduetomasonry
I
c
I
mux
o
c
o
vmux
o
vu
I
u
= u.8I
mux
I
m
R
= I
c
Strengthduetomasonry
I
mR
= F
R
u.S:
m
A
1
+ u.SP 1.SF
R
:
m
A
1
:
m
masonryshearstrength,fromdiagonalcompressiontests
A
1
Crosssectionalareaofthewallincludingthetiecolumns
P Axialload
:
m
= PA
d
:
m
=
:
m
1 + 2.Sc
u.2
:
m
mediumstrength
11
Effectofaspectratio
Setup
M1M4
M5M7
12
WallM6,setup
M6afterfailure
13
Tiecolumns
sliding
14
Failuremodes
Hystheretic behaviour
15
Someremarks
Allwallscansustainseveralcyclesofloadafter
cracking(duetotheconfinement)
Longwalls(withsmallaspectratio)tendtofailwitha
combinationofslidinganddiagonaltension,suddenly
(fragilefailure)
Haveadditionalstrengthafterfirstcracking
Shortwallsstarttodegradeitsstrengthjustafter
diagonalcracking,howeverstrengthdegradationis
slow.Thewallscansustainconsiderablelateral
deformations
Completewalldesigninsteadofbypaneldesignis
recommended
Strengthvsaspectratio
I
n
= u.S:
m
A
1
+ u.SP < 1.S:
m
A
1

=
1.SS
E
I
u.2
1.69 - u.69
E
I
u.2 <
E
I
1
1.u 1 <
E
I
=
S + 1up (2 + 1upw
2
)
9 + 6upw
2
+ 1uup
2
w
2
p = 0E,w = EI
p=0.2
16
Comparisonwithothercodes
Othercodesusesimilarexpressionstoaccountforaspectratio
I
n
= u.S:
m
A
1
+u.SP < 1.S:
m
A
1

Proposalvarieswiththeverticalload
unlikeMustcodes
Shear-moment interaction
32
Hypothesis
Lateralstrengthis
affectedbythe
applicationof
momentontopof
thewall
Effectofmoment
hasbeenincluded
forlongwallsasan
increaseofaspect
ratio(M/VL).
17
Predictionapriori
Hypothesis
Crackinglateral
displacementis
equal,withno
regardastowhat
loadproducedthe
displacement:
shearormoment
o
v
+ o
M
= o
0
I
n
i
= I
n
- o
M
K
0
I
n
i
= I
n
-
H
u
E
k
, E
k
=
2
S
k
]
+k
E
Prediction
I
n
i
I
n
=
1
1 +
1S[pw
2
2upw
2
+6
u [ 1
[ = 1 fixed
[ = u canatilever
p = 0E
w = EI
Simplecurvature
18
Experimentalprogram
3pairsofwalls
Firstspecimenjustwithlateralloadandconstant
axialload
Secondspecimen,withmoment,shearand
constantaxialload
1
st
set H/L=1
Solidclaybricks (handmade
type)
2
nd
set H/L=1
Extrudedmultiperforated
Largemomentswereapplied
3
rd
set H/L=1.5
Extruded multiperforated
Loadsequence
19
Results
Set1 Set2 Set3
Maxpredictionerrorwas8%
I
n
= u.S:
m
A
1
+ u.SP -
H
u
E
k
< u.S:
m
A
1

Finalformula
Horizontalreinforcemenet
I
sR
= F
R
pp
h
h
A
1
F
R
= u.7
p
h
= A
sh
s
h
h
yieldstressofhorizontal
reinforcement
A
1
crosssectionalarea,including
tiecolumns
20
Efficiencyofreinforcement
Withhorizontalreinforcement
Crackingisnotaffected
byhorizontalreinforcement
I
c
I
mux
o
c
o
vmux
o
vu
I
R
= I
mux
21
Detail
HorizontalreinforcementSHOULDNOTBESPLICED
Experimentalwork
22
Setup
Experimentalprogram
S.M.Alcocer,J.A.ZepedayM.Ojeda (1997)
23
24
Finalpatterns
Envelops
25
p theefficiencyfactor
Questions?
1
Example:SeismicDesignof
ConfinedMasonryWalls
Example
Five floors

m
= 6 NPa
:
m
= u.4 NPa

h
= 6uu NPa
= 42u NPa
E = Suu cm
t = 12 cm
2
Wall19
P
u
= 476.1 kN
I
u
= 1SS.8 kN
H
u
= 1S42.6 kNm
Axialstrength
P
R
= F
R
F
L
(
m
A
1
+ A
s
)
A
1
= 12 28S + 12 = SS64 cm2
297
t = 12 cm
A
s
= u.71 4 = 2.84cm2
4#3 = S8"
= 42u NPa
3
Slendernessfactor
Masonryunits:claymultiperforated units
F
L
= 1 -
2c
t
1 -
kE
Su t
2
1 +
E
I
+
E
I
u.9
k = u.8 intermediatewalllimitedbyslabs
I
i
= 2.8S m
I
i
= 2.8S m
t = 12 cm
t = 12 cm
SlendernessfactorFE
c
sIub
=
t
2
-
b
S
+
t
24
=
12
2
-
4
S
+
t
24
= S.17 cm
c
i
=
P
uboc
c
uboc
+ P
sIub
c
sIub
P
uboc
+ P
sIub
=
S81 u + 9S.1 S.17
S81 + 9S.1
P
uboc
= S81 kN
P
sIub
= 9S.1 kN
c
i
= 1.uS
F
L
= 1 -
2c
t
1 -
kE
Su t
2
1 +
E
I
+
E
I
u.9
F
L
= 1 -
2 1.uS
12
1 -
u.8 Suu
Su 12
2
1 +
Suu
28S
+
Suu
28S
= 2.u
F
L
=0.9 Takemaximumvalue
4
Axialstrength
P
R
= F
R
F
L
(
m
A
1
+ A
s
)
P
R
= u.7 u.9
6356400+4284420
1000
= 1948.4 kN
P
u
= S81 + 9S.1 = 476.1 kN
P
R
> P
u
Flexuralstrength
J = 28S cm
t = 12 cm
J = 291 m
P
u
P
R
= 476.11948.4=0.224
P
u
< P
R
S
H
R
= F
R
H
0
+u.SP
u
J = u.8 SS9.9S + u.S 476.1 2.8S = S1SS.2 kN m
H
0
= A
s
J
i
= 284 42u 28Su = SS9948uuu Nmm339.95kN m
A
s
= u.71 4 = 2.84cm2
= 42u NPa
H
u
= 1S42.6
H
R
> H
u
5
Shearstrength
I
mR
= F
R
u.S:
m
A
1
+ u.SP 1.SF
R
:
m
A
1
:
m
= u.4 NPa
A
1
= SS64 cm2
P
u
= 476.1 kN
I
mR
= u.7 u.S u.4 SS64uu + u.S486.1 1.S u.7 u.4 SS64uu
I
mR
= 149.87 149.68 seshouldtaketheminimumofthis
I
mR
= 149.68
I
u
= 1SS.8 kN
I
mR
< I
u
weneedsomehorizontalreinforcement
Shearstrength
I
sR
= F
R
pp
h
h
A
1
Thestrengthduetohorizontalreinforcementis
Letuscalculatetheminimumarea.Theminimumareaissuchthatiscan
sustainaloadequaltoI
mR
,forthiscasep = 1
F
R
p
h
h
A
1
= I
mR
p
h
=
I
mR
F
R
h
A
1
wireforhorizontalreinforcementhave
h
= 6uu Mpa,andformpreviouscalculations
I
mR
= 149.68 kN
A
1
= SS64 cm2
p
h
=
14968u
u.7 6uu SS64uu
= u.uu1
6
Shearstrength
Tocalculatetherequiredsteelamount,letsassumethatp = u.6
pp
h
h
A
1
= (I
u
- I
mR
)
p
h
h
=
(I
u
- I
mR
)
pA
1
=
(1SS8uu -14968u)
u.6 SS64
= 2.86 kgcm
2
< 6 p = u.6 ok
p
h
=
2.86
6uuu
= u.uuu47 < p
hmn
Wecanusetheminimump
h
= u.uu1
Shearstrength
Usingtwowires5/32A
sh
= 2 u.12S7 = u.2474 cm2
p
h
=
A
sh
st
s =
A
sh
p
h
t
=
u.2474
u.uu1 12
= 2u.6 mmspacingresultsineverycourse
7
Shearstrength
Weneednowtocalculatetheefficiencyofthesteelp
I
sR
= F
R
pp
h
h
A
1
= u.7 u.S944 7.S42 SS64 9.81 =
p
h
h
= u.uu12S7 6uuu = 7.S42 kg/cm2 weneedthisnumberinkg/cm2
Tocomparewithcodelimits
6 < p
h
h
< 9 weneedtointerpolatebetweenp = u.6 andp = u.2
p = u.6 +
u.2 - u.6
9 - 6
(p
h
h
- 6) = u.6 +
u.2 - u.6
9 - 6
(7.S42 - 6) = u.S944
A
1
= SS64 cm2
A
1
= SS64 cm2
Questions?
CE625: Masonry Structures/Dr Durgesh Rai/IITK/2012 1
Durgesh C Rai
Professor
IIT Kanpur
Design for Seismic
Out-of-Plane Loads
Masonry walls under Masonry walls under
Transverse Loads
3
Out-of-plane Loading
URM wall under transverse loading
w
P.e
2
Pe
8
2
wh
2
h
e
h
t
P
8
wh
2
Pe
M height mid at tion critical w e l and P small For
Pe M wall of top is tion critical w small and P e l For
2
+ =
=
, sec : arg
, sec : arg
4
URM wall under transverse loading
Design & analysis is same as eccentricity loaded walls
Use concept of equivalent eccentricity after bending
moment is calculated
w
e
P
M
=
e
P
w
e
1
V
V
P
M
e =
1
5
Four types of walls under transverse loads
Load bearing wall
Free standing wall
Panel walls
Curtain walls
Needs to be checked for flexural tension
due to imposed moments in out-of-plane
direction
6
Free standing walls
Many configuration to choose from based on required
strength, durability, aesthetics and economy.
Large bending moment due to high wind pressure may
require configuration other than straight wall
Walls taller than 5 m may require steel reinforcement
7
Free standing walls
Besides strength check against flexural tension, they
also need to be checked under stability against
overturning
) 07 . 2 0 . 1 (
.
and between lies FS
loads lateral to due moment g overturnin
loads vertical to due moment g stabilizin
FS =
8
8
Seismic loads
Masonry walls are subjected
to simultaneous in-plane and
out-of-plane loads during an
earthquake.
Poor out-of-plane response of
cracked walls has been a
serious concern.
Life safety hazard from
falling debris
A
Pushed in the plane of the wall
Strong
Direction
Weak
Direction
Pushed
perpendicular
to the plane of
the wall
9
9
Out-of-Plane Failure During Earthquakes
Out of failure Pics
9
10
Dynamic instability approach
Controlled by geometrical
proportions, such as unbraced
height to thickness ratio i.e.,
slenderness (h/t) ratio
Lateral strength approach
Arching action
Various empirical relations
Based on static lateral loading
of masonry panels
Out-of-Plane Resistance
11
Out-of-plane instability
Height-to-Thickness Ratio
Slender masory walls with large h/t ratio
more susceptible to damage from out-of-plane forces
Dynamic testing of full size walls show walls
meeting h/t ratios are dynamically stable
Their dynamic rocking stability does not depend on tension
resistance of masonry across bed joints
If h/t ratio exceeds values given in Table,
bracing needed to improve their stability
Wall Type Zone II & III Zone IV Zone V
Top storey 14 14 9
First storey 18 16 15
All other
conditions
16 16 13
Permissible
h/t Ratio
12
Elastic plate theories
Strength limited by flexure failure
Predicted very low strengths
McDowell, McKee and Sevin (1956)
One way arching action of wall
Strength limited by compressive failure
Uniform Lateral
Load, q
Cracks
One way
action
Two way
action
12
Out-of-Plane Capacity
13
Out-of-plane STRENGTH
Arching action
Elastic deflections of the wall
supports are negligible.
Failure occurs by horizontal
cracking at the top, centre and
bottom of the wall, causing rotation
about horizontal lines through A, B
and C
4 2
) (
h L
h q a t L t
o
= o
2
) ( 8 h a t t q
o
= o
2
) / (
8
t h
q
o
o
=
For uniform compression, a =0
(Hendry, Sinha, and Davies, 2004)
14
Out-of-plane STRENGTH
Arching action
Effect of return wall
Increases out-of-plane strength
Function of aspect ratio of the wall
2
) / (
8
t h
k kq q
o
o
= =
(Hendry, Sinha, and Davies, 2004)
15
15
Effect of Slenderness Ratio
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Slenderness Ratio
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
P
a
)
FE Model Dawe (1988) Abrams (1994)
Bashandy (1996) Flanagan (1999)
OOP strength decreases with wall slenderness ratio
16
16
Arching action
Low aspect ratio two way action
High aspect ratio one way action
Effect of Aspect Ratio
17
17
Effect of Aspect Ratio
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Slenderness Ratio
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
P
a
)
FE Model Dawe (1988)
Bashandy (1996) Flanagan (1999)
Aspect Ratio
For aspect ratio greater than 2, no significant decrease in OOP strength
18
Behaviour under Behaviour under
combined loading
19
19
Out-of-plane strength decreases with increasing in-
plane damage
h/t = 16, AR = 1.2
Combined Loading
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
P
a
)
Displacement (mm)
0.075%
0.15%
0.30%
In-plane drift
20
20
Out-of-plane strength decreases with increasing in-plane
damage
h/t = 16, AR = 1.2
Combined Loading
21
21
Out-of-plane capacity and demand
Out-of-plane capacity in terms of Peak uniform acceleration
ASCE 7-05 for seismic loading
Present study building located in zone V (PGA = 0.36g)
Acceleration at three levels in a building considered
Base - 0.36g
Mid height 0.72g
Roof 1.08g
0.4
1 2
/
p DS P
P
P P str
a S W
z
F
R I h
| |
= +
|
\ .
Fragility Analysis
3 levels of seismic
demands
22
22
Two walls with different properties
W1-Strong wall
W2- Normal strength wall
Procedure Aslani and Miranda (2005)
Properties W1 W2
f
m
(MPa) 18 6
f
t
(MPa) 0.6 0.35
E (MPa) 15000 3300
Fragility Analysis
23
23
Fragility Curves for oop failure mode

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
In-plane Drift (%)
Zone V
0.36g
-brick (110 mm)
1-brick (230 mm)
1 -brick (350 mm)
t
h
h/t = 30
h/t = 16
h/t = 10
Probability of failure increases with slenderness
24
24
Fragility Analysis
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
In-plane drift (%)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
10
12
16
20
25
30
W2 Normal Wall
SR
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
In-plane drift (%)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
10
12
16
20
25
30
W1 Strong Wall
SR
Fragility curves of URM walls at roof level
Probability of failure is higher for wall W2 than W1
Slenderness ratios of 25-30 have 80% probability of failure for wall
W1 while W2 reached 100%probability of collapse
25
25
FEMA 356 provides range of acceptable slenderness
ratios for URM walls
Fragility curves can
provide acceptable SR
for given in-plane drift
and probability of failure
25
Storey level Slenderness ratio
Base 15
Mid-height 13
Roof 9
Application Fragility Curves in Design
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
In-plane drift (%)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
10
12
16
20
25
30
0.36g
SR
26
26
Two probabilities of failure
10% exceedance
50% exceedance
10% exceedance
Close to FEMA
50% exceedance
FEMA definition
conservative
10 % Probability of exceedance
Accel (g) IO (0.1%) LS (0.6%) CP (0.8%)
0.36 6 16 16
0.72 12 10 10
1.08 12 10 10
50 % Probability of exceedance
Accel (g) IO (0.1%) LS (0.6%) CP (0.8%)
0.36 25 25 25
0.72 16 16 16
1.08 12 12 12
Application Fragility Curves in Design
27
27
Out-of-plane capacity of the URM wall was inversely
proportional to the slenderness ratio.
Consistent with the past studies [Abrams 1994, Dawe 1988]
Cracked URM walls have residual out-of-plane
strength of about one-third of its uncracked capacity.
For a given aspect ratio of the wall, reduction in out-of-
plane capacity due to the in-plane damage increases
with increasing slenderness ratios.
For low slenderness ratios (~10), reduction in the capacity was
negligible.
Conclusions
28
28
For a given SR, tall walls and walls with AR 2 were
more susceptible to greater reduction in out-of-plane
capacity than squat walls (AR 2).
Fragility curves indicate that the out-of-plane
vulnerability of the URM walls increases with the
increase in SR and in-plane damage in the wall.
Slender walls (SR: ~25-30) can reach 100% probability
of failure at very small in-plane damage.
Significant effect of material properties was observed
on the fragility and URM walls with weaker masonry
are more vulnerable to out-of-plane failure.
Conclusions
29
Behaviour of Confined

Behaviour of Confined
Masonry under combined
loading
30
Specimen Details
Six half-scaled specimens were considered in the study
Dimension = 2.5m 1.5 m and 60 mm thick wall
Infill masonry Confined masonry
Scheme A
Scheme A Scheme B Only lintel beam

31
Solid Walls
Major cracks formed due to the in-
plane loading; very few cracks
observed during the out-of-plane
loading.
Regular infill RC frame
Separation at wall-column interface
at 0.5%drift cycle
Highly vulnerable to collapse during
out-of-plane loading following 1.75%
in-plane drift cycles
Large out-of-plane deflection
32
Confined Wall
Major cracks in masonry sub-
panels after 1.75%in-plane
drift cycles
Uniformly distributed cracks
No Separation at wall-column
interface
Enhance the interaction
between masonry wall and RC
confining elements
Delay the failure by controlling
out-of-plane deflection
Composite action between wall
and tie-column
Solid Walls
Specimen 2
33
Solid Walls
Infilled Masonry
Confined Masonry
34
Walls with openings
Infill RC frame with opening
and lintel beam only
Separation at wall-column interface
at 0.5% drift cycle
Rocking of masonry piers
Masonry near opening is highly
vulnerable to collapse during out-of-
plane loading following 2.2% in-
plane drift cycles
Confinement to opening is
necessary
P1 P2 P3 P4
Masonry piers
35
Walls with openings
Scheme A (Tie-columns
extending from bottom to top)
Major cracks in masonry piers and
confining tie elements after 1.75%
in-plane drift cycles
Enhanced interaction between
masonry wall and RC confining
elements
Failure of wall-to-tie-
column connection due
to rupture of bricks at
the interface
36
Walls with openings
Scheme B (Confined wall
with continuous sill and
lintel band)
Continuous sill and lintel band assist
in uniform distribution of cracks
No major cracks in masonry
piers, spandrels and confining tie
elements after 2.2% in-plane drift
cycles
37
Walls with openings
Regular infilled frame with window opening and lintel beam only
Confined masonry wall with confinement scheme B
38
Cracking Patterns

Infill masonry Confined masonry
Interface failure at 0.5%drift, large
OOP displ. and likely to collapse
Rocking of piers and excessive
crushing of bricks at pier ends
No interface failure even at 1.75%
drift, behave as a shear wall
Rocking of slender piers and severe
crushing of bricks and concrete
Major damage in slender masonry
piers
Uniformly distributed cracks and no
major cracks even after 2.2%drift

39
39
1
1
Out-of-Plane Seismic Resistance of Confined Masonry
Walls
1
Dr. Svetlana Brzev
BCIT, Vancouver, Canada
IIT Gandhinagar, India
2 No. 2
This presentation describes research
performed by Dr. J orge Luis Varela Rivera,
Universidad Autnoma de Yucatn, Mexico
Acknowledgment
2
3
Out-of-Plane Failure Mechanisms
4
Out-of-Plane Failure Mechanisms
3
5
Confined Masonry Walls
Designed according to the Mexican masonry
code NTC-M
6
Out-of-Plane Seismic Loading
Uniform load
Concentrated
load
4
7
Boundary Conditions (End Supports)
Flexible and rigid diaphragms
4 supports 3 supports
8
Flexible Diaphragms
3 supports
5
9
Finite Element Analysis
Supports on all sides
Supports on 3 sides
10
Key Parameters Out-of-Plane Resistance
Support conditions
Aspect ratio (h/L)
Height/thickness ratio (h/t)
Stiffness of the confining elements
Axial loads
6
11
Objectives
Evaluate out-of-plane resistance
Rectangular walls
Supports on 3 or 4 sides
Rectangular or square
walls simple supports on
4 sides
12
Wall Specimens
Confined masonry walls
Confining elements 0.15 x 0.15 m
RL 4 barras #3, RT S #2 @ 0.2 m (NTCM)
Hollow concrete blocks
0.15 x 0.20 x 0.40 m
Mortar 1 : 2 : 7
Espesor del muro 0.15 m
L x H
3.60 x 1.80 m
h/L 0.50
7 hiladas
7
13
Loading Applied via Airbags
14
Experimental Results
Cracking pattern (supports on 3 sides)
8
15
16
Out-of-Plane Damage
2010 Chile Earthquake
16
Damage at the 3
rd
floor level
9
17
18
10
19
Cracking pattern h/L = 1
20
Cracking pattern h/L = 1
11
21
Final Cracking Patterns
22
Key Findings: Failure Mechanisms
Initially, the panel behaves like a slab
subjected to flexure
At the ultimate stage, arching mechanism
has been formed
12
23
Arching Mechanism
Wall divided into segments
Segments rotate
Compression strut forms
Lateral displacements
24
Pressure versus Displacements
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Desplazamiento horizontal (cm)
C
a
r
g
a

(
k
g
/
m
2
)
E4
E5
E6
E3
E2
E1
Maximum pressure
Onset of cracking
Maximum pressure
W
4a
vs W
3a
W
max
vs W
agr
W
max
>> W design
13
25
Specimens h/L=0.75 and 1.0
Resistencia de
agrietamiento
Resistencia
mxima
W
rect
vs W
cuad
W
max
vs W
agr
W
max
>> W design
26
Damage Patterns
14
27
Key Findings
Walls with supports on 3 sides (simulating
flexible diaphragms): initially, behaviour
similar to slabs with supports on 3 sides
However, at the ultimate stage, pattern similar
to slabs with supports on 4 sides because
tie-beam started to act like a support
(providing strength and stiffness)
28
Conclusiones
Two possible failure mechanisms:
1. Instability of wall segments or localized
failure of RC confining elements
2. Localized failure in confining elements may
limit the out-of-plane wall resistance
15
29
Conclusions (contd)
Out-of-plane wall resistance (pressure) is
more than 3 times higher than the pressure
at the onset of cracking
30
How to improve out-of-plane resistance?
EERI Confined Masonry Guide
16
31
Tie-Beam: Dimensions
Width of the tie-beam (b) should not be less
than:
20 cm
L/30 for regions of moderate seismicity, and
L/20 for regions of high and very high
seismicity
where L is span
32
Width of the Tie-Beam (b)

1
Reinforced Masonry Walls Under Out-of-Plane Seismic Loading
Background
Seismic shaking in a direction normal to the wall causes out-of-plane wall forces that result
in bending and shear stresses and may, ultimately, cause out-of-plane collapse of the walls.
Note that out-of-plane seismic response of masonry walls is more pronounced at higher floor
levels (due to larger accelerations) than in the lower portions of the buildings, as shown in
Figure 2-1. When walls are inadequately connected to top and bottom supports provided by
floor and/or roof diaphragms, out-of-plane failure is very likely, and may also lead to a
diaphragm failure.

Figure 2-1. Out-of-plane vibration of walls (Tomazevic, 1999).

Out-of-Plane Seismic Load Calculation

Out-of-plane seismic forces are inertial forces.

Intensity of out-of-plane seismic loading is equal to the product of wall self-weight and the
spectral acceleration at the elevation under consideration.

p a p
W S V =

Building codes include provisions for calculating out-of-plane seismic loading.

For example, National Building Code of Canada prescribes the following equation for
determining the out-of-plane seismic load
p
V which the wall needs to be designed:

2
( )
p p E a a p
W S I S F V 2 . 0 3 . 0 =

where
( ) 2 . 0
a
S =5 % damped spectral response acceleration for a 0.2 sec period (depends on
the site location)

a
F =foundation factor, which is a function of site class (soil type) and ) 2 . 0 (
a
S

E
I =building importance factor equal to1.0, except 1.3 for schools and community
centres, and 1.5 for post-disaster buildings

p x r p p
R A A C S = (where 0 . 4 7 . 0 < <
p
S )

p
S =horizontal force factor for part or portion of a building and its anchorage

p
C =1.0 seismic coefficient for a particular non-structural component

r
A =1.0 response amplification factor to account for the type of attachment

n x x
h h A 2 1+ = amplification factor to account for variation of response with the height
of the building (maximum 3.0 for the top floor level);

x
h =height from the base level to the level/floor under consideration

n
h =total building height

p
R =2.5 element or component response modification factor

p
W =wall self-weight (kN/m
2
)


3
Horizontal and Vertical Wall Spanning

Walls can span vertically or horizontally, depending on the location of lateral supports. In any
case, for design purposes the walls are treated as vertical or horizontal sections of unit width
b equal to 1 m and the thickness equal to the effective wall thickness, as shown on the
figure.

Masonry walls under out-of plane seismic loads: a) spanning vertically between
floor/roof diaphragms; b) spanning horizontally between the pilasters.

4
Design of Loadbearing Walls For Axial Load and Out-of-Plane Bending
1

(slenderness effect ignored)

The resistance of the section is governed by:

P
r
> P
f
, the factored axial load

M
r
> M
f
, total moment due to factored load

e =M
r
/P
r
=eccentricity (or M
f
/P
f
)
Consider a reinforced concrete wall subjected to the effects of factored axial load
f
P and
bending moment
f
M shown in Figure 1a. The wall is reinforced with vertical reinforcement
and only the reinforced cores are grouted. It is assumed that the size and distribution of
vertical reinforcement are given. The notation used in Figure 1b is explained below:
t - overall wall thickness (taken as actual block width, e.g. 140 mm, 190 mm, etc.)

f
t - face shell thickness
b - effective width of the compression zone
d - effective depth, that is, distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of
the wall reinforcement; typically, the reinforcement is placed in the middle of the wall
section and so
2 t d =
s
A - total area of steel reinforcement placed within the effective width b

It is assumed that the steel has yielded, that is,
y s
c c > and the corresponding stress in the
reinforcement is equal to the yield stress,
y
f ; this is a reasonable assumption for low-rise
masonry buildings, since the axial load is low and it is expected that the walls would fail in
the steel-controlled mode. The design procedure is outlined below (see Figure 1d).

1
Reference: Section C.1.2, Seismic Masonry Guide by Anderson and Brzev

5

Figure1. A wall under axial load and out-of-plane bending: a) vertical section showing
factored loads; b) plan view of a wall cross-section; c) strain distribution; d) internal force
distribution.

6
The resultant forces in steel
r
T and masonry
m
C can be determined as follows:
s y s r
A f T | =
( )( ) a b f C
m m m
= ' 85 . 0 |

The equation of equilibrium of internal forces gives
r f m
T P C + =

The depth of the compression stress block a can be determined as follows
b f
C
a
m m
m
' 85 . 0 |
=

For partially grouted wall sections (where only reinforced cores are grouted), the designer
needs to confirm that
f
t a s

If the above relation is correct, than the compression zone is of rectangular shape. Note: in
fully grouted walls, the compression zone is always of rectangular shape!

If it happens that
f
t a >
Then the wall section needs to be treated as a T-section and additional calculation is
required to determine thea value (basically, the compression zone is of T-shape and the
resultant
m
C acts in the centroid of the compression zone). Possible shapes for the masonry
compression zone are illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Masonry compression zone: a) rectangular shape; b) T-shape.
In any case, moment capacity around the centroid of the wall section (point O) can be
determined as follows
) 2 ( ' a d C M
m r
=

7
Note that
r
M' denotes the moment capacity for a wall section of width b . It is usually more
practical to convert the
r
M' value to refer to unit width (equal to 1 metre), as follows
( ) s M M
r r
0 . 1 ' =
where
s - spacing of vertical reinforcement expressed in metres (where b s > )
r
M - factored moment capacity in kNm/m.

P-M Interaction Diagrams

The design of masonry walls subjected to combined effects of axial load and bending is
often performed using P-M interaction diagrams. The axial load capacity is shown on the
vertical axis of the diagram, while the moment capacity is shown on the horizontal axis. The
points on the diagram represent the combinations of axial forces and bending moments
corresponding to the capacity of a wall cross-section. An interaction diagram is defined by
the following four distinct points and/or regions:
1. Balanced point
2. Points controlled by steel yielding
3. Points controlled by masonry cracking
4. Pure compression

1. Balanced point
At the load corresponding to the balanced point, the steel has just yielded, that is,
y s
c c = .
The position of the neutral axis
b
c can be determined from the following proportion (see
Figure 1c):
y
m
b
b
c d
c
c
c
=

or
) (
y m
m
b
d c
c c
c
+
=
For 400 =
y
f MPa and 002 . 0 =
y
c it follows that
d c
b
6 . 0 =

2. Points controlled by steel yielding
For
b
c c < , the steel will yield before the masonry reaches its maximum useful strain (0.003).
Since the steel is yielding, it follows that
y s
c c > . The designer needs to assume the neutral
axis depth (c ) value such that
b
c c < and the compression zone depth can be calculated as
c c a 8 . 0
1
= = | (this is valid for MPa f
m
20 < ' according to S304.1 Cl.10.2.6)
Combinations of axial force and moment values corresponding to assumed neutral axis
depth can be found from the following equations of equilibrium (see Figure 1):
r m r
T C P =
and
) 2 2 ( a t C M
m r
=
where
s y s r
A f T | = (note that the stress in steel is equal to
y
f since the steel is yielding)
( )( ) a b f C
m m m
= ' 85 . 0 |

8

3. Points controlled by masonry compression
For
b
c c > , the steel will remain elastic, that is,
y s
c c < and
y s
f f < , while the masonry
reaches its maximum strain of 0.003. The designer needs to assume the neutral axis depth
(c ) value such that
b
c c > , and the strain in steel can be determined from the following
proportion (see Figure 1c):
c d d
s m
=
c c

thus
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
c d
m s
c c
The stress in steel can be determined from the Hookes Law as follows
s s s
E f c * = (note that steel stress
y s
f f < )
where
s
E is the modulus of elasticity for steel

The equations of equilibrium are the same as used in part 2), except for
s s s r
A f T | =
The point corresponding to 2 t c = is considered as a special case. At that point, the strain
distribution is defined by the following values:
003 . 0 =
m
c and 0 =
s
c , thus 0 =
r
T

4. Pure compression (zero eccentricity)
In the case of pure axial compression (S304.1 Cl.10.4.2) the axial load resistance for untied
sections can be determined as follows:
e m m r
A f P ' = | 85 . 0 actual axial compression resistance
and
r r
P P 8 . 0
max
= design axial compression resistance
According to S304.1 Cl.10.2.7, if the steel is tied (by means of joint reinforcement), than the
steel contribution can be considered for the compression resistance. The design equation for
tied wall sections is as follows:
s y s s e m m r
A f A A f P | | + ' = ) ( 85 . 0
and

r r
P P 8 . 0
max
=


9
A conceptual wall interaction diagram and the points discussed above are presented in
Figure 3.

Figure 3. P-M interaction diagram.
Note that the equations used to develop P-M interaction diagrams apply to fully grouted
walls or partially grouted walls with neutral axis in the face shell. For partially grouted walls
with neutral axis in the web, the compression zone is T-shaped, as shown in Figure 2 and
the equations of equilibrium need to be modified accordingly.

Effective Compression Zone Width (S304.1 Cl.10.6.1)

For the case of out-of-plane bending, the effective compression zone width,b , used with
each vertical bar in the design of walls with vertical reinforcement shall be taken as the
lesser of (see the figure below)
a) spacing between vertical bars s , or
b) four times the actual wall thickness ) 4 ( t

Figure 4. Effective width, b , for out-of-plane flexure.

REFER TO EXAMPLE 6 IN SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR MASONRY BUILDINGS AN
ILLUSTRATED APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING AN INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR
WALLS LOADED OUT-OF-PLANE


10

Out-of-Plane Shear Resistance

The factored out-of-plane shear resistance,
r
V , shall be taken as:
) 25 . 0 (
d m m r
P d b v V + = | ( 1)
where
m m
f v ' = 16 . 0 MPa units (Cl.10.10.1.4)
with the following upper limit,
) ( d b f V V
m m r r
' = s | 4 . 0 max ( 2)
where
d is the distance from extreme compression fibre to the centroid of tension reinforcement,
and
b is the cumulative width of cells and webs within a length not greater than four times the
actual wall thickness ) 4 ( t around each vertical bar (for running bond), as shown in Figure
2.19. Note that, for the purpose of this provision, the webs are the cross-walls connecting the
face shells of a hollow or semi-solid concrete masonry unit or a hollow clay block (S304.1
Cl.10.10.2).

d
P =axial compression load on the section under consideration, based on 0.9 times dead
load,
DL
P , plus any axial load, N , arising from bending in coupling beams or piers
DL d
P P 9 . 0 = for solid walls
N P P
DL d
= 9 . 0 for perforated/coupled walls
Note that the net effect of tension and compression forces N on the total shear in the wall
is equal to 0.

Axial load in masonry walls: a) solid; b) perforated.


11
In partially grouted walls, the out-of-plane shear design should be performed using a T-
shaped wall section, where b denotes the web width

Effective width, b , for out-of-plane seismic effects: a) shear, and b) flexure.
Out-of-Plane Sliding Shear Resistance

The factored out-of-plane sliding shear resistance,
r
V , is calculated from the following
equation using the shear friction concept:
C V
m r
| = ( 3)
where
=the coefficient of friction (same as for the in-plane sliding shear resistance)
C =compressive force in the masonry acting normal to the sliding plane, taken as
y d
T P C + =
y
T =the factored tensile force at yield of the vertical reinforcement detailed to develop yield
strength on both sides of the sliding plane. In determining the out-of-plane sliding shear
resistance, the entire vertical reinforcement should be taken into account in determining the
factored tensile yield force,
y
T , irrespective of the wall class and the associated ductility
level.

REFERENCES
1. Anderson,D., and Brzev,S., Seismic Design Guide for Masonry Buildings, Canadian
Concrete Masonry Producers Association, Toronto, 2009. (free download available from
www.ccmpa.ca).
2. CSA S304.1-04 (2004). Design of Masonry Structures, Canadian Standards Association,
Mississauga, Ontario.
3. Hatzinikolas, M.A., and Korany, Y. (2005). Masonry Design for Engineers and Architects,
Third Edition, Canadian Masonry Publications, Edmonton, AB, Canada

1
1
AnalysisofConfinedMasonryWalls
withOpeningsUsingtheStrutandTie
Method
Dr.SvetlanaBrzev
BCIT,Vancouver,Canada
IITGandhinagar,India
Acknowledgments
2
Topics
Background (keyconcepts)
Applications reinforcedconcretestructures
Aproposalforapplication confinedmasonry
buildings
Applications unreinforcedandreinforced
masonrystructures
Designexample
Additionalresources
3
4
Tecomn earthquake,
January2003
Oaxacaquake,
September1999
3
StrutandTieMetod (STM):Background
5
Atrussanalogyapproach,similartothatused
forsheardesignofconcreteandmasonry
structures
TheconceptdevelopedbyengineersWilhelm
Ritter(Germany)andEmilMrsch
(Switzerland)inthelate1890s
Seminalworkattheendofthe20
th
centuryby
Jrg Schlaich (Germany)andhiscollaborators
(1987) extendedthetrussanalogyfordesign
ofentirestructures
TrussAnalogy
6
Areinforcedconcretebeamcarriesloadsinaseriesoftensileandcompressiveforces
Source:BrzevandPao(2013)
4
TheConcept
7
Visualizeastructuresubjectedtoexternalloading
likeatrusslikesystemwhere:
1) Compressiveforcesareresistedbyconcrete
struts
2) Tensileforcesareresistedbysteelties
3) Strutsandtiesmeetatnodes
P
2
P
2
P
8
5
Nodal
Zones
P
2
P
P
2
C C
T T
C C
Strut
Fill
Fill
Tie
Fill
9
STM:ReinforcedConcreteStructuralComponents
10
Concreteandreinforcementidealizedasan
assemblyofaxiallyloadedmembers
Reinforcementbecomesactiveafterconcrete
cracks
Redistributionofinternalstressesoccursafter
concretecracks
Thestrutsdevelopbetweenparallelinclined
cracks
Aftercracking,concretestructuresbehavethe
waytheyarereinforced!
6
KeyDesignAssumptions
11
Tiesyieldbeforestrutscrush(forductility)
Reinforcementadequatelyanchored
Forcesinstrutsandtiesareuniaxial
Tensioninconcreteisneglected
Externalforcesappliedatnodes
Veryimportant:equilibriummustbemaintained!
ApplicationstoReinforcedConcreteStructures
12
Usedfordesignapplicationsinregionsof
concentratedforcesandgeometricdiscontinuities
todetermineconcreteproportionsand
reinforcementquantitiesandpatterns
Valuabletoolforregionswheretheplanesections
assumptionofbeamtheorydoesnotapply
7
ExamplesofStrutandTieModels Reinforced
ConcreteStructures
13
14
UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver Dr.PerryAdebar
8
15
16 UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver Dr.PerryAdebar
9
17
STM:ModelDevelopment
18
Ingeneral,amodelthatminimizesthe
requiredamountofreinforcementisclose
toanidealmodel.
Someresearcherssuggesttouseafinite
elementanalysisfirsttodeterminestress
flow(stresstrajectories),thenselectaSTM
tomodelthestressflow.
10
STMCodeDesignProvisions
ReinforcedConcreteStructures
AmericanConcreteCodeACI318 since2002
CanadianStandardforDesignofConcrete
StructuresCSAA23.3 since1984
Europe:FIPRecommendationsforPractical
DesignofStructuralConcrete 1996
Bridges:AASHTOCode
19
ReinforcedConcreteFrameswith
MasonryInfills:StrutModel
Thestrutconceptformasonryfirstappliedin
analysisofreinforcedconcreteframe
structures
Strutintendedtoaccountforstiffness
contributionofmasonryinfillpanels
TheconceptoriginallyproposedbyPolyakov
(1956),followedbyHolmes(1961),Stafford
Smith(1962),etc.
20
11
ReinforcedConcreteFrames
21
RCframewithoutmasonryinfills:
predominantframeaction
RCFramewithmasonryinfills:
infills modelledasstruts
beamsandcolumnsneedtoresist
combinedaxialloadandbending
Source:Kaushik,Rai,andJain(2006)
StrutProperties
Strutdefinedbywidthw
andlengthd
Numerousstrutmodels
proposedinresearch
publications
Designprovisionsrecently
incorporatedinmasonry
codesinCanada(2004)
andUS(2011)
Acomprehensivereviewof
variousmodelsinpaperby
Kaushik,Rai,andJain
(2006)
22
w
d
Drawing:G.Mandal,IITKanpur,India
12
PossibleStrutModelsforRCFrames
withMasonryInfills
23
Singlestrutmodel Doublestrutmodel Triplestrutmodel
Singlestrutmodelcannotdescribeproperlyinternal
forcesintheframemembers:multistrutmodelsmaybe
usedtomoreaccuratelysimulatemasonrybehaviour
Source:CrisafulliandCarr(2007)
STMforConfinedMasonry:KeyConcepts
Similartoreinforcedconcrete:pinconnected
trussesconsistoftensionmembersand
compressionmembers
Compressiveforcesresistedbymasonryor
concretestruts
Tensileforcesresistedbysteelties
(reinforcementinRCtiecolumnsandtie
beams)
24
13
StrutandTieModelforaConfined
MasonryPanel
25
B
A
C
D
B
A
C
D
node
strut tie
ExperimentalStudiesonConfinedMasonryPanels
26
Anexperimentalstudyontie
columnwidthinconfinedmasonry
wallpanelsperformedatPUCP,Peru
(SanBartolome,Bernardo,andPena,
2010)
Otherstudiesperformedin
Mexicoandothercountriesalso
showevidenceofstrutactionin
confinedmasonrypanels
20cmwidetiecolumns
40cmwidetiecolumns
14
WallswithOpenings
27
STM:ConfinedMasonryPanels
withOpenings(1/3)
L
Panel
H H
L
Panel
28
15
L
Panel considered
H/L <1.5
H H
L
Panel disregarded
H/L >1.5
withOpenings(2/3)
29
Note:Strutactiondisregardedwhenpanelheight/length(H/L)>1.5
Strut
Tie
withOpenings(3/3)
30
16
DesignAssumptions
31
STMcanbeusedtodetermineinternalforcesin
aconfinedmasonrystructureduetoseismic
loading
Tieforcesusedtofindamountofreinforcement
requiredfortiecolumnsandtiebeams
Diagonalstrutforcesresistedbymasonrywalls
shearresistanceprovidedbymasonryand
horizontalreinforcement(ifrequired)
Horizontalandverticalstrutforcesresistedby
RCtiecolumnsandtiebeams
DesignApproachUsingSTM
32
1. Createanidealizedtrussmodel
2. Findmemberforces(struts/ties)dueto
externalloading
3. Tiemembers:designreinforcementinRC
tiecolumnsandtiebeams
4. Strutmembers:
a) Checkshearresistanceformasonrywalls
b) CheckcompressionresistanceofRCtiecolumns
andtiebeams
17
STMApplicationtoConfinedMasonry:
ADesignExample
Aconfinedmasonry
wallwithopenings
subjectedtoseismic
andgravityloading
Adetailedsolution
provided
33
VerticalLoad
18
SeismicForces>
Theforcesinthetrusselementsare
calculatedbyequilibriumineachnode
strut
tie
NodeEquilibrium
NodeE
5170
EJ
S kg
NodeJ
6495
796 . 0
5170
cos
1

EJ
JN
S
S kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

JN IJ
S T kg
19
Earthquake+Vertical
STM:GravityLoading
38
Thetotalgravityloadinaconfinedmasonry
panelisresistedbyRCtiecolumnsandthe
masonrywall
GravityloadinginaRCtiecolumnisproportional
toitstransformedsectionarea
Gravityloadinginthemasonrywallisequalto
theremaininggravityload(totalloadminusthe
loadresistedbytiecolumns)
20
GravityLoading:Calculation
GravityloadintiecolumnAB:
P
AB
=P(A
TC
/A
total
)
GravityloadinmasonrywallABFG:
P
ABFG
=P P
AB
P
FG
where
P=totalgravityloadforconfinedmasonry
panelABFG
P
AB
=gravityloadresistedbytiecolumnAB
A
total
=totaltransformedareafortiecolumn
AB
A
TC
/A
total
=gravitydistributionfactorfortie
columnAB
39
A
TC
A
total
P
GravityLoadDistribution:Example
Transformedtiecolumn
area
Areaofmasonrypanel
Adjacenttothetiecolumn
21
STM:ImportantDesignConsiderations
Equilibriummustbemaintained asystemof
internalforcesmustbeinequilibriumwiththe
externallyappliedloadsandsupport
conditions
Itmustbeensuredthatthestrutandtie
membersadequatelyresisttheforces
obtainedfromtheanalysis
41
StrutandTieApplicationsto
ReinforcedMasonryWalls
NewZealandMasonryCodeNZS4230:2004
recommendstheuseofSTMforreinforced
masonrywallswithopenings
Experimentalstudiesonreinforcedmasonry
wallswithopeningsperformedbyVoon and
InghamusedSTMtocompareexperimental
andanalyticalresults
AdesignexampleincludedintheUserGuide
forNZS4230:2004(SANZ,2004)
42
22
STMApplicationstoReinforcedMasonry
NewZealandResearchStudies
43
Source:Voon andIngham(2005)
STMApplicationstoUnreinforced
MasonryWalls
SwissmasonrydesigncodeSIA266prescribesdesignof
unreinforcedmasonrywallsusingthetheoryofplasticityand
compressionstressfields;designchartsprovidedtofacilitatecode
applications
44
Source:MojsilovicandMarti(2004)
23
STM:AdvantagesandChallenges
Advantages:
1. Simplemethod(trussanalysis)
2. Transparentanalysis easytoidentifymistakes
3. Suitableformanualcalculations(butitcanbe
doneusingcomputerbasedanalysis)
Challenges:
1. Itmaybechallengingtodevelopanappropriate
modelincomplexcases
45
Conclusions
StrutandTieMethodcanbeappliedto
confinedmasonrystructures
Itisparticularlysuitablefordesignofwalls
withopenings
46
SeismicDesignofConfinedMasonryBuildingsUsingtheStrutandTieMethodbySvetlanaBrzevandJuanJosPrezGaviln
STRUTANDTIEMETHOD:DESIGNEXAMPLEOFACONFINEDMASONRYWALLWITHOPENINGS
ConsiderafourstoreyconfinedmasonrywallwithopeningsshowninFigure1.Thewallissubjectedtogravityand
seismicloading,asshowninthefigure.Propertiesofmasonryandconcreterelevantforthedesignaresummarized
below.
DesignthewallforcombinedeffectsofgravityandseismicloadingusingtheStrutandTieMethod.
Figure1.Aconfinedmasonrywallwithopenings
GIVENPROPERTIES:
Masonry:multiperforatedextrudedclayblocks12 cm thickness 24 cm length 2u cm height
:
m
= Skg/cm
2
masonryshearstrength(diagonaltension)
m
= 8ukg/cm
2
masonrycompressionstrength
Concrete:
c
i
= 2uukg/cm
2
concretecompressionstrength

SOLUTION:
1.Developstrutandtiemodelsfordifferentloadingconditions.
Thisisoneofthemostchallengingstepsinthedesignprocess.Afewrelevantconsiderationsrelatedtothe
developmentofastrutandtiemodelaresummarizedbelow:
1. Itisrequiredtocreateonemodelforgravityloading,plustwomodelsforseismicloading(onemodelfor
eachloadingdirection)unlessthestructureissymmetrical.
2. RCtiecolumnsandtiebeamsaremodelledaseitherstrutortieelements,whilemasonrywallpanelsare
alwaysmodelledasstruts.
3. Itislikelythatsometiecolumnsandtiebeamswillremainunloaded(havezeroforces)foraparticular
loadingcondition.
4. AninclinationofastrutmemberdependsontheloadingdirectionnoteXshapeddiagonalstrutsshownin
Figure2.
5. Thenodesareusuallycreatedatintersectionsoflongitudinalaxesfortiecolumnsandtiebeams.
6. Strutactioninconfinedmasonrypanelswithopeningsmaybeconsideredwhenpanelheight/lengthratiois
lessthan1.5.
Figure2.StrutandTieModel:possiblelocationsofstrutsandties

2.Gravityloading
a)Findtributaryloadforallnodes.
NodeB: P
B
= 1Suu
3.5
2
= 227Skg
NodesC,L,andN:P
C
= P
L
= P
N
= 1S4u
3.5
2
= 269Skg
NodesDandM:P
= P
M
= 1Suu
3.5
2
= 227Skg
NodesE,J,andP:P
L
= P
]
= P
P
= 7uu
3.5
2
= 122Skg
NodesG,H,andI:P
u
= P
H
= P
I
= (1Suu + 1S4u)
3.5
2
= 497ukg
Figure3.STMforgravityloading
b)Findthetotalgravityloading.
w = P = S(1Suu + 1S4u) S.S +(7uu + 7uu) S.S = S4,72ukg
w = S472ukg
c)Findtheaxialloadsintiecolumnsatvariousnodes.
Startfromthetoplevelandproceeddownwards,e.g.tiecolumnlineABCDE:
E: 122Skg
C: 122S + 269S = SSuukg
BC: SSuu + 227S = 619Skg
AB: 619S + 227S = 847ukg

AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedforcolumnlinesFGHIJandKLMNP.
d)Performthefinalcheckforgravityloads.
Internalaxialforcesintiecolumnsatthebase(AB,FG,andKL)mustbeequaltothesupportreactionsatnodesA,F,
andK.
3.Seismicloading(E>)
a)Proposedmodel
Figure4.ProposedSTMforseismicloading(E>)
Strutangles
1
and
2
:
ton0
1
=
260
342.5
= u.7S90
1
= S7.2sin0
1
= u.6uScos0
1
= u.796
ton0
2
=
320
342.5
= u.9S40
1
= 4S.1sin0
2
= u.68Scos0
2
= u.7S1
b)Findthestrut(S)andtie(T)forces.
NodeE
5170
EJ
S kg
NodeJ
Tie
Strut
6495
796 . 0
5170
cos
1

EJ
JN
S
S kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

JN IJ
S T kg
NodeN
5170 796 . 0 6495 cos

1

JN IN
S T kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

JN MN
S S kg
NodeI
5170
IN DI
T T kg
3929
IJ HI
T T kg
NodeD
0 5170 4710 cos
1

DH
S H
12412
DH
S kg
7509 605 . 0 12412 sin
1

DH CD
S T kg

NodeC
3220
CH
S kg
7509
CD BC
T T kg
NodeH
0 cos 12412 3220 cos

1 1

HL
S H
16457
796 . 0
13100

HL
S kg
0 sin sin
1 1

GH HI DH HL
T T S S V
6376
GH
T kg
NodeM
3929
MN LM
S S kg
NodeL
13100 796 . 0 16457 cos

1

HL GL
S T kg
13885 3929 605 . 0 16457 sin
1

LM HL KL
S S T kg

NodeG
13100
GL BG
T T kg
6376
GH FG
T T kg
NodeB
0 1723 cos
2

BG BF
T S H
20278
BF
S kg
21359 7509 sin
2

BF AB
S T kg
Figure5showsthestrutandtiemodelforseismicloading(E>)andsummarizestheinternalforces.
Figure5.Internalstrutandtieforcesinthewallduetoseismicloading(E>)

c)Findthesupportreactions.
i)NodeFverticalandhorizontalsupportreactions
VerticalreactionatnodeF:
7474 6376 sin 20278
2

F
V kg
HorizontalreactionatnodeF:
14823 cos 20278
2

F
H kg
NotethatH
F
isequaltothesumofhorizontalforcesupthewallheight,thatis,
14823 1723 3220 4710 5170
H kg
ii)NodeAverticalreaction:
21359
AB A
T V kg
iii)NodeKverticalreaction:
13885
KL K
S V kg
d)Calculatetheoverturningmomentatthebaseofthewall.
Overturningmomentatthebase(nodeF)duetoseismicforcesappliedatnodesB,C,D,andE:
6
10 742 . 11 ) 260 3 1100 ( 723 ) 260 2 1100 ( 3220 ) 260 1100 ( 4710 1100 5170
o
M
ReactingmomentaroundnodeFduetoverticalreactionsatnodesAandK:
6
10 071 . 12 5 . 342 13885 5 . 342 21359
o
M
Thesemomentsshouldbethesame.Inthiscase,thedifferenceiswithin3%(acceptable).

ImportantChecks:
1)Horizontalreactionatthebaseofthewallmustbeequaltothesumofappliedseismicforces.
2)Overturningmomentatthebaseofthewallduetoappliedseismicforcesmustbeequaltothe
reactingmomentgeneratedbythesupportreactions.
4.Seismicloading(E<)
a)Proposedmodel
Figure6.ProposedSTMforseismicloading(E<)
Strutangles
1
and
2
:
ton0
1
=
260
342.5
= u.7S90
1
= S7.2sin0
1
= u.6uScos0
1
= u.796
ton0
2
=
320
342.5
= u.9S40
1
= 4S.1sin0
2
= u.68Scos0
2
= u.7S1
NodeP
6495
cos
5170
1

IP
S kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

IP NP
S T kg

Tie
Strut
10
NodeN
3929
NP MN
T T kg
4710
IN
S kg
NodeI
0 cos 4710 cos
1 1

IP CI
S S H
12412
796 . 0
) 4710 796 . 0 6495 (
CI
S
kg
0 sin sin
1 1

IP CI IH
S S T V
3580 605 . 0 ) 6495 12412 (
IH
T kg
NodeC
7509 sin 12412
1

BC
S kg
9880 cos 12412
1

CH
T kg
NodeH
9880
HM
T kg
3580
HG
T kg

11
NodeM
0 9880 3220 cos
1

GM
S H
16457
796 . 0
13100

GM
S kg
0 sin 3929
1

GM LM
S T V
13885 605 . 0 16457 3929
LM
T kg
NodeB
7509
AB
S kg
NodeL
1723
GL
S kg
13885
KL
T kg
NodeG
0 cos 16457 1723 cos

1 2

AG
S H
20277
731 . 0
) 1723 796 . 0 16457 (
AG
S kg

0 sin 16457 3580 sin
1 2

AG GF
S T V
7473
GF
T kg
Figure7showsthestrutandtiemodelforseismicloading(E<)andsummarizestheinternalforces.
12
Figure7.Internalstrutandtieforcesinthewallduetoseismicloading(E<)
i)NodeAverticalandhorizontalsupportreactions:
VerticalreactionatnodeA:
21358 7509 sin 20277
2

A
V kg
HorizontalreactionatnodeA:
14823 cos 20277
2

A
H kg
NotethatH
A
isequaltothesumofhorizontalforcesupthewallheight.
ii)NodeFverticalreaction:
7473
FG F
T V kg
13885
KL K
T V kg
Overturningmomentatthebase(nodeF)duetoseismicforcesatnodesB,C,D,andE:
6
10 742 . 11 ) 260 3 1100 ( 723 ) 260 2 1100 ( 3220 ) 260 1100 ( 4710 1100 5170
o
M
MomentaroundnodeFduetoverticalreactionsatnodesAandK:
13
6
10 07 . 12 5 . 342 13885 5 . 342 21358
o
M
5.SeismicdesignofconfinedmasonrywallpanelABFG.
Inthiscase,wallpanelatthegroundfloorlevel(ABFG)isconsideredtobecritical,thereforethedesigncalculations
aregoingtobeperformedforthatpanel,whichisreferredasM1.
a)Designparameters
Masonry:
:
m
= Skg/cm
2
m
= 8ukg/cm
2
E
m
= 6uu
m
= 48uuukg/cm
2
elasticmodulusmasonry
t = 12cmwallthickness
Concrete:
c
i
= 2uukg/cm
2
E
c
= 14uuu
c
i
= 19799ukg/cm
2
elasticmodulusconcrete
Modularratio:n =
L
c
L
m
= 4.12
b)Calculateaxialforcesintiecolumnsandthewallduetogravityloading.
Distributionofgravityloadingisproportionaltothetransformedcrosssectionalarea.Axialloadcalculationfortie
columnABisexplainednext.
First,thetotaltransformedareaoftiecolumnandthetributarywallarea(correspondingtoonehalfofthewall
length)isequalto(notethatthecalculationhasbeenomitted):
A
total
=2692cm
2

Thecorrespondingaxialforceduetogravityloadisequalto
P=8470kg(seeFigure3b)
ThisloadistoberesistedbythetiecolumnABandthewallM1inproportiontotheirtransformedareas(expressed
intermsofthedistributionfactorD
f
)asshowninthefollowingtableandFigure8.

14
Component D
f
P(kg)
TiecolumnAB=A
TC
0.28 2336
MasonrywallM1 0.72 6134
Sum 1.0 8470
Figure8.Axialloaddistributionaccordingtothetributaryarea
Forexample,thevalueofdistributionfactorfortiecolumnABwasobtainedasfollows:
D
f
=A
TC
/A
total
=0.28
Basedontheabovecalculation,axialloadintiecolumnABduetogravityloadingis6,134kg.
AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedfortiecolumnFG.Thetotaltransformedareaandtheaxialloadare
summarizedbelow:
A
total
=4582cm
2
andP=17360kg(seeFigure3b)
Inthiscase,theaxialloadisdistributedtomasonrywallM1,tiecolumnFG,andtheremainingloadisdistributedto
confinedmasonrypanelFGKL(lefttietiecolumnframingtheopeningandthemasonrywallpaneladjacenttotie
columnFGreferredtoasM2).Thecalculationsaresummarizedinthefollowingtable.
Component D
f
P(kg)
TiecolumnFG 0.22 3750
Tiecolumnat
opening
0.16 2813
Sum 1.0 17360
Basedontheabovecalculations,theresultingaxialforcesare:
TiecolumnAB:P
AB
=2336kg
15
TiecolumnFG:P
FG
=3750kg
MasonrywallM1:P
M1
=6134+7387=13522kg
AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedtodetermineaxialforcesintiecolumnsABandFGandwallM1dueto
seismicloading,basedoninternalforcesshowninFigure5.
c)FindgravityandseismicloadsformasonrywallM1.
Axialloadsduetogravityloading(perabovecalculations):P
M1
=13522kg(compression)
Axialloadsduetoseismicloading(calculationsomitted):P
E
Totalaxialload:P
u
=13522+13844=27366kg
Notethatloadfactorforgravityloadingis1.0.
Shearforceduetoseismicloading:V=14823kg
Requiredshearstrength:V
u
=1.1V=16300kg
d)CalculateshearstrengthformasonrywallM1.
MasonryshearstrengthiscalculatedaccordingtoNTCM5.7asfollows:
Notethat
A
T
=4320cm
2
andF
R
=0.7
Since
I
mR
= 1u28Skg < I
u
shearreinforcementmustbeprovided.Notethatthemasonryshearresistanceislessthanthemaximumpermitted
value,thatis,
I
mR
= 1u28Skg < 1S6u8kg
where
F
R
1.S:
m
A
1
=13608kg
ShearstrengthforsteelreinforcementiscalculatedaccordingtoNTCM5.9asfollows:
p
h
f
yh
=3.4kg/cm
2
Thisisequalto(p
h
f
yh
)
min
OK
16
Since
=0.6 andA
sh
*f
yh
<6OK
Therefore
I
sR
= 6169kg
Thetotalshearstrength(masonry+reinforcement)is
I
mR
+ I
sR
= 1u28S + 6169 = 164S2 > I
u
OK
Finally,weneedtodeterminetherequiredamountofreinforcement.Letususe
f
yh
=6000kg/cm
2

p
h
=5.7x10
4

Since
wecanfindA
sh
.Letusassumethat
s=60cm
Itfollowsthattherequiredreinforcementareais
A
sh
=0.41cm
2

Letususe3/16"bars(crosssectionalarea0.18cm
2
).Aminimumoftwobarsarerequired.Thetotalareais0.36cm
2
;
thisisslightlylessthantherequiredareaof0.41cm
2
butconsideredtobeOK.
Conclusion:use2bars3/16"@60cm(f
yh
=6000kg/cm
2
)
e)DesigntiecolumnAB.
i)Findtheaxialload.
Gravity(seethecalculationsinStep5b):P
G
Earthquake(calculationomitted):P
E
=21359kg(tension)
Totalaxialload:P
AB
=P
G
+P
E
=233621359=19023kg(tension)
ii)Designthetiecolumnfortension.
Sincethetiecolumnissubjectedtotension,letusfindtheamountofverticalsteelreinforcementrequiredtoresist
thetensileload.
Assumethefollowingproperties:
Steel:f
y
=4200kg/cm
2

Reinforcement:#4bars(0.5indiameter)
17
Therequiredreinforcementareaisequalto
A
s
=
P
AB
]
j
= 4.Scm
2
Use4#4bars(area5.07cm
2
).Crosssectionaldimensionsare:15cmlengthx12cmthickness(adequateforthis
amountofreinforcement).
f)DesigntiecolumnFG.
i)Findtheaxialload.
G
E
=6376kg
Totalaxialload:P
AB
=P
G
+P
E
=17360+6376=23736kg(compression)
ii)Designthetiecolumnforcompression.
Assumethe20cmx12cmtiecolumnreinforcedwith4#3bars,thereforecrosssectionalareais
A=20x12=240cm
2
Steelreinforcementarea(4#3bars):A
s
=2.85cm
2
Steelyieldstrength:f
y
=4200kg/cm
2

Axialcompressionresistanceforthetiecolumncanbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation
P
= u.6(A
c
i
+A
s

)
P
= Su222 > 2S72SOK

Conclusion:usetiecolumndimensions20cmlengthx12cmthicknessand4#3bars

18
Resources
Papers and Reports
Alcocer,S.,Arias,J.G.,andVazquez,A.(2004).ResponseAssessmentofMexicanConfinedMasonryStructures
ThroughShakingTableTests,Proceedingsofthe13
th
WorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering,Vancouver,
Canada,PaperNo.2130.
Anderson,D.L.,andBrzev,S.(2009).SeismicDesignGuideforMasonryBuildings,CanadianConcreteMasonry
ProducersAssociation,Toronto,Canada,317pp(freedownloadavailableatwww.ccmpa.ca).
Arias,J.G.(2005).Ensayosenmesavibradoradeunmodeloaescala1:2deedificiodemamposteraconfinadade
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Astroza,M.(2010).Diseodealbaileriaestructural,CursoCI52H,DepartamentodeIngenieraCivil
UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile(inSpanish).
Brzev,S.andPao,J.(2013).ReinforcedConcreteDesign:APracticalApproach,SecondEdition,PearsonCustom
Publishing,Boston,MA,USA,940pp.
Crisafulli,F.J.,andCarr,A.J.(2007).ProposedMacroModelfortheAnalysisofInfilledFrameStructures,Bulletin
ofTheNewZealandSocietyForEarthquakeEngineering,Vo.40,No.2,pp.6977.
FIP(1996).FIPRecommendations:PracticalDesignofStructuralConcrete,FIPCommission3PracticalDesign,
Sept.1996,SETO,London,UK.
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ConcreteFrames:AStateoftheArtReview,EarthquakeSpectra,Volume22,No.4,pp.961983.
Meli,R.,Brzev,S.,Astroza,M.,Boen,T.,Crisafulli,F.,Dai,J.,Farsi,M.,Hart,T.,Mebarki,A.,Moghadam,A.S.,Quiun,D.,
Tomazevic,M.,andYamin,L.(2011).SeismicDesignGuideforLowRiseConfinedMasonryBuildings,Earthquake
EngineeringResearchInstitute,Oakland,CA,USA,90pp.(www.confinedmasonry.org).
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BrickandBlockMasonryConference,Amsterdam,Netherlands.
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ConcreteMasonryAssociationInc.,Wellington,NewZealand,83pp.
(http://www.cca.org.nz/shop/downloads/NZS4230UserGuide.pdf)
Paulay,T.andPriestley,M.J.N.(1992).SeismicDesignofConcreteandMasonryBuildings,JohnWileyandSons,
Inc.,NewYork,USA,744pp.
Reineck,K.H.,ed.(2002).ExamplesfortheDesignofStructuralConcrete,SP208,AmericanConcreteInstitute,
FarmingtonHills,MI,2002,242pp.
SanBartolome,.,Bernardo,J.,andPea,M.(2010).EfectosdelPeraltedelasColumnasenelComportamiento
SsmicodelosMurosdeAlbaileraConfinada(Theeffectofcolumndepthonseismicbehaviorofconfinedmasonry
walls),ChileanConferenceonSeismologyandEarthquakeEngineering,ValdiviaSantiago,Chile(inSpanish).
Schlaich,J.;Schfer,K.;andJennewein,M.(1987).TowardaConsistentDesignofStructuralConcrete,PCI
Journal,V.32,No.3,1987,pp.74150.
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CapacitacinparalaIndustriadelaConstruccin,Peru(inSpanish)(http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/albanileria).
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Engineering,Lisbon,Portugal.
19
UBC(2005)EvaluationofConfinedMasonryGuidelinesforEarthquakeResistantHousing,UBCEERIStudent
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EngineersandArchitects(SIA),Zurich,12pp.
STRUTANDTIEMETHOD:DESIGNEXAMPLEOFACONFINEDMASONRYWALLWITHOPENINGS
ConsiderafourstoreyconfinedmasonrywallwithopeningsshowninFigure1.Thewallissubjectedtogravityand
seismicloading,asshowninthefigure.Propertiesofmasonryandconcreterelevantforthedesignaresummarized
below.
DesignthewallforcombinedeffectsofgravityandseismicloadingusingtheStrutandTieMethod.
Figure1.Aconfinedmasonrywallwithopenings
GIVENPROPERTIES:
Masonry:multiperforatedextrudedclayblocks12 cm thickness 24 cm length 2u cm height
:
m
= Skg/cm
2
m
= 8ukg/cm
2
Concrete:
c
i
= 2uukg/cm
2

SOLUTION:
1.Developstrutandtiemodelsfordifferentloadingconditions.
Thisisoneofthemostchallengingstepsinthedesignprocess.Afewrelevantconsiderationsrelatedtothe
developmentofastrutandtiemodelaresummarizedbelow:
1. Itisrequiredtocreateonemodelforgravityloading,plustwomodelsforseismicloading(onemodelfor
eachloadingdirection)unlessthestructureissymmetrical.
2. RCtiecolumnsandtiebeamsaremodelledaseitherstrutortieelements,whilemasonrywallpanelsare
alwaysmodelledasstruts.
3. Itislikelythatsometiecolumnsandtiebeamswillremainunloaded(havezeroforces)foraparticular
loadingcondition.
4. AninclinationofastrutmemberdependsontheloadingdirectionnoteXshapeddiagonalstrutsshownin
Figure2.
5. Thenodesareusuallycreatedatintersectionsoflongitudinalaxesfortiecolumnsandtiebeams.
6. Strutactioninconfinedmasonrypanelswithopeningsmaybeconsideredwhenpanelheight/lengthratiois
lessthan1.5.
Figure2.StrutandTieModel:possiblelocationsofstrutsandties

2.Gravityloading
a)Findtributaryloadforallnodes.
NodeB: P
B
= 1Suu
3.5
2
= 227Skg
NodesC,L,andN:P
C
= P
L
= P
N
= 1S4u
3.5
2
= 269Skg
NodesDandM:P
= P
M
= 1Suu
3.5
2
= 227Skg
NodesE,J,andP:P
L
= P
]
= P
P
= 7uu
3.5
2
= 122Skg
NodesG,H,andI:P
u
= P
H
= P
I
= (1Suu + 1S4u)
3.5
2
= 497ukg
Figure3.STMforgravityloading
b)Findthetotalgravityloading.
w = P = S(1Suu + 1S4u) S.S +(7uu + 7uu) S.S = S4,72ukg
w = S472ukg
c)Findtheaxialloadsintiecolumnsatvariousnodes.
Startfromthetoplevelandproceeddownwards,e.g.tiecolumnlineABCDE:
E: 122Skg
C: 122S + 269S = SSuukg
BC: SSuu + 227S = 619Skg
AB: 619S + 227S = 847ukg

AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedforcolumnlinesFGHIJandKLMNP.
d)Performthefinalcheckforgravityloads.
Internalaxialforcesintiecolumnsatthebase(AB,FG,andKL)mustbeequaltothesupportreactionsatnodesA,F,
andK.
3.Seismicloading(E>)
a)Proposedmodel
Figure4.ProposedSTMforseismicloading(E>)
Strutangles
1
and
2
:
ton0
1
=
260
342.5
= u.7S90
1
= S7.2sin0
1
= u.6uScos0
1
= u.796
ton0
2
=
320
342.5
= u.9S40
1
= 4S.1sin0
2
= u.68Scos0
2
= u.7S1
NodeE
5170
EJ
S kg
NodeJ
Tie
Strut
6495
796 . 0
5170
cos
1

EJ
JN
S
S kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

JN IJ
S T kg
NodeN
5170 796 . 0 6495 cos

1

JN IN
S T kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

JN MN
S S kg
NodeI
5170
IN DI
T T kg
3929
IJ HI
T T kg
NodeD
0 5170 4710 cos
1

DH
S H
12412
DH
S kg
7509 605 . 0 12412 sin
1

DH CD
S T kg

NodeC
3220
CH
S kg
7509
CD BC
T T kg
NodeH
0 cos 12412 3220 cos

1 1

HL
S H
16457
796 . 0
13100

HL
S kg
0 sin sin
1 1

GH HI DH HL
T T S S V
6376
GH
T kg
NodeM
3929
MN LM
S S kg
NodeL
13100 796 . 0 16457 cos

1

HL GL
S T kg
13885 3929 605 . 0 16457 sin
1

LM HL KL
S S T kg

NodeG
13100
GL BG
T T kg
6376
GH FG
T T kg
NodeB
0 1723 cos
2

BG BF
T S H
20278
BF
S kg
21359 7509 sin
2

BF AB
S T kg
Figure5showsthestrutandtiemodelforseismicloading(E>)andsummarizestheinternalforces.
Figure5.Internalstrutandtieforcesinthewallduetoseismicloading(E>)

i)NodeFverticalandhorizontalsupportreactions
VerticalreactionatnodeF:
7474 6376 sin 20278
2

F
V kg
HorizontalreactionatnodeF:
14823 cos 20278
2

F
H kg
NotethatH
F
isequaltothesumofhorizontalforcesupthewallheight,thatis,
14823 1723 3220 4710 5170
H kg
ii)NodeAverticalreaction:
21359
AB A
T V kg
13885
KL K
S V kg
Overturningmomentatthebase(nodeF)duetoseismicforcesappliedatnodesB,C,D,andE:
6
10 742 . 11 ) 260 3 1100 ( 723 ) 260 2 1100 ( 3220 ) 260 1100 ( 4710 1100 5170
o
M
ReactingmomentaroundnodeFduetoverticalreactionsatnodesAandK:
6
10 071 . 12 5 . 342 13885 5 . 342 21359
o
M

ImportantChecks:
1)Horizontalreactionatthebaseofthewallmustbeequaltothesumofappliedseismicforces.
2)Overturningmomentatthebaseofthewallduetoappliedseismicforcesmustbeequaltothe
reactingmomentgeneratedbythesupportreactions.
4.Seismicloading(E<)
a)Proposedmodel
Figure6.ProposedSTMforseismicloading(E<)
Strutangles
1
and
2
:
ton0
1
=
260
342.5
= u.7S90
1
= S7.2sin0
1
= u.6uScos0
1
= u.796
ton0
2
=
320
342.5
= u.9S40
1
= 4S.1sin0
2
= u.68Scos0
2
= u.7S1
NodeP
6495
cos
5170
1

IP
S kg
3929 605 . 0 6495 sin
1

IP NP
S T kg

Tie
Strut
10
NodeN
3929
NP MN
T T kg
4710
IN
S kg
NodeI
0 cos 4710 cos
1 1

IP CI
S S H
12412
796 . 0
) 4710 796 . 0 6495 (
CI
S
kg
0 sin sin
1 1

IP CI IH
S S T V
3580 605 . 0 ) 6495 12412 (
IH
T kg
NodeC
7509 sin 12412
1

BC
S kg
9880 cos 12412
1

CH
T kg
NodeH
9880
HM
T kg
3580
HG
T kg

11
NodeM
0 9880 3220 cos
1

GM
S H
16457
796 . 0
13100

GM
S kg
0 sin 3929
1

GM LM
S T V
13885 605 . 0 16457 3929
LM
T kg
NodeB
7509
AB
S kg
NodeL
1723
GL
S kg
13885
KL
T kg
NodeG
0 cos 16457 1723 cos

1 2

AG
S H
20277
731 . 0
) 1723 796 . 0 16457 (
AG
S kg

0 sin 16457 3580 sin
1 2

AG GF
S T V
7473
GF
T kg
Figure7showsthestrutandtiemodelforseismicloading(E<)andsummarizestheinternalforces.
12
Figure7.Internalstrutandtieforcesinthewallduetoseismicloading(E<)
i)NodeAverticalandhorizontalsupportreactions:
VerticalreactionatnodeA:
21358 7509 sin 20277
2

A
V kg
HorizontalreactionatnodeA:
14823 cos 20277
2

A
H kg
NotethatH
A
isequaltothesumofhorizontalforcesupthewallheight.
ii)NodeFverticalreaction:
7473
FG F
T V kg
13885
KL K
T V kg
Overturningmomentatthebase(nodeF)duetoseismicforcesatnodesB,C,D,andE:
6
10 742 . 11 ) 260 3 1100 ( 723 ) 260 2 1100 ( 3220 ) 260 1100 ( 4710 1100 5170
o
M
MomentaroundnodeFduetoverticalreactionsatnodesAandK:
13
6
10 07 . 12 5 . 342 13885 5 . 342 21358
o
M
5.SeismicdesignofconfinedmasonrywallpanelABFG.
Inthiscase,wallpanelatthegroundfloorlevel(ABFG)isconsideredtobecritical,thereforethedesigncalculations
aregoingtobeperformedforthatpanel,whichisreferredasM1.
a)Designparameters
Masonry:
:
m
= Skg/cm
2
m
= 8ukg/cm
2
E
m
= 6uu
m
= 48uuukg/cm
2
elasticmodulusmasonry
t = 12cmwallthickness
Concrete:
c
i
= 2uukg/cm
2
E
c
= 14uuu
c
i
= 19799ukg/cm
2
elasticmodulusconcrete
Modularratio:n =
L
c
L
m
= 4.12
b)Calculateaxialforcesintiecolumnsandthewallduetogravityloading.
Distributionofgravityloadingisproportionaltothetransformedcrosssectionalarea.Axialloadcalculationfortie
columnABisexplainednext.
First,thetotaltransformedareaoftiecolumnandthetributarywallarea(correspondingtoonehalfofthewall
length)isequalto(notethatthecalculationhasbeenomitted):
A
total
=2692cm
2

Thecorrespondingaxialforceduetogravityloadisequalto
P=8470kg(seeFigure3b)
ThisloadistoberesistedbythetiecolumnABandthewallM1inproportiontotheirtransformedareas(expressed
intermsofthedistributionfactorD
f
)asshowninthefollowingtableandFigure8.

14
Component D
f
P(kg)
TiecolumnAB=A
TC
0.28 2336
Sum 1.0 8470
Figure8.Axialloaddistributionaccordingtothetributaryarea
Forexample,thevalueofdistributionfactorfortiecolumnABwasobtainedasfollows:
D
f
=A
TC
/A
total
=0.28
Basedontheabovecalculation,axialloadintiecolumnABduetogravityloadingis6,134kg.
AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedfortiecolumnFG.Thetotaltransformedareaandtheaxialloadare
summarizedbelow:
A
total
=4582cm
2
andP=17360kg(seeFigure3b)
Inthiscase,theaxialloadisdistributedtomasonrywallM1,tiecolumnFG,andtheremainingloadisdistributedto
confinedmasonrypanelFGKL(lefttietiecolumnframingtheopeningandthemasonrywallpaneladjacenttotie
columnFGreferredtoasM2).Thecalculationsaresummarizedinthefollowingtable.
Component D
f
P(kg)
TiecolumnFG 0.22 3750
Tiecolumnat
opening
0.16 2813
Sum 1.0 17360
Basedontheabovecalculations,theresultingaxialforcesare:
TiecolumnAB:P
AB
=2336kg
15
TiecolumnFG:P
FG
=3750kg
MasonrywallM1:P
M1
=6134+7387=13522kg
AsimilarcalculationneedstobeperformedtodetermineaxialforcesintiecolumnsABandFGandwallM1dueto
seismicloading,basedoninternalforcesshowninFigure5.
c)FindgravityandseismicloadsformasonrywallM1.
Axialloadsduetogravityloading(perabovecalculations):P
M1
Axialloadsduetoseismicloading(calculationsomitted):P
E
Totalaxialload:P
u
=13522+13844=27366kg
Notethatloadfactorforgravityloadingis1.0.
Shearforceduetoseismicloading:V=14823kg
Requiredshearstrength:V
u
=1.1V=16300kg
d)CalculateshearstrengthformasonrywallM1.
MasonryshearstrengthiscalculatedaccordingtoNTCM5.7asfollows:
Notethat
A
T
=4320cm
2
andF
R
=0.7
Since
I
mR
= 1u28Skg < I
u
shearreinforcementmustbeprovided.Notethatthemasonryshearresistanceislessthanthemaximumpermitted
value,thatis,
I
mR
= 1u28Skg < 1S6u8kg
where
F
R
1.S:
m
A
1
=13608kg
ShearstrengthforsteelreinforcementiscalculatedaccordingtoNTCM5.9asfollows:
p
h
f
yh
=3.4kg/cm
2
Thisisequalto(p
h
f
yh
)
min
OK
16
Since
=0.6 andA
sh
*f
yh
<6OK
Therefore
I
sR
= 6169kg
Thetotalshearstrength(masonry+reinforcement)is
I
mR
+ I
sR
= 1u28S + 6169 = 164S2 > I
u
OK
Finally,weneedtodeterminetherequiredamountofreinforcement.Letususe
f
yh
=6000kg/cm
2

p
h
=5.7x10
4

Since
wecanfindA
sh
.Letusassumethat
s=60cm
Itfollowsthattherequiredreinforcementareais
A
sh
=0.41cm
2

Letususe3/16"bars(crosssectionalarea0.18cm
2
).Aminimumoftwobarsarerequired.Thetotalareais0.36cm
2
;
thisisslightlylessthantherequiredareaof0.41cm
2
butconsideredtobeOK.
Conclusion:use2bars3/16"@60cm(f
yh
=6000kg/cm
2
)
e)DesigntiecolumnAB.
i)Findtheaxialload.
G
E
=21359kg(tension)
Totalaxialload:P
AB
=P
G
+P
E
=233621359=19023kg(tension)
ii)Designthetiecolumnfortension.
Sincethetiecolumnissubjectedtotension,letusfindtheamountofverticalsteelreinforcementrequiredtoresist
thetensileload.
Assumethefollowingproperties:
Steel:f
y
=4200kg/cm
2

Reinforcement:#4bars(0.5indiameter)
17
Therequiredreinforcementareaisequalto
A
s
=
P
AB
]
j
= 4.Scm
2
Use4#4bars(area5.07cm
2
).Crosssectionaldimensionsare:15cmlengthx12cmthickness(adequateforthis
amountofreinforcement).
f)DesigntiecolumnFG.
i)Findtheaxialload.
G
E
=6376kg
Totalaxialload:P
AB
=P
G
+P
E
=17360+6376=23736kg(compression)
ii)Designthetiecolumnforcompression.
Assumethe20cmx12cmtiecolumnreinforcedwith4#3bars,thereforecrosssectionalareais
A=20x12=240cm
2
Steelreinforcementarea(4#3bars):A
s
=2.85cm
2
Steelyieldstrength:f
y
=4200kg/cm
2

Axialcompressionresistanceforthetiecolumncanbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation
P
= u.6(A
c
i
+A
s

)
P
= Su222 > 2S72SOK

Conclusion:usetiecolumndimensions20cmlengthx12cmthicknessand4#3bars

18
Resources
Papers and Reports
Alcocer,S.,Arias,J.G.,andVazquez,A.(2004).ResponseAssessmentofMexicanConfinedMasonryStructures
ThroughShakingTableTests,Proceedingsofthe13
th
WorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering,Vancouver,
Canada,PaperNo.2130.
Anderson,D.L.,andBrzev,S.(2009).SeismicDesignGuideforMasonryBuildings,CanadianConcreteMasonry
ProducersAssociation,Toronto,Canada,317pp(freedownloadavailableatwww.ccmpa.ca).
Arias,J.G.(2005).Ensayosenmesavibradoradeunmodeloaescala1:2deedificiodemamposteraconfinadade
tresniveles,Master'sThesis,UNAM,Mexico(inSpanish).
Astroza,M.(2010).Diseodealbaileriaestructural,CursoCI52H,DepartamentodeIngenieraCivil
UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile(inSpanish).
Brzev,S.andPao,J.(2013).ReinforcedConcreteDesign:APracticalApproach,SecondEdition,PearsonCustom
Publishing,Boston,MA,USA,940pp.
Crisafulli,F.J.,andCarr,A.J.(2007).ProposedMacroModelfortheAnalysisofInfilledFrameStructures,Bulletin
ofTheNewZealandSocietyForEarthquakeEngineering,Vo.40,No.2,pp.6977.
FIP(1996).FIPRecommendations:PracticalDesignofStructuralConcrete,FIPCommission3PracticalDesign,
Sept.1996,SETO,London,UK.
Kaushik,H.B.,Rai,D.C.,andJain,S.K.(2006)CodeApproachestoSeismicDesignofMasonryInfilledReinforced
ConcreteFrames:AStateoftheArtReview,EarthquakeSpectra,Volume22,No.4,pp.961983.
Meli,R.,Brzev,S.,Astroza,M.,Boen,T.,Crisafulli,F.,Dai,J.,Farsi,M.,Hart,T.,Mebarki,A.,Moghadam,A.S.,Quiun,D.,
Tomazevic,M.,andYamin,L.(2011).SeismicDesignGuideforLowRiseConfinedMasonryBuildings,Earthquake
EngineeringResearchInstitute,Oakland,CA,USA,90pp.(www.confinedmasonry.org).
Mojsilovic,N.andMarti,P.(2004).NewSwissStructuralMasonryCode,Proceedingsofthe13thInternational
BrickandBlockMasonryConference,Amsterdam,Netherlands.
NZCMA(2004).UsersGuidetoNZS4230:2004DesignofReinforcedConcreteMasonryStructures,NewZealand
ConcreteMasonryAssociationInc.,Wellington,NewZealand,83pp.
(http://www.cca.org.nz/shop/downloads/NZS4230UserGuide.pdf)
Paulay,T.andPriestley,M.J.N.(1992).SeismicDesignofConcreteandMasonryBuildings,JohnWileyandSons,
Inc.,NewYork,USA,744pp.
Reineck,K.H.,ed.(2002).ExamplesfortheDesignofStructuralConcrete,SP208,AmericanConcreteInstitute,
FarmingtonHills,MI,2002,242pp.
SanBartolome,.,Bernardo,J.,andPea,M.(2010).EfectosdelPeraltedelasColumnasenelComportamiento
SsmicodelosMurosdeAlbaileraConfinada(Theeffectofcolumndepthonseismicbehaviorofconfinedmasonry
walls),ChileanConferenceonSeismologyandEarthquakeEngineering,ValdiviaSantiago,Chile(inSpanish).
Schlaich,J.;Schfer,K.;andJennewein,M.(1987).TowardaConsistentDesignofStructuralConcrete,PCI
Journal,V.32,No.3,1987,pp.74150.
SENCICO(2008).ComentariosALaNormaTcnicaDeEdificacinE.070Albailera,ServicioNacionalde
CapacitacinparalaIndustriadelaConstruccin,Peru(inSpanish)(http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/albanileria).
Torrisi,G.S.,Crisafulli,F.J.,andPavese,A.(2013).AninnovativeModelfortheInPlaneNonlinearAnalysisof
ConfinedMasonryandInfilledFrameStructures,Proceedingsofthe15thWorldConferenceonEarthquake
Engineering,Lisbon,Portugal.
19
UBC(2005)EvaluationofConfinedMasonryGuidelinesforEarthquakeResistantHousing,UBCEERIStudent
ChapterCommitteeonConfinedMasonry,91pp.
Voon,K.C.,andIngham,J.M.(2005).ExperimentalStudyofPartiallyGroutedConcreteMasonryWallswith
Openings,Proceedingsofthe10thCanadianMasonrySymposium,Banff,Alberta,Canada.
Wight,J.K.(2008).DevelopmentoftheStrutandTIeMethodforAppendixAoftheBuildingCode(ACI31808).
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EducationInc.,USA,1157pp.
DesignCodesandStandards
ACICommittee318,BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete(ACI31811),AmericanConcrete
Institute,FarmingtonHills,MI,2011,443pp.
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StandardsAssociation,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
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EngineersandArchitects(SIA),Zurich,12pp.
1
Durgesh C Rai
Professor
IIT Kanpur
Model Specification for Reinforced
Concrete Block (RCB) Construction
2
Introduction
Specifications needs to accompany construction
drawings and tender documents
Work shall be carried out in accordance with Indian
Standards and Code of Practices.
International standards will be followed when
Indian Standards are not available.
2
3
REFERENCED STANDARDS
A. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):
1. IS: 269 Specification for ordinary and low heat Portland cement
2. IS: 383 Specification for Coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources
for concrete
3. IS: 456 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.
4. IS: 1489 Specification for Portland Pozzolona cement
5. IS: 2185 Specification for concrete masonry units hollow and solid
cement blocks.
6. IS: 8112 Specification for ordinary Portland cement grade 43
7. IS: 9103 Specification for admixtures for concrete.
8. IS: 1905 Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry
9. IS: 2250 Code of practice for preparation and use of masonry mortars
10. IS: 712 Specifications for building limes
11. IS: 2212 Brickworks-Code of practice
12. IS: 1786 High Strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement specification
4
REFERENCED STANDARDS
B. IITK-GSDMA Guidelines :
1. Structural Use of Reinforced Masonry
C. American Concrete Institute (ACI):
1. ACI 530 -11 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
2. ACI 530.1-11 Specifications for Masonry Structures
D. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
1. ASTM C404 Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout
2. ASTM C476 Specification for Grout Masonry
3. ASTM C1019 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout
3
5
SUBMITTALS
A. Working Drawings
Detailed drawings of unit masonry, showing type of mortar joints, bond pattern,
reinforcing steel, connecting dowels, joint reinforcement, grouted cells, and
control joints
B. Material Data & Samples
Submit manufacturer's product data for concrete blocks.
Full-size samples of all block types for approval. Blocks require approval of the
Engineer-in-charge before they may be used in the concrete masonry work
C. Certificates
Certification stating that concrete masonry units meet specification requirements
and that masonry units conform with the special strength requirements of these
Specifications.
Each certificate shall be signed by the masonry unit manufacturer and shall
contain the name of the manufacturer, the project location, and the quantity and
dates of shipment or delivery to which the certificate applies
6
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Specification Compliance
Concrete block masonry work shall conform with applicable requirements given
in these Specifications
B. Field Construction Mock-Ups
Prior to installation of masonry work, construct representative wall panels using
sample submittals of masonry units and mortar.
This is to establish a standard for completed masonry work for qualities of
Appearance,
Materials,
Construction, and
Workmanship.
The mock-ups should be of sufficient size (height and length) in full thickness to
include each type of masonry work, such as typical blockwork, bond beams, etc..
4
7
QUALITY ASSURANCE
C. Tolerances: Construction tolerance for concrete unit masonry
1. Deviation from the position shown on plan for a building more than one storey
in height = 15 mm
2. Deviation from vertical within a storey = 10 mm per 3 m of height
3. Deviation from vertical in total height of building = 20 mm
4. Relative displacement between load-bearing walls in adjacent storeys intended to
be in vertical alignment = 5 mm
5. Deviation from line in plan:
i. in any length up to 10 m = 5 mm
ii. in any length over 10 m = 10 mm total
6. Deviation of bed joint from horizontal:
i. in any length up to 10 m = 5 mm
ii. in any length over 10 m = 10 mm total
7. Average thickness of bed or head (perpends) joints = 3 mm on thickness
specified
8
MATERIALS
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) or Concrete Blocks
Concrete masonry units (CMUs) shall be of nominal face dimensions of 400
200 200 mm (actual dimensions being 390 190 190 mm) with minimum
face shell and web thickness of 30 and 25 mm.
Supply necessary shapes and sizes, bond-beam units (U-blocks for the purpose of
band and lintels), and corner units as required to satisfy conditions indicated.
Include half-size units where indicated or required.
Concrete masonry units shall be hollow load-bearing units conforming to IS
2185, Grade A with minimum average compressive strength of 10 MPa at 28
days and shall have a minimum block density of 1500 kg/m
3
.
Maximum variations in dimensions will be 5% in length and 3% in width and
height.
Units shall have a maximum drying shrinkage of 0.06 percent, and shall meet
water absorption requirements of IS: 2185, i.e., average water absorption of three
units shall not exceed 10%.
5
9
MATERIALS
Cement
Ordinary Portland, Pozzolona-Portland, or blended cements conforming to
Indian Standards.
Maximum replacement of cement by fly ash should be restricted to 25%.
Lime
Hydrated lime conforming to Class C of IS: 712 in the form of fine dry powder.
Lime putty shall be made from approved quicklime or hydrated lime and shall not
weigh less than 1300 kg per cubic meter.
Mixture of lime putty and sand can be kept for 72 hours for preparation of lime-
cement-mortar provided it is kept damp and not allowed to dry.
Mortar Sand and Fine Aggregate
Natural sand, clean, hard, durable and well graded.
Should be free from adherent coating and organic matter and shall not contain
appreciable amount of clay or harmful impurities.
Shall not exceed permissible quantities of deleterious materials as given by IS
2386 part I and II.
10
MATERIALS
Grout Aggregate
Clean and graded concrete aggregates proportioned by volume
3 parts graded fine aggregate for concrete to 2 parts of graded 10 mm
maximum size coarse aggregate.
Coarse Aggregate
Shall conform to IS: 383 requirements
Aggregate shall be hard, durable, clean and free from adherent coatings and
deleterious materials. The seasonal changes shall be well guarded.
Grading shall be as indicated in IS 383.
Fineness modules of the combined aggregates shall be between 3.6 and 4.
The maximum size of the aggregates shall be 10 mm and should preferably lie
between 4.75 to 9.5 mm.
Should be free from harmful materials such as iron, pyrites, coal, mica, shale or
similar laminated material, clay, alkali, soft fragments sea shells, organic
impurities etc. Impurities present within acceptable limits shall not adversely
affect strength and durability.
6
11
MATERIALS
Water
Fresh, clean and drinkable, and free from such amounts of mineral and organic
substances (such as shell, silts, alkalies, acids ) as would adversely affect the
hardening of cement mortar.
Water shall be tested in accordance with IS: 3025 and maximum permissible
limits of deleterious materials in water shall be as given in IS: 456.
Admixture
Additives or admixtures may be added which conform to IS specifications.
IS 9103 Specifications for admixtures for concrete.
IS 3812 Specifications for fly ash for use as pozzolana and admixture.
IS 2645 Specifications for integral water proofing compound.
Other additives or admixtures not being governed by IS shall be tested and
checked that the same are not detrimental to durability. Calcium chloride shall
not be permitted. Any usage shall be approved by the Engineer-in-charge.
Reinforcing Steel
Provide deformed reinforcing steel bars of grade Fe415 for grouted block masonry
meeting the requirements of IS: 1786.
12
MORTAR
Mortar Type and Mixing Requirements
Mortar for grouted block masonry shall be cement: lime: sand mortar in
volumetric proportions of 1:0.5:4.5 (H2 mortar of IS: 1905) with a minimum
compressive strength at 28 days of 6 MPa.
The use of an admixture for the purpose of reducing water content in mortar will
be permitted, provided the strength of the mortar is not reduced.
Accurately measure mortar ingredients.
Cement bag weighing 50 kg shall be taken as 0.035 cubic meter
Other ingredients in specified proportions shall be measured by using gauge
boxes of size 40 30 25 cm.
Mortar ingredients should be mixed a minimum of three minutes after water has
been added, in a mechanical batch mixer, using sufficient water to produce a
workable and plastic consistency.
Use mortar within 2 hours after mixing. Discard any mortar that has been mixed
longer or that has begun to set.
7
13
GROUT
Grout Type and Mixing Requirements
Grout shall be Coarse Grout, as defined in ASTM C476, with a minimum
compressive strength at 28 days of 15 MPa,
Proportioned by volume in the ratio of 1 part cement, 3 parts fine and graded
concrete aggregate and 2 parts of graded 10 mm maximum size coarse aggregate.
Grout mix shall be designed for handling by an approved grout pump. Slump
shall be 250 mm.
The use of an admixture for the purpose of reducing water content in grout and
adding flow ability will be permitted provided the strength of the grout is not
reduced.
Admixture shall be added to the mix as recommended by the manufacturer for the
purpose intended.
14
LAYING CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
A. Requirements
Concrete masonry units shall be dry when laid. Avoid using less than half-size
units in exposed locations. Do not expose cells on any surface.
Where concealed, spaces not large enough for full or half-size units may be filled
with concrete.
B. Workmanship
Work shall be performed by skilled and experienced masons.
Erect walls plumb and true to line, with courses level and joints uniform in
width, using specified mortar. Vertical joints shall line up plumb in exposed
walls. All units laid should be adjusted to final position while mortar is still
plastic.
Where resetting required, remove and clean units and reset in new mortar.
Concrete masonry units shall be sound and free of crack sand surfaced effects.
Handle units carefully to avoid chipping and breaking.
Where steel beams or joists frame in to masonry, fill spaces with mortar and
finish off flush with masonry surface, neatly pointed around steel.
8
15
C. Cutting of Units
Cutting of units shall be minimum. Perform accurate cutting to accommodate
items passing through or embedded in masonry
Cutting shall be performed with a power-driven masonry saw. When cut wet,
they shall be allowed to dry before use.
D. Bedding and Jointing:
Use full mortar bed and coverage on horizontal and vertical face shells of hollow
units. Webs also shall be bedded in mortar.
Push vertical head joints tight after buttering well.
Nominal joint size, both vertical and horizontal, shall be 10 mm.
Top surfaces of concrete foundations or other bed joints shall be clean concrete
with aggregate exposed before start of lying.
Tops of foundations shall be roughened and cleaned to remove laitance.
Where block is to be laid on slabs, bed joints shall be roughened and cleaned, and
an epoxy bonding adhesive shall be applied before laying first course of block.
16
E. Bond Pattern
Lay masonry units in stretcher bond with half lap in successive courses so that
holes are aligned but perpend joints are not vertically aligned.
F. Alignment of Vertical Cells:
Masonry built to preserve the unobstructed vertical continuity of the cells.
Align vertically to maintain a clear, unobstructed vertical flue, measuring not
less than 75 mm in all directions for grouted masonry.
G. Cleanout Holes:
Clean out openings shall be provided at the bottoms of cells to be filled with grout
on the interior surface and not on the surfaces likely to be exposed.
Cleanouts shall be sealed after inspection and before grout placement.
9
17
H. Chases
Chases and recesses for conduits, pipes, and ducts shall be formed as masonry
work is constructed with a chasing tool
Do not enclose conduit runs until complete and approved, or piping until it has
been tested and approved.
Make such chases and recesses plumb, with inside joints struck flush, and the
interiors kept free of obstructions and cleaned-out up on completion.
I. Anchorage and Embedded Items:
Set accurately in place and bond in to masonry, as the masonry work progresses,
bolts, straps, hangers, sleeves, etc. and any other anchorage items or attachments
as indicated.
Provide suitable recesses for cabinets, junction boxes, panels, and other items to
be built in to masonry. Consult with other trades in advance so their work can be
accommodated at correct locations, to avoid cutting and patching.
Cells containing anchorage or built-in items shall be grouted solid.
Where masonry is laid against concrete or metal, the joints between shall be filled
with mortar as each course is laid.
18
J. Joint Finishing
Pack mortar tightly in joint sand wipe wall faces clean as work progresses. Unless
otherwise indicated, exposed joints shall be densely tooled concave and smooth
with joint tool when mortar is thumb print hard.
Joints in work concealed by other finishes or plaster shall be struck flush. Rake out
joints around metal frames in openings 20 mm deep for sealant to be applied.
K. Joining Work:
Step back unfinished work for joining with new work. Toothing shall be resorted
to only where unavoidable.
Before starting or resuming work, remove loose mortar and foreign matter from
work in place, and clean all surfaces of work to be joined.
L. Control Joints
Provide control joints where indicated
M. Lintels, Bond Beams and Copings
Lintel bond beam should be continuous, however, when isolated and
discontinuous, they should have bearing over one full block length on either ends
10
19
N. Hot Weather Precautions
When construction is carried out at an air temperature of more than 25 C the
following precautions need to be taken
Masonry units may be lightly dampened before laying.
Mortar shall be kept moist and shall not be spread on the wall more
than two unit lengths ahead of the units being placed.
The mortar shall be prevented from drying so rapidly that it cannot
cure properly; apply a very light fog spray several times during the
first 24 hours after laying or by other protective measures over the
same period.
Grout shall be protected from too rapid drying
20
REINFORCING STEEL
Placing Requirements
1. Provide reinforcing steel for grouted masonry as indicated.
2. Vertical reinforcing bars shall be placed after laying the wall and shall be held in
place by standard reinforcing supports at the time of grouting.
Bars shall be held in position at top and bottom and at intervals not
exceeding 190 dia. of the reinforcement or 2.7 m, whichever is less.
Vertical reinforcing steel shall have a minimum clearance of 25 mm
from the masonry.
3. When a foundation dowel (starting bar) does not line up with a vertical core, it
shall not be sloped more than one horizontal in six vertical.
Dowels or starting bars shall be grouted in to a core in vertical
alignment, even though it is in an adjacent cell to the vertical wall
reinforcing.
11
21
REINFORCING STEEL
Placing Requirements
4. Horizontal reinforcing bars for bond-beams or channel units shall be laid on webs
of the units in continuous masonry courses, and shall be solidly embedded in
mortar and grout.
Bars shall be tied to vertical bars as the block work progresses.
Placing of horizontal reinforcing bars in mortar joints will not be
permitted.
5. Reinforcing bars shall be straight except for bends around corners and where
bends or hooks are indicated.
6. Reinforcing steel shall be lapped in accordance with IITK-GSDMA Guidelines.
Length of lapped splices shall be not less than 30 bar dia. for bars in
compression and 40 bar dia. for bars in tension.
Lapped splice bars shall be wire-tied together for the entire length of
the splice.
22
GROUTING
A. Grouting Requirements
1. Cells of CMU unit masonry be filled solid with grout where indicated. Cells
containing rebars and anchorage or built-in items shall be also filled with grout.
2. Spaces around metal frames and other built-in items shall be filled solid with
grout or mortar.
3. Reinforcing steel shall be secured in place, inspected, and approved before
grouting starts.
4. Mortar droppings and projections shall be kept out of the grout space. Webs, and
reinforcement shall be cleaned of mortar droppings before grouting.
5. Grout should be placed within 1 hr after initial mixing with water. Grout shall be
rodded, or vibrated in place.
6. Cells shall be filled solid with grout, and pours shall be stopped 40 mm below the
top of a course to form a shear key at pour joints.
7. Grouting of bond-beams shall be done in one continuous operation. Tops of
unfilled cell columns under horizontal masonry beam shall be covered with metal
mesh, or special units shall be used to confine the grout fill to the beam section.
12
23
GROUTING
B. Grout Construction
1. Placed in lifts not to exceed 1.2 m. It can be conveniently placed in three stages:
first, between floor and sill level alongwith sill bond-beam,
second, between sill bond-beam and lintel bond-beam along with
lintel bond-beam, and
lastly, between lintel bond-beam and the top of the wall.
2. Grouting of bond-beams at sill and lintel level shall be done in continuous
operation. Lintel blocks (U Blocks) should be propped during the construction.
3. Rod or vibrate grout thoroughly to push grout in to all spaces and interstices.
After the waiting period of an hour, place second lift and rod or vibrate the pour
again to penetrate not more than half way in to the first lift.
Repeat this placing operation, waiting period, and consolidating
technique until the top is reached.
24
Miscellaneous
REPAIRING AND POINTING
Upon completion of the work, carefully examine masonry surfaces and cut out
and replace broken or defective units.
Rake out defective mortar joints and repoint.
CLEANING
After erection and pointing, masonry shall be cleaned down with stiff brushes and
water, followed by rinsing with clean water.
All mortar deposits, stains, or other foreign matter shall be removed.
After masonry has been fully grouted, laitance and stains that have percolated
through the block sand mortar joints shall be hosed off with water under pressure.
CURING
Damp cured for at least 7 days to prevent too rapid drying during hot or drying
weather, and drying winds.
Walls shall be kept moist or damp with water from a fogging nozzle, but shall not
be wet to point that free water drops from surface.
13
25
FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. Slump Tests:
Perform slump tests of grout during grout placement.
B. Strength and Other Tests:
Provide laboratory tests conforming to the following requirements:
1. Concrete Masonry Units
A sample of 20 blocks shall be taken from every lot/consignment if
5000 blocks or part thereof and 8 blocks shall be subjected to test for
compressive strength.
A set of 3 blocks shall be tested separately for block density, water
absorption, drying shrinkage/moisture movement and the remaining
3 blocks for retest of drying shrinkage and moisture movement
2. Mortar
Compressive strength tests shall be performed in accordance with
Indian Standards. Three 50 mm cubes shall be tested for each 180
square meter of wall area, one at seven days and two at 28 days.
26
B. Strength and Other Tests:
3. Grout:
Compressive strength tests as per ASTM C1019.
Three square prisms shall be tested for each 180 square meter, or
fraction thereof, of wall area.
Prism shall be formed with h/t ratio of 2:1 using formwork of four
concrete blocks and tested under compression at 28 days.

90x90x180

14
27
C. Test Reports Strength and Other Tests:
Submit certified copies of all test results to the Engineer-in-charge for record
purposes.
D. Rejection of Masonry, Repair and Replacement:
The Engineer-in-charge shall have authority to reject concrete masonry work that
does not meet specification requirements, and to require repair or replacement as
necessary to complete the concrete masonry work.
Thank you
21022014
ShortCourseonSeismicDesignof
ReinforcedandConfinedMasonryBuildings 1
ConstructionInspectionofMasonry
Buildings ExperiencefromMexico
Masonryunits
Shouldbecheckedtobeofthetypespecified
inthedrawings
Clayunitsshouldbekeptinwater,atleasttwo
hoursbeforecollocation
Concreteblocksshouldbedryandspraythem
withwaterjustbeforecollocation
Unitsshouldbefreefromdustorgrease
21022014
Masonryunitstolerances
TOLERANCIASONDIMENSIONS,
NMXC038ONNCCE
+, 3mmHeight
+, 2mmLength
+, 2mmWidth
SHAPETOLERANCESd=3%
At the construction site, verify 5 units every
10 000 up to 40 000 units delivered
Masonryunitstrengths
21022014
Absortion
Mortar
21022014
Mortarmadeonsite
Ifpreparedonsite
itshouldcontaintheminimumamountofwatertohavea
manageablemix
Themixshouldbecarriedoutinanonabsorbenttray
Wheninamixer,themixingtimeoncethewateris
added,shouldbenolessthan4minnor120revolutions
Remix
Mortarshouldbeusedwithin2.5hfromtheinitialmixing
Ifthemortarstartstoset,itcanberemixedtoregain
manageabilityaddingwater,however,remixingisallowed
onlyonce.
Trayformortarpreparation
Plastictray
21022014
PremixedMortar
Premixedmortardeliveredtoconstruction
site,includeretardantsoitstartstoset
(harden)whenthemortarisincontactwith
themasonryunit.Recommendedwhenlarge
volumesofmortararerequired.
Mortarisspecifiedbasedon
Strength
Timetoset
Maximumsizeofaggregates
Shouldsatisfythe75%ofretention
DryPremixedmortar
Themixispreparedandsentdrytothesitein
50kgsacs
Itincludessandpreviouslydriedandwith
controlledgranulometry
Shouldcomplywiththeminimumpercentage
ofwaterretentionandthemaximumsizeof
aggregate(4mm)
10
21022014
Premixplant
Steelbars
Typicalsizesfor
horizontalreinforcement
600 MPa
prefabricatedtiecolumn
reinforcement
500 MPa
21022014
Workshopenablingreinforement
Mortarjoints
Mortarshouldcompletelycoverthehorizontaland
verticalfacesofmasonryunitinbedandheadjoints
Itsthicknessshouldbetheminimumthatallowsa
uniformmortardistributionandunitalignmentofthe
units.
Ifunitsaremadewithmechanicalmeansthethickness
ofthejointshouldnotexceed12mminjointshaving
horizontalreinforcement10mmforjointswithno
reinforcement
Forhandmadeunitsjointsthicknessshouldnotexceed
15mm
Jointsshouldbepacked
21022014
Packingthejoints
Mortarjoints
Wrong Wrong
21022014
Bond
RunningbondisassumedinallNTCMcodes
strengthformulas
Externaltiecolumnsshouldbecastandfilled
withconcreteafterthewallhasbeen
constructed.
Theverticaljointofthewallwithtiecolumns
shouldbedetailedtoensuretheshearforce
transmission.Masonrymaybedented,metallic
connectorsorhorizontalreinforcementmay
serveforthispurpose
Fillingofcells
Cellsshouldbefreeofanyextraneousmaterialsand
mortarofthejoints
Intiecolumnsandcells,concreteormortarshouldbe
pouredsoastoensureacpmplete filling
Compactingisallowed
Fillingofcellsshouldbefilledin500mmincrements
forcells8000mm
2
orlessorupto1.5mforlarger
cells
If
forconstructionreasonsthefillingissuspendedthe
lastcellshouldfilledtothehalveofthecelllastunit
21022014
Fillingofcells
Fillingsuspended
21022014
Positionofreinforcement
Horizontalreinforcement
Horizontalreinforcementshould
becontinuousbetweentwotie
columns
Ifrequired,twoormorebarsmay
beanchoredinthetiecolumns
Horizontalreinforcementshould
beanchoredinthetiecolumns
with90obends,
thebendshouldbeplacedasfar
aspossibleinsidethetiecolumn
Anchoragelengthsshouldbe
accordingtoconcretecode,for
thatpurposethecriticalsections
asshownleft
21022014
Anchorageofhorizontalreinforcement
OK
Error
Reinforcementbends
21022014
Dr. Svetlana Brzev
BCIT, Vancouver, Canada
IIT Gandhinagar, India
INSPECTION OF STRUCTURAL MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
NORTH AMERICAN PRACTICE
1
Acknowledgments
Phillip J . Samblanet, PE, Executive
Director, the Masonry Society
J ohn Chrysler, PE, Executive Director,
Masonry Institute of America
2
21022014
Why is Inspection Needed?
Inspection Leads to Quality!
3
Special Inspection of Structural Masonry
History
4
21022014
How Much is Appropriate?
Quiki Mart
Box Store
Hospital
Maybe None
Mostly Periodic
Some Continuous
More Continuous
7
Current Provisions
Three Levels, based on Design and Occupancy
Masonry Inspection Level Requirements
Type of Masonry Occupancy Category IBC Inspection Level
MSJC Quality
Assurance Level
Empirical, Veneer
and Glass Block
I, II, III None
Level A
(MSJC Table 3)
IV
Level 1
(Table 1704.5.1)
Level B
(MSJC Table 4)
Engineered
(Designed) Masonry
I, II, III
IV
Level 2
(Table 1704.5.3)
Level C
(MSJC Table 5)
8
21022014
(IBC Level 0) MSJ C Level A
(TMS40211)Table1.19.1 LevelAQuality Assurance
MINIMUMTESTS
None
MINIMUMINSPECTION
Verifycompliancewiththeapprovedsubmittals
9
Notacceptableforstructuralcomponents(e.g.walls)!
Minimum Inspection for Structural Masonry
IBC Level 1 MSJ C Level B
(TMS40211)Table1.19.2 LevelBQuality Assurance Partial
MINIMUMTESTS
VerificationofSelfConsolidatingGroutandfm
MINIMUMINSPECTION
InspectionTask
Frequency Reference
Continuous Periodic TMS402 TMS602
Asmasonry constructionbegins,verify
2.d Locationofreinforcement
X 3.4/3.6A
Priortogrouting,verifycomplianceof
3.a Groutspace
X
3.2D
3.2F
10
21022014
Minimum Inspection for Structural Masonry
(contd)
IBC Level 1 MSJ C Level B
(TMS40211)Table1.19.2 LevelBQuality Assurance Partial
MINIMUMINSPECTION
Inspection Task
Frequency Reference
Verify duringconstruction
4.bType,sizeandlocationofanchors
X
1.16.4.3
1.17.1
4.cWeldingofreinforcement X
2.1.8.7.2
3.3.3.4(c)
4.f Placementofgrout
X 3.5/3.6C
5.Observepreparationofgroutand
mortarspecimensandprisms
X 1.4B
11
IBC Level 2 MSJ C Level C
(TMS40211)Table1.19.3 LevelCQuality Assurance Partial
MINIMUMTESTS
VerificationofSelfConsolidatingGrout, ProportionsofMaterials andfm (@5,000sf)
MINIMUMINSPECTION
InspectionTask
Frequency Reference
Verifycomplianceof
2.c Placementofmasonryunits* X 3.3B
2.d Placementofreinforcement
X 1.6 3.2E/3.4
* =AdditionalrequirementaboveLevelB
12
21022014
IBC Level 2 MSJ C Level C
(TMS40211)Table1.19.3 LevelCQuality Assurance Partial
MINIMUMINSPECTION
Inspection Task
Frequency Reference
Verifycomplianceof
2.e Groutspacedpriortogrouting X
3.2D
3.2 F
2.f Placementofgrout X 3.5/3.6C
2.i Weldingofreinforcement X
2.1.8.7.2
3.3.3.4(c)
3.Observepreparation ofgroutand
mortarspecimensandprisms
X 1.4B
13
What is the right amount of inspection?
Periodic can lead to the contractor really focusing on
quality part of the time
Trigger for Special Inspection:
Code Requirement (IBC Chapter 17 TMS 402-11
Section 1.19 and TMS 602 Article 1.6)
Design Professional must determine how much
inspection (Once a day, once a week, or ???)
TMS (and others) have comprehensive Inspection
Checklists
Inspectors must understand the structural
implications
14
21022014
Masonry Inspection Checklists
Producedbymasonryassociations
Example:U.S.masonryinspectionchecklist
electroniccopywillbepostedonthecourse
website
Masonry Inspection Checklist
21022014
Conclusions
Inspection in the US and Canada has evolved for
almost 70 years
Inspection provides enhanced quality
Code provides minimum inspection requirements
17

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AB: 619S + 227S = 847ukg

5170 796 . 0 6495 cos

0 cos 12412 3220 cos

13100 796 . 0 16457 cos

0 cos 16457 1723 cos

= Su222 > 2S72SOK

AB: 619S + 227S = 847ukg

5170 796 . 0 6495 cos

0 cos 12412 3220 cos

13100 796 . 0 16457 cos

0 cos 16457 1723 cos

= Su222 > 2S72SOK

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