SengaraFoundationShortCourse 2011 REVIWS

GROUP PILE
AND MAT FOUNDATION

By:
Dr. Wayan Sengara
Short Course Foundation Engineering
Soil Mechanics Laboratory
Institut Teknologi Bandung
11-13 April, 2011
1 I Wayan Sengara/12-04-2011
Outline
(1) Group Pile
Introduction
Design Criteria
Efficiency of Piles In Groups Under Axial Loading
Efficiency of Piles In Groups Under Lateral Loading
(2) Negative Skin friction
(3) Settlement of Pile Groups
(4) Mat Foundation
Type of Mat Foundation
Bearing Capacity
Modulus Subgrade Reaction
(1) GROUP PILE
Raft Foundation Piled Foundation
Piled-Raft Foundation
Competent soil not deep, but excessive settlement
Competent soil relatively deep
Soil beneath raft relatively competent, but with limited settlement by use of piles
I WS
Introduction
Some Condition Require Pile Foundation
(Vesic,1977)
The upper soil layers is highly compressible and
too weak to support load
When subjected to horizontal forces
When encountered expansive and collapsible
soil
When subjected uplifting force
When shallow foundation might suffer of soil
erosion at ground surface
Pile Configuration
DESIGN CRITERIA
(a) Bearing Capacity
Axial SF >2.5 - 3
(b) Settlement <Allowable settlement
Deep Foundation HighriseBldg: s < 15 cm
Lateral h <0.25-0.5 inch
Ref: Grandfathering HATTI
Type of Group Piles
(Bowles,2006)
PILE GROUP:
1) Free Standing
2) Piled Foundatin
Efficiency of Piles In Groups Under Axial Loading
(Reese,2006)
(Bowles,2006)
Efficiency Calculation
Converse-Labarre
(Bowles,2006)
( ) ( )

+
=
mn
n m m n
90
1 1
1

=
s
D
tan
Los-Angeles
(Bowles,2006)
( ) ( ) [ ] 2 ) 1 )( 1 ( 1 1 1 + + = n m m n n m
n m s
D
Eg
Seiler-Keeney
(Bowles,2006)
n m n m
n m
s
s
Eg
+
+
+
+
=
3 . 0
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 7 75 (
36
1
2
Fled (1943)
which reduce the calculated load
capacity of each pile in a group by
0.0625 for each adjacent pile. The
spacing s is not taken into account
Sand rule
(Bowles,2006)
2 1
2 1
) 4 ) 2 ( 2
n pn
d s n n + +
=
n
1
x n
2
: Number of pile in group
P : Perimeter of the cross section of each pile
D : Diameter of pile
Contractor rule
(Bowles,2006)
s
d
I
8
=
d : diameter of pile in group
s : spacing of pile in group
ASCE Committee on Deep foundation Report
(CDF 1982)
Equation for Pile Groups upon soils
To estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of group piles Q
g(u)
, choose the smaller of
Or
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
( ) [ ]
+ = L c p p c A n n Q
u u p u
) ( 9
2 1
( )
+ + = L c B L N p c B L Q
u g g c u g g u
2 ) (
*
Where
c = undrained cohesion below base of pile
L = length of pile
Nc
*
= Bearing capacity factor = 5.14 - 9
c = average cohesion between group and soil
B
g
, Lg = dimension of group.pile
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
Efficiency Group pile:
= efficiency factor
P
u(group)
= ultimate load capacity of group
P
ui
= sum of ultimate load capacity of individual piles
For CLAY:
- Point Bearing piles: = 1 for all spacing
- Friction piles: decrease when closely spaced pile.
=
P
P
ui
group u ) (
(Reese, 2006)
Group efficiency in cohesive soil ONeil (1983)
For Sand:
(1) For driven group piles in sand with spacing 3D:
Q
u(group)
= Q
ui
(2) For bored pile spacing d 3D :
Q
u(group)
may be taken 2/3 to3/4 Q
ui
Group efficiency in cohesionlesssoil Oneill (1969)
(Reese, 2006)
Group efficiency in cohesionlesssoil ONeil (1983)
(Reese, 2006)
Group efficiency in cohesionlesssoil De Mello (1969)
(Reese, 2006)
Efficiency of Piles In Groups Under Lateral
Loading
Side by side reduction
Line by line, leading piles
Line by line, trailing
Skewed piles
Lateral Capacity Reduction for Pile Group
(Reese, 2006)
Definition of f
m
(Reese, 2006)
p-y curves for single pile and pile group with shadowing effect
(Reese, 2006)
Reduction factors for piles in a row
(Reese, 2006)
Curve giving reduction factors
a
for piles in a row
(Reese, 2006)
bl
for leading piles in a line
(Reese, 2006)
bt
for trailing piles in a line
(Reese, 2006)
System for computing reduction factor for skewed piles
(Reese, 2006)
(2) NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
Definition
A downward drag
force exerted on the
pile by the soil
surrounding (fill)
(Coduto,2001)
Distribution of negative skin friction
Pile terminated on relatively incompressible stratum
(Tomlinson,1977)
Pile terminated on relatively compressible stratum
(Tomlinson,1977)
Distribution of negative skin friction on pile driven through recent
Fill into compressible clay stratum
(Tomlinson,1977)
(Coduto,2001)
Methods for calculation of negative
skin friction
(BrajaM Das 1999)
Clay fill over granular soil
(BrajaM Das 1999)
2
tan '
) tan ' (
2 '
0
'

f f
H
f u
H pK
zdz pK Q
f
= =

Granullar Soil Fill over Clay
'
2
' 2
) (
' '
1
1
f f f f f f
H H H L
L
H L
L
+

=
2
tan ' '
tan ' '
tan ) ' ( '
2
1
1
'
0
'
0
1 1

pK L
L H pK
dz z H pK dz pf Q
f f
L
f f
L
u u
+ =
= =

(BrajaM Das 1999)
Vesic (1977)
(Q
f
)
neg =
No Po A
Where
No = nondemensional factor
Po = the mean normal effective stress
Garlanger (1973)
For cohesionless soil
(Q
f
)
neg =
p Ks tan L
For cohesive soil
(Q
f
)
neg =
p c
a
L
Downdrag reduction technique
Coat the pile with bitumen
Driven the pile before placing the fill, wrap expose portions with
lubricated polyethylene sheet or some other low-friction material
Use large diameter predrill hole, possibly filled with bentonite, thus
reducing K
Use a pile tip larger in diameter than the pile, thus making a larger
hole as the pile is driven
Accelerate the settlement using surcharge fills or other techniques,
and then install the foundations after the settlement is complete
(Coduto,2001)
(3) SETTLEMENT OF PILE GROUP
Settlement consist of :
1. Immediate Settlement
2. Consolidation Settlement
Distribution stress on Foundation
(Tomlinson,1977)
Elastic Settlement of Group Piles
Vesic (1969)
B
g
= width of pile group section
D = diameter of each pile in the group
s = elastic settlement of each pile at comparable
working load
(BrajaM Das,1999)
s
D
B
in s
g
e
g
= ) (
) (
Mayerhof (1976)
(BrajaM Das,1999)
cor
g
e
g
N
I B q
in s
2
) (
) (
=
Janbu, Bjerrum, Kjaernsli
where
B : width of foundation
q
n
: stress increase
E
u
: modulus of elasticity of soil
u
n o i
i
E
B q
p settlement Average

=
(Tomlinson,1977)
(Tomlinson,1977)
Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles
Equivalent Raft
(BrajaM Das 1999)
The stress increase in the middle layer
Where
Q
g
= Load of group pile
L
g
= Length of group pile
B
g
= Width of group pile
z
i
= Depth below equivalent raft to middle compressible layer
( )( )
i g i g
g
i
z L z B
Q
p
+ +
=
(BrajaM Das 1999)
o
av o
o
c
p
p p
e
H
Cs
+
+
log
1
o
av o
o
c
c
p
p p
e
H
C
+
+
log
1
For NC
For OC, when Po+P <Pc
For OC, when Po+P >Pc
c
av o
o
c
o
c
o
c
p
p p
e
H
Cc
p
P
e
H
Cs
+
+
+
+
log
1
log
1
(BrajaM Das 1999)
Finite element (case study)
Highrise Building in Jakarta
Soil profile
BH-3
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
16
15
14
27
37
23
25
34
50
31
26
23
7
50/27
8
6
2
1
2
3
BHN-5
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
60
60
60
60
29
24
26
43
60
60
60
33
31
60
60
2
2
2
BHN-1
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
29
37
29
25
60
60
60
48
36
60
7
1
2
BH-5
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
50
50
50
50
50
50
49
43
20
22
38
41
43
41
2
1
5
16
4
BH-1
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-60
-55
50
50
50
50
47
47
50
50
50
30
34
50
26
37
50
50
38
32
38
32
18
23
30
33
40
40
42
50
50
22
20
38
47
20
1
6
4
8
5
BHN-3
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
60
60
60
42
36
22
27
68
58
60
37
33
34
30
5
1
3
4
-35
Silty clay
Silty clay
Silty clay Silty clay Silty clay Silty clay
Silty Sand/Sand
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Sand
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Sandy Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Sandy Silt
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Sand
Clayey Silt
Clayey Silt
Clayey Silt
Compressible Layer
Compressible Layer
Compressible Layer
Compressible Layer
Compressible Layer
Compressible Layer
Clayey Silt
Sand
Compressible Layer
Clayey Silt
Silty Sand/Sand
Clayey Silt
Silty clay
Silty Sand/Sand
Model 2D Axisymetric
A A
A A
A A
A AA A
A A
B B
-20.000 0.000 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000
-80.000
-60.000
-40.000
-20.000
0.000
Vertical displacements
Extreme vertical displacement -89.40*10
-3
m
*10
-3
m
-90.000
-85.000
-80.000
-75.000
-70.000
-65.000
-60.000
-55.000
-50.000
-45.000
-40.000
-35.000
-30.000
-25.000
-20.000
-15.000
-10.000
-5.000
0.000
5.000
10.000
(Elastic Settlement)
A A
A A
A A
A A A A
A A
B B
-20.000 0.000 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000
-80.000
-60.000
-40.000
-20.000
0.000
Total displacements
Extreme total displacement 77.24*10
-3
m
*10
-3
m
-4.000
0.000
4.000
8.000
12.000
16.000
20.000
24.000
28.000
32.000
36.000
40.000
44.000
48.000
52.000
56.000
60.000
64.000
68.000
72.000
76.000
80.000
(Consolidation Settlement)
Model 3D
(4) MAT FOUNDATION
Type of Mat Foundation
a. Flat plate
b. Flat plate thickened under coloums
c. Beams and slab
d. Plate with pedestal
e. Slab with basement walls as a part of the
mat
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
(Bowles, 1996)
BEARING CAPACITY
The gross ultimate bearing capacity of
mat foundation
q
u
= CN
c
F
cs
F
cd
F
ci
+qN
q
F
qs
F
qd
F
qi
+1/2BN
F
s
F
d
F
i
F
cs
F
qs
F
s
= Shape Factor
F
cd
F
qd
F
d
= Depth Factor
F
ci
F
qi
F
I
= Load inclination factor
N
c
N
q
N
= Bearing capacity factor

Shallow
foundation
Compensated Foundation
At critical depth Df q
net applied
= 0
Df
A
Q
q
applied net
=
A
Q
Df =
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
(BrajaM Das, 1999)
For saturated clay and vertical loading
q
u
= CN
c
F
cs
F
cd
F
ci
+q
(Nc = 5.14; Nq =1; N
= 0)
Distribution of bearing pressure under a mat foundation
(Teng, 1962)
Modulus of subgrade reaction Ks
Ratio between bearing pressure to
settlement
k
s
= coefficient of subgrade reaction
q = bearing pressure
= settlement
q
ks =
Value of ks depends on
The width of loaded area
The shape of the loaded area
The depth of loaded area below ground
surface
The position on the mat
Time
Determination of ks
Plate load test
Emphirical correlation
Modelling with finite element
Plate load test
(Bowles,2006)
Location : Hotel Luxton
Graphic load vs Settlement from plate load test
Load-Settl ement Curve
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
Settlement (mm)
L
o
a
d

(
k
N
)
C'-10'
1
Load/Settlement
= 14180 kN/m
=
) (
) ( 3 . 0
) / ( ) / (
3
3 . 0
3
m B
m
m kN k m kN k
Result of k
s
from plate load test should be
converted to k
s
large foundation
Foundation on Sandy Soils
Foundation on clay
(Braja, M Das, 1999)
=
) (
) ( 3 . 0
) / ( ) / (
3
3 . 0
3
m B
m
m kN k m kN k
Verification load vs Settlement curve using finite
element
0 50 100 150 200 250
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
Sum-MloadA
Uy [m]

Emphirical correlation
Vesic 1961
Es = Modulus elasticity of soil
B = Foundation width
Ef = Modulus of elasticity of foundation material
I
F
= Moment of inertia of the cross section of the foundation
v = poisson ration of soil
) 1 (
65 . 0
2
12
4

=
B
E
I E
B E
k
s
F F
s
Bowles, 1988:
k
s
= As + Bs Z n
k
s
= C (SF) q
a
q
a
= allowable bearing capacity at depth Z
SF = Safety Factor : = 2 for sand
= 3 for clay
C = Unit Constant : = 40 (SI)
= 12 (FPS)
Soil Structure Interaction on Mat Foundation
(Coduto,2001)
Soil Structure Interaction on Mat Foundation
(Coduto,2001)
Reference
Bowles, Joseph E., Foundation Analysis and Design,5
th
edition. McGraw-Hill,New
York,2006.
Brown, Robert W., Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook McGraw-Hill,New
York,1996.
Coduto, Donald P., Foundation Design Principles and Practices,2
nd
edition. Prentice
Hall,2001.
Das, Braja M., Principles of Foundation Engineering,4
th
edition. Cole Publishing
Company,1999.
Prakash, Shamer., Pile Foundation in Engineering PracticeJohn Wiley$Sons, Inc. 1990.
Reese, Lymon C et.all., Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations, John
Wiley$Sons, Inc. 2006.
Tomlinson, M.J,. Pile Design and Construction Practice,View Publications.1977.
Thank You

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GROUP PILE

AND MAT FOUNDATION

= Bearing capacity factor

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