FHMM1034 Mathematics III

Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering
FHMM1034 Mathematics III
Chapter 1
Coordinate Geometry
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Coordinate Geometry
Topics
1.1 The Cartesian Coordinate
1.2 The Straight Line
1.3 Shortest Distance from a Point to a
Straight Line
1.4 Circle
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1.4 Circle
1.5 Intercepts and intersections
1.6 Parabola
Topics
1.7 Ellipse
1.8 Hyperbola
1.9 Shifted Conics
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1.10 Parametric Equations
1.11 Loci
1.1 1.1
The Cartesian
Coordinate
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Coordinate
Cartesian Coordinate
y
0
x

a
b
P(a, b)
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0
5
y
Distance between 2 points
plane. coordinate
on the ) , ( and ) , ( points Let
2 2 1 1
y x Q y x P
y
Q(x
2
, y
2
)
2 1
y y
2
y
plane. coordinate
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0
x
P(x
1
, y
1
)
6
2 1
x x
2
x
1
x
2 1
1
y
R(x
2
, y
1
)
Distance between 2 points
The Pythagorean Theorem gives
DISTANCE FORMULA
2 2
2 1 2 1
PQ x x y y = +
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y = +
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( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance for ( , ) and ( , ) is

P x y Q x y
x x y y +
7
Example 1
Which of the points P(1, 2) or Q(8, 9) is
closer the point A(5, 3) ? closer the point A(5, 3) ?
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Example 2
of distance the Find plane. coordinate on the
points three are ) , 3 ( and ) 1 , 4 ( , ) 5 , 2 (
2
5
C B A
area. its find and triangle angled - right a
is that show Hence, . and ,
of distance the Find plane. coordinate on the
ABC AC BC AB
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Point Dividing Straight Line
internally ) , ( point and ) , (
point joining line the divides ) , ( If
y x Q y x P
y x R
then , : ratio in the
internally ) , ( point and ) , (
2 2 1 1

y x Q y x P




+
+
=
+
+
=
1 2 1 2
,
y y
y
x x
x
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+ +
Point Dividing Straight Line
, externally line the divides ) , ( If PQ y x R
then , signs opposite have will and

=
1 2 1 2
,
y y
y
x x
x
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Example 3
point the and ) 3 , 8 ( point the joining line the
divides which point the of s coordinate the Find
P
R
internally (i)
2 : 5 ratio in the ) 5 , 4 (
point the and ) 3 , 8 ( point the joining line the
Q
P
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externally (ii)
Point Dividing Straight Line
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R divides PQ internally. R divides PQ externally.
Mid-Point
and ) , ( point of point - mid The
1 1
y x P
are ) , ( point
2 2
1 1
y x Q

+ +
2
,
2
2 1 2 1
y y x x
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2 2
Example
Show that the quadrilateral with vertices
(1, 2), (4, 4), (5, 9) and (2, 7) is a
paralelogram by proving that its two
diagonals bisect each other.
P Q R S
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1.2 1.2
The Straight Line
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Straight Line
passing line straight a of slope gradient / The m
is ) , ( and ) , ( points through
2 2 1 1
y x Q y x P
2 1
1 2
1 2
, x x
x x
y y
m

=
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1 2
x x
The Equation of Straight Line
is ) , ( and ) , ( points
through passing line straight a of equation The
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A is ) , ( and ) , ( points
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A
1 2
1 2
1
1
x x
y y
x x
y y

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1 2 1
x x x x
The Equation of Straight Line
is ) , ( point he through t passing and
gradient with line straight a of equation The
b a
m
is ) , ( point he through t passing and b a
) ( a x m b y =
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Example 4
). 3 , 5 ( and ) 2 , 4 ( points e through th
passing line straight the of equation the Find
K H ). 3 , 5 ( and ) 2 , 4 ( points e through th K H
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Example 5
with line straight the of equation the Find
). 5 , 1 ( points throught passes that
3
2
gradient
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Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
and angles at inclined are which , and
lines the of gradients the represent and Let
2 1 2 1
2 1
l l
m m
. tan and tan Then,
axis. positive the ly to respective
and angles at inclined are which , and
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1


= =

m m
x
l l
parallel. are and lines two the , If (i)
2 1 2 1
l l m m =
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lar. perpendicu
are and lines two the , 1 If (ii)
2 1 2 1
l l m m =
Example
(a) Find an equation of the line through
the point (5, 2) that is parallel to the the point (5, 2) that is parallel to the
line 4 6 5 0.
(b) Find an equation of the line that is
x y + + =
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(b) Find an equation of the line that is
perpendicular to the line 4 6 5 0
an
x y + + =
d passes through the origin.
Angle Between 2 Lines
by given is
and lines two e between th angle The
2 1
l l
by given is
2 1
1 2
1
tan
m m
m m
+

l
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angle. obtuse an is , 0 tan If (ii)
angle. acute an is , 0 tan If (i)


<
>
1
l
2
l
Example 6
lines straight e between th angle the Find
. 0 20 3 5 and 0 8 4 3 = + = + y x y x
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1.3
Shortest Distance Shortest Distance
from a Point to a
Straight Line
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Straight Line
The Shortest Distance
is 0 line straight the to
) , ( point a from distance shortest The
= + + c by ax
k h P d
is 0 line straight the to = + + c by ax
2 2
b a
c bk ah
d
+
+ +
=
the of side same on the lying ) , ( points For k h
i i
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ve). or ve (either sign same have all
s expression the , 0 line straight
the of side same on the lying ) , ( points For
+ + +
= + +
c bk ah
c by ax
k h
i i
i i
Example 7
line straight the to ) 4 , 2 ( point the
from distance lar perpendicu the Find
P
. 0 5 4 3
line straight the to ) 4 , 2 ( point the
= +

y x
P
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Example 8
on lie ) 2 , ( and ) , 2 ( points the
if determine diagram, a using Without
Q P
. 0 4 2
line straight the of side same the
on lie ) 2 , ( and ) , 2 ( points the
2
1
2
1
= + y x
Q P
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1.4 1.4
Circle
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Circle
is radius and
) , ( centre with the circle a of equation The
r
b a C
is radius and r
2 2 2
) ( ) ( r b y a x = +
: becomes equation the origin, the is centre the If
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: becomes equation the origin, the is centre the If
2 2 2
r y x = +
Circle
: is circle a of equation general The
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
. is radius its
and ) , ( is centre its where
2 2
c f g
f g
+

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. is radius its
2 2
c f g +
Example 9
circle the of equation an Find
). 5 , 2 ( center and 3 radius with
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Example 10
the has that circle the of equation an Find
diameter. the of
endpoints the as ) 6 , 5 ( and ) 8 , 1 ( point
the has that circle the of equation an Find
Q P
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Example 11
of graph that the Show
radius. and centre its find and circle, a is
0 9 ) 3 4 ( 2
2 2
= + + + x y y x
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Example 12
at the centre with circle the of equation the Find
. 6 3 2
line the from centre the of distance shortest
the to equal radius having and ) 2 , 3 ( point
at the centre with circle the of equation the Find
+ = x y
36
Example 13
) 1 , 5 ( point at the tangent the of equation the Find
. 0 20 4 2 circle on the
) 1 , 5 ( point at the tangent the of equation the Find
2 2
= + + y x y x
37
Example 14
) 2 , 4 ( point the of distance lar perpendicu the Find A
line. above the touches circle the where
point the of s coordinate the also Find . 4 2 line
straight the touching ) 2 , 4 ( centre with circle a of
equation the find Then, . 4 2 line straight the to
= +
= +
y x
A
y x
38
line. above the touches circle the where
1.5 1.5
Intercepts and
intersections
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intersections
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph
intersects the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of
Intercepts
intersects the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of
the graph and y = 0.
The y-coordinates of the points where a graph
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intersects the y-axis are called the y-intercepts of
the graph and x = 0.
Intercepts
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Set y =0 and solve for x Set x = 0 and solve for y
Find the xintercepts and yintercept of the
equation
Example 15
2
=
equation
. 2
2
= x y
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In general, the coordinate of the points of
intersection of two equations can be found by
Points of Intersection
intersection of two equations can be found by
solving the two equations simultaneously.
Each real solution gives a point of intersection.
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(i) 2 distinct real roots
(ii) 2 equal real roots
Types of Points of Intersection
(ii) 2 equal real roots
(iii) No real roots
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(i) (ii)
(iii)
Example 16
Find the coordinates of all points of intersection
between the curves in each of the following
x x x y x y
y y x x y
6 5 , 2 (ii)
0 3 3 , 3 2 (i)
2 3
2 2
+ + = =
= + = +
between the curves in each of the following
cases.
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Example 17
and 24 2 of graphs Sketch the x y = +
. of point - mid the of s coordinate the find
, and of s coordinate the finding Without
. and on, intersecti of points mark the and
diagram, same on the 10 6
and 24 2 of graphs Sketch the
2
PQ
Q P
Q P
x x y
x y
+ =
= +
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. of point - mid the of s coordinate the find PQ
1.6 1.6
Parabola
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Parabola
A parabola is the set of points in the plane
equidistant from a fixed point F (called the focus) equidistant from a fixed point F (called the focus)
and a fixed line l (called the directrix).
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F(0,a)
y = - a
a
a
Parabola
is parabola a of equation general The
ay x 4
2
=
vertex. the called is (0,0)
directrix. the called is line fixed the
and focus the called is ) , 0 ( point fixed The
= a y
a F
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. 0 for only exists
and axis about symmetric is graph The
vertex. the called is (0,0)

y
y
If a>0 opens upward If a<0 opens downward
Parabola
(0, a)
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(0, a)
Parabola
Parabola with vertical
axis
Parabola with horizontal
axis axis
Equation :
Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (0, a)
Directrix y = - a
axis
Equation:
Properties: Vertex V (0,0)
Focus F (a, 0)
Directrix x = - a
ay x 4
2
=
ax y 4
2
=
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Parabola
The line segment that
run through the focus
a a
run through the focus
perpendicular to the
axis with endpoints on
the parabola is called
the latus rectum and
a a
2a
F(a, 0)
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the latus rectum and
its length is the focal
diameter.
F(a, 0)
x = -a
Example 18
a) Find the equation of the parabola with vertex
V(0 ,0) and focus F(0, 2), and sketch its graph. V(0 ,0) and focus F(0, 2), and sketch its graph.
b) Find the focus and directrix of the parabola
and sketch the graph.
c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of
0 6
2
= + y x
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c) Find the focus, directrix and focal diameter of
the parabola and sketch its graph.
2
2
1
x y =
1.7 1.7
Ellipse
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An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane the
sumof whose distances from 2 fixed points.
Ellipse
sumof whose distances from 2 fixed points.
These 2 fixed points are the foci of the ellipse.
y
P(x, y)
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x
0 F1(-c,0) F2(c,0)
Ellipse
is ellipse an of equation general The
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
axis major the called is 2 and Generally, a b a >
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axis. minor the called is 2 and
axis major the called is 2 and Generally,
b
a b a >
Ellipse
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Ellipse
1
2
2
2
2
= +
a
y
b
x
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
Equation: Equation:
0 > > b a
a b
0 > > b a
a
a
c
2 2 2
b a c =
c
2 2 2
b a c =
c
e =
c
e =
Vertices: ( , 0)
Major axis: 2a
Minor axis: 2b
Foci: ( ,0) ,
Eccentricity,
Vertices: ( 0, )
Major axis: 2a
Minor axis: 2b
Foci: (0, ) ,
Eccentricity,
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a
c
e =
a
c
e =
Eccentricity, Eccentricity,
Eccentricity of an ellipse, e
The eccentricity is a measure of how stretched
Ellipse
The eccentricity is a measure of how stretched
the ellipse is.
Eccentricity of an ellipse,
The eccentricity of every ellipse satisfies
.
a
c
e =
. 1 0 < < e
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The eccentricity of every ellipse satisfies
If e is close to 1, the ellipse is elongated in
shape but if e is close to 0 then the ellipse is
close to a circle in shape.
. 1 0 < < e
Example 19
: ellipse an
represent equations following the of each that Show
8 4 (ii)
4 2 (i)
: ellipse an
2 2
2 2
= +
= +
y x
y x
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curves. sketch the and case, each properties the all State
Example 20
a) Find the equation of an ellipse with its
vertices are and the foci are . ) 0 , 4 (
) 0 , 2 ( vertices are and the foci are .
b) Find the equation of the ellipse with foci
and eccentricity .
5
4
= e
) 0 , 4 (
) 0 , 2 (
) 8 , 0 (
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5
Example 21
, 6 3 2
2 2
= + y x
Find the equations of the tangents with gradient 2
to the ellipse with equation and
, 6 3 2
2 2
= + y x
to the ellipse with equation and
find their points of intersection.
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1.8 1.8
Hyperbola
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Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane,
the difference of whose distances from 2 fixed the difference of whose distances from 2 fixed
points. These fixed points are the foci of the
hyperbola.
y
P (x, y)
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x
0
F2 (c, 0) F1 (-c, 0)
Hyperbola
is hyperbola a of equation general The
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
: that Note
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. for exist not does curve The
: that Note
a x a < <
Hyperbola
ve) or ve (either of value large For
: Notice
x +
: i.e.
ve) or ve (either of value large For
2
2
2
2
x
a
b
y
x
a
b
y
x
x

+
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. asymptotes the are Hence, x
a
b
y
x
a
y
=

Hyperbola
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1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
Equation :
Equation:
Hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
x
a
y
Vertices ( ,0)
Asymptotes
Foci ( ,0) ,
Vertices (0, )
Asymptotes
Foci (0, ) ,
b a
a
x
a
b
y =
a
b a
x
b
a
y =
c
2 2 2
b a c + = c
2 2 2
b a c + =
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The Rectangular Hyperbola
: If b a =
to reduces hyperbola a of equation The
2 2 2
a y x =
hyperbola, r rectangula the called is hyperbola This
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. are asymptotes with the
hyperbola, r rectangula the called is hyperbola This
x y =
The Rectangular Hyperbola
The graph of and
are shown below
2 2 2
a y x =
2
c xy =
are shown below
2 2 2
a y x =
y
2
c xy =
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x
0
Example 22
: curves following e Sketch th
2 2
y x
5 (ii)
1
4 9
(i)
2 2
2 2
=
=
y x
y x
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4 ) 1 ( (iii) = y x
Example 23
a) State all the properties of the hyperbola and
sketch the graph sketch the graph
b) Find the equation of the hyperbola with
vertices and foci .
0 9 9 (ii) 144 16 9 (i)
2 2 2 2
= + = y x y x
) 0 , 4 ( ) 0 , 3 (
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c) Find the equation of the hyperbola with
vertices and asymptotes . ) 2 , 0 ( 2 = y
1.9 1.9
Shifted Conics
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In previous section, we studied parabolas with
vertices at the origin and ellipse and hyperbolas
Shifted Conics
vertices at the origin and ellipse and hyperbolas
with centers at origin.
In this section, we consider conics whose
vertices and centers are not necessarily at the
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vertices and centers are not necessarily at the
origin, and we need to determine how this affects
their equations.
Shifted Conics
Given h and k are positive real numbers,
Replacement How the graph is shifted
1. x replaced by x h
2. x replaced by x + h
3. y replaced by y k
Right h units
Left h units
Upward k units
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(Page 776)
3. y replaced by y k
4. y replaced by y + k
Upward k units
Downward k units
Shifted Ellipses
General equation of an ellipse:
2 2
y x
If we shift it so that its center is at the point (h, k)
instead of at the origin, then its equation
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
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becomes:
1
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=

b
k y
a
h x
Shifted Ellipses
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(Page776)
Sketch the graph of the ellipse
Example 24
and determine the center.
1
9
) 2 (
4
) 1 (
2 2
=

+
+ y x
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Applying shifts to parabolas leads to the
equations and graphs shown as followings:
Shifted Parabolas
equations and graphs shown as followings:
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0 for
) ( 4 ) ( ) i (
2
>
=
a
k y a h x
0 for
) ( 4 ) ( ) ii (
2
<
=
a
k y a h x
0 for
) ( 4 ) ( ) iii (
2
>
=
a
h x a k y
0 for
) ( 4 ) ( ) iv (
2
<
=
a
h x a k y
Determine the vertex, focus, and directrix
and sketch the graph of the parabola.
Example 25
and sketch the graph of the parabola.
28 8 4
2
= y x x
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Example 26
. 2 curve Sketch the
2
x y =
curve. s Sketch thi vertex. its of
s coordinate the state and parabola a of
equation the is ) 2 ( 2 that Show
2
y x y + =
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Shifted Hyperbolas
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1
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=

b
k y
a
h x
1
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=

b
h x
a
k y
A shifted conic has the equation
Example 27
=
Complete the square in x and y to show that
the equation represents a hyperbola.
Hence states all its properties and sketch this
graph.
16 32 16 72 9
2 2
= y y x x
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graph.
1.10 1.10
Parametric
Equations
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Equations
Parametric Equations
If f and g are functions defined on an interval I,
then the set of points ( f(t), g(t) ) is a plane

then the set of points ( f(t), g(t) ) is a plane
curve. The equation
) , ( : point moving A y x P
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where t I, are parametric equations for the curve.
) (t f x =
) (t g y =

Parametric Equations
Parametric equation for Ellipse:
t b y sin =
Parametric equation for Parabola:
Parametric equation for Hyperbola:
t a x cos =
t b y sin =
2
at x =
at y 2 =
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t a x sec =
t b y tan =
Example 28
having of equation Cartesian the Find P
. 1 2 and equations parametric
2
+ = = t y t x
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Example 29
locus the of equation cartesian that the Prove
.
1
2 11
is 2
and 3 1 equations parametric with
locus the of equation cartesian that the Prove
3
x
x
y y
t x
t

= + =
=
88
Describe and graph the curve represented by the
parametric equations
Example 30
parametric equations
t x cos =
t y sin = 2 0 t
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Example 31
parametric with curve the intersects
line the for which of values of range the Find
= x k y
k
of points the find and curve, the o tangent t a is
line the for which of values the State
points. real at , 2 equations
parametric with curve the intersects
2
=
= =
=
x k y k
y t x
x k y
t
90
. 5 when curve
the and line e between th on intersecti
of points the find and curve, the o tangent t a is
=
=
k
x k y
1.11 1.11
Loci
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Mathematics III
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Loci
its such that curve, a on or line straight a in either
moves, planes coordinate on the ) , ( point a If y x P
. of locus the called is points such of set
the , conditions certain by restricted is movement
its such that curve, a on or line straight a in either
P
the satisfying , and between ip relationsh The y x
FHMM1034
Mathematics III
92
. of locus
the of equation cartesian the called is , conditions
the satisfying , and between ip relationsh The
P
y x
Example 32
A and ) 5 , 4 ( are points two of s coordinate The

BP AP
y x P
B
(i)
such that ) , ( point
a of locus the of equation the .Find ) 1 , 2 (
=

FHMM1034
Mathematics III
93
BP AP
BP AP
2 (ii)
(i)
=
=
The End The End
Of
Chapter 1
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Mathematics III
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Chapter 1