2014 1 Thierry De Mees Mar 12

th
2014



Has Prof. Stephen Hawking
it right about Black Holes?


Thierry De Mees - thierrydemees @ pandora.be

Abstract
Prof. Stephen Hawking tries to conciliate both quantum theory and general relatiity theory. !"# $e shall see
that his new approach% as much as the former ones are still unrealistic and pass. & discuss the approach of black
holes based upon the improed theory of graity originated by 'lier Heaiside !(# and find that the Schwar)schild
metric is highly improbable to occur at all% if not impossible. & found that a spinning black hole is always emitting in-
formation at the poles !*#. +inary stars containing a fast spinning star or black hole and a companion are found to
emerge from only one original star. +inary stars consisting of two fast spinning stars or black holes are found to be
much more rare.

Keywords, Stephen Hawking% black hole% binary star% fast spinning star% 'lier Heaiside.


1. Do classical! Black Holes e"ist?
Prof. Stephen Hawking says, -There is no escape from a
black hole in classical theory%- .uantum theory% how-eer% -en-
ables energy and information to escape from a black hole- !"#.
Hawking/s new suggestion is that the apparent hori)on is the
real boundary. -The absence of eent hori)ons means that there
are no black holes - in the sense of regimes from which light
can/t escape to infinity%- Hawking writes !"#.
Prof. Stephen Hawking has captured the scientific world
during years% by claiming that nothing escapes from black
holes.
&n fact% he started from the Schwar)schild black hole% which
is a theoretical solution of 01, a spherical mass% so huge that
light couldn2t escape% because the escape elocity of that mass
would need to be greater than the speed of light.
+ut can such black holes e3ist4 &n reality% stars are made of
dust from a nebula that conglomerated due to graity. These
nebulae contain matter that is not standing still during this
contraction. Merely% like our Sun% the mass has some kinetic
energy.
+ased upon the genius work of 'lier Heaiside% it is clear
!5# that like-oriented flows of matter will more attract than op-
posite-oriented flows% since matter-flows respond to similar
laws as electromagnetism !(# !5#. +y the segregation of eloci-
ties% there is a tendency to get rotational elocities% instead of
purely randomly spread ones.
6en if these elocities are ery small% the contraction of the
masses% combined with the conseration of angular momen-
tum% makes that the angular elocity dramatically increases
with decreasing radii. 7 reduction of the radius by a factor
"888 increases the angular elocity with a factor "%888%888.
Hence% it is clear that the least elocity segregation in the
original nebula will result in a star with a considerable angular
elocity. 7nd if the star2s mass is sufficient% this might result in
a heay% collapsed star% whereof the spin een increases more
dramatically% to a fast spinning black hole.
+ut there is more, when the graitational characteristics of a
rotating star are calculated% it appears that !""# the angular e-
locity accounts for an additional 9but apparent: mass% that ap-
plies to it. &n reality% there is an induced field that acts upon
orbiting ob;ects as if the star were heaier. So% een a relatiely
lightweight star can obtain% by a high angular elocity% nearly
the same characteristics as a ery heay star !""#.
#. $ast spinning stars.
<rom my former papers it is clear that fast spinning stars
e3ist and will be able to partially neer e3plode% whateer the
rotation speed is !*#. This is due to the magnetic-like graity
field% comparable to the =err metric !># of 01T that leads to the
famous ?eent hori)ons@ of fast spinning black holes.
&n my paper !>#% & found the equations for the forces inside
the star% eq. 9A.>: and 9A.B:.
$hen the star is sufficiently compressed% and gets a radius
that is smaller than its compression radius RC % the parts aboe
the northern latitude of nearly A*D% and under the southern
latitude of nearly A*D can e3plode !>#. Such e3plosions gie
typical bipolar e3plosions such as SE"B>F7% the Southern Crab
Eebula and 6ta Carinae.
Get us analy)e the inside of the fast spinning star before the
e3plosion. &n my papers !"# !>#% & hae found the inside acceler-
ations of fast spinning stars due to graity% the effect of angular
inertia and the magnetic-like graity.



2014 2 Thierry De Mees Mar 12
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<ig.". 0raph of the resulting force inside the fast spinning star in the
direction of the equatorial plane. &n many cases% the ma3imal depres-
sion force is situated at about H(I of the star2s radius. The ma3imal
compression force is situated at the equatorial surface.

The fig. " shows a graph of the resulting force inside the
fast spinning star of radius R in the equatorial plane. 7 positie
alue means a depressing force and a negatie means a com-
pression force. &n many cases of fast spinning stars whereof the
radius is below the compression radius RC % the ma3imal de-
pression force is situated at about H(I of the star2s radius. The
ma3imal compression force is situated at the equatorial surface.
7nd at about B"I of the radius% we get a )ero pressure.
&t is clear that the bending of the cure from nearly H(I up
to the surface is totally ruled by compression. So% not only the
last BI of the radius contains compression% but half of the radi-
us.
+y analy)ing the forces inside the star locally at all places% it
appears that the force is nowhere as strong as at the H(I radi-
us. The highest pressure is located at nearly H(I as well% and it
is also at that place that a possible crush of atoms will occur%
causing the formation of black hole candidates.
%. $or&ation of black hole and binary syste&
candidates.
Since the amplitude of the internal forces is ma3imal at
nearly H(I in most of the fast spinning stars% it is also at that
place that a collapse of atoms will occur% causing a chain reac-
tion because of the local e3treme high density that suddenly
occur.
&mportant to notice is that in almost all cases% the sudden
collapse will occur at one place only% situated eccentrically in
the star. Since the star is a physical ob;ect% the pressures at H(I
may ary a bit from place to place% and it is not so that the ring
at H(I would collapse at the same instant. &nstead% at the place
of highest compression on that ring% the collapse will occur% if it
e3ceeds the ma3imal allowable pressure upon atomic struc-
tures.
7t that place% the collapsed matter coming from lower radii
will hae a elocity that is slower than the collapsed matter
coming from the higher radii. This means that there is a gradi-
ent of elocities% corresponding to a certain angular momen-
tum% which by the contraction due to the atom crush will cause
a strongly increasing angular elocity.
The matter around the contracted unit still can be absorbed
by it% and will increase the oerall mass of the newborn fast
spinning unit. +ut as we e3plained in an earlier paper !"(#% fast
spinning stars don2t absorb new matter easily% but when the
magnetic part of graity will hae become strong% it rather will
e3pel that e3cess of matter% and also maintain an accretion disk
about it.
The fast spinning unit inside the original star will rather be-
come a brand-new collapsed% fast spinning star% around which
the remaining original matter will form a second unit% becom-
ing a large companion. The matter closest to the new fast spin-
ning star will form an accretion disk.




<ig.(. Schematic iew of the eolution after a local collapse of atoms
due to the internal pressure at H(I of the radius. 6entually% the origi-



2014 3 Thierry De Mees Mar 12
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nal star has split up in a fast spinning collapsed unit and a large com-
panion of the remaining aailable matter.

This e3plains why we find binary stars quite easily% while it
is not common to find star doublets in general. +inaries come
out of only one star.
&t is also possible% but ery rare% that a matter collapse
would occur simultaneously at two places on the H(I ring.
That would generate two fast spinning units instead of one.
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