Cause/ Reason

As and since can both be used to refer to the reason for something. They are used in the same
way.

As they are often used at the beginning of a sentence.
Since (formal)

Ex: As he wasn't ready, we went without him.
Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well.

Because often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/reader. It puts more
emphasis on the reason.

Because + Noun + Verb

Ex: We had dinner after ten o' clock because dad arrived late.

Because of + (adjective) + Noun

Ex: I had to go early to the office because of the meeting

Owing to: (adverbial) it complements a verb. This is interchangeable with because of.

Ex: The game as cancelled owing to torrential rain.

Due to: Explain the reason of a problem and is adjectival, that is to say, it follows a noun or
pronoun. This word means the same as caused by.

Ex: the cancellation of the game was due to torrential rain.

On the grounds that
Ex: he refused the bill on the grounds that she was unfairly dismissed.

Seeing that + sentence: considering or accepting the fact that; as:

Ex: We may as well go to the concert, seeing that weve already paid for the ticket.

Now that: as.

I can get more sleep now that Im not busy.

For: We use a for-clause when we introduce new information. A for-clause often expresses an
inference. It cannot come at the beginning. It cannot stand alone either.

Ex: I decided to consult a doctor for I was feeling bad.



Purpose

In order to + Infinitive.

Ex: they studied very hard in order to pass their English exam.

So as to + Infinitive.

Ex: They studied very hard so as to pass their French exam.

In order that + Full sentence.

Ex: Fulanito visited Liverpool in order that he could see his British Friend.

Lest: (Para que no) + Subject, verb, complement.

Ex: I brought it lest you should think that I was lying.

So that: + sentence its often used with a modal like can or could.

Ex: I waited for an hour so that I could meet him.

In case expresses that we are doing something in preparation for something which might happen.

Ex: Take an umbrella in case it rains.

For fear that: in order to prevent or avoid the risk of.

Ex: She is afraid to say anything for fear of the consequences.

Effect/ Result

Consequently/ As a consequence:

Ex: Many parents today do not have time to cook healthy meals for their children. Consequently/ as
a consequence, many children grow up eating too much junk food.

For this reason:

Ex: There was a crash at the intersection. For this reason, we were late.

Therefore: consequently. Its common in mathematical proofs and it introduces a premise. It gives
a conclusion.

Ex: I havent eaten in days; therefore, Im starving.




Thus and Hence:
Hence and thus have the same basic meaning and are often interchangeable. However, there is a
slight difference. Hence usually refers to the future. Thus usually refers to the past. It is often used
to indicate a conclusion.

Ex:
Both sides played well, thus no winner was declared.
The situation is getting more and more complicated. Hence we will have to proceed with caution

So + (Adj) + that:

Ex: he was so tired that he fell asleep.

Condition

Provided that can be used as a conjunction. It is used to introduce a condition. It means something
will happen only if another thing also happens. This is interchangeable with providing that.

Ex: You can borrow my car, provided that you drive it carefully.
Provided that the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday.
Providing that the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday.

Usually, the same idea can be expressed using if or on condition that.

Ex: You can watch TV on condition that you finish your homework first.
If you finish your homework first, you can watch TV.

Assuming (that):

Ex: My plans include you, she said, assuming I could discover a way to interest you.

In case and in the event that:

In case' and 'in the event' usually mean that you don't expect something to happen, but if it does...
Both are used primarily for future events.

Ex: The travel agency will contact you in the event that/ in case your flight is changed.

Unless:
'Unless' expresses the idea of 'if not'

Ex: Unless she hurries up, we won't arrive in time. MEANS THE SAME AS: If she doesn't hurry up,
we won't arrive in time.

As long as: means the same as if.

Ex: You can borrow my bike as long as you are careful." = You can borrow my bike if you are
careful.

Granted that/ granting that: means the same as assuming that.

Ex: Granted that he has done nothing wrong, he should be set free.

Even if: Even if emphasizes that something will happen, would happen or would have happened
whatever the condition:

Ex: Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train.

Only if: makes the condition more restrictive:

Ex: Acetaminophen is dangerous to children only if dosage is too high.

Otherwise: The speaker wants to tell you that B will happen, if A is not true.

Ex: You must go to school; otherwise you will find it hard to get a decent job.

If so: in that case.

Ex: you may be caught by the enemy. If so, tell them nothing.

Contrast

Whereas and while.
They are used to compare two items or facts. The word whereas used to mean on the other hand.

It is a little book whereas the other is a big one.
The Blue Ridge Mountain is beautiful, while the Rockies are grand.

Although, though, even though, despite and in spite of.

Although and even though have a similar meaning to despite and in spite of. We use all of these
words to say that a thing is surprising, unusual, or unexpected. Even though is more emphatic.

Although + a clause
Even though + a clause
Though + a clause

Ex: Although he's quiet, he's not shy
'Our new neighbours are quite nice, though their dog is a bit of a nuisance.'
Even though he had a strong Welsh accent, we understood most of what he was saying.


Despite + noun, or
Despite + verb + -ing
In spite of + a noun, or
In spite of + verb + -ing

EX:
Despite the appalling weather, they succeeded in walking to the top of Ben Nevis.
They decided to get married in spite of the huge differences in their ages.

However and nevertheless
We can use either of the adverbs however or nevertheless to indicate that the second point we wish
to make contrasts with the first point. The difference is one of formality: neverthelessis bit more
formal and emphatic than however. Consider the following:
I can understand everything you say about wanting to share a flat with Martha. However, I
am totally against it.
Rufus had been living in the village of Edmonton for over a decade. Nevertheless, the
villagers still considered him to be an outsider.
Even so

Even so is an adverb and is used for introducing a statement that seems surprising after what has
been said before.

This time she has kept her promises faithfully. Even so, I don't really trust her.

But and yet.

As conjunctions, but and yet are interchangeable. One is often substituted for the other to avoid
repetition, as in this sentence:

Many, many people here share these thoughts, yet nobody can say anything. But Im saying
something.