TITLE : Simple pendulum

OBJECTIVE : To show that the period of vibration for a pendulum is independent of the mass
of the bob, and to determine the gravitational acceleration, g.
THEORY :
Newtons 2
nd
law t t
ma F =

Hence,
s m mg = sin
.. ( !uation " #
Since
L s =
, !uation "


mL mg = sin
.. ( !uation 2 #
$earrange !uation 2
% sin = + mg mL

....... ( !uation & #
'or small , !uation & %
2
= +
n
.. ( !uation ( #
where
L
g
n
=
)eriod of vibration,
n
T

2
=

g
L
T
2
2
(
=
.... ( !uation * #
APPARATUS
Two )endulum bob+ Thread+ $uler+ Stopwatch+ ,-clamp+ boss, clamp and retort stand
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
". .ttach the thread to the smaller bob
2. Set the length, / to " m, and then tie it to the
pendulum setup as shown in figure.
&. 0isplace the bob slightl1 to the side and then
release it, and obtain the time t
"
for 2%
oscillations.
(. 2ithout disturbing the oscillations of the
simple pendulum, obtain again the time t
2
for 2% oscillations.
*. $epeat the above procedures for 3 more sets
of reading, each time decreasing the length
b1 "% cm.
3. $epeat Steps 2 4 * with the bigger
pendulum.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Tabulate /, t
"
, t
2
, average t, T (period of vibration#, and T
2
for the two different pendulum bob.
5omment on the period of vibration for pendulum with different pendulum bob.
)lot the graph of T
2
vs. / and obtain the gradient of the graph
5alculate the gravitational acceleration, g, using !uation *, and comment on the possible errors
involved in the e6periment.
REFERENCE
". Hibbeler, $.5., ngineering 7echanics 01namics, ""
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
2. 7eriam 9. /. and :raige /. ,., ngineering 7echanics 01namics, 3
th
dition, 9ohn 2ile1 ;
Sons, 8nc.
TITLE : 'riction on an inclined plane
OBJECTIVE : To determine the coefficient of static and <inetic friction for various materials.
THEORY
'igure ". . bloc< of weight 2 moving down an inclined plane
'or a bloc< on the verge of sliding down an inclined plane, the static friction is given b1
=
s
> Tan
ma6
(!uation "#
'or a bloc< sliding down an inclined plane at a uniform velocit1, the <inetic friction is given b1
=
<
> Tan (!uation 2#
'igure 2. . bloc< of weight 2 being pulled up an inclined plane.
'or a bloc< of weight (2# on the verge of being pulled up an inclined plane, the pulling force is
given b1 )
ma6
> 2 (Sin ? =
s
5os # (!uation &#
'or a bloc< on the verge of being pulled up an inclined plane at a uniform velocit1, the pulling
force is given b1 ) > 2 (Sin ? =
<
5os # (!uation (#
APPARATUS
.n inclined plane with a pulle1 at the top edge+ Two bloc<s 4 one of wood and the other of
brass+ . protractor at the hinged end of the inclined plane that allows the slope plane to be
measured.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Coefficient of Static Friction:
". Select the wooden bloc< and la1 the bloc< with its smooth edge in contact with the plane.
2. Slowl1 increase the angle of inclination of the plane.
&. Note the angle of inclination
ma6
at the moment when the bloc< first begins to slide down the
plane, and hence calculate the coefficient of static friction (refer to !uation "#.
(. $epeat the procedure with the other side of the bloc< that has been fitted with a rough paper
and with the brass bloc<.
Coefficient of Kinetic Friction:
". 7easure the weight of the wooden bloc< and la1 with its smooth edge in contact with the
plane.
2. 5onnect the cord to the wooden bloc< over the pulle1, and attach the weight container to the
cord at the other end.
&. Set the incline plan to a predetermined angle such that the bloc< is sliding down the plane.
(. .dd the weights into the container until the bloc< begins to move up the plane at a constant
speed.
*. $epeat Steps & 4 ( with another angle of plane inclination in order to determine the average
value for the coefficient of <inetic friction.
3. $epeat the procedure with the other side of the wooden bloc< and with the brass bloc<.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Tabulate the results and determine the coefficients of static and <inetic friction for the different
materials.
0iscuss on the coefficients of friction obtained.
5omment on the possible errors involved, and wa1s to improve the e6perimental result.
REFERENCE
". 7eriam 9. /. and :raige /. ,., ngineering 7echanics Statics, (
th
dition, 9ohn 2ile1 ;
Sons, 8nc.
2. Hibbeler, $.5., ngineering 7echanics Statics, "2
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
TITLE : 7ass 7oment of 8nertia of 'l1wheel
OBJECTIVE : To determine the mass moment of inertia of a fl1wheel.
THEORY
'l1wheel is a mechanical device with significant moment of inertia used as a storage device for
rotational energ1. 'l1wheels resist changes in their rotational speed, which helps stead1 the
rotation of the shaft when a fluctuating tor!ue is e6erted on it.
'or a thin solid dis< of fl1wheel, the mass moment of inertia is
shown in !uation ", where m > mass, r > radius of the fl1wheel
(!uation "#
'or rotational motion, Newtons second law (see !uation 2# can be adopted to describe the
relation between the applied tor!ue, T and angular acceleration, .
T = I. (!uation 2#
Note that for constant angular acceleration, the angular displacement of a rotating ob@ect can be
obtained from !uation &
>
0
t ? A t
2
(!uation &#
APPARATUS
'l1wheel apparatus+ . set of weights+ . stopwatch and ruler.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
". $ecord the measurements of the radius of tor!ue pulle1 (r
p
# and fl1wheel (r#, as well as the
mass of the fl1wheel (m#.
2. 2ound a cord around the tor!ue pulle1 and ta<e a load hanger of <nown weight and hang it
at the free end of the cord.
&. )lace a load on the load hanger and hold the load in position
(. .d@ust the fl1wheel so that the arrow mar<ed on it aligns with the arrow mar<ed on the rig.
*. Set the stopwatch to Bero.
3. $elease the load while simultaneousl1 pressing the stopwatch button.
C. .fter " revolution, stop the fl1wheel and the stopwatch simultaneousl1.
D. $ecord the time ta<en for the fl1wheel to rotate " revolution.
E. $epeat the e6periment twice to get an average value of time ta<en for the fl1wheel to rotate "
revolution.
"%. $epeat Steps & 4 E for another ( different sets of load.
"". $epeat the e6periment b1 attaching the small dis< and the ring to the fl1wheel.
Total load, 2 on
tor!ue pulle1 (N#
.pplied Tor!ue (Nm#
> 2 F r
p
Time ta<en (Sec#
t
"
t
2
t
&
.verage t
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tabulate the results, showing the angular acceleration of the pulle1 for different loading.
)lot the graph of tor!ue vs. angular acceleration (both with and without the small dis<# and
obtain the e6perimental value for the mass moment of inertia. 5omment on the difference
between the two values.
5ompare the theoretical value of the mass moment of inertia of fl1wheel (!uation "# with that
obtained without the small dis<. ,ive 1our comment on the discrepanc1 obtained, and wa1s to
improve the e6perimental result.
REFERENCE
". 7eriam 9. /. and :raige /. ,., ngineering 7echanics 01namics, 3
th
dition, 9ohn 2ile1 ;
Sons, 8nc.
2. Hibbeler, $.5., ngineering 7echanics 01namics, ""
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
TITLE : Shear 'orce 7easurement of Simpl1 Supported Geam
OBJECTIVE : To show that the shear force at a cut section of a beam is e!ual to the algebraic
sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the section.
THEORY
/
2
/
"
2
"
2
2
2
&
H
/
&
H
$
.
$
G
Shear force at section H-H is
S.' 6-6 > 2
"
? 2
2
? 2
&
- $
.
> $
b
APPARATUS
. pair of simple supports+ . special beam with a cut section+ . set of weights with several load
hangers.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
". Switch on the digital indicator that is connected to the transducer. 'or stabilit1 of the reading,
the indicator must be switched on "% minutes before ta<ing readings.
2. Hang the three load hangers to the beam.
&. Note the reading of the locations of the load hangers, i.e., /
"
, /
2
and /
&
.
(. Note the indicator reading. 8f it is not Bero, press the tare button on the indicator.
*. )lace a desire load on each load hanger and record the value of 2
"
, 2
2
and 2
&
.
3. $ecord the indicator reading (i.e., shear force at the cut section#.
C. $epeat Steps ( 4 C for another ( different sets of loading condition.
/oad and its distance from the left support Shear force 4
6perimental, N
2
"
/
"
2
2
/
2
2
&
/
&
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5alculate the theoretical value of shear force at the cut section for each loading condition and
tabulate it together with the results obtained e6perimentall1.
5omment on the difference between the theoretical and e6perimental results, and the possible
errors involved in the e6periment.
0raw the shear force diagram of the simpl1 supported beam for an1 two loading conditions.
REFERENCE
". Genham, ). ). 5rawford, $. 9. and .rmstrong, 5. ,., 7echanics of ngineering 7aterials,
2
nd
dition, /ongman.
2. Hibbeler, $.5., 7echanics of 7aterials, C
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
TITLE : 0eflection of Simpl1 Supported Geam
OBJECTIVE : To understand the relationship between deflection of simpl1 supported beam
and the applied load.
THEORY :
The design of beams falls into two parts (i# the consideration of the stress in bending and shear
and (ii# the deflection of the beam under load. 8t is fre!uentl1 the case that the design of beam is
dictated b1 the permissible deflection.
L/2 W L/2
) I
'igure above shows a simpl1 supported beam loaded at mid span with a concentrated load. The
deflection at the mid span is given b1
EI
WL
(D
&
=
2here W > applied load, N
L > /ength of the beam, m
E > Joungs modulus of elasticit1 of the beam, NKm
2
I > second moment of area, m
(
APPARATUS
. steel channel base with two simple supports. . set of weights with load hanger. . 2*mm
(wide# b1 *mm (thic<# b1 ".(m (long# mild steel ( > 2%% ,)a# beam, and a dial gauge to
measure the deflection of the beam.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
". 7easure the dimensions of the beam and note the reading.
2. )lace the beam onto the supports, and then record the length, L between the two supports.
&. )osition the L5 hoo< and load hanger at the mid span of the beam.
(. Set the dial gauge with a flat anvil on the hoo<.
*. .ssume the load hanger as Bero load, ad@ust the dial gauge to get Bero reading.
3. /oad the beam with ".% N and note the corresponding deflection.
C. $epeat the e6periment twice to get an average value of the deflection under such loading.
D. $epeat Steps * 4 C up to *.% N.
/oad (N#
0eflection, mm

3
.verage
".%
2.%
&.%
(.%
*.%
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
)lot the graph of deflection, against load, W and obtain the gradient of the graph.
5alculate the second moment of area of the beam, and then obtain the value of
EI
L
(D
&
(i.e.,
gradient of against W#. 5omment on the discrepanc1 of the results obtained.
0iscuss a few beam designs that are good for bending purposes.
REFERENCE
". Genham, ). ). 5rawford, $. 9. and .rmstrong, 5. ,., 7echanics of ngineering 7aterials,
2
nd
dition, /ongman.
2. Hibbeler, $.5., 7echanics of 7aterials, C
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
TITLE : Strain 7easurement of 5antilever Geam
OBJECTIVE : To understand the relationship between strain and the applied load on
cantilever beam
THEORY
Gending stress, M, at distance 1 from the neutral a6is of the beam is given b1
M > 71 K 8 ... ("#
2here 7 > Gending moment, N.mm
1 > 0istance from the neutral a6is, mm
8 > Second moment of area, mm
(
Since the lastic 7odulus, > M K N ... (2#
where N > strain
Substitute e!uation (2# into e!uation ("#, we get 7 > N.(8 K 1# .... (&#
APPARATUS
. clamp support+ . steel beam+ . set of weights+ . D channel data ac!uisition s1stem
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
". Note the dimensions of the cantilever beam and the location of strain gauge.
2. Switch on the computer and the data ac!uisition module. 'or stabilit1 of the reading, the data
ac!uisition must be switched on "% minutes before ta<ing readings.
&. $un the 28Nview5)&2 software on the des<top.
(. 5hange the LSpecific Time 8nterval from "% to 2 second per sample.
*. 5lic< the LSetup button to turn on L7odule ", and the channels that connect to the strain
gauge. 2hen the setting is complete, save the setting b1 clic<ing LO: button
3. )ress the LStart button and choose the LOverwrite the file option before clic<ing the LO:
button to measure the initial reading of the strain gauge.
C. .llow appro6imatel1 2% seconds of readings to be captured before pressing the LStop button.
(The values displa1ed in the bo6es of chosen channels are the strains in the members
measured in millistrains.#
D. )lace a *N load on the load hanger to provide bending on the cantilever beam.
E. 5lic< LStart button on the menu page and choose the L.ppend to the file option. Then, clic<
the LO: button to measure the reading of the strain gauge under the loading condition.
(.llow 2% second of reading to be captured.#
"%. Pnload the *N weight and then repeat Steps 3 4 E, up to 2*N. (Note that the measurements of
the strain gauge, i.e., Ldata" (6cel file# should first be cop1 from the L2Q5)&2Q& folder
in /ocal 0is< 0-drive to 1our pen-drive, each time before repeating the e6periment RRR#
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Tabulate the measurements of strain gauge and obtain the average value for each loading
condition. (7ultipl1 the average value b1 "%%% as strains are normall1 e6pressed in microstrains#
5alculate the strains of the beam at both the surfaces (i.e., difference between the final and the
initial measurements of the strain gauge# and comment on the difference of these values.
5alculate the bending moment, 7, at the strain gauge, and then plot the graph of 7 vs. N.
5alculate the second moment of area of the steel beam, then estimate the Joungs modulus of
the beam from the graph (!uation &# and comment on the value obtained.
REFERENCE
". Hibbeler, $.5., 7echanics of 7aterials, C
th
dition, )rentice-Hall 8nternational.
2. Genham, ). ). 5rawford, $. 9. and .rmstrong, 5. ,., 7echanics of ngineering 7aterials,
2
nd
dition, /ongman.