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Keying (FSK)
Contents
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FSK-1
FSK-2
FSK-3
FSK-4
FSK-5
FSK-6
FSK-7
FSK-7
FSK-8
FSK-9
FSK-10
FSK-11
FSK-12
FSK-13
FSK-14
FSK-17
FSK-18
FSK-19
FSK-20
FSK-21
Introduction
The FSK Transmitter
The FSK Transmitter (cont. 1)
The FSK Transmitter (cont. 2)
The FSK Transmitter (cont. 3)
The FSK Transmitter (cont. 4)
The FSK Transmitter (cont. 5)
Discrete-Time Implementation
Transmitter Implementation (cont.)
Switched Oscillator FSK
FSK Power Spectral Density
FSK Power Spectrum (cont. 1)
FSK Power Spectrum (cont. 2)
FSK Power Spectrum (cont. 3)
Spectrum with Rectangular Pulses
Specic Examples of FSK Spectra
Spectra for M = 2
Spectra for M = 4
FSK Demodulation
The Frequency Discriminator
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FSK-22
FSK-24
FSK-25
FSK-27
FSK-28
FSK-30
FSK-31
FSK-32
FSK-33
FSK-34
FSK-35
FSK-36
FSK-37
FSK-38
FSK-39
FSK-40
FSK-42
FSK-43
FSK-44
Slide FSK-67
Slide FSK-68
Slide FSK-69
Slide FSK-70
Slide FSK-71
Slide FSK-71
Slide FSK-72
Slide FSK-72
Slide FSK-74
Slide FSK-75
Slide FSK-76
Slide FSK-81
Slide FSK-83
Slide FSK-84
Slide FSK-84
Slide FSK-86
'
Continuous-Phase Frequency
Shift Keying (FSK)
'
Binary
Data
R bits/sec
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
K
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m(t)
D/A
fb = R/K
symbols/sec
(baud rate)
FM
-
M = 2K
Levels
Modulator
s(t)
-
Carrier fc
c + d [2k (M 1)]
&
FSK-2
(1)
'
(2)
(3)
&
FSK-3
'
1
for 0 t < Tb
(4)
p(t) =
0
elsewhere
Assuming transmission starts at t = 0, the
complete D/A converter output is the staircase
signal
(n)p(t nTb )
m(t) =
(5)
n=0
s(t) = Ac cos c t +
m( ) d + 0
(6)
'
s+ (t) = Ac ejc t ej
m( ) d j0
(7)
m( ) d j0
(8)
t
0
m (t)
(n)p( nTb ) d
m( ) d =
0
0 n=0
(n)
p( nTb ) d
(9)
n=0
m (t)
(n)Tb + (i)
iTb
n=0
&
FSK-5
'
i1
m (t)
[2kn (M 1)] +
Tb d
n=0
(t iTb )
Tb d [2ki (M 1)]
Tb
=
2d
i1
[2kn (M 1)] +
n=0
2d
(t iTb )
[2ki (M 1)]
(10)
b
Tb
2d
f
=
=
b
b
fb
(11)
[2kn (M 1)]
m (iTb ) = h
(12)
n=0
&
FSK-6
'
Therefore,
m (t)
(t iTb )
Tb
(13)
Discrete-Time Transmitter
Implementation
The FSK signal sample at time nT is
nT
s(nT ) = cos c nT +
m( ) d + 0
(14)
(nT ) = c nT +
m( ) d + 0
(15)
&
FSK-7
'
((n + 1)T )
m( ) d + 0
c (n + 1)T +
0
nT
c nT +
m( ) d + 0
(n+1)T
m( ) d
+ c T +
nT
(nT ) + c T + T m(nT )
(16)
(nT ) + T (nT )
(17)
&
FSK-8
'
&
FSK-9
'
x(t)ejt dt
X () =
(19)
0
1 R.W.
&
FSK-10
'
(21)
bn (t) = (n)
p( ) d
for 0 t < Tb
(22)
&
Bn = bn (Tb ) = (n)
p( ) d
0
FSK-11
(23)
'
Fn () =
(24)
(25)
(26)
3.
G() = E Fn ()ejBn
(27)
&
FSK-12
'
1
arg C(1; Tb )
(29)
Tb
In terms of these quantities, the power spectrum
is
P () + 2e [F ()G()
ejTb
Tb
Sxx () =
P () |F ()|2 + b
A2
c
|F ( + nb )| ( nb )
n=
&
FSK-13
'
F 2 ()
P () + 2e
1 C(1; Tb )ejTb
2d
for h =
not and integer
Tb
Sxx () =
2
P () |F ()|2 + b
Ac
|F ( + nb )| ( nb )
n=
for h = an integer k
(31)
where
0
for k even
=
(32)
b /2 for k odd
&
FSK-14
'
( k )Tb
2
ej(k )Tb /2 (33)
( k )Tb
2
sin
Fn () = Tb
2
( k )Tb
2 M 1 sin
Tb
2
P () =
( k )Tb
M
k=0
2
Tb
F () =
M
M 1
k=0
(34)
( k )Tb
2
ej(k )Tb /2
( k )Tb
2
(35)
sin
and
C(1; Tb ) =
&
2
M
M/2
sin(M h)
M sin(h)
(36)
FSK-15
'
&
FSK-16
'
FSK-17
'
1.4
1.8
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
1.6
1.2
1.4
0.8
S()
S()
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
(a) M = 2, h = 0.5
(b) M = 2, h = 0.63
1.4
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
1.2
0.5
1
0.4
S()
S()
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.1
0
2
0.2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
(c) M = 2, h = 1
(d) M = 2, h = 1.5
FSK-18
'
0.7
0.5
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
0.45
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.35
0.3
S()
S()
0.4
0.25
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0
4
0
4
(a) M = 4, h = 0.5
(b) M = 4, h = 0.63
0.7
0.4
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
Cont. Phase
Switched Osc.
0.6
0.35
0.3
0.5
0.25
S()
S()
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
4
0.05
0
4
(c) M = 4, h = 0.9
(d) M = 4, h = 1.5
FSK-19
'
FSK Demodulation
'
jc t
s+ (t)e
= Ac e
t
0
m( ) d j0
sI (t) + j sQ (t)
(37)
m( ) d + 0
(38)
= m(t)
2 (t) + s2 (t)
dt
sI
Q
(39)
which is the desired message signal. A block
diagram for implementing this discriminator is
shown in Figure 3.
&
FSK-21
'
l
E
sQ (nK L)
E z L
e
e
ejc nT
2L + 1 Tap Dierentiator
g
+
g
c
c
g
E
E
g
g
g
g
g
2L + 1 Tap Dierentiator
g
s(n K)
g
e
e
g
g
g
E z L
E z L
g
sQ (n K)
sI (nK L) g
g
E
l
sQ (nK L)
sI (n K)
E z L
s(n K)
s(n)
E z K
E z K
e
e
2K +1 Tap Hilbert Transform
|x(nK L)|2
c
c md (n)
l l E
+E
T
'
Discriminator Implementation
(cont.)
The dierentiator amplitude response should
fall to a small value beyond the cut-o frequency
because dierentiation emphasizes high frequency
noise which can cause a signicant performance
degradation.
Notice how the delays through the FIR Hilbert
transform lter and dierentiation lters are
matched by taking signals out of the center taps.
An example of the discriminator output is shown
in Figure 4 when fc = 4000 Hz, fd = 200 Hz, and
fb = 400 Hz, so the modulation index is h = 1.
The tone frequency deviations alternate between
200 and 200 Hz for eight symbols followed by
two symbols with 200 Hz deviation.
&
FSK-23
'
250
200
Discriminator Output in Hz
150
100
50
50
100
150
200
250
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Normalized time t / T
&
FSK-24
'
1
Im x(nT )x(nT T )
2T
Ac
nT
nT
1
j [ 0 m( ) d +0 ] j [ 0 T m( ) d +0 ]
= Im e
e
T
nT
nT
1
1
j nT T m( ) d
= sin
m( ) d
= Im e
T
T
nT T
1
1
sin[T m(nT T )] = sin[m(nT T )/fs ]
T
T
m(nT T )
(40)
&
FSK-25
'
1
[sQ (nT )sI (nT T ) sI (nT )sQ (nT T )]
A2 T
c
(41)
(42)
sQ (nT ) sQ (nT T )
d
sQ (t)|t=nT
dt
T
(43)
and
previous approach.
&
FSK-26
'
FSK-27
'
FSK-28
'
FSK-29
'
s(nT ) = Ac cos(!cnT +
m)
Phase Detector
- j sign !
s(nT ) 66
^
e
e
j( )
atan2(
j (nT )
y; x)
nT )
j (!cnT +
?
- + y(nT )
-
H (z)
(nT )
1)
?
6
kv T
!cT
FSK-30
'
(k) + (i)T + 0
(nT ) = c nT + Tb
k=0
for 0 < L 1
(44)
FSK-31
'
FSK-32
'
(45)
Therefore
kv y(nT ) =
(nT + T ) (nT )
c
T
(46)
&
FSK-33
'
(nT + T ) (nT )
c = (i) (47)
kv y(nT ) =
T
Therefore, the PLL is an FSK demodulator.
When the loop is in lock and the phase error is
small, atan2(x, y) can be closely approximated by
the imaginary part of the complex multiplier
output divided by Ac . The multiplier output is
[s(nT ) + j(nT )]ej(nT ) =
s
Ac ej[c nT +m (nT )] ej(nT )
= Ac ej[m (nT )1 (nT )]
(48)
&
FSK-34
'
FSK-35
'
200
150
100
y(nT) /(2 )
50
50
100
150
200
24
26
28
30
32
Time in Bauds t / Tb
34
36
38
&
FSK-36
'
&
FSK-37
'
(N +1)Tb
s(t) cos(k t + ) dt
N Tb
(N +1)Tb
N Tb
(N +1)Tb
s(t)ej(k t+) dt
=
N Tb
(N +1)Tb
s(t)ejk t dt
=
N Tb
for k = 0, . . . , M 1
(51)
M. Wozencraft and I. M. Jacobs, Principles of Communication Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965, pp.
511523.
&
FSK-38
'
total tone frequency, s(t) is the noise corrupted
received signal, and is a conveniently selected
phase angle. Notice that the statistics have the
same value for every choice of .
FSK-39
'
Computing Ik (N ) by a Bank of
Filters
The statistics can also be generated using a bank
of tone lters. Let the impulse response of the
kth tone lter be
yk (t)
s( )ejk (t ) d
=
tTb
t
s( )ejk d ejk t
(53)
tTb
t
s( ) cos[k (t )] d
tTb
t
+j
s( ) sin[k (t )] d (54)
tTb
&
FSK-40
'
(N +1)Tb
s( )ejk d
N Tb
(55)
which is the desired statistic Ik (N ) given by (51).
The frequency response of a tone lter is
Tb
Hk ()
=
=
1 ej(k )Tb
e
e
dt =
j( k )
0
sin[(k )Tb /2]
ej(k )Tb /2 Tb
(56)
( k )Tb /2
jk t jt
&
FSK-41
'
(N +1)L1
Ik (N )/T 2 Dk (N ) =
s(T )ejk T
=N L
(57)
A discrete-time approximation to the tone lter is
ejk nT for n = 0, 1, . . . , L 1
hk (nT ) =
0
elsewhere
(58)
and the output of this lter is
n
yk (nT )
=
=nL+1
&
ejk nT
FSK-42
'
2
2
(N +1)L1
s(T )ejk T
(60)
=N L
&
FSK-43
'
ejk nT ejnT
Hk () =
n=0
= ej(k )(L1)T /2
(61)
&
FSK-44
'
&
FSK-45
'
FSK-46
'
s(nT )
- Complex BPF
at 0
- Complex BPF
at 1
v0,r (nT )
- | |2
e0 (nT )
H
H
H
H
v0,i (nT )
v1,r (nT )
- | |2
e1 (nT )
v1,i (nT )
v2,r (n)
e2 (nT )
- | |2
- Complex BPF
at 2
v3,r (nT ) - | |2
v4,i (nT )
H
H
(i)
-
v2,i (nT )
- Complex BPF
at 3
H
H
Select
Largest
e3 (nT )
? ?
? ?
Symbol
Timing
6
iTb
&
FSK-47
'
1 rL ejk LT z L
r e
z =
Gk (z) =
1 rejk T z 1
n=0
(62)
The output of this modied tone lter can be
computed as
n jk nT n
FSK-48
(63)
'
e{yk (nT )}
(64)
m{yk (nT )}
rL sin(k LT )s(nT LT )
+ r cos(k T )vk,i (nT T )
+r sin(k T )vk,r (nT T ) (65)
'
&
FSK-50
'
| |2
e1 (nT )
+
?
s(nT )
Lower
ToneFilter
at 0
v(nT )
-
6
Lowpass
Filter
y(nT )
Slicer
| |2
e0 (nT )
FSK-51
'
'
| ei (nT ) ej (nT )|
(66)
0i<jM 1
&
FSK-53
'
&
FSK-54
'
y(nT )
(68)
v(nT ) v(nT 2T )
(69)
&
FSK-55
'
FSK-56
'
ek (nT )
(nT ) =
(70)
k=0
FSK-57
'
FSK-58
'
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Normalized time t / T
FSK-59
'
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Normalized time t / T
&
FSK-60
(71)
'
M = 4 Example (cont.)
In this example, the tone frequencies for symbols
10 through 21 alternate between 3400 and 4600
Hz creating peaks in c(nT ) each symbol as the
envelopes of the corresponding two tone lters
charge up and down.
The tone frequency remains constant during
symbols 22, 23, and 24, so there is no change in
the tone lter output squared envelopes and
c(nT ) had no transitions.
Observe that the peaks occur at the integer
normalized times which are exactly where the
peaks in e0 (nT ) occur in Figure 10. One could
lock to the peaks in c(nT ) and sample the
envelopes at the peak times but would have to
ywheel through intervals when the tone
frequency does not change.
&
FSK-61
'
1000
800
600
400
200
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Normalized time t / Tb
&
FSK-62
'
Figure 12: The Signal c(nT ) Passed through a 2nd
Order Bandpass Filter
300
200
100
100
200
300
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
Normalized time t / Tb
'
300
c(nT)/4
y(nT)
200
100
100
200
300
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
Normalized time t / Tb
'
&
FSK-65
'
x1 (t)x2 (t) dt = 0
(72)
t1
FSK-66
(73)
'
=
iTb
=
=
=
A2
c
A2
c
A2
c
(i+1)Tb
iTb
Tb
ej2d (k1 k2 )t dt
0
j2d (k1 k2 )Tb
1
j2d (k1 k2 )
(74)
(75)
h(k1 k2 ) =
(76)
or
where is an integer. This will be satised for all
pairs of signals in the FSK signal set when the
modulation index, h, is an integer.
&
FSK-67
'
(77)
=
n=iL
L1
A2
c
A2
c
(78)
'
=
iTb
1
s (t) dt =
2
2
(i+1)Tb
|xk (t)| dt
iTb
A2 Tb /2
c
(79)
(1)i
i=2
M
j
exp
E
iN0
(80)
For binary FSK, i.e., M = 2, the symbol error
probability is
Pe =
1
E
exp
2
2N0
(81)
4 Andrew
&
FSK-69
'
E
M 1
exp
2
2N0
(82)
(83)
5 Andrew
&
FSK-70
'
&
FSK-71
'
FSK-72
'
'
(84)
'
'
&
FSK-76
'
EXP 3. Making an Exact Discriminator
(cont. 1)
The receiver should assume that no FSK
input signal is present when this power is
small and sit in a loop checking for the
presence of an input signal. When the
measured power crosses a threshold, the
receiver can start the discriminator and
symbol clock tracking algorithm.
You should predetermine a good threshold
based on your knowledge of the transmitter
amplitude and system gains. You can do this
experimentally by observing the received
power when the transmitter is running.
2. The receiver should continue to monitor the
input signal power and detect when the signal
is gone and then go into a loop looking for
the return of a signal.
&
FSK-77
'
EXP 3. Making an Exact Discriminator
(cont. 2)
3. Start your discriminator and symbol clock
tracker once an input signal is detected.
Monitor the tone frequency alternations and
look for the alternation switch. Count for 10
symbols after the switch and begin detecting
the tone frequencies resulting from the input
customer data.
4. Send the output samples of the discriminator
to the left codec channel.
Send a signal to the right codec output
channel that is a square wave at the symbol
clock frequency to use for synching the
oscilloscope. You can do this by sending a
positive value for 20 samples at the start of a
symbol followed by its negative value for the
next 20 samples.
&
FSK-78
'
'
EXP 3. Making an Exact Discriminator
(cont. 4)
5. Map the detected tone frequency sequence
FSK-80
'
'
FSK-82
'
'
&
FSK-84
'
FSK-85
'
&
FSK-86