Sunteți pe pagina 1din 23

Page | 1

ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar


11
ABSTRACT
Manufactured sand is a term used for aggregate materials less than
4.75mm and which are processed from crushed rock or gravel. Due to
booming of construction activities in our countr! natural sand resources
are increasingl depleted and its cost is becoming increasingl high. "his
seminar was! therefore! conducted to stud the influence that manufactured
sand have in compressive strength of concrete! to compare the cost of
different mi# compositions and to assess the prospects of using
manufactured sand as replacement of natural sand "he cost comparisons
results also have shown that using manufactured sand in partial or full
replacement to natural sand doesn$t cause an significant cost variation. %t
has been found also that use of manufactured sand is more suitable for
high strength concrete production. %t can therefore! be concluded that when
the availabilit of natural sand is scarce or in cities where the price of
natural sand is as e#pensive as manufactured one! manufactured sand
concrete mi# is a viable and better alternative to the use of natural sand.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1
Page | &
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. M-SAND
2.1. COMPARISON BETWEEN M-SAND & RIVER SAND
2.2. ADVANTAGES OF M-SAND
3. VOLCANIC GLASS
3.1. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
3.2. PUMICECRETE
4. GYPSUM
4.1. GYPSUM PLASTER
5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCES

Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
&
Page | '
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
INTRODUCTION
(ow! there e#hibits some delas in the building construction due to
the shortage of sand. "he demand for sand has been ever increasing with
the development of building industr. )s a result! it has been noticed the
over e#ploitation of river sand causing serious environmental problems. )t
least during the past five ears! this problem has been discussed b the
concerned scientists and engineers. *ne of the main ob+ectives of these
discussions was the identification of potential sources of river sand
alternatives. Man environmental problems arises due to the taking of
e#cess amount of sand from rivers. ,o -overnment banned this upto a
certain e#tent. "o overcome these problems faced b the people there are
other tpes of building materials like M.,and! .olcanic glass and
-psum. "hese are all building materials which are used for a long time.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
'
Page | 4
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
M.,and
M/,and is manufactured sand! obtained from specific hard rock
0granite1 using the state/of/the/art %nternational technolog. %ts numerous
advantages over river sand have made it a favorite and a 2Must/to/3se2
with 4ualit conscious builders.
Rock blasting & Loading
Primary Jaw Crushing
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
4
Page | 5
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
Secondary Cone Crushing
Poabs is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss
for the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. %n line with
the manufacture of sand in bulk 4uantit! Poabs have procured the world5s
best and state of the art e4uipments and installed them at various safe
stations in 6erala compling with ever scientific parameters set for
producing Manufactured ,and0M/,and1. Modern and imported machines
.,%0.ertical ,haft %mpact1 are used b Poabs to produce M/,and!
ensuring to %, '7' 8*(9%%. :or 4ualit control! Poabs has engaged in a
scientific tie/up with the ;(D lab and department heads of "rivandrum
9ngineering <ollege who rigorousl and constantl monitor our
production at ever stage. "his e#ceptional kind of technical support
alwas assures us to maintain consistenc in 4ualit as well as to upgrade
our technolog from time to time.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
5
Page | =
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
Vertical Shaft Impact VSI!
Crushing "ori#ontal Shaft Impact "SI!
Crushing
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
=
Page | 7
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
$ashing % &rading
M/,and / read to transport
"he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making
concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles
with grounded edges gives higher tensile strength and compression
strength to the concrete. "he grains should be of durable material and the
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
7
Page | 7
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
si>e of the grains must be such that it should give minimum voids. "he
presence of cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the
cement and making mortar. 9#periments shown that considerable
variations in strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of
the sand particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of
average. %t is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher
strength. "his can be achieved onl b making sand with the help of
machines. %n machine/made sand! we can use the raw material of higher
strength..
The manufactured sand produced by proper machines can be better substitute to river sand.
"here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same
source. Aence to achieve consistent 4ualit! each truck of sand should be
tested. Moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla.
%n routine average wastage of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
7
Page | B
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
involved. Chereas Poabs M/,and is read/to/use/sand with no wastage
since it do not have organic impurities. "he superior shape and gradation
of Poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in
cement.
M/,and is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone
which is cubicall shaped with grounded edges! washed and graded with
consistenc to be used as a substitute of river sand. .asthu shastra sas
building material must be free from traces of human bod or animal. M/
sand is free of such material and is produced b crushing hard granite
stone when compared to river sand that is produced naturall from
weathered rock. M/sand is superior 4ualit manufactured sand with
international standards.
M/,and is cubical in shape and is manufactured using international
technolog like high carbon steel with rock and the Drock on rock$ process
which is snonmous to that of natural process undergoing in river sand
information.
%t is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss of
the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. "his e#ceptional
kind of technical support alwas assures us to maintain consistenc in
4ualit as well as to upgrade our technolog from time to time.1
"he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making
concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles
with grounded ees gives higher tensile strength and compression strength
to the concrete. "he grains should be durable material and the si>e of
grains should be such that it should give minimum voids. "he presence of
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
B
Page | 1?
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the cement and
making mortar. 9#periments shown that considerable variations in
strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of the sand
particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of average. %t is
not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength.
"his can be achieved and b making sand with the help of machines. %n
machine made sand we can use the raw material of higher strength.
"here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same
source! hence to achieve consistent 4ualit each track of sand should be
tested! moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla.
%n routine average wastages of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost
involved! whereas poabs M/,and is read to use seand with no wastage
since! it do not have organ ic impurities. "he superios shape and gradation
of poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in
cement.
C!"#$%&' ()*+))' M-S#', #', R%-)$ &#',
"he natural river sand was the cheapest resources of sand. Aowever the
e#cessive mining of river bed to meet the increasing demand for sand in
construction industr has lead to the ecological imbalance in the state.
(ow the sand available in the river bed is ver coarse and contains ver
high percentage of silt and cla. "he silt can the cla presence in the sand
reduce the strength of the concrete and holds dampness. "he natural river
sand is the product of sedimentation. Mica! <oal! :ossils and other
organic impurities are present in the river sand above certain percentage
which make the sand useless for concrete work.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1?
Page | 11
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
,l.(o M/,and <rusher Dust
?1 <olour -re -re
?&.Particle shape
Cubically Shaped
:lak
?'. Product
Manufactured as per IS, BS,
ASTM Standards
Elongated Shapeless!
a! It is fractured dust of "a#
crusher
b! A #aste product in production
process of stone crusherv
?4. Manufacturing $rocess
Internation technology controlled
manufacturing process through
imported machines
%o controlled manufacturing
process as it is the by&product of
stone crusher
?5. 'radation
As per IS ()( & *+,-
.one&II
/oes not adhere to IS ()( & *+,-
or any other standards
?=. Suitability for concreting
0ecommended for usage in
concrete 1 masonry #or2s
#orld#ide by the concrete
technologists.
Confirms international standards
%ot recommended for use in
concrete or masonry #or2s. /oes
not have 3uality.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
11
Page | 1&
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
)dvantages of M/,and
G$)#*)$ D.$#(%/%*0
M/,and has balanced phsical and chemical properties that can withstand
an aggressive environmental and climatic conditions as it has enhanced
durabilit! greater strength and overall econom. 3sage of M/,and can
overcome the defects occurring in concrete such as hone combing!
segregation! voids! capillar etc.
H%12 S*$)'1*2
"he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and
consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provides
greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming
deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and
capillar.
G$)#*)$ W$3#(%/%*0
"he crusher dust is flak and angular in shape which is troublesome in
working. "here is no plasticit in the mortar which makes it even difficult
for the mason to work! whereas the cubical shape with grounded edge and
superior gradation gives good plasticit to mortar providing e#cellent
workabilit.
O44&)*& C'&*$.5*%' D)4)5*&
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1&
Page | 1'
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
M/,and has optimum initial and final setting time as well as e#cellent
fineness which will help to overcome the deficiencies of concrete such as
segregation! bleeding! honecombing! voids and capillar.
E5'!0
3sage of M/,and can drasticall reduce the cost since like river sand! it
does not contain impurities and wastage is (%E. %n %nternational
<onstruction ,cenario! no river sand is used at all! onl sand is
manufactured and used! which gives superior strength and its cubical
shape ensures significant reduction in the cement used in the concrete
E5-F$%)',/0
M/,and is the onl alternative to river sand. Dredging of river beds to get
river sand will lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion!
water scarcit! threat to the safety of bridges, dams etc.
Beside #ith the 'overnment contemplating ban on dredging of 0iver beds to 3uarry river sand, as part of
the gro#ing concern for environment protection, M&Sand #ill be the only available option.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1'
Page | 14
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
VOLCANIC GLASS
.olcanic glass is the amorphous 0uncrstal1 product of rapidl
cooling magma. .olcanic ash and lava also form rich soil! while hot rocks
heat under water.
.olcanic ash also serves as a natural resource for construction and
industr. Eava and tuffs can be cut into blocks and used as stone for
building. "he have enough strength for high buildings. ,tone buildings
are light weight! resistant to weathering and good insulators. <oncrete too
was discovered b ;omans who mi#ed granular volcanic ash with lime
cement to create a new water/resistant material with superior strength . %t
was this substance that allowed the ;omans to build fantastic edifices!
waterworks! a4ueducts! roads! harbors! under water structures and light
houses. %t is still used in concrete constructions toda.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
14
Page | 15
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
)mong its advantages are less need for structural steel
reinforcement! smaller. "he are porous! :roth/like volcanic glass which
come in various colours and are found in the western united states.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
15
Page | 1=
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
L%12* +)%12* C'5$)*)
Eight weight concrete weighing from '5 to115 pound per cubic foot has
been used in the 3nited ,tates for more than 5? ears. "he compressive
strength is not as great as ordinar concrete! but it weathers +ust as well.
)mong its advantages are less need for structural steel reinforcement!
smaller foundation re4uirements! better fire resistance and most
importantl the fact that it can serve as an insulation material. %t can cost
more that sand and gravel concrete and it ma shrink more upon dring.
Eight weight concrete ma be made b using light weight aggregates or b
the use of foaming agents such as aluminium powder! which generates gas
while the concrete is still plastic. (atural light weight aggregates include
Pumica! ,coria! .olcanic linders! tuff and diatomite. Eight weight
aggregates can also be produced b heating cla! shale! slate!
diatomaceous! shale! perlite! obsidian and furnace slag that has been
speciall cooled can also be used.
"he rock from which perlite is manufactured has a structure
resembling tin pearls and when it is heated it e#pands and breaks into
small e#panded particles the si>e of sand. <oncrete made with e#panded
perlite weights between 5? to 7? pounds per cubic foot and is a ver good
insulating method.
P.!%5)5$)*)
Pumice is an e#tremel lightweight rock formed when volcanic lava
cools so 4uickl that most of its volume is comprised of tin bubbles of
trapped gases. Pumice/<rete is made of three ingredientsF pumice as
aggregate and +ust enough portland cement and water to hold the pieces of
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1=
Page | 17
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
pumice together. "he insulating value of Pumice/<rete comes from both
the tin bubbles within the sponge/like pumice itself and the larger air
spaces between the pumice pieces! once the whole wall is sealed b a
plaster coating. Pumice/<rete is poured into forms to cast walls in place!
then a solid concrete bond beam is poured atop the walls to hold
connectors for the roof sstem. Cith minimal wall thicknesses of at least
14 inches! Pumice/<rete is strong enough to need no additional structural
support for most one/ or two/stor buildings
Pumicecrete has been used in constructing buildings for man ears.
%t is simpl concrete that uses crushed volcanic rock as an aggregate rather
than conventional sand and gravel. Goth pumice and ,coria when used in
this fashion! render a product that is much lighter than concrete.
)dvantages of Pumice/<reteF
Pumice/<rete walls are much more consistentl insulated than
conventional! stud/and/batt walls! and the allow far less air
infiltration
Pumice/<rete uses relativel little portland cement! and the pumice
aggregate is collected from shallow deposits found in volcanic areas
around the world. %n man areas! all of the needed materials are
available locall
Pumice/<rete can be delivered pre/mi#ed in trucks or mi#ed on/site.
3nlike wood! Pumice/<rete will not burn! rot! or get eaten.
"he uniforml coarse Pumice/<rete surface allows a stucco finish
without the use of stucco netting.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
17
Page | 17
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
"he light weight of Pumice/<rete allows the use of lightweight
forms! made of half/inch plwood and &#4s! that can be saved for
use on another building pro+ect.
"hick! poured walls allow for interesting architectural choices that
highlight their massive! earth 4ualit.

Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
17
Page | 1B
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
<ompleted Pumi/crete house
GYPSUM
-psum is a light weight material which is formed as the result
of evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basis. %n terms of its
chemical composition! it is calcium sulphate Di/hdrate 0<a,o
4
.&A
&
o1 and
inherentl contains &1@ water b molecular weight. -psum products
have been used for centuries in the construction space and are the material
of choice because of gpsums uni4ue properties. %t has e#cellent
insulation properties both thermal and acoustic and can offer ver good
passive fire protection! moisture resistance! impact resistance and vapour
control when used in combination with the right sstems.
%n recent ears! the construction sector has witnessed a number of
new trends! technolog advancements and innovations across applications
all aimed at making construction faster and delivering higher performance.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
1B
Page | &?
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
Aowever! ver few would have imagined that the substitute for the
generations old method of sand cement surface plastering will be an even
older method of plastering. ie! gpsum plastering. -psum has proved to
be a miraculous material aiding interior construction.
,elenite -psum
;ock -psum
Uses
"he most significant use for gpsum is for wallboard and plaster products.
)ll modern homes in (orth )merica and other developed countries use a
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
&?
Page | &1
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
great deal of wallboard for interior walls. "he 3nited ,tates is the world$s
leading consumer of wallboard at over '? billion s4uare feet per ear.
,ome gpsum is used to make Portland cement! and some is used in
agricultural applications. ) small amount of ver pure gpsum is used in
glass making and other speciali>ed industrial applications.
G0"&.! P/#&*)$
Chen a wall is constructed with brick or block! the are finished with a
coat of plaster which is called internal plastering. %nternal plastering has
traditionall been done through a process of ,and/cement plastering
finished with pop pruning.
A,-#'*#1)&
Cash sand mi#ing in cans ensures >ero wastage
,ite mi#ing
(o 4ualit control
Cater curing for 7 das minimum no water curing.
<oat of leveling material re4uired before painting 0P*P1 dries in '
das
(o ,hrinkage cracks
Direct application on brick! block or ;<<! no separate finishing
product re4uired
,mooth finish
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
&1
Page | &&
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
;ead to painting.
CONCLUSIO (
Aigh ,trength
"he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and
consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provide
greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming the
deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and
capillar.
-reater workabilit
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
&&
Page | &'
ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar
11
"he alternatives of sand has greater workabilit than the original river sand
REFERENCES
1. +++.+%3%")#,%#.5!
2. +++.11/).5!
3.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R
&'

S-ar putea să vă placă și