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The document discusses alternatives to natural river sand for use in construction. It focuses on manufactured sand (M-sand) which is produced from crushing hard granite or gravel into cubical aggregates using modern machinery. M-sand has advantages over river sand like consistent quality, absence of organic impurities, and reduced wastage. It can be a viable and cost-effective substitute for natural sand. The document also briefly mentions other alternatives like volcanic glass and gypsum that have been used in construction applications.
The document discusses alternatives to natural river sand for use in construction. It focuses on manufactured sand (M-sand) which is produced from crushing hard granite or gravel into cubical aggregates using modern machinery. M-sand has advantages over river sand like consistent quality, absence of organic impurities, and reduced wastage. It can be a viable and cost-effective substitute for natural sand. The document also briefly mentions other alternatives like volcanic glass and gypsum that have been used in construction applications.
The document discusses alternatives to natural river sand for use in construction. It focuses on manufactured sand (M-sand) which is produced from crushing hard granite or gravel into cubical aggregates using modern machinery. M-sand has advantages over river sand like consistent quality, absence of organic impurities, and reduced wastage. It can be a viable and cost-effective substitute for natural sand. The document also briefly mentions other alternatives like volcanic glass and gypsum that have been used in construction applications.
11 ABSTRACT Manufactured sand is a term used for aggregate materials less than 4.75mm and which are processed from crushed rock or gravel. Due to booming of construction activities in our countr! natural sand resources are increasingl depleted and its cost is becoming increasingl high. "his seminar was! therefore! conducted to stud the influence that manufactured sand have in compressive strength of concrete! to compare the cost of different mi# compositions and to assess the prospects of using manufactured sand as replacement of natural sand "he cost comparisons results also have shown that using manufactured sand in partial or full replacement to natural sand doesn$t cause an significant cost variation. %t has been found also that use of manufactured sand is more suitable for high strength concrete production. %t can therefore! be concluded that when the availabilit of natural sand is scarce or in cities where the price of natural sand is as e#pensive as manufactured one! manufactured sand concrete mi# is a viable and better alternative to the use of natural sand. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1 Page | & ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. M-SAND 2.1. COMPARISON BETWEEN M-SAND & RIVER SAND 2.2. ADVANTAGES OF M-SAND 3. VOLCANIC GLASS 3.1. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 3.2. PUMICECRETE 4. GYPSUM 4.1. GYPSUM PLASTER 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R & Page | ' ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 INTRODUCTION (ow! there e#hibits some delas in the building construction due to the shortage of sand. "he demand for sand has been ever increasing with the development of building industr. )s a result! it has been noticed the over e#ploitation of river sand causing serious environmental problems. )t least during the past five ears! this problem has been discussed b the concerned scientists and engineers. *ne of the main ob+ectives of these discussions was the identification of potential sources of river sand alternatives. Man environmental problems arises due to the taking of e#cess amount of sand from rivers. ,o -overnment banned this upto a certain e#tent. "o overcome these problems faced b the people there are other tpes of building materials like M.,and! .olcanic glass and -psum. "hese are all building materials which are used for a long time. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R ' Page | 4 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 M.,and M/,and is manufactured sand! obtained from specific hard rock 0granite1 using the state/of/the/art %nternational technolog. %ts numerous advantages over river sand have made it a favorite and a 2Must/to/3se2 with 4ualit conscious builders. Rock blasting & Loading Primary Jaw Crushing Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 4 Page | 5 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 Secondary Cone Crushing Poabs is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss for the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. %n line with the manufacture of sand in bulk 4uantit! Poabs have procured the world5s best and state of the art e4uipments and installed them at various safe stations in 6erala compling with ever scientific parameters set for producing Manufactured ,and0M/,and1. Modern and imported machines .,%0.ertical ,haft %mpact1 are used b Poabs to produce M/,and! ensuring to %, '7' 8*(9%%. :or 4ualit control! Poabs has engaged in a scientific tie/up with the ;(D lab and department heads of "rivandrum 9ngineering <ollege who rigorousl and constantl monitor our production at ever stage. "his e#ceptional kind of technical support alwas assures us to maintain consistenc in 4ualit as well as to upgrade our technolog from time to time. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 5 Page | = ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 Vertical Shaft Impact VSI! Crushing "ori#ontal Shaft Impact "SI! Crushing Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R = Page | 7 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 $ashing % &rading M/,and / read to transport "he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles with grounded edges gives higher tensile strength and compression strength to the concrete. "he grains should be of durable material and the Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 7 Page | 7 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 si>e of the grains must be such that it should give minimum voids. "he presence of cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the cement and making mortar. 9#periments shown that considerable variations in strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of the sand particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of average. %t is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength. "his can be achieved onl b making sand with the help of machines. %n machine/made sand! we can use the raw material of higher strength.. The manufactured sand produced by proper machines can be better substitute to river sand. "here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same source. Aence to achieve consistent 4ualit! each truck of sand should be tested. Moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla. %n routine average wastage of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 7 Page | B ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 involved. Chereas Poabs M/,and is read/to/use/sand with no wastage since it do not have organic impurities. "he superior shape and gradation of Poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in cement. M/,and is crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubicall shaped with grounded edges! washed and graded with consistenc to be used as a substitute of river sand. .asthu shastra sas building material must be free from traces of human bod or animal. M/ sand is free of such material and is produced b crushing hard granite stone when compared to river sand that is produced naturall from weathered rock. M/sand is superior 4ualit manufactured sand with international standards. M/,and is cubical in shape and is manufactured using international technolog like high carbon steel with rock and the Drock on rock$ process which is snonmous to that of natural process undergoing in river sand information. %t is alwas been the first to introduce these technological bliss of the good use of the construction industr in ,outh %ndia. "his e#ceptional kind of technical support alwas assures us to maintain consistenc in 4ualit as well as to upgrade our technolog from time to time.1 "he particle shape of the aggregates is ver important for making concretes. %t is a well known fact that the sand having cubical particles with grounded ees gives higher tensile strength and compression strength to the concrete. "he grains should be durable material and the si>e of grains should be such that it should give minimum voids. "he presence of Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R B Page | 1? ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 cla and slit is avoided since it retards the setting of the cement and making mortar. 9#periments shown that considerable variations in strength of mortar ma occur owing to form and variet of the sand particle. "he strength of mortar ma differ b about 5?@ of average. %t is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength. "his can be achieved and b making sand with the help of machines. %n machine made sand we can use the raw material of higher strength. "here is discrepanc in the river sand for two loads lifted from same source! hence to achieve consistent 4ualit each track of sand should be tested! moreover the sand has to be sieved to remove stones! slit and cla. %n routine average wastages of sieving are about '5@ and e#tra labour cost involved! whereas poabs M/,and is read to use seand with no wastage since! it do not have organ ic impurities. "he superios shape and gradation of poabs M/,and ensures high strength concrete with significant savings in cement. C!"#$%&' ()*+))' M-S#', #', R%-)$ &#', "he natural river sand was the cheapest resources of sand. Aowever the e#cessive mining of river bed to meet the increasing demand for sand in construction industr has lead to the ecological imbalance in the state. (ow the sand available in the river bed is ver coarse and contains ver high percentage of silt and cla. "he silt can the cla presence in the sand reduce the strength of the concrete and holds dampness. "he natural river sand is the product of sedimentation. Mica! <oal! :ossils and other organic impurities are present in the river sand above certain percentage which make the sand useless for concrete work. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1? Page | 11 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 ,l.(o M/,and <rusher Dust ?1 <olour -re -re ?&.Particle shape Cubically Shaped :lak ?'. Product Manufactured as per IS, BS, ASTM Standards Elongated Shapeless! a! It is fractured dust of "a# crusher b! A #aste product in production process of stone crusherv ?4. Manufacturing $rocess Internation technology controlled manufacturing process through imported machines %o controlled manufacturing process as it is the by&product of stone crusher ?5. 'radation As per IS ()( & *+,- .one&II /oes not adhere to IS ()( & *+,- or any other standards ?=. Suitability for concreting 0ecommended for usage in concrete 1 masonry #or2s #orld#ide by the concrete technologists. Confirms international standards %ot recommended for use in concrete or masonry #or2s. /oes not have 3uality. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 11 Page | 1& ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 )dvantages of M/,and G$)#*)$ D.$#(%/%*0 M/,and has balanced phsical and chemical properties that can withstand an aggressive environmental and climatic conditions as it has enhanced durabilit! greater strength and overall econom. 3sage of M/,and can overcome the defects occurring in concrete such as hone combing! segregation! voids! capillar etc. H%12 S*$)'1*2 "he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provides greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and capillar. G$)#*)$ W$3#(%/%*0 "he crusher dust is flak and angular in shape which is troublesome in working. "here is no plasticit in the mortar which makes it even difficult for the mason to work! whereas the cubical shape with grounded edge and superior gradation gives good plasticit to mortar providing e#cellent workabilit. O44&)*& C'&*$.5*%' D)4)5*& Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1& Page | 1' ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 M/,and has optimum initial and final setting time as well as e#cellent fineness which will help to overcome the deficiencies of concrete such as segregation! bleeding! honecombing! voids and capillar. E5'!0 3sage of M/,and can drasticall reduce the cost since like river sand! it does not contain impurities and wastage is (%E. %n %nternational <onstruction ,cenario! no river sand is used at all! onl sand is manufactured and used! which gives superior strength and its cubical shape ensures significant reduction in the cement used in the concrete E5-F$%)',/0 M/,and is the onl alternative to river sand. Dredging of river beds to get river sand will lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion! water scarcit! threat to the safety of bridges, dams etc. Beside #ith the 'overnment contemplating ban on dredging of 0iver beds to 3uarry river sand, as part of the gro#ing concern for environment protection, M&Sand #ill be the only available option. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1' Page | 14 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 VOLCANIC GLASS .olcanic glass is the amorphous 0uncrstal1 product of rapidl cooling magma. .olcanic ash and lava also form rich soil! while hot rocks heat under water. .olcanic ash also serves as a natural resource for construction and industr. Eava and tuffs can be cut into blocks and used as stone for building. "he have enough strength for high buildings. ,tone buildings are light weight! resistant to weathering and good insulators. <oncrete too was discovered b ;omans who mi#ed granular volcanic ash with lime cement to create a new water/resistant material with superior strength . %t was this substance that allowed the ;omans to build fantastic edifices! waterworks! a4ueducts! roads! harbors! under water structures and light houses. %t is still used in concrete constructions toda. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 14 Page | 15 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 )mong its advantages are less need for structural steel reinforcement! smaller. "he are porous! :roth/like volcanic glass which come in various colours and are found in the western united states. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 15 Page | 1= ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 L%12* +)%12* C'5$)*) Eight weight concrete weighing from '5 to115 pound per cubic foot has been used in the 3nited ,tates for more than 5? ears. "he compressive strength is not as great as ordinar concrete! but it weathers +ust as well. )mong its advantages are less need for structural steel reinforcement! smaller foundation re4uirements! better fire resistance and most importantl the fact that it can serve as an insulation material. %t can cost more that sand and gravel concrete and it ma shrink more upon dring. Eight weight concrete ma be made b using light weight aggregates or b the use of foaming agents such as aluminium powder! which generates gas while the concrete is still plastic. (atural light weight aggregates include Pumica! ,coria! .olcanic linders! tuff and diatomite. Eight weight aggregates can also be produced b heating cla! shale! slate! diatomaceous! shale! perlite! obsidian and furnace slag that has been speciall cooled can also be used. "he rock from which perlite is manufactured has a structure resembling tin pearls and when it is heated it e#pands and breaks into small e#panded particles the si>e of sand. <oncrete made with e#panded perlite weights between 5? to 7? pounds per cubic foot and is a ver good insulating method. P.!%5)5$)*) Pumice is an e#tremel lightweight rock formed when volcanic lava cools so 4uickl that most of its volume is comprised of tin bubbles of trapped gases. Pumice/<rete is made of three ingredientsF pumice as aggregate and +ust enough portland cement and water to hold the pieces of Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1= Page | 17 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 pumice together. "he insulating value of Pumice/<rete comes from both the tin bubbles within the sponge/like pumice itself and the larger air spaces between the pumice pieces! once the whole wall is sealed b a plaster coating. Pumice/<rete is poured into forms to cast walls in place! then a solid concrete bond beam is poured atop the walls to hold connectors for the roof sstem. Cith minimal wall thicknesses of at least 14 inches! Pumice/<rete is strong enough to need no additional structural support for most one/ or two/stor buildings Pumicecrete has been used in constructing buildings for man ears. %t is simpl concrete that uses crushed volcanic rock as an aggregate rather than conventional sand and gravel. Goth pumice and ,coria when used in this fashion! render a product that is much lighter than concrete. )dvantages of Pumice/<reteF Pumice/<rete walls are much more consistentl insulated than conventional! stud/and/batt walls! and the allow far less air infiltration Pumice/<rete uses relativel little portland cement! and the pumice aggregate is collected from shallow deposits found in volcanic areas around the world. %n man areas! all of the needed materials are available locall Pumice/<rete can be delivered pre/mi#ed in trucks or mi#ed on/site. 3nlike wood! Pumice/<rete will not burn! rot! or get eaten. "he uniforml coarse Pumice/<rete surface allows a stucco finish without the use of stucco netting. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 17 Page | 17 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 "he light weight of Pumice/<rete allows the use of lightweight forms! made of half/inch plwood and s! that can be saved for use on another building pro+ect. "hick! poured walls allow for interesting architectural choices that highlight their massive! earth 4ualit.
Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 17 Page | 1B ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 <ompleted Pumi/crete house GYPSUM -psum is a light weight material which is formed as the result of evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basis. %n terms of its chemical composition! it is calcium sulphate Di/hdrate 0<a,o 4 .&A & o1 and inherentl contains &1@ water b molecular weight. -psum products have been used for centuries in the construction space and are the material of choice because of gpsums uni4ue properties. %t has e#cellent insulation properties both thermal and acoustic and can offer ver good passive fire protection! moisture resistance! impact resistance and vapour control when used in combination with the right sstems. %n recent ears! the construction sector has witnessed a number of new trends! technolog advancements and innovations across applications all aimed at making construction faster and delivering higher performance. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R 1B Page | &? ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 Aowever! ver few would have imagined that the substitute for the generations old method of sand cement surface plastering will be an even older method of plastering. ie! gpsum plastering. -psum has proved to be a miraculous material aiding interior construction. ,elenite -psum ;ock -psum Uses "he most significant use for gpsum is for wallboard and plaster products. )ll modern homes in (orth )merica and other developed countries use a Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R &? Page | &1 ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 great deal of wallboard for interior walls. "he 3nited ,tates is the world$s leading consumer of wallboard at over '? billion s4uare feet per ear. ,ome gpsum is used to make Portland cement! and some is used in agricultural applications. ) small amount of ver pure gpsum is used in glass making and other speciali>ed industrial applications. G0"&.! P/#&*)$ Chen a wall is constructed with brick or block! the are finished with a coat of plaster which is called internal plastering. %nternal plastering has traditionall been done through a process of ,and/cement plastering finished with pop pruning. A,-#'*#1)& Cash sand mi#ing in cans ensures >ero wastage ,ite mi#ing (o 4ualit control Cater curing for 7 das minimum no water curing. <oat of leveling material re4uired before painting 0P*P1 dries in ' das (o ,hrinkage cracks Direct application on brick! block or ;<<! no separate finishing product re4uired ,mooth finish Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R &1 Page | && ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 ;ead to painting. CONCLUSIO ( Aigh ,trength "he superior shape! proper gradation of fines! smooth surface te#ture and consistenc in production parameter of chemicall stable sands provide greater durabilit and higher strength to concrete b overcoming the deficiencies like segregation! bleeding! hone combing! voids and capillar. -reater workabilit Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R && Page | &' ALTERNATIVES OF SAND Seminar 11 "he alternatives of sand has greater workabilit than the original river sand REFERENCES 1. +++.+%3%")#,%#.5! 2. +++.11/).5! 3. Dept. of Civil Engg. S.S.M..T.C.TIR!R &'