RA 4864 - Police Act of 1966 - August 8, 1966

RA 6975 DILG Act of 1990 - Act establishing the PNP under the reorganized DILG

RA 8551 PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998

RA 6713 - Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees

RA 7691 - Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980

RA 7975 an Act to strengthen the functional and structural organization of
Sandiganbayan, amending PD 1606

PD 1606 - December 10, 1978 revising PD 1486 - creation of Sandiganbayan

PD 765 - August 8, 1975 Constitution of INP

PD 1184 INP personnel Professionalization Law of 1977

PD 421 - March 21, 1974 Integration of City/Municipal Police Forces, Jails & Fire
Department within GMA

PD 971 - July 27, 1976 providing legal assistance for members of the INP who may be
charged for service-connected offenses and improving the disciplinary system in
the INP

PD 482 - June 13, 1974 Integration of Police & Fire Departments & Jails in certain
provinces

PD 531 - August 8, 1974 - Integration of Police & Fire Departments & Jails in other
provinces

PD 585 - November 18, 1974 - Integration of Police & Fire Departments & Jails

PD 448 - May 9, 1974 Police Act of 1966

PD 968 - July 24, 1976 Probation System Law

PD 1612 Anti-Fencing Law of 1979

PD 1869 Franchise and Powers of PAGCOR

PD 1602 Anti - Illegal Gambling Law

PD 1866 Illegal/Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing, Acquisition of Firearms,
Ammo or Explosives Law

RA 3019 Anti-Graft & Corrupt Practices Act

RA 7055 Act strengthening civilian supremacy over the military

RA 7080 - An Act defining and penalizing the crime of Plunder.

RA 6425 - The Dangerous Drugs Act Of 1972

RA 9165 - June 7, 2002 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

RA 9048 Animal Welfare Act of 1998

RA 9225 Act making the citizenship of Philippine citizens who acquire foreign citizenship
permanent

RA 7394 Consumer Act of the Philippines

RA 8491 Act prescribing the Code of national flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms and
other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines

RA 7722 Act creating CHED

RA 6713 - Code of Conduct and Ethical standards for Public Officials and Employees

RA 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004

RA 8353 - "Anti-Rape Law of 1997" - reclassifies rape from a "crime against chastity" to a
"crime against persons."

EO 209 - The Family Code of the Philippines

RA 5188 amending RA 4700 National Security Printing Plant - (safeguard the printing
of government official receipts, postage stamps, internal revenue stamps, strip
stamps, stocks and bonds, bank notes, and other security printing jobs)

RA 5180 Act prescribing Uniform System of Preliminary Investigation by Provincial and
City Fiscals and Their Assistants, and by State Attorneys or their Assistants

RA 7160 Act providing for a Local Government Code of 1991

RA 6981 Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Act



J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972), American criminologist and government official and
director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for 48 years. Hoover instituted
many of the techniques and procedures that made the FBI famous for its efficient
apprehension of criminals. During the 1930s he supervised the investigations that led
to the capture of many criminals, including the bank robber John Dillinger.
Richard Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902), German neuropsychologist, best known for his
pioneering studies in sexual psychopathology.
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909), father of criminology - Italian criminologist who
advanced the theory that crime is the result of a hereditary predisposition in certain
individuals. Lombroso believed that mental characteristics are invariably determined
by physiological causes, and he postulated the existence of a criminal type that was
largely the result of hereditary and degenerative factors rather than environmental
conditions.
John Edward Reid - American criminologist who devised the Reid polygraph, in 1945
which records muscular movement.
White-Collar Crime, illegal acts committed by middle- or upper-class persons in
conjunction with their ordinary occupational pursuits. The term, which has no legal
significance, was first popularized by the American criminologist Edwin H.
Sutherland in his classic paper White-Collar Criminality (1940).
Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), French sociologist and criminologist Tarde criticized the
theories of the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and developed the thesis that
the causes of crime are chiefly social.


Cesare Beccaria - an Italian philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On
Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty,
and was a founding work in the field of penology.

Zebulon Reed Brockway (1827 1920) was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as
the "father of prison reform" in the US. He introduced a program of education,
training in useful trades, physical activity, indeterminate sentences, inmate
classification, and incentive programs.


FINGERPRINT
Bertillon System, scientific method for identifying people, especially criminals, devised in
1879 by the French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon. The system records
anthropometric (body measurements) measurements and personal characteristics,
such as color of eyes, scars, and deformities. The following measurements are taken:
(1) body: height standing, reach from fingertips to fingertips, length of trunk and
head, or height sitting; (2) head: length and width, length and width of right ear; (3)
limbs: length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger, length
of left forearm. These measurements are recorded on cards and classified according
to the length of the head.
Henry Faulds - early investigator and advocate of the broad notion of using fingerprints
forensically.

Sir Edwar Richard Henry - His commission saw the introduction of police dogs to the
force (a development which he regarded with good will), but he is best remembered
today for his championship of the method of fingerprinting to identify criminals

Nehemiah Grew - Grew is also considered to be one of the pioneers of dactyloscopy. He
was the first person to study and describe ridges, furrows, and pores on hand and
foot surfaces. In 1684, he published accurate drawings of finger ridge patterns

Francis Galton - pointed out that there were specific types of fingerprint patterns. He
described and classified them into eight broad categories. 1 plain arch, 2 tented arch,
3 simple loop, 4 central pocket loop, 5 double loop, 6 lateral pocket loop, 7 plain
whorl, and 8 accidental

Lorenzo A. Sunico - a lawyer-chemist, was the Deputy Director for Technical Services of
the NBI.

Jose Lukban - NBI Director (1954-66)

Rafael Crame - Camp Crame, the place that houses the PNP, was named after him due
to his contributions to the PC and for his being a positive role model to the Philippine
police during his time. The American Medal of Valor was awarded to him for helping
quash a mutiny in Manila in 1921. He was said to have declined the citation when he
said, I only did my duty.


Polygraphy
William Marston - The father of the modern lie detector. Better known for creating the
comic-book character Wonder Woman under the nom de plume "Charles Moulton."
He believed that verbal deception could be detected by changes in the systolic blood
pressure. He used a standard a blood pressure cuff, or sphygmomanometer, to take
measurements of systolic blood pressure during interrogation. Later in his work with
lie detection, he used a pneumograph to record respiration cycles.
John A. Larson - developed the first polygraph instrument. Contrary to popular opinion,
John Larson utilized two separate instrument designs in his early experiments in the
detection of deception which was called "Cardio-Pneumo Psychograph", nicknamed
"Sphyggy".
Lie detector - instrument designed to record bodily changes resulting from the telling of
a lie.

Cesare Lombroso, in 1895, was the first to utilize a lie detector

Vittorio Benussi, Harold Burtt, William Marston (1914 and 1915) produced devices
establishing correlation of blood pressure and respiratory changes with lying.

John Larson (1921) devised an instrument capable of continuously recording blood
pressure, respiration, and pulse rate.

Leonarde Keeler - devised the polygraph (1926), a refinement of earlier devices,

Walter Summers devised psychogalvanometer (1936), a machine that measures
electrical changes on the skin.

psychological stress evaluator - A more recent innovation developed in 1970 which
measures voice frequencies from tape recordings.

Angelo Mosso - used an instrument called a plethysmograph in his research on emotion
and fear in subjects undergoing questioning and he studied the effects of these
variables on their cardiovascular and respiratory activity. Mosso studied blood
circulation and breathing patterns and how these changed under certain stimuli.

Veraguth 1907 - He was the first one to use the term psycho-galvanic skin reflex. He
believed that electrical phenomena is due to the activity of the sweat glands.

Vittorio Benussi 1914 - He noted changes in respiration expiration ratio during
deception. He recorded respiratory curves of the pneumograph.


Harold Burtt 1913 - He determined that the respiratory changes were indications of
deception. He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were valuable in
determining deception.

Dr. Hans Gross, an Australian known as the Father of Criminalistics defined search
for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigation. He asserted that a large
part of criminals work is nothing more than a battle against lies. Throughout the
centuries, men continued to experiment with more scientific method in determining
truth and detecting deception.
Forensic Medicine
Autopsy: A postmortem examination. Also called a necropsy. Autopsies have been done
for more than 2,000 years but during most of this time they were rarely done, and
then only for legal purposes.
Antistius - he Roman physician who performed one of the earliest autopsies on record. In
44 B.C., he examined Julius Caesar and documented 23 wounds, including a final
fatal stab to the chest.
Paulus Zacchias (1584-1659) - systematized the knowledge of his age and tried to give
some instruction to the problems of the forensic medicine. He is regarded as the
Father of Forensic Medicine. He published a work dealing with the legal aspects of
wounds, especially the eye.
Imhotep - was an Egyptian polymath, a Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in
line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary
nobleman, High Priest of Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor and
Maker of Vases in Chief.
Gregorio Lantin Philippine Commonwealth
ETHICS

Dr. Charles Goring - He proved that Atavism had no scientific support, from the
evidence and data collected. Goring found no physical or psychological differences
between the two groups.

Atavism - The term Lombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling
ancestral (prehuman) forms of life is atavism. Born criminals were thus viewed by
Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human sub-species (in his later writings
he came to view them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more in terms of arrested
development and degeneracy). Lombroso believed that atavism could be identified by
a number of measurable physical stigmata, which included protruding jaw, drooping
eyes, large ears, twisted and flattish nose, long arms relative to the lower limbs,
sloping shoulders, and a coccyx that resembled "the stump of a tail."

JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790) made it his life's purpose to go into the prisons and clean
them up, to make them more sanitary. Between 1775 and 1790, he travelled across
Europe in search of a humane prison system. He conducted these investigations on
his own and financed them himself. In 1866, the Howard Association was formed,
dedicated to most efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention and a
reformatory and radically preventive treatment of offenders.

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) was with the assistance of his student and collaborator
Johann Caspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) a pioneer in the area of brain research.
He was the first scientist to attempt mapping the cerebral cortex thereby determining
which parts of the brain performed various functions. He developed a new technique
for dissecting the brain by carefully separating the lobes with a blunt instrument
rather than slicing through the organ with a knife enabling him to make critically
important anatomical observations. Phrenology was based on the belief that an
individual's intellect and moral character could be determined by examining the
protuberances of the skull and it enjoyed a great popularity in the 19th century
before being discredited. Although Gall and Spurzheim were (presumably) wrong
about phrenology their theories contain the seeds not only of the modern theory of
cerebral localization of function but of comparative psychology and personality theory
as well. They were regarded by a small few as the true founders of criminology.
They scientifically studied 35 different bumps on the head and successfully predicted
crime in about 17% of their cases for people with bumps in certain areas.

RA Dugdale analyzed the Juke's family. Max Juke was the first generation analyzed, he
was born in the mid 1700s a typical "Woodsman". Dugdale focused on his legitimate
and illegitimate offspring, two boys and six girls. As a result his two sons married two
of his daughters and he then focused on the lineage of the six daughters. He
corresponded their names with the first six letters of the alphabet (Ada Juke, Bell,
Clara, Delia and Effie the sixth daughter couldn't be located) for the purposes of his
studies. This prompted Dugdale to catalog 709 people along the Juke's family line, of
those 709, 540 people were blood relatives and 169 entered the family through
marriage.

Through his studies he came up with the following conclusions:
If and individual has mental or physical challenges then they have
predetermined paths.
An individuals environment can produce habits that will eventually become
hereditary.
The only way to change heredity is to change the environment

William Healy, M.D.- a pioneer psychiatrist and criminologist, established the first child
guidance clinic in the United States in 1909, and was an early advocate of both the
team approach and the child's own story in treatment and research. Among his
contributions to the field of criminology are his book The Individual Delinquent
(1915) and his multifactor theory of delinquency, which broadened the field and
moved it away from European criminology's stress on genetic factors.

Walter Bromberg studied war criminals and focused attention on the wider social
meaning of aggression.

Cyril Burt scientific criminology claimed that intelligence was inherited and is
correlated highly with class and race.

August Aichhorns - (1935) psychoanalytic theory of delinquency. This theory proposed
that diverse forms of rule-breaking are due to a time-stable individual trait that
Aichhorn referred to as a predisposition to delinquency, possibly rooted in the
childs early emotional experiences.

David Abrahamsen (1903-1981) - criminologist. Born in Trondheim, Norway, he
worked in Oslo and London, England. In 1940 he moved to the US and became
director of scientific research at Sing Sing prison in New York (1948-52).

Raffaele Garofalo - Italian law professor coined the term "criminology" (in Italian,
criminologia)

Willem Adrian Bonger - Dutch criminologist, believed in a causal link between crime
and economic and social conditions. He asserted that crime is social in origin and a
normal response to prevailing cultural conditions

Albert Osborn father of document examination

Hans Gross - Austrian professor and judge, is often considered as one of the founders of
criminalistics for his research on the subject and the release of his 1891 book,
Criminal Investigation. It was the first work of its kind to be published.

Criminal Epidemiology - is the study of factors affecting the criminality in the
populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the
interest of the public.

Criminal psychiatry - is the interface between law and psychiatry. It involves the
assessment and treatment of mentally abnormal offenders, as well as the legal
aspects of psychiatry which require knowledge of the law relating to ordinary
psychiatric practice, civil law and issues of criminal responsibility.

Criminal etiology - Is the scientific analysis or study of the causes or origin of crime.

Criminal ecology - is the scientific study of the distribution, number of crime occurences
and the interactions between criminals and their natural environment.

Demography - statistical study of all populations.



Physical anthropology or Biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological
evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate
morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution

Criminal psychology is the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions and reactions of
criminals. It is related to the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply
into what makes someone commit crime, but also the reactions after the crime, on
the run or in court. Criminal psychologists are often called up as witnesses in court
cases to help the jury understand the mind of the criminal

Extinctive crime - one might say that the passage of the statutory period bars both the
action and the right but does not create any new right in the adverse possessor
(extinctive prescription). Or one might say that the adverse possessor, or the one
who has fulfilled the requirements for prescription, acquires the title of the one
whose title is time-barred...
Acquisitive crime, also called property crime, is defined as theft, including theft from
people and from vehicles. Burglary is an acquisitive crime.
White collar crime - Crimes committed by the affluent in the course of normal business
activities.

Art VI, 1987 Philippine Constitution
Section 16. (1). The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives, its
Speaker, by a majority vote of all its respective Members. Each House shall choose such
other officers as it may deem necessary.
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members
in such manner, and under such penalties, as such House may provide.
(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its Members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or
expel a Member. A penalty of suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed sixty days.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the
same, excepting such parts as may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the yeas
and nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the Members present, be
entered in the Journal. Each House shall also keep a Record of its proceedings.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two
Houses shall be sitting.
Art III, 1987 Philippine Constitution

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of
the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.

Art III, 1987 Philippine Constitution

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious
test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Art XVI, 1987 Philippine Constitution

Section 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national
in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a national
police commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their
jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
Indeterminate sentence is a sentence imposed for a crime that isn't given a definite
duration. The prison term does not state a specific period of time or release date, but
just a range of time, such as "five-to-ten years." It is the opposite of determinate
sentencing, in which a fixed term or incarceration is imposed.

The Panopticon is a type of prison building designed by English philosopher and social
theorist Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to
observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners without the prisoners being able to tell whether
they are being watched, thereby conveying what one architect has called the
"sentiment of an invisible omniscience. Bentham himself described the Panopticon as
"a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a quantity hitherto without
example
Henry A. Huber (18691933) was a Wisconsin politician. He was born in Evergreen,
Pennsylvania in 1869, but moved to Pleasant Springs, Wisconsin with his parents at the
age of ten. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1892 and set up
a law practice in Stoughton. He served as a Republican in the Wisconsin State
Assembly from 1905 until 1906, and in the state senate from 1913 until 1924. During
his time as a senator, he gained national recognition for writing the Huber Law of
1913, which allowed county prisoners to be employed during the day; he is also known
for introducing landmark unemployment legislation. He later served four terms as
Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, from 1925 until 1933, under four different
governors. He died in January 1933