Amoebiasis

Amoebiasis, or Amebiasis, refers to infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba

histolytica.
[1][2]
The term entamoebiasis is occasionally seen but is no longer in use;
[citation
needed]
it refers to the same infection.
A gastrointestinal infection that may or may not be symptomatic and can remain latent in an
infected person for several years, amoebiasis is estimated to cause 70,000 deaths per year
world wide.
[3]
Symptoms can range from mild diarrhea to dysentery with blood and mucus in
the stool. E. histolytica is usually a commensal organism.
[4]
Severe amoebiasis infections
(known as invasive or fulminant amoebiasis) occur in two major forms. Invasion of the
intestinal lining causes amoebic dysentery or amoebic colitis. If the parasite reaches the
bloodstream it can spread through the body, most frequently ending up in the liver where it
causes amoebic liver abscesses.
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto,
[1]
is a parasitic disease caused by
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the intestines
and is typically an acute short-term infection. It is spread through the fecal-oral route, often
through contaminated water;
[1]
the main symptom is self-limiting diarrhea in people with
intact immune systems. In immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, the
symptoms are particularly severe and often fatal.
Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting
with diarrhea. Treatment is symptomatic, with fluid rehydration, electrolyte correction and
management of any pain. Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most
common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide.

Cyclosporiasis

Cyclosporiasis is an infection with the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis, a pathogen
transmitted by feces or feces-contaminated fresh produce and water.
[1]
Outbreaks have been
reported due to contaminated fruits and vegetables. It is not spread from person to person, but
can be a hazard for travelers by being a cause of diarrhea.
When an oocyst of Cyclospora cayetanensis enters the small intestine it invades the mucosa
where it incubates for about one week. After incubation the person begins to experience
severe watery diarrhea, bloating, fever, stomach cramps, and muscle aches.

Giardiasis

Giardiasis (popularly known as beaver fever
[1]
) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the
flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia (also sometimes called Giardia intestinalis and Giardia
duodenalis).
[2]
The giardia organism inhabits the digestive tract of a wide variety of domestic
and wild animal species, as well as humans. It is the most common pathogenic parasitic
infection in humans worldwide; in 2013, there were about 280 million people worldwide with
symptomatic giardiasis.
[

Microsporidiosis

Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes diarrhea and wasting in
immunocompromised individuals (HIV, for example). It results from different species of
microsporidia, a group of microbial (unicellular) fungi.
[1]

In HIV infected individuals, microsporidiosis generally occurs when CD4+ T cell counts fall
below 150.
The Rajputs
Main article: Rajput
The Rajput were a Hindu clan who rose to power across a region stretching from the
gangaetic plains to the Afghan mountains, and refer to the various dynasties of the many
kingdoms in the region in the wake of the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and Gupta Empire
and marks the transition of Buddhist ruling dynasties to Hindu ruling dynasties.
The Deccan plateau and South
In the first half of the millennium the South saw various smalled kingdoms rise and fall
mostly independent to the turmoil in the Gangetic plains and the spread of the Buddhism and
Jainism to the southern tip of India. During the second half of the millennium after the fall of
the Gupta Empire we see a gradual shift of the balance of power both military and cultural
from the northern states to the rise of large southern states.
In fact, from the mid-seventh to the mid-13th centuries, regionalism was the dominant theme
of political or dynastic history of South Asia. Three features commonly characterize the
sociopolitical realities of this period.
First, the spread of Brahmanical religions was a two-way process of Sanskritization of local
cults and localization of Brahmanical social order.
Second was the ascendancy of the Brahman priestly and landowning groups that later
dominated regional institutions and political developments.
Third, because of the seesawing of numerous dynasties that had a remarkable ability to
survive perennial military attacks, regional kingdoms faced frequent defeats but seldom
total annihilation.