Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. Fuzzy subsets :
of X. The first element of the ordered pair is an element of the set X and
element of the ordered pair is ‘1’, and the statement is false, if it is ‘0’
X and the second element from the interval [ 0, 1 ] with exactly one
1
ordered pair present for each element of X. This defines a mapping, µ A
That is, µ A : X → [ 0, 1 ].
pair.
2
A ∪ Ac = X. This has encouraged Prof. K.T.Atanassov to continue his
CHAPTER - I
PRELIMINARIES
1. Introduction :
thesis.
1.1 Definition :
(i) ∗ is associative,
1.1 Example :
addition.
1.2 Definition :
3
1.2 Example :
1.3 Definition :
1.3 Example :
1.4 Definition :
x and y∈G.
1.4 Example :
1.5 Definition :
4
1.5 Example :
1.6 Definition :
(i) f is a bijection,
1. 6 Example :
1.7 Definition :
(i) f is a bijection,
1.7 Example :
Let R be the set of all real numbers and R+ be the set of all
isomorphism.
5
1. 8 Definition :
1. 8 Example :
1. 9 Definition :
1.10 Definition :
∈G.
1.11 Definition :
We call a group G, Hamiltonian if G is non-abelian and every
subgroup of G is normal .
1.12 Definition :
A Dedekind group is one which is abelian or Hamiltonian .
1.13 Definition :
1.14 Definition:
for all a, b ∈ L.
6
1.15 Definition:
following relations:
a ≤ b iff a ∧ b = a ,
a ≤ b iff a ∨ b = b.
1.9 Example:
a ∨ b = max {a, b} and a ∧ b = min {a, b}, where N is the set of all
natural numbers.
1.16 Definition:
a, b ∈ S implies a ∨ b, a ∧ b in S.
1.10 Example:
1.17 Definition:
7
1.11 Example:
The unit interval, i.e. the closed interval [0, l] of real numbers is a
lattice with respect to the operations min and max for meet and join
1.18 Definition :
A : X → [ 0, 1 ].
1.12 Example :
1.19 Definition :
1.20 Definition:
A : X → L.
1.13 Example:
defined by
1, if x = 0
8
0, if x ∈ Z – (2).
1.21 Definition :
1.14 Example :
〉 , 〈 b, 0.7 〉 , 〈 c, 0.43 〉 }.
1.22 Definition :
1.15 Example :
1.23 Definition :
9
1.16 Example :
b, 0.3 〉 , 〈 c, 0.2 〉 }.
1.24 Definition :
(i) A( xy ) ≥ A( x ) ∧A( y ),
1.17 Example :
A(x) = 1, if x∈16Z
= 0.7, if x∈8Z–16Z
= 0.5, if x∈4Z – 8Z
= 0.2, if x∈2Z – 4Z
= 0, if x∈Z – 2Z.
10
1.25 Definition :
1.26 Definition :
and y∈G.
1.27 Definition :
satisfied:
(i) A( xy ) ≤ A( x ) ∨A( y ),
1.18 Example :
1.28 Definition :
11
Let ( G, . ) be a group. An anti-L-fuzzy subgroup A of G is said
1.19 Example :
1.30 Definition[2] :
fuzzy subset of a set X. Let X*= X x [ 0,1 ] x [ 0,1 ]. That is, A ⊂ X*.
b, and χ A( 〈 x, a, b 〉 ) = 0, otherwise.
1.31 Definition:
12
A in X is defined as an object of the form A = {< x, µ A(x), ν A(x) > /
1.20 Example:
0.7, if x ∈ (4)
0, otherwise
and
0.2, if x ∈ (4)
1.32 Definition[2] :
(i) A ⊂ B iff µ A(x) ≤ µ B(x) and ν A(x) ≥ ν B(x), for all x∈X.
(ii) A = B iff µ A(x) = µ B(x) and ν A(x) = ν B(x), for all x∈X.
13
(v) A ∪ B = { 〈 x, µ A(x) ∨µ B(x) , ν A(x) ∧ν B(x) 〉 /
x∈X }.
ν A(x) .ν B(x) ) 〉
/ x∈X }.
ν A(x) .ν B(x) ) 〉
/ x∈X }.
/2 〉 / x∈X }.
x∈X }.
}.
CHAPTER -II
14
INTUITIONISTIC L-FUZZY SUBGROUPS
2.1 Introduction :
theory, which are required in the sequel. Some Theorems and properties
2.1.1 Definition :
(ii) µ A( x -1 ) ≥ µ A( x ),
2.1.1 Example :
2.1.2 Definition :
Let G and G ׀be any two groups. Let f : G → G ׀be any function
15
µ V(y) = sup µ A(x) and ν V (y) = inf ν A(x), for all x∈G and
x∈ f −1
( y) x∈ f −1 ( y )
2.1.3 Definition :
Let A and B be two intuitionistic L-fuzzy subsets of sets G and
ν B(y).
2.1.4 Definition :
2.1.5 Definition:
2.1.6 Definition :
16
Let G be a group. An intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup A of G is
2.1.7 Definition :
2.1.8 Definition :
normalized if there exist x∈X such that µ A(x) =1 and ν A(x) =0.
2.1.9 Definition :
2.1.10 Definition :
17
2.1.11 Definition :
defined by (aµ Ab)(x) = µ A( a-1x b-1 ) and (aν Ab)(x) = ν A( a-1x b-1 ),
2.1.12 Definition :
( (aµ A)p )(x) = p(a)µ A(x) and ( (aν A)p )(x) = p(a)ν A(x), for every x∈G
2.1.13 Definition :
for all x,y in G, Ο (x) = Ο (y) implies µ A(x) = µ A(y) and ν A(x) =
ν A(y) .
SUBGROUPS :
18
Now, µ A(x) = µ A( (x-1 )-1 )
≥ µ A( x -1) ≥ µ A( x ).
And, ν A( x ) = ν A( (x-1)-1 )
≤ ν A( x-1) ≤ ν A( x).
e∈G.
≥ µ A(xy-1) ∧µ A(y)
= µ A(e) ∧µ A(y)
= µ A(y)
19
= µ A( yx-1x )
≥ µ A(yx-1) ∧µ A(x)
= µ A(e) ∧µ A(x)
= µ A(x).
≤ ν A( xy-1) ∨ν A(y)
= ν A(e) ∨ν A(y)
= ν A(y)
= ν A( yx-1x )
≤ ν A( yx-1) ∨ν A(x)
= ν A(e) ∨ν A(x)
= ν A(x).
∈G and y∈G.
a group G.
20
And, ν A( xy-1) ≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y-1)
Conversely,
replace y by x, then
µ A(x) ≤ µ A(e) and ν A(x) ≥ ν A(e), for all x∈G and y∈G.
≥ µ A(e) ∧µ A(x)
= µ A(x).
It follows that,
µ A(xy) = µ A( x(y-1)-1 )
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A( y -1)
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(y) .
≤ ν A(e) ∨ν A(x)
= ν A(x).
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y-1)
21
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y) .
subgroup of a group G.
group G.
≥ µ A(e) ∧µ A(x)
= 1∧µ A(x)
= µ A(x).
≤ ν A(e) ∨ν A(x)
= 0∨ν A(x)
= ν A(x).
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(y) .
22
Therefore, µ A(xy) ≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(y) .
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y-1)
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y) .
is a subgroup of a group G.
= 1 ∧1 = 1.
Therefore, µ A( xy -1) = 1.
= 0 ∨0 = 0.
Therefore, ν A( xy-1) = 0.
We get, xy -1∈H.
23
2.2.6 Theorem : If A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of a group
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y)
= 0 ∨0 = 0.
Therefore, ν A( xy-1) = 0.
of G.
G.
24
Hence H is a L-fuzzy subgroup of a group G.
of a group G.
G.
Let x∈G.
Hence x -1∈ H.
= µ A(e) ∧µ A(e)
25
= µ A(e).
≥ µ A(xy-1) ∧ µ A(xy-1) }
= µ A( xy-1).
= ν A(e) ∨ν A(e)
= ν A(e).
≤ ν A( xy-1 ) ∨ν A( xy-1 )
= ν A( xy-1 ).
26
Therefore, xy-1∈H.
L-fuzzy subgroup of G.
By Theorem 2.2.9,
Therefore, xy-1∈H.
an anti-L-fuzzy subgroup of G.
By Theorem 2.2.9,
Therefore, xy-1∈H.
27
Now, ν A( xy-1 ) ≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A( y -1 )
y∈G.
= µ A( x-1xy-1 )
≥ µ A( x-1 ) ∧µ A( xy-1 )
= 0 ∨ν A(y) = ν A(y)
28
= ν A( x-1xy-1 )
≤ ν A( x-1 ) ∨ν A( xy-1 )
G, then
= 0 ∧ µ A(y) = 0.
= 1∨ν A(y) = 1.
Therefore, ν A(x) ≤ 1.
ν A(y) for each x and y in G with µ A(x) ≠ µ A(y) and ν A(x) ≠ ν A(y).
29
Assume that µ A(x) > µ A(y) and ν A(x) < ν A(y).
≥ µ A( x-1 ) ∧µ A( xy )
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(xy)
= µ A(xy)
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(y)
= µ A(y).
≤ ν A( x-1 ) ∨ν A( xy )
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A( xy )
= ν A(xy)
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y)
= ν A(y).
subgroup of G.
30
(i) µ C(xy) = µ A(xy) ∧µ B(xy)
= µ C(x) ∧µ C(y) .
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ B(x)
= µ C(x).
= ν C(x) ∨ν C(y) .
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν B (x)
= ν C(x).
group G.
31
Proof: Let { Ai }i∈I be a family of an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of
we have
≥ infi∈I
µA (x) ∧ µ A ( y )
i i
≥ inf
i∈I
( µA (x) ) ∧ i inf
i∈I
( µA ( y) )
i
= µ A(x) ∧ µ A(y) .
≥ infi∈I
µA (x)i
= µ A(x).
≤ sup ν A (x ) ∨ν A ( y )
i i
i∈I
32
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y) .
≤ sup ν Ai (x )
i∈I
= ν A(x).
y∈G.
= µ A(ex)
= µ A(x).
Now, µ A( xy ) = µ A( xyxx-1 )
= µ A(yx).
33
Therefore, µ A(xy) = µ A(yx).
= ν A(ex) = ν A(x).
Now, ν A( xy ) = ν A( xyxx-1 )
= ν A(yx).
group G. If µ A(x) < µ A(y ) and ν A(x) > ν A(y), for some x∈G and
Given µ A(x) < µ A(y) and ν A(x) > ν A(y), for some x∈G and y∈G,
= µ A(x) ; and
µ A(x) = µ A( xyy-1)
≥ µ A(xy) ∧µ A(y-1)
= µ A(xy).
34
And, µ A(yx) ≥ µ A(y) ∧µ A(x) , as A is an ILFSG of G
= µ A(x) ; and
µ A(x) = µ A( y-1yx )
≥ µ A( y-1) ∧µ A(yx)
= µ A(yx).
= ν A(x) ; and
ν A(x) = ν A( x yy-1 )
≤ ν A(xy) ∨ν A(y-1)
= ν A(xy).
= ν A(x) ; and
ν A(x) = ν A( y-1yx )
≤ ν A(y-1) ∨ν A(yx)
= ν A(yx).
35
Therefore, ν A(yx) = ν A(x).
group G .If µ A(x) < µ A(y) and ν A(x) < ν A(y), for some x∈G and
Given µ A(x) < µ A(y) and ν A(x) < ν A(y), for some x∈G and y∈G,
= µ A(x) ; and
µ A(x) = µ A( x yy-1 )
≥ µ A(xy) ∧µ A(y-1 )
= µ A(xy).
= µ A(x) ; and
µ A(x) = µ A( y-1yx )
≥ µ A(y-1) ∧µ A(yx)
= µ A(yx).
36
Hence µ A(xy) = µ A(x) = µ A(yx).
= ν A(y) ; and
ν A(y) = ν A( x-1xy )
≤ ν A(x-1) ∨ν A(xy)
= ν A(xy).
= ν A(y) ; and
ν A(y) = ν A( yxx-1 )
≤ ν A(yx) ∨ν A(x-1)
= ν A(yx).
group G. If µ A(x) > µ A(y) and ν A(x) > ν A(y), for some x∈G and
37
Proof : It is trivial.
group G. If µ A(x) > µ A(y) and ν A(x) < ν A(y), for some x∈G and
Proof : It is trivial.
If
Assume that µ B(x) > µ C(x) and µ B(y) < µ C(y), for some x and y∈G.
Then, α = µ A(x)
=µ B∪C (x)
= µ B(x) ∨µ C(x)
38
And, α = µ A(y)
=µ B∪C (y)
= µ B(y) ∨µ C(y)
= µ B(xy) ∨µ C(xy)
= µ B(y) ∨µ C(x)
< α --------------------------(1).
Case (ii) :
Assume that ν B(x) < ν C(x) and ν B(y) > ν C(y), for some x and y∈G.
= ν B(x) ∧ν C(x)
= ν B(y) ∧ν C(y)
39
So that, ν C(y) < ν C(x) and ν B(x) < ν B(y).
2.2.20.
= ν B(xy) ∧ν C(xy)
= ν B(y) ∧ν C(x)
> β --------------------------(2).
≤ ν B(x) ∨ν B(y) .
40
which implies that 1– ν B(x) = 1– ν B( x-1).
Remark :
following example:
Example :
a2 = b2 = e and ab = ba.
0.4 〉 }.
41
which implies that 1– µ B(xy) ≤ ( 1– µ B(x) ) ∨ ( 1– µ B(y) ).
≥ µ B(x) ∧µ B(y) .
Example :
e and ab = ba.
0.4 〉 }.
42
Consider the following example:
Example :
a2 = b2 = e and ab = ba.
Case I :
such that A = { 〈 e, 0.5, 0.1〉 , 〈a, 0.3, 0.3 〉 , 〈 b, 0.2, 0.4 〉 , 〈ab, 0.2,
0.4〉 }
0.3 〉 }.
When A ≠ B.
43
gives 0.28 ≥ 0.37 ∧0.44 which is not true.
44
(viii) A И B = { 〈 e, 0.44, 0.13 〉 , 〈 a, 0.15, 0.3 〉 , 〈 b, 0.24,
a group G.
0.6, 0.4〉 }.
0.4, 0.2 〉 }.
45
Case II :
such that A = {〈e, 0.5, 0.1〉 , 〈 a, 0.3, 0.3〉 , 〈b, 0.2, 0.4〉 , 〈ab, 0.2,
0.1, 0.4 〉 }.
When B ⊂ A.
46
(v) A @ B = { 〈 e, 0.45, 0.15 〉 , 〈 a, 0.2, 0.3 〉 , 〈 b, 0.2, 0.3
47
Now, µ A↔B (a) ≥ µ A↔B (ab) ∧µ A↔B (b)
Case III :
such that A = {〈e, 0.5, 0.1〉 ,〈 a, 0.3, 0.3 〉 , 〈 b, 0.2, 0.4 〉 ,〈 ab, 0.2, 0.4
0.4 〉 }.
When A = B
0.2, 0.4 〉 }.
Therefore, A ∩A = A.
(ii) A∪B = {〈e, 0.5, 0.1 〉 ,〈 a, 0.3, 0.3 〉 , 〈 b, 0.2, 0.4 〉 ,〈 ab,
0.2, 0.4 〉 }.
Therefore, A ∪ A = A.
Therefore, A + A ≠ A.
48
(iv) A . B = { 〈 e, 0.25, 0.19 〉 , 〈 a, 0.09, 0.51 〉 , 〈 b, 0.04, 0.64
Therefore, A . A ≠ A.
(v) A @ B = { 〈e, 0.5, 0.1〉 , 〈a, 0.3, 0.3〉 , 〈 b, 0.2, 0.4〉 , 〈ab,
0.2, 0.4〉 }.
Therefore, A @ A =A.
(vi) A $ B ={ 〈e, 0.5, 0.1〉 , 〈a, 0.3 0.3〉 , 〈b, 0.2, 0.4〉 , 〈ab, 0.2,
0.4 〉 }.
Therefore, A $ A = A.
Therefore, A * A ≠ A.
(viii) A И B = {〈e, 0.5, 0.1〉 , 〈a, 0.3, 0.3〉 , 〈b, 0.2, 0.4〉 , 〈 ab,
0.2, 0.4 〉 }.
Therefore, A И A = A.
49
Now, µ A↔B (a) ≥ µ A↔B (ab) ∧µ A↔B (b)
a group G.
lim
α
n→
{ν A(xn) ∨ ν A(xn) } = 0, then µ A(e) = 1 and ν A(e) = 0, where e is
the identity in G .
Then, we have
µ A(e) = µ A( xx-1 )
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A( x-1 )
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(x) .
50
Since µ A(e) ≥ lim
α
n→
{µ (xn ) ∧µ A(xn ) } = 1.
A
Therefore µ A(e) = 1.
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(x-1)
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(x) .
Therefore, ν A(e) = 0.
is normal.
group G.
subgroup of GxH.
51
Proof : Let A and B be intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroups of the groups G
and H respectively.
Now,
= µ A( x1x2 ) ∧µ B( y1y2 )
Therefore, µ AxB [ (x1, y1)(x2, y2) ] ≥ µ AxB (x1, y1) ∧µ AxB (x2, y2) .
And,
= ν A(x1x2) ∨ν B(y1y2)
Therefore, ν AxB [ (x1, y1)(x2, y2) ] ≤ ν AxB (x1, y1) ∨ν AxB (x2, y2) .
52
intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup B of a group H be conjugate to an
and H respectively.
Now,
= µ M( xf x-1) ∧µ N( yg y-1 ) ,
And,
= ν M( xf x-1) ∨ν N( yg y-1 )
53
=ν MxN [ (x, y)(f, g)(x-1, y-1) ]
subgroup of GxH, then at least one of the following two statements must
hold.
(i) µ B(e ≥ ) ׀µ A(x) and ν B(e ≤ ) ׀ν A(x), for all x in G,
By contraposition, suppose that none of the statements (i) and (ii) holds.
Then we can find a in G and b in H such that µ A(a ) > µ B(e) ׀,
ν A(a ) < ν B(e ) ׀and µ B(b) > µ A(e ), ν B(b ) < ν A(e ).
We have,
54
< ν A(e) ∨ν B(e ) ׀,
Hence either µ B(e ≥ ) ׀µ A(x) and ν B(e ≤ ) ׀ν A(x), for all x in G or
x, y in G.
Now, using the property µ A(x ) ≤ µ B(e ) ׀and ν A(x ) ≥ ν B( e) ׀,
55
=µ AxB [ (x, e() ׀y-1, e] ) ׀
= µ A(x) ∧µ A(y-1)
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A(y).
And,
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y-1)
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y).
Now,
G,
we get,
56
µ B( xy-1 ) = µ B(xy-1) ∧µ A(ee )
= µ B(x) ∧µ B(y-1)
≥ µ B(x) ∧µ B(y).
And,
= ν B(x) ∨ν B(y-1)
≤ ν B(x) ∨ν B(y).
(iii) is clear.
57
L-fuzzy subgroup of G if and only if V is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of
GxG.
Then for any x = (x1, x2) and y = (y1, y2) are in GxG.
= µ A(x1-y1) ∧µ A(x2-y2)
Also we have,
= ν V( x1 – y1 , x2 – y2 )
then for any x = (x1, x2) and y = (y1, y2) are in GxG, we have
58
= µ V [ ( x1, x2 ) – ( y1, y2 ) ] = µ V ( x – y )
If we put x2 = y2 = 0,
Also we have,
ν A( x1 – y1 ) ∨ν A( x2 – y2 ) = ν V ( x1 – y1 , x2 – y2 )
= ν V [ ( x1, x2 ) – ( y1, y2 ) ]
=ν V ( x1, x2 ) ∨ν V ( y1, y2 )
If we put x2 = y2 = 0,
ANTI-HOMOMORPHISM :
2.3.1 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
59
Let f : G→G ׀be a homomorphism.
group G׀.
≥ µ A(xy)
≥ µ A( x-1)
≥ µ A(x), as A is an ILFSG of G,
≤ ν A(xy)
≤ ν A(x-1)
≤ ν A(x), as A is an ILFSG of G,
60
which implies that ν V( [ f(x) ]-1 ) ≤ ν V( f(x) ).
2.3.2 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
L-fuzzy subgroup of G.
groupG.
= µ V( f(x)f(y) ), as f is a homomorphism
= µ V( [f(x)]-1 )
= µ A(x),
61
And, ν A(xy) = ν V( f(xy) ), since ν A(x) = ν V( f(x) )
= ν V( f(x)f(y) ), as f is a homomorphism
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y) ,
= ν V( [f(x)]-1 )
= ν A(x),
2.3.3 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
a group G.
group G׀.
62
µ V( f(x)f(y) ) = µ V( f(yx) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
≥ µ A(yx)
For x in G,
≥ µ A( x-1)
≥ µ A(x), as A is an ILFSG of G,
And,
homomorphism
≤ ν A(yx)
≤ ν A(x-1)
≤ ν A(x), as A is an ILFSG of G,
63
2.3.4 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
= µ V( f(y)f(x) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
= µ V( [f(x)]-1 ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
= ν V( f(y)f(x) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
64
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y), since ν A(x) = ν V( f(x) ),
= ν V( [f(x)]-1 ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
NORMAL SUBGROUPS :
65
Let C = A ∩B and C = { 〈 x, µ C(x), ν C(x) 〉 / x∈G }.
Then,
And ,
= µ A(yx) ∧µ B(yx)
= µ C(yx).
= ν A(yx) ∨ν B(yx)
= ν C(yx).
Proof:
66
Clearly the intersection of a family of intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroups
(i) µ A( xy ) = inf
i∈I
µA (xy )
i
= inf
i∈I
µ A ( yx )
i
= µ A(yx).
= sup ν Ai ( yx )
i∈I
= ν A(yx).
a group G.
group G.
Clearly, f∈AutG.
67
Now, µ A(xy) = µ A( f(xy) )
= µ A( y(xy)y-1 )
= µ A(yx).
= ν A( y(xy)y-1 )
= ν A(yx).
= µ A(x).
= ν A(x).
68
Conversely,
Then, µ A( xy ) = µ A( xyxx-1 )
= µ A( x(yx)x-1 )
= µ A(yx).
And, ν A( xy ) = ν A( xyxx-1 )
= ν A( x(yx)x-1 )
= ν A( yx ).
µ A( yxy-1 ) = µ A(x)
= µ A( xyy-1 )
= µ A( y-1xy ).
= ν A( xyy-1 )
69
= ν A( y-1xy ).
Since µ A(x) = 1 and ν A(x) = 0 and µ A(x) ≤ µ A(e) and ν A(x) ≥ ν A(e),
Conversely,
subgroup of GxH.
70
Proof : Let A and B be intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroups of the
Now,
= µ A( x1x2 ) ∧µ B( y1y2 )
= µ A( x2x1 ) ∧µ B( y2y1 ) ,
And,
= ν A( x1x2 ) ∨ν B( y1y2 )
= ν A( x2x1 ) ∨ν B( y2y1 ) ,
71
G and an intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroup B of a group H be
Proof : It is trivial.
(i) µ B(e ≥ ) ׀µ A(x) and ν B(e ≤ ) ׀ν A(x), for all x in G,
Proof : It is trivial.
Proof : It is trivial.
72
2.5 – INTUITIONISTIC L-FUZZY NORMAL SUBGROUPS
ANTI-HOMOMORPHISM :
2.5.1 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
subgroup of G׀.
≥ µ A(xy)
= µ A(yx), as A is an ILFNSG of G
≤ µ V( f(yx) )
= µ V( f(y)f(x) ), as f is a homomorphism,
73
≤ ν A(xy)
= ν A(yx)
≥ ν V( f(yx) )
= ν V( f(y)f(x) )
2.5.2 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
subgroup of G.
= µ V( f(x)f(y) ), as f is a homomorphism
= µ V( f(yx) ), as f is a homomorphism
74
= µ A(yx), since µ A(x) = µ V( f(x) ),
= ν V( f(x)f(y) ), as f is a homomorphism
= ν V( f(yx) ), as f is a homomorphism
2.5.3 Theorem :Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
subgroup of G׀.
75
≥ µ A(yx)
= µ A(xy), as A is an ILFNSG of G
≤ µ V( f(xy) )
= µ V( f(y)f(x) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism,
≤ ν A(yx)
= ν A(xy), as A is an ILFNSG of G
≥ ν V( f(xy) )
= ν V( f(y)f(x) )
2.5.4 Theorem :Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
subgroup of G.
76
clearly A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of a group G,
functions :
77
(ii) If A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroup of the group
group G.
Proof :
group H.
Then we have ,
= µ A( f(x)f(y-1) ) , as f is an isomorphism
= µ A( f(x)(f(y)) –1 ),
And,
= ν A( f(x)f(y-1) ), as f is an isomorphism
= ν A( f(x)(f(y)) -1 ),
≤ ν A( f(x)) ∨ν A( f(y) )
78
Let x,y∈G and A be an intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroup of a
group H.
Then we have,
= µ A( f(x)f(y) ), as f is an isomorphism
= µ A( f(yx) ), as f is an isomorphism
= ( µ A◦f )(yx),
Now,
= ν A( f(x)f(y) ), as f is an isomorphism
= ν A( f(yx) ), as f is an isomorphism
= ( ν A◦f )(yx),
the following:
79
(ii) If A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroup of the group
group G.
group H.
Then we have,
= µ A( f(y-1)f(x) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= µ A( (f(y))-1f(x) ),
= ν A( f(y-1)f(x) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= ν A( (f(y))-1f(x) ),
Thus(i) is proved.
group H.
80
Then we have ,
= µ A( f(y)f(x) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= µ A( f(yx) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= ( µ A◦f )(yx),
= ν A( f(y)f(x) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= ν A( f(yx) ), as f is an anti-isomorphism
= ( ν A◦f )(yx),
81
By Lagranges theorem O(H) / O(G).
= µ B( ex ) = µ B(x).
= ν B( ex ) = ν B(x).
Hence A = B.
we have,
group G.
82
2.6.3 Theorem : If A and B are conjugate intuitionistic L-fuzzy
group G.
Now,
= O(B).
Therefore, ( (aµ A)p )( xy-1 ) ≥ ( (aµ A)p )(x) ∧( (aµ A)p )(y).
And,
83
( (aν A)p )( xy-1 ) = p(a)ν A( xy-1)
Therefore, ( (aν A)p )( xy-1) ≤ ( (aν A)p )(x) ∨( (aν A)p )(y), for every
x and y∈G .
then for any a∈G the intuitionistic L-fuzzy middle coset aAa-1 of G is
a∈G.
subgroup of a group G .
= µ A( a-1xaa-1y-1a )
= µ A( (a-1xa)(a-1ya) -1 )
≥ µ A( a-1xa ) ∧µ A( (a-1ya ) -1 )
84
Therefore, ( aµ Aa-1 )( xy-1) ≥ ( aµ Aa-1 )(x) ∧( aµ Aa-1 )(y).
And,
= ν A( a-1xaa-1y-1a )
= ν A( ( a-1xa) (a-1ya) -1 )
≤ ν A( a-1xa ) ∨ ν A( (a-1ya ) -1 )
≤ ν A( a-1xa ) ∨ν A(a-1ya )
a∈G.
group G, we have,
x∈G.
85
Hence for any a∈G , A and aAa-1 are conjugate intuitionistic L-fuzzy
x∈G.
By Theorem 2.6.3,
group G.
= µ A( g-1xgg-1y-1g )
= µ A( ( g-1xg) (g-1yg) -1 )
≥ µ A( g-1xg ) ∧µ A( (g-1yg ) -1 )
= µ B(x) ∧µ B(y).
86
Therefore, µ B( xy-1 ) ≥ µ B(x ) ∧µ B(y ).
= ν A( g-1xgg-1y-1g )
= ν A( ( g-1xg) ( g-1yg ) -1 )
≤ ν A( g-1xg ) ∨ν A( ( g-1yg ) -1 )
= ν B(x) ∨ ν B(y).
Then ,
87
and µ A(x-1y) = µ A(e) , ν A(x-1y) = ν A(e).
ν A(e).
Conversely,
xµ A(g) = µ A( x-1g )
= µ A( x-1yy-1g )
≥ µ A( x-1y ) ∧µ A( y-1g )
= µ A(e) ∧µ A( y-1g )
= µ A( y-1g )
= yµ A(g).
And ,
yµ A(g) = µ A( y-1g )
= µ A( y-1xx-1g )
≥ µ A( y-1x ) ∧µ A( x-1g )
= µ A(e) ∧µ A( x-1g )
= µ A( x-1g )
= xµ A(g) .
88
xµ A(g) = yµ A(g) --------------------------(3).
Now,
xν A(g) = ν A( x-1g )
= ν A( x-1yy-1g )
≤ ν A( x-1y ) ∨ν A( y-1g )
= ν A(e) ∨ ν A( y-1g )
= ν A( y-1g )
= yν A(g) .
And ,
yν A(g) = ν A( y-1g )
= ν A( y-1xx-1g )
≤ ν A( y-1x ) ∨ ν A( x-1g )
= ν A(e) ∨ ν A( x-1g )
= ν A( x-1g )
= xν A(g) .
xA = yA .
89
2.6.9 Theorem : Let A be an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of a group
G and xA = yA, for x and y∈G. Then µ A(x) = µ A(y) and ν A(x) =
ν A(y).
≥ µ A(y) ∧µ A( y-1x )
= µ A(y).
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A( x-1y )
= µ A(x) .
Now,
ν A(x) = ν A( yy-1x )
≤ ν A(y) ∨ν A( y-1x )
= ν A(y) .
90
Therefore, ν A(x) ≤ ν A(y) ----------------------(4).
And,
ν A(y) = ν A( xx-1y )
≤ ν A(x) ∨ ν A( x-1y )
= ν A(x).
G and
Now ,
µ A(x) = µ A( yy-1x )
≥ µ A(y) ∧µ A( y-1x )
= µ A(y).
91
Therefore, µ A(x) ≥ µ A(y) ----------------------(1).
And ,
µ A(y) = µ A( xx-1y )
≥ µ A(x) ∧µ A( x-1y )
= µ A(x).
Now,
ν A(x) = ν A( yy-1x )
≤ ν A(y) ∨ν A( y-1x )
= ν A(y).
And ,
ν A(y) = ν A( xx-1y )
≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A( x-1y )
= ν A(x).
92
2.6.11 Theorem :If A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy normal subgroup of a
(xA)(yA) = (xy)A.
Proof :
Hence G / A is a group.
isomorphism of group.
Let xA and yA ∈G / A.
by Theorem 2.6.8,
And ,
93
ν B( f(x )-1f(y) ) = ν B( f(y )-1f(x) ) = ν B( f(e) ),
xA = yA.
Hence ϕ is one-one .
Now ,
ϕ ( (xA)(yA) ) = ϕ ( (xy)A) )
= f(xy)B
= ( f(x)B ) ( f(y)B )
= ϕ (xA) ϕ (yA).
Hence ϕ is an isomorphism.
Let xA and yA ∈G / A.
Now ,
ϕ (xA) = ϕ (yA),
94
which implies that f(x)B = f(y)B,
by Theorem 2.6.8
And ,
xA = yA.
Hence ϕ is one-one.
Now ,
ϕ ( (xA)(yA) ) = ϕ ( (xy)A) )
= f(xy)B
= ( f(y)B )( f(x)B )
= ϕ ( yA ) ϕ ( xA ).
Therefore, ϕ ( (xA)(yA) ) = ϕ ( yA ) ϕ ( xa ).
Hence ϕ is an anti-isomorphism.
functions :
95
2.6.14 Theorem :Let A be an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of a group
following :
A◦f = A.
subgroup(GCILFSG) of H.
Then we have ,
And,
96
= ν A( f(y) ), as Ο ( f(x) ) = Ο ( f(y) )
Therefore,
(ii) Clear.
G, then A◦f = A.
subgroup(GCILFSG) of H.
Then we have,
97
= µ A( f(y) ), as Ο ( f(x) ) = Ο ( f(y) )
And,
subgroup of G.
(ii) Clear.
CHAPTER-III
3.1 Introduction :In this chapter, the basic definitions and properties of
98
and ν A(x) ≤ β }. This is called an intuitionistic L-fuzzy level subset
of A.
LEVEL SUBSETS :
a level subgroup of G.
Therefore, µ A( x – y ) ≥ α and ν A( x – y ) ≤ β .
Hence x – y ∈ A( α , β ).
99
and α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2 ∈L and α 1, α 2 ≤ µ A(e) and β 1, β 2 ≥ ν A(e)
that
but not in A ( α 1, β 1 ).
This is contradiction to A ( α 1, β 1 ) = A ( α 2, β 2 ).
Conversely,
if there is no x ∈G such that α 1 > µ A(x) > α 2 and β 1 < ν A(x) < β 2.
Then A( α 1, β 1 ) = A( α 2, β 2 ) .
of G.
100
As A( α 1, β 1 ) is a subgroup of G, x – y∈A( α 1, β 1 ).
∈G.
which implies that ν A( x– y ) ≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y), for all x∈G and y ∈G.
As A( α 1, β 2 ) is a subgroup of G, x –y∈A( α 1, β 2 ).
which implies that µ A( x–y ) ≥ µ A(x) ∧ µ A(y), for all x∈G and y ∈G.
which implies that ν A( x– y ) ≤ ν A(y) ∨ν A(x), for all x∈G and y ∈G.
As A( α 2, β 1 ) is a subgroup of G, x –y∈A( α 2, β 1 ).
As A( α 2, β 2 ) is a subgroup of G, x –y∈A( α 2, β 2 ).
101
And, ν A( x– y ) ≤ β 2 = β 2 ∨β 1 = ν A(y) ∨ν A(x)
It is trivial.
ν A(e).
Case (i):
subgroup of A.
Case (ii):
α 2, β 2 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (iii):
α 1, β 2 ) .
102
Therefore, A( α 2, β 1 ) ∩ A( α 1, β 2 ) = A( α 2, β 1 ), but A( α 2, β 1 ) is a level
subgroup of A.
Case (iv):
α 2, β 1 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (v):
If α 1 = α 2 and β 1 = β 2, then A( α 1, β 1 ) = A( α 2, β 2 ).
In all cases,
subgroup of A.
Proof: It is trivial.
a level subgroup of A in G.
ν A(e).
Case (i):
103
If α 1 < µ A(x) < α 2 and β 1 > ν A(x) > β 2, then A( α 2, β 2 ) ⊆ A(
α 1, β 1 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (ii):
α 2, β 2 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (iii):
α 1, β 2 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (iv):
α 2, β 1 ) .
subgroup of A.
Case (v):
If α 1 = α 2 and β 1 = β 2, then A( α 1, β 1 ) = A( α 2, β 2 ).
In all cases,
104
union of any two level subgroup is also a level subgroup of A.
subgroup of A.
Proof: It is trivial.
group G.
Therefore, µ A( f(x) ) ≥ α .
Therefore, ν A( f(x) ) ≤ β .
Therefore, f(x) ∈ A (α , β ).
For the reverse inclusion, let x ∈f(A(α , β ) ) and let y in G be such that
f(y) = x.
105
Therefore, µ A(y) ≥ α and ν A(y) ≤ β .
Hence, y ∈ A( α , β ), when x ∈ f( A( α , β ) ).
by
α if x ∈ H, 0 < α < 1
µ A(x) = 0 if x ∉ H and
β if x ∈ H, 0 < β < 1
ν A(x) = 0 if x ∉ H
Let x, y∈G.
If x, y ∈H, then x – y∈ H.
Since H is a subgroup of G,
µ A( x– y ) = α , µ A(x) = α , µ A(y) = α .
106
So, ν A(x– y) ≤ ν A(x) ∨ν A(y).
If x ∈ H, y ∉ H, then x– y∉H.
In any case,
have
f( A( α , β ) ) =
f (A
α > ε 1 > 0,
(α − ε 1 , β + ε 2 ) ).
β > ε 2> 0
If y∈f( A( α , β ) ) , then
107
Therefore, for every real number ε 1, ε 2 > 0, there exist x0 ∈ f-1(y)
y∈ f (A (α − ε 1 , β + ε 2 ) ).
α > ε 1 > 0,
β > ε 2> 0
Therfore, f( A( α , β ) ) ⊆
f (A
α > ε 1 > 0,
(α − ε 1 , β + ε 2 ) ).
……………(1)
β > ε 2> 0
y∈ f (A (α − ε 1 , β + ε 2 ) )
Conversely, α > ε 1> 0, , then for each ε 1, ε 2 > 0 we have
β > ε 2> 0
ε 1 and ν A(x0) ≤ β + ε 2.
Therefore,
f (A
α > ε 1 > 0,
(α − ε 1 , β + ε 2 ) )
⊆ f(A(α , β )) ……………..(2).
β > ε 2> 0
108
3.2.11 Theorem : Let A be an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subset of a set X.
where x ∈ X.
µ A(x) = α 1 = ∨{ α / x ∈ A (α, β) }.
(4).
109
From (3) and (4), we get,
ν A(x) = α 2 = ∧{ β / x ∈ A (α, β) }.
〉 } and
〉 }.
A0.4 = { e, a, b, ab }= G.
Thus the two intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroups A and B have the same
But A ≠ B, because µ A ≠ µ B.
110
3.2.13 Theorem : Let I be the subset of L and let G be a group with
of G.
If µ A(xy) = ∨{ i / xy∈Hi } < m1∧n1, then there exists j such that x and y
of G.
This is a contradiction.
If ν A(xy) = ∧{ i / xy∈Hi }> m2∨n2, then there exists j such that x and y
since Hj is a subgroup of G.
This is a contradiction.
111
Clearly ν A(x-1) = ν A(x).
group G, then for each level subgroup A(α, β) ,(α ,β)∈L,α ≤ µ A(e)
= µ A(x) ≥ α .
= ν A(x) ≤ β.
112
⇔ µ A( x) ≥ α and µ B (y) ≥ α and ν A( x) ≤ β and ν B (y) ≤
fuzzy subgroup of G. If A(α, β) , A(γ ,δ) are elements of the image set of
〉 }.
Clearly α ≠ γ and β ≠ δ .
Result : In a fuzzy group, if ti, tj are elements of the image set of A such
113
3.2.17 Theorem : Let A be an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of a
x∈G.
⇔ a-1x ∈ A(α, β)
⇔ x ∈a A(α, β) .
L-FUZZY SUBGROUPS
114
Let V = f(A), where A is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy subgroup of
a group G.
Now,
= µ V( f(xy-1) ), as f is a homomorphism
≥ µ A( xy-1 ) ≥ α
And,
= ν V( f(xy-1) ), as f is a homomorphism
≤ ν A( xy-1 ) ≤ β,
115
which implies that ν V( f(x)(f(y))-1 ) ≤ β .
group G.
a group G׀.
Now,
116
µ A(y) = µ V( f(y) ) ≥ α , implies that µ A(y) ≥ β and
µ A( xy-1 ) = µ V( f(xy-1) ),
= µ V( f(x)f(y-1) ), as f is a homomorphism
= µ V( f(x)(f(y))-1 ), as f is a homomorphism
≥α ,
And,
ν A( xy-1 ) = ν V( f(xy-1) ),
= ν V( f(x)f(y-1) ), as f is a homomorphism
= ν V( f(x)(f(y))-1 ), as f is a homomorphism
≤β
A of G.
group G׀.
117
Proof: Let (G,•) and (G׀, •) be any two groups.
Now,
homomorphism
≥ µ A( y-1x) ≥ α
And,
118
ν V( f(x) ( f(y) )-1 ) = ν V( f(x) f(y-1) )
= ν V( f( y-1x ) ), as f is an anti-
homomorphism
≤ ν A( y-1 x) ≤ β,
subgroup V of G׀.
group G.
a group G׀.
119
µ V( ( f(y) )-1 f(x) ) ≥ α and ν V( ( f(y) )-1 f(x) ) ≤ β.
Now,
µ A( xy-1 ) = µ V( f(xy-1) ),
= µ V( f(y-1)f(x) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
≥α ,
And,
ν A( xy-1 ) = ν V( f(xy-1) ),
= ν V( f(y-1)f(x) ), as f is an anti-homomorphism
≤ β,
subgroup A of G.
CHAPTER- IV
120
INTUITIONISTIC L-FUZZY TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION :
and ν T(x-1) = ν T(x), µ T(x) ≤ µ T(e) and ν T(x) ≥ ν T(e), for all x,
e∈G.
= µ A( (x-1 )-1 ) + α
≥ µ A(x -1) + α
121
= µ T( x-1)
= µ A(x -1) + α
≥ µ A(x) + α
= µ T(x).
= ν A( (x-1 )-1 ) + β
≤ ν A(x -1) + β
= ν T(x-1)
= ν A(x -1) + β
≤ ν A(x) + β
= ν T(x).
= µ A(xx-1) + α
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A(x-1) }+ α
= µ A(x) + α
= µ T(x).
= ν A(xx-1) + β
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A(x-1) }+ β
122
= ν A(x) + β
= ν T(x).
= µ A(xy-1y) + α
≥ { µ A(xy-1) ∧µ A(y) }+ α
= ( µ A(xy-1) + α ) ∧( µ A(y) + α )
= µ T(xy-1) ∧µ T(y)
= µ T(e) ∧µ T(y)
= µ T(y) = µ A(y) + α
= µ A(yx-1x) + α
≥ { µ A(yx-1) ∧µ A(x) }+ α
= ( µ A(yx-1) + α ) ∧( µ A(x) + α )
= µ T(yx-1) ∧µ T(x)
= µ T(e) ∧µ T(x)
= µ T(x).
123
And ν T(x) = ν A(x) + β
= ν A(xy-1y) + β
≤ { ν A(xy-1) ∨ν A(y) }+ β
= ( ν A(xy-1) + β ) ∨( ν A(y) + β )
= ν T(xy-1) ∨ ν T(y)
= ν T(e) ∨ν T(y)
= ν T(y) = ν A(y) + β
= ν A(yx-1x) + β
≤ { ν A(yx-1) ∨( ν A(x) }+ β
= ( ν A(yx-1) + β ) ∨( ν A(x) + β )
= ν T(yx-1) ∨ν T(x)
= ν T(e) ∨ν T(x)
= ν T(x).
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A(y-1) }+ α
= { µ A(x) ∧µ A(y) }+ α
124
= ( µ A(x) + α ) ∧( µ A(y) + α )
= µ T(x) ∧µ T(y) .
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A(y-1) }+ β
= { ν A(x) ∨ν A(y) }+ β
= ( ν A(x) + β ) ∨( ν A(y) + β )
= ν T(x) ∨ν T(y).
Therefore, x -1∈ H.
= µ T(e) ∧µ T(e)
= µ T(e)
125
≥ µ T(xy-1) ∧µ T(xy-1)
= µ T(xy-1).
= ν T(e) ∨ν T(e)
= ν T(e)
≤ ν T(xy-1) ∨ν T(xy-1)
= ν T(xy-1).
subgroup of G.
= µ T(x) ∧µ T(y).
126
4.2.6 Theorem :If T is an intuitionistic L-fuzzy translation of an
fuzzy subgroup of G.
Proof: It is trivial .
≥ µ T(xy-1) ∧µ T(y)
= 1 ∧µ T(y)
= µ T(y) = µ T(y-1)
= µ T( x-1xy-1)
≥ µ T(x-1) ∧µ T(xy-1)
= µ T(x) ∧ µ T(xy-1)
= µ T(x) ∧1 = µ T(x).
≤ ν T(xy-1) ∨ν T(y)
= 0 ∨ν T(y)
= ν T(y) = ν T(y-1)
127
= ν T( x-1xy-1)
≤ ν T(x-1) ∨ν T(xy-1)
= ν T(x) ∨ν T(xy-1)
= ν T(x) ∨0 = ν T(x).
µ T(x) ∧µ T(y) and ν T(xy) = ν T(x) ∨ν T(y), for each x,y in G with
≥ µ T(x-1) ∧µ T(xy)
= µ T(x) ∧µ T(xy)
= µ T(xy)
≤ ν T(x-1) ∨ν T(xy)
= ν T(x) ∨ν T(xy)
= ν T(xy)
128
Therefore, ν T(xy) = ν T(y) = ν T(x) ∨ν T(y).
4.2.9 Theorem: Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
homomorphism.
= µ V [f(x y -1)]
≥ µαA ( x y -1 )
= µ A ( x y -1) + α
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A( y -1) } + α
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A( y ) } + α
= ( µ A(x) + α ) ∧( µ A( y) + α )
= µαA ( x ) ∧ µαA ( y )
And
129
=ν V [ f(x y -1) ]
≤ νβ (x y -1)
A
=ν A ( x y -1) + β
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A( y -1) } + β
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A( y ) } + β
= ( ν A(x) + β ) ∨( ν A(y) + β )
4.2.10 Theorem: Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
homomorphism.
130
= µ T( f(x)f(y-1) )
≥ { µ V( f(x) ) ∧µ V( f(y) ) }+ α
= ( µ V( f(x) ) + α ) ∧( µ V( f(y) ) + α )
= µ T( f(x) ) ∧µ T( f(y) )
= µ A(x) ∧µ A(y)
And
= ν T( f(x)f(y-1) )
≤ { ν V( f(x) ) ∨ν V( f(y) ) }+ β
= ( ν V( f(x) ) + β ) ∨( ν V( f(y) ) + β )
= ν T( f(x) ) ∨ν T( f(y) )
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y)
131
4.2.11 Theorem: Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
subgroup of G׀.
anti-homomorphism.
= µ V [ f(y -1x) ]
≥ µαA (y -1x)
= µ A (y -1x) + α
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A( y -1) } + α
≥ { µ A(x) ∧µ A( y ) } + α
= ( µ A(x) + α ) ∧( µ A( y) + α )
= µαA ( x ) ∧ µαA ( y )
And
132
=ν V [ f(y -1x) ]
≤ νβ (y -1x)
A
=ν A (y -1x) + β
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A( y -1) } + β
≤ { ν A(x) ∨ν A( y ) } + β
= ( ν A(x) + β ) ∨( ν A(y) + β )
4.2.12 Theorem :
anti-homomorphism.
133
µ A(x y-1) = µ T( f(xy-1) )
= µ T( f(y-1) f(x) )
≥ { µ V( f(x) ) ∧µ V( f(y) ) }+ α
= ( µ V( f(x) ) + α ) ∧( µ V( f(y) ) + α )
= µ T( f(x) ) ∧µ T( f(y) )
= µ A(x) ∧µ A(y)
And
= ν T( f(y-1) f(x) )
≤ ( ν V( f(x) ) ∨ν V( f(y) ) ) + β
= ( ν V( f(x) ) + β ) ∨( ν V( f(y) ) + β )
= ν T( f(x) ) ∨ν T( f(y) )
= ν A(x) ∨ν A(y)
134
Hence the anti-homomorphic pre-image of an intuitionistic L-fuzzy
4.2.13 Theorem :Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
subgroup of G׀.
homomorphism.
of G׀.
We have
≥ µ T(xy)
= µ A(xy) + α ,
= µ A(yx) + α
= µ T(yx)
≤ µ V( f(yx) )
135
= µ V( f(y) f(x) )
And
≤ ν T(xy)
= ν A(xy) + α ,
= ν A(yx) + α
= ν T(yx)
≥ ν V( f(yx) )
= ν V( f(y) f(x) )
4.2.14 Theorem: Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The homomorphic
subgroup of G.
Proof:
136
Let G and G ׀be any two groups and f: G → G ׀be a
homomorphism.
of G.
µ A(xy) = µ T( f(xy) )
= µ V( f(xy) ) + α
= µ V( f(x)f(y) ) + α
= µ V( f(y)f(x) ) + α
= µ V( f(yx) ) + α
= µ T( f(yx) )
= µ A(yx)
And
ν A(xy) = ν T( f(xy) )
= ν V( f(xy) ) + α
= ν V( f(x)f(y) ) + α
137
= ν V( f(y)f(x) ) + α
= ν V( f(yx) ) + α
= ν T( f(yx) )
= ν A(yx)
4.2.15 Theorem: Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
Proof:
homomorphism.
of G׀.
138
We have
≥ µ T(yx)
= µ A(yx) + α
= µ A(xy) + α
= µ T(xy)
≤ µ V( f(xy) )
= µ V( f(y) f(x) )
And
≤ ν T(yx)
= ν A(yx) + α
= ν A(xy) + α
= ν T(xy)
≥ ν V( f(xy) )
= ν V( f(y) f(x) )
139
4.2.16 Theorem : Let G and G ׀be any two groups. The anti-
Proof: Let G and G ׀be any two groups and f : G → G ׀be an anti-
homomorphism.
of G.
µ A(xy) = µ T( f(xy) )
= µ V( f(xy) ) + α
= µ V( f(y)f(x) ) + α
= µ V( f(x)f(y) ) + α
= µ V( f(yx) ) + α
= µ T( f(yx) )
= µ A(yx)
And
140
ν A(xy) = ν T( f(xy) )
= ν V( f(xy) ) + α
= ν V( f(y)f(x) ) + α
= ν V( f(x)f(y) ) + α
= ν V( f(yx) ) + α
= ν T( f(yx) )
= ν A(yx)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
141
4. Anthony.J.M. and Sherwood.H, Fuzzy groups Redefined,
(1979 ).
359-371 (1990).
142
13. Gopalakrishnamoorthy.G., Ph.D Thesis, Alagappa university,
3, 193-209 (2005).
(2003).
19. Mohamed Asaad , Groups and fuzzy subgroups, fuzzy sets and
387-399 (2004).
143
21. Prabir Bhattacharya, Fuzzy Subgroups: Some
(1991).
25. Sidky.F.I and Atif Mishref.M ,Fuzzy cosets and cyclic and
243-250.
264-269 (1981).
338-353 (1965).
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
144