Module 6

hydraulic diameter eq 6.2

D
H
= D
o
D
i
for annulus
rate of HT to fluid (bulk) eq 6.5
flow is laminar when Reynolds number is below 2100 page 353
transition generally 2000 < Re
DH
< 5000 page 354
Reynolds for flow in long conduits eq 6.6
page 358
entrance effects for turbulant flow dissapear after 10 to 20 diameters page 358
'x' distance from entrance till fully developed eq 6.8
pressure loss in tube of inner radius r
s
eq 6.12
from fluid element force balance x=0 to x=L
Darcy friction factor (as a function of pressure drop) eq 6.13
U = average velocity in tube
power required for pumping
Q = volume flowrate = velocity * area = pump efficiency (not given use 100%)
fully developed laminar flow friction factor eq 6.18
for turbulent use Moody chart
for uniform heat flux eq 6.29, 30
HT cofficient
for uniform heat flux eq 6.31
q"
s
= constant
Reynolds number for mass-flow-rate
heat balance equation for mass-flow-rate
for constant heat flux area in this example is for circular pipe
entrance effects for Re > 2100 (i.e. laminar flow) may be
appreciable for length as much as 100 * D
H
's from the entrance
perimeter wetted
area section - cross
4 D
H
=
bulk p c
T c m q = &
Pr Re 05 . 0
D
x
D
fd
=
L r 2 r p
s s
2
s
=
( )
s
r r s
dr du
=
=
c
2
g 2
U
D
L
f p

=
D
Re
64
f =
( )
s b s
c
c
r 11
k 24
T T A
q
h =

=
364 . 4
k
D h
u N
c
D
= =

=

=

=
D
m 4
D
4 D m D U
Re
2
D
& &
( )
in out p
T T c m L D " q =

=
H H
D
D U D U
Re
H
( )
in out p
out in
s c c
T T c m
2
T T
T L D h q = |
.
|

\
| +
= &
|
.
|

\
|

=
Q
p P
for uniform surface temperature eq 6.32
T
s
= constant
eq 6.36
above is transposed for a circular pipe x-section area
temperature out calculations eq 6.37
uniform surface temperature
log mean temperature difference LMTD is expression in [ ] brackets
very short tubes equations on page 372
ducts of non-circular x-sectional area on page 373-375 table 6.1
effect of property variations
liquids increase temp=decrease in viscosity
gasses increase temp=incease in viscosity
laminar flow through duct eq 6.41
uniform surface temperature
properties of each is based on the bulk fluid temperature
widley used correlation eq 6.42
liquids in tubes
uniform surface temperature
0.48 < Pr < 16700
& 0.0044 < (
b
/
s
) < 9.75
Whitaker recommended also (Re
D
Pr D/L)
0.33
(
b
/
s
)
0.14
> 2 page 378
heat transfer in turbulent flow
Stranton number eq 6.55
f = friction factor
for gasses whose Pr 1
Moody diagram on page 385
empirical correlations for turbulent forced convection
fluid flow in ducts & tubes eq 6.60
n=0.4 for T
s
> T
b
0.5 < Pr < 120 n=0.3 for T
s
< T
b
6000 < Re
D
< 10
7
60 < L/D
66 . 3
k
D h
u N
c
D
= =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

p
2
c
s in
s out
p
c
in
out
c
4
D
Vel
h L D
exp
T T
T T

c m
L P h
exp
T
T
( )
(

=
in out
in out
s c c
T T ln
T T
A h q
( )
14 . 0
s
bulk
D
D
D
66 . 0 L D Pr Re 0.045 1
L D Pr Re 668 . 0
66 . 3 u N
H
H
H |
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =
1500 L D Pr Re 100
H
D
< <
14 . 0
s
bulk 0.33 H D
D

L
D Pr Re
1.86 u N
H
H |
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8
f
Pr Re
u N
t S = =
n 0.8
D
c
D
Pr Re 023 . 0
k
D h
u N = =
with large temperature difference (T
s
T
b
) eq 6.61
0.5 < Pr < 120
6000 < Re
D
< 10
7
60 < L/D
for gasses in long ducts
C=0.020 for uniform surface temperature
C=0.020 for uniform heat flux q
s
"
n=0.020 for T
s
> T
b
n=0.150 for T
s
< T
b
list of HT correlations for liquids & gasses (incompressible flow in tubes & pipes) page 388
table 6.3
turbulent flows in short circular pipes
2 < L/D < 60 eq 6.65
valid for transitional & fully turbulent developed flow
accounts for both variable property & entrance effects
K = (Pr
b
/Pr
s
)
0.11
for liquids
K = (T
b
/T
s
)
0.45
for gasses
noncircular ducts
flows in concentric annuli
(D
i
/D
o
) ratio is small
Liquid metal equation on page 392
enhancement of forced convection i tube of finned design equations on page 395
coiled tubes equations on page 400
forced convection of electronic devices
chart fig 6.27: local Nusselt number for the n
th
chip in a fully populated array
H
c
is the spacing between the chips (PCB's)
h is the height of the chips abave the base
C = 0.093 for the range 2000 Re
Hc
7000
basic equation for this range
in general, surface & film (mean) temperatures are not known so need to iterate, finding properties at
the new temperature each time
14 . 0
s
b 3
1
0.8
D D
Pr Re 027 . 0 u N
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
s
b 0.3 0.8
D D
T
T
Pr Re C u N
H H |
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |K L D 1
1 Pr 8 f 12.7 1
Pr 1000 Re 8 / f
u N
3
2
3
2
2
1
D
D
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
( ) { }
15
1
15
16 . 0
o i c D
D D 8 . 0 1 u N u N
H
(

+ =

0.72
Hc n
Re C Nu =
h (mm) C
5 0.0571 for
7.5 0.0503 5000 Re
Hc
17000
10 0.0602
use chart fig 6.27
basic layout of equation for HT coefficient of the 6
th
PCB
L
k Nu
h
6
6 , c
=