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Practically all ships carry a speed log or
more, also there are..
Usual Nav Equipment requirements as
per SOLAS Ch V, MO: 21 - complying
with the relevant IMO Perf Standards.
For all pax and other vessels 300GT:
As a minimum STW (speed thru water)
If 50,000 GT also SOG (spd over
ground) and actual surface attitude of the
vessel
3.0 Introduction: the name - Log?/Knots?
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3.0 Introduction: Log types
Logs may be classified as
Towed log (virtually obsolete)
Bottom log
Most common types:
Electromagnetic (Em)
Doppler
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3.1.1 Principle of Operation:
Principle is based on the.
Faraday's Law of Induction
conductor (liquid) passes/cuts through
the magnetic field
p.d. will be induced in the liquid
film
detected by the electrodes
3.1 The Electromagnetic Log:
It is a bottom log:
Retractable, or
fixed (using flush fitting sensors)
2.2
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Electrodes
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S T W
Em Log Sensors
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3.1.2 Marine Em Log
rodmeter (sensor):
streamlined, flat, ellipsoidal housing
attached to the outer end of a strut projecting
or flush
coil is mounted vertically inside the housing
electric current through the coil produces a
horizontal magnetic field
voltage in the water picked up by the outer
electrodes
voltage is linearly proportional to the speed of
relative water flow?
a measure of the speed of the vessel through the
water!
2.2
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3.1.3 Em log: advantages
linear output throughout its operating
range (typically 0 to 40 knots)
high sensitivity
calibration stability over a long period of
time (means what?)
relative freedom from fouling.
however,
expensive and
speed over the ground can not be
determined.
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The police speed
gun how does
it operate?
Other Log ?
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3.2 The Doppler Log:
uses the Doppler principle (Doppler shift???)
claimed to be more accurate than other logs
particularly useful because:
1. In shallow water it can measure speed over
the ground
2. in deep water it measures speed through the
water (Why this preoccupation with SOG/STW?)
3. in medium to shallow depths
speed over the ground and/or
speed through the water
4. measure sideways speed
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Stationary
Frequency is equal
Frequency is not equal
Fire truck moving
towards
Doppler Effect
Doppler Shift
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3.2.1 The Doppler Effect/Shift
for a moving sound source
frequency difference depends on speed!
3.2.2 Principle: Doppler Log
f
r
= f
t
stopped
f
r
> f
t
moving forward
f
r
< f
t
moving astern.
(f
r
- f
t
) is a measure of the ship's speed!
2.6
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Frequency transmitted f
t
Frequency Received
f
r
If f
r
higher than f
t
vessel going ahead
If f
r
is lower than f
t
vessel going astern
Speed of vessel = f
r
- f
t
3.2.2 Principle: Doppler Log
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3.2.2.1 Janus configuration:
two beams are used
One pointing forward and one aft
To eliminate some of the errors..
-due to the pitching of the vessel
Beam is about 60 to the horizontal, so that -
not too little reflected energy for the
receiver
a big enough forward component of the beam
2.7
Doppler Log: Transducer Configurations
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3.2.2.2 Crosstrack Config
An athwartships beam enables sideways or
"Crosstrack" speed to be measured.
Crosstrack speed is useful as it provides much
more accurate measurement of the ship's actual
movement
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3.2.3 Operating Modes
Bottom Track/Lock: SOG
Water Track/Lock: STW
If SOG STW current exists !
Features:
may be able to hold bottom lock/track down
to 200m
might use a water reference layer at
20/30m for water lock/track.
2.9
2.10
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3.2.5 Sources of Error:
Transducer alignment
the beam should be exactly fore and aft, and/or
P/S
Ship motions
Affect instantaneous speeds
Speed of sound variation
As discussed earlier - factors affecting
propagation of acoustic energy!
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3.4 IMO Performance Standards
Should show the forward speed up to the
maximum design/engine speed of the vessel in >2m
of depth
Should comply with the above when
o rolling to max 10 degrees
opitching to max 5 degrees
If STW or SOG- mode selection/indication given
Error in speed in best conditions not > 2% of the
ships speed or 0.2 knots
Error in Distance run in best conditions not > 2%
of the ships distance run in one hour or 0.2 knots
per hour
If the sensor is extendable type clear
indications provided on the display
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Docking Logs
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The paddle wheel.!
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Doppler Log Transducer best sites