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Glossary

BALANCE OF POWER theory is the idea that national security is enhanced when military
capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.
GAME THEORY is a study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is "the study
of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".
COOPERATIVE GAME is a game where groups of players ("coalitions") may enforce cooperative
behaviour, hence the game is a competition between coalitions of players, rather than between
individual players.
NON-COOPERATIVE GAME is one in which players make decisions independently.
NASH EQUILIBRIUM is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more
players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players,
and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy. f each player has chosen
a strategy and no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs
unchanged, then the current set of strategy choices and the corresponding payoffs constitute a
!ash equilibrium.
SYMMETRIC GAME is a game where the payoffs for playing a particular strategy depend only on
the other strategies employed, not on who is playing them. f one can change the identities of the
players without changing the payoff to the strategies, then a game is symmetric.
ZERO-SUM GAME is a mathematical representation of a situation in which a participant"s gain
(or loss) of utility is e#actly balanced by the losses (or gains) of the utility of the other
participant(s). f the total gains of the participants are added up, and the total losses are
subtracted, they will sum to $ero.
NONZERO SUM describes a situation in which the interacting parties" aggregate gains and
losses are either less than or more than $ero.
PARETO EFFICIENCY, or Par!o o"!#$al#!y, is a state of allocation of resources in which it is
impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off.
STAG HUNT is a game that describes a conflict between safety and social cooperation. %ther
names for it or its variants include "assurance game", "coordination game", and "trust
dilemma". &ean-&acques 'ousseau described a situation in which two individuals go out on
a hunt. (ach can individually choose to hunt a stag or hunt a hare. (ach player must choose an
action without knowing the choice of the other. f an individual hunts a stag, he must have the
cooperation of his partner in order to succeed. )n individual can get a hare by himself, but a hare
is worth less than a stag. *his is taken to be an important analogy for social cooperation.
CHIC%EN game, is an influential model of conflict for two players in game theory. *he principle of
the game is that while each player prefers not to yield (to give up) to the other, the worst possible
outcome occurs when both players do not yield.
STATUS QUO is a +atin term meaning the e#isting state of affairs. *o maintain the status quo is
to keep the things the way they presently are. Status quo ante bellum "the state in which (it was)
before war" (indicating the withdrawal of enemy troops and restoration of power to pre-war
leadership), as well as other variations such as status quo itself.
&'TENTE is the easing of strained tensioned relations, especially in a political situation.
ARMS RACE is, the participation of two or more nation-states in apparently competitive or
interactive increases in quantity or quality of war material and-or persons under arms."
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between
the .nited /tates, the /oviet .nion, and their respective allies during the 0old 1ar. 2uring the
0old 1ar, in addition to the )merican and /oviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed
nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the
two superpowers.
BLITZ%RIEG is a method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense
concentration of armoured and motori$ed or mechani$ed infantry formations, and heavily backed
up by close air support, forces a breakthrough into the enemy"s line of defense through a series
of short, fast, powerful attacks3 and once in the enemy"s territory, proceeds to dislocate them
using speed and surprise, and then encircle them. *hrough the employment of combined
arms in maneuver warfare, the blit$krieg attempts to unbalance the enemy by making it difficult
for them to respond effectively to the continuously changing front, and defeat them through a
decisive Vernichtungsschlacht (battle of annihilation).
BATTLE OF ANNIHILATION is a military strategy in which an attacking army seeks to destroy
the military capacity of the opposing army in a single planned pivotal battle. *his is achieved
through the use of tactical surprise, application of overwhelming force at a key point, or
other tactics performed immediately before or during the battle.
&ETERRENCE is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from undertaking an action not
yet started, or to prevent them from doing something that another state desires. &!rr()
!*ory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the 0old 1ar with regard to the
use of nuclear weapons. t took on a unique connotation during this time as an inferior nuclear
force, by virtue of its e#treme destructive power, could deter a more powerful adversary, provided
that this force could be protected against destruction by a surprise attack.
COERCIVE &IPLOMACY or "forceful persuasion" is the "attempt to get a target, a state, a group
(or groups) within a state, or a non-state actor-to change its ob4ectionable behavior through either
the threat to use force or the actual use of limited force." 0oercive diplomacy "is essentially a
diplomatic strategy, one that relies on the threat of force rather than the use of force. f force must
be used to strengthen diplomatic efforts at persuasion, it is employed in an e#emplary manner, in
the form of quite limited military action, to demonstrate resolution and willingness to escalate to
high levels of military action if necessary."
GROSS NATIONAL PRO&UCT (GNP) is the market value of all the products and services
produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country.
GROSS &OMESTIC PRO&UCT (G&P) is the market value of all officially recogni$ed final goods
and services produced within a country in a year, or other given period of time.
SOCIAL &UMPING is a term that is used to describe a practice of employers to use
cheaper labour, than what is usually available at their site of production and-or selling. n the first
case, migrant workers are employed3 in the second, production is moved to a low-wage country
or area. *he entrepreneur will thus save money and potentially increase their profit.
NUCLEAR STRATEGY involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production
and use of nuclear weapons. )s a sub-branch of military strategy, nuclear strategy attempts to
match nuclear weapons as means to political ends. n addition to the actual use of nuclear
weapons whether in the battlefield or strategically, a large part of nuclear strategy involves their
use as a bargaining tool.
FIRST STRI%E CAPABILITY is a country"s ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying
its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation while the
opposing side is left unable to continue war. *he preferred methodology is to attack the
opponent"s launch facilities and storage depots first.
SECON&-STRI%E CAPABILITY is a country"s assured ability to respond to a nuclear attack with
powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacker. *o have such an ability (and to convince an
opponent of its viability) is considered vital in nuclear deterrence, as otherwise the other side
might be tempted to try to win a nuclear war in one massive first strike against its opponent"s own
nuclear forces.
NO FIRST USE (NFU) refers to a pledge or a policy by a nuclear power not to use nuclear
weapons as a means of warfare unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons.
MUTUAL ASSURE& &ESTRUCTION, or $+!+ally ass+r, ,s!r+)!#o( (MA&), is a doctrine of
military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of high-yield weapons of
mass destruction by two opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the
attacker and the defender.
&OCTRINE is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or
positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system.
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE -CI. refers to information gathered and activities conducted to protect
against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on
behalf of foreign powers, organi$ations or persons or international terrorist activities, but not
including personnel, physical, document or communications security programs.
POWER PRO/ECTION (or 0or) "ro1)!#o() is a term used in military and political science to
refer to the capacity of a state to conduct e#peditionary warfare, to intimidate other nations and
implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory.
NATION STATE is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as
a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit. *he state is
a political and geopolitical entity, while the nation is a cultural and-or ethnic one3 the term "nation
state" implies that the two coincide geographically. !ation state formation took place at different
times in different parts of the world, but has become the dominant form of state organi$ation.
"WEAPON OF MASS &ESTRUCTION" (WM& or WoM&) is a nuclear, radiological, biological,
chemical or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or
cause great damage to man-made structures (e.g. buildings), natural structures (e.g. mountains),
or the biosphere.
NUCLEAR TRIA& refers to a nuclear arsenal which consists of three components,
traditionally strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (05Ms), andsubmarine-
launched ballistic missiles (/+5Ms). *he purpose of having a three-branched nuclear capability is
to significantly reduce the possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nation"s nuclear forces
in a first-strike attack3 this, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus
increases a nation"s nuclear deterrence.
MINIMAL &ETERRENCE (also called $#(#$+$ ,!rr()) is an application of deterrence
theory in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an
adversary from attacking.
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9ure minimal deterrence is a doctrine of no first use, holding that the
only mission of nuclear weapons is to deter a nuclear adversary by making the cost of afirst
strike unacceptably high.
COUNTERVALUE is the targeting of an opponent"s assets which are of value but not actually a
military threat, such as cities and civilian populations.
COUNTERFORCE target is one that has a military value, such as a launch silo
for intercontinental ballistic missiles, an airbase at which nuclear-armed bombers are stationed, a
homeport for ballistic missile submarines, or a command and control installation.
COUNTERFORCE STRATEGY (i.e., attacking counterforce targets with nuclear weapons) is to
disarm an adversary by destroying its nuclear weapons before they can be launched, thereby
minimi$ing the impact of a retaliatory second strike.
FAIL-SAFE %' FAIL-SECURE device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that
will cause (o *ar$, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel. :ail-
safe and fail-secure are similar but distinct concepts. :ail-safe means that a device will not
endanger lives or properties when it fails. :ail-secure means that access or data will not fall into
the wrong hands in a failure.
&EA& MAN2S SWITCH (for other names, see alternative names) is a switch that is automatically
operated if the human operator becomes incapacitated, such as through death, loss of
consciousness or being physically removed from control.
FAIL-&EA&LY is a concept in nuclear military strategy that encourages deterrence by
guaranteeing an immediate, automatic, and overwhelming response to an attack.
NUCLEAR HOLOCAUST refers to a possible nearly complete annihilation of
human civili$ation by nuclear warfare. .nder such a scenario, all or most of the (arth is made
uninhabitable by nuclear weapons in future world wars.
STRATEGY is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty.
/trategy is important because the resources available to achieve these goals are usually limited.
VIOLENT NON-STATE ACTOR (VNSA) is an organi$ation that uses illegal violence (i.e. force
not officially approved of by the state) to reach its goals.
BAN&WAGON EFFECT is a form of groupthink in behavioral science. *he general rule is that
conduct or beliefs spread among people, as trends clearly do, with "the probability of any
individual adopting it increasing with the proportion who have already done so".

)s more people
come to believe in something, others also "hop on the bandwagon" regardless of the underlying
evidence. *he tendency to follow the actions or beliefs of others can occur because individuals
directly prefer to conform, or because individuals derive information from others. 5oth
e#planations have been used for evidence of conformity in psychological e#periments. *his is an
e#ample of social pressure.
AN&ROCRACY -PHALLOCRACY. is a form of government in which the government rulers are
male.
FAILE& STATE is a state perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and
responsibilities of a sovereign government. t can present the following characteristics; loss of
control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force therein, erosion of
legitimate authority to make collective decisions, an inability to provide public services, an inability
to interact with other states as a full member of the international community, a central government
so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory, non-provision of
public services, widespread corruption and criminality, refugees and involuntary movement of
populations and sharp economic decline.
ROGUE STATE is a controversial term meaning states they consider threatening to the world"s
peace. *his means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian regimes that
severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate weapons of mass
destruction.
PARIAH STATE, who allegedly abuse the human rights of their populations while not being
considered a tangible threat beyond their own borders, is a nation whose conduct is considered
to be out of line with international norms of behavior by either the rest of the international
community, or by some of its most powerful states. ) pariah state may face nternational
isolation, sanctions or even an invasion by nations who find its policies or actions unacceptable.
RESISTANCE or ORGANISE& RESISTANCE refers to the ability of a military unit to continue to
oppose an attack. 'esistance ends when a unit surrenders, when all members of unit are killed or
captured, or when a unit disperses. *he term is used in the phrase "organi$ed resistance has
ceased" to describe the end of a battle or campaign when no formal surrender occurs after a unit
is defeated.
LEBENSRAUM (<erman for "*a3#!a!" or literally "l#4#(5 s"a)") was an important component
of !a$i ideology in <ermany. *he !a$is supported territorial e#pansionism to
gain Lebensraum as being a law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races
to displace people of inferior races, especially if the people of a superior race were
facing overpopulation in their given territories.
ANARCHY is the concept that the world system is leaderless; there is no universal sovereign or
worldwide government. *here is thus no hierarchically superior, coercive power that can resolve
disputes, enforce law, or order the system like there is in domestic politics. n nternational
'elations, anarchy is widely accepted as the starting point for international relations theory.
CHAIN GANGING is a term in the field of international relations describing the elevated
probability for interstate conflict or conflagration due to several states having 4oined together in
alliances or coalitions. *he agreed principles of such alliances typically include mutual defence
clauses requiring that, in the case of one member state suffering military attack from another
power, all members must declare hostilities against that offending power. *he result of such an
arrangement is an elevated probability for an international conflagration.
BUC% PASSING or "ass#(5 !* 3+)6 is the act of attributing another person or group with
responsibility for one"s own actions. t is often used to refer to a strategy in power politics whereby
a state tries to get another state to deter, or possibly fight, an aggressor state while it remains on
the sidelines.
BAIT AN& BLEE& strategy means the state causes two rivals to engage in a protracted war
while the baiter remains on the sideline.

*his form of buck passing enables the state to increase
in relative strength at the e#pense of the two rivals.
BIPOLARITY is a distribution of power in which two states have the ma4ority of economic,
military, and cultural influence internationally or regionally. %ften, spheres of influence would
develop. :or e#ample, in the 0old 1ar, most 1estern and capitalist states would fall under the
influence of the ./), while most 0ommunist states would fall under the influence of the .//'.
)fter this, the two powers will normally maneuver for the support of the unclaimed areas.
MULTIPOLARITY is a distribution of power in which more than two nation-states have nearly
equal amounts of military, cultural, and economic influence.
NONPOLARITY is an international system with numerous centers of power but no center
dominates any other centre. 0enters of power can be nation-states, corporations, non-
governmental organi$ations, terrorist groups, and such.
NUCLEAR WAR is a war in which countries fight with nuclear weapons. ) nuclear war has never
happened, but because nuclear weapons are e#tremely powerful and could cause destruction
throughout the world, the possibility of nuclear war has had a great effect on international politics.
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION is when a country starts making nuclear ob4ects. 1hen a country
starts making nuclear weapons, they become a nuclear power.
&UAL USE TECHNOLOGY means to the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear technology
for generating electricity. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a
nuclear electricity program have a dual-use capability. *hese items can be used to makenuclear
weapons if a country chooses to do so. 1hen this happens a nuclear electricity program can lead
to making atomic bombs. *he crisis over ran=s nuclear activities is an e#ample.
SINATRA &OCTRINE was the name that the /oviet government of Mikhail <orbachev used
4okingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring 1arsaw 9act nations to determine their own
internal affairs. *he name alluded to the :rank /inatra song "My 1ay">the /oviet .nion was
allowing these nations to go their own way.
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE is war between belligerents whose relative military power differs
significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly. )symmetric warfare can describe a
conflict in which the resources of two belligerents differ in essence and in the struggle, interact
and attempt to e#ploit each other"s characteristic weaknesses. /uch struggles often involve
strategies and tactics of unconventional warfare, the weaker combatants attempting to use
strategy to offset deficiencies in quantity or quality.
UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of conventional warfare.
1here conventional warfare is used to reduce an opponent"smilitary capability, unconventional
warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or
clandestine support for one side of an e#isting conflict. %n the surface, .1 contrasts with
conventional warfare in that forces or ob4ectives are covert or not well-defined, tactics and
weapons intensify environments of subversion or intimidation, and the general or long-term goals
are coercive or subversive to a political body.
TOTAL WAR is a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobili$ation of all
available resources and population. n a total war, there is less differentiation between
combatants and civilians than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as
nearly every human resource, combatants and civilians alike, can be considered to be part of the
belligerent war effort.

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