Structure of atom for class 9 solved Summative Assesment

CBSE Class IX ( 9th) Science Chapter 4. Structure Of The Atom

JSUNI TUTORIAL,PANJABI COLONY,SAMASTIPUR,BIHAR
Multiple Choice Questions ( 1marks) 1 x 5 = 5 marks
1. Which of the following correctly represent the electronic distribution in the Mg atom?
(a) 3, 8, 1 (b) 2, 8, 2 (c) 1, 8, 3 (d) 8, 2, 2
2. Rutherfords alpha () particles scattering experiment resulted in to discovery of
(a) Electron (b) Proton (c) Nucleus in the atom (d) Atomic mass
3. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass number of the atom is 27 and the number of
neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(a) 13 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 16
4. Elements with valency 1 are
(a) Always metals (b) always metalloids (c) either metals or non-metals (d) always non-metals
5. The first model of an atom was given by
(a) N. Bohr (b) E. Goldstein (c) Rutherford (d) J.J. Thomson
Ans: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
Very Short Answer Questions 2 x 5 = 10 marks
6. Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one electron, one proton and no neutron? If so,
name the element.
Ans: Yes, it is true for hydrogen atom which is represented as 1H1
7. Why did Rutherford select a gold foil in his ray scattering experiment?
Ans it is because gold has high malleability can be hammered into thin sheet
8. Will Cl-35 and Cl-37 have different valences?
Ans: No, It is because these are isotopes of chlorine that have same atomic number but different mass
number
9. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X which is represented as 31
X15 .
Ans: 31 X15 .indicate that No. of proton=15 and mass number =31
Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons = 31
Number of neutrons = 31 number of protons = 3115 = 16
10. The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but the mass number of both
these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of elements?
Ans: Isobars
Short Answer Questions (3 marks) 3 x 5 = 15 marks
11. Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have a zero valency?
Ans: Helium, Neon and Argon have 2, 8 and 8 electron in outermost cell so they are having no need to
gain or loss electrons .Hence they have zero valency.
12. In what way the Rutherford proposed atomic model?
Ans: Rutherford proposed a model in which electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
There is a positively charged centre in an atom called the nucleus. He also proposed that the size of the
nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is centered
in the nucleus.
13. In what way the Thomson proposed atomic model?
Ans: Thomson proposed the model of an atom to be similar to a Christmas pudding. The electrons are
studded like currants in a positively charged sphere like Christmas pudding and the mass of the atom
was supposed to be uniformly distributed.
14. What were the drawbacks of Rutherfords model of an atom?
Ans: The orbital revolution of the electron is not expected to be stable. Any particle in a circular orbit
would undergo acceleration and the charged particles would radiate energy. Thus, the revolving
electron would lose energy and finally fall into the nucleus. If this were so, the atom should be highly
unstable and hence matter would not exist in the form that we know.
15. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomsons model of an atom?
Ans. The major limitation of J.J. Thomsons model is that it does not explain how positively charged
particles are shielded from negatively charged particles, without getting neutralized.

Structure of Atom: IX NCERT Solution

Page 47
1. What are canal rays?
Ans: Canal rays are positively charged radiations that can pass through perforated cathode plate.
These rays consist of positively charged particles known as protons
2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?
Ans: An atom containing one electron and one proton will not carry any charge they make an atom
neutral.
Page 49
3. On the basis of Thomsons model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.
Ans: According to Thomsons model of the atom, an atom consists of equal number of negatively
and positively charged particles. The negatively charged particles are embedded in the positively
charged sphere and balance their charges. Thus, they make an atom neutral.
4. On the basis of Rutherfords model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the nucleus
of an atom?
Ans: protons (positively-charged particles)
5. Draw a sketch of Bohrs model of an atom with three shells.
Ans:

6. What do you think would be the observation if the -particle scattering experiment is carried out
using a foil of a metal other than gold?
Ans: If the -scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal rather than gold, there would
be no change in the observation but It is difficult to make such foils with other metals.
7. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does
it have?
Ans: No of neutron = Atomic mass atomic number = 4-2=2
Page 50
8. Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms?
Ans: Atomic number of carbon is 6. The distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2(k), 4(L).
Atomic number of carbon is 11. The distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2(k), 8(L).1(M)
9. If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom?
Ans: K + L = 2+8 = 10 electrons
Page 52
10. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?
Ans: If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less than or equal
to 4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell. On
the other hand, if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of anelement is greater
than 4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting the number of electrons in the
outermost shell from 8.
(i) Valency of chlorine = 8 Number of electrons in the valence shell
= 8 7 = 1
(ii) Valency of sulphur = 8 Number of electrons in the valence shell
= 8 6 = 2
(iii) Valency of magnesium = Number of electrons in the valence shell= 2
11. If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then (i) what is the atomic
number of the atom and (ii) what is the charge on the atom?
Ans: (i) Atomic number = number of protons= 8
(ii) The charge on the atom is zero, because total number of positive charges due to the protons is
equal to total number of negative charges due to electrons
12. With the help of the given table, find the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom.
Element Symbol No. of Protons No. of Neutrons No. of Electrons
Oxygen O 8 8 8
Sulphur S 16 16 16
Ans: The mass number of oxygen = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons
=8+8=16 u
The mass number of oxygen = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons
=16+ 16= 32 u
Page 53
13. For the symbol H, D and T, tabulate three subatomic particles found in each of them.
Ans: These are isotopes of Hydrogen
Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons
Hydrogen (
1
H1) H 1 0 1
Deuterium (
2
H1) D 1 1 1
Tritium (
3
H1) T 1 2 1
14. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.
Ans: Isotopes of chlorine are
35
Cl17 and
37
Cl17
Since isotopes of elements have atomic number so, there is no change in Electronic configuration =
2,8,7
Isotopes of carbon are
12
C6 ,
14
C6 and
16
C6
Electronic configuration= 2,4

40
Ca20 and
40
Ar18 are a pair of isobars having atomic number 20 and 18
The electronic configuration of
40
Ca20 is 2, 8, 8, 2.
The electronic configuration of
40
Ar18 is 2, 8, 8.
Page 54
15. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Electron Proton Neutron
(i) present outside the
nucleus of an
atom.
present in the nucleus of an
atom.
Present in the nucleus of
an atom.
(ii) Negatively
charged.
Positively charged. No charge
(iii) The mass is
considered to
negligible.
The mass of a proton is
approximately 2000 times asthe
mass of an electron.
The mass of neutron is
nearly equal to the
mass of a proton.
16. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomsons model of the atom?
Ans: J.J. Thomsons fail to explain how electrons are arranged in positively charged sphere of an
atom.
17. What are the limitations of Rutherfords model of an atom?
Ans: Rutherford fail to explain how electron revolving round nucleus in well define orbit undergo
acceleration without losing or gaining energy.
If an electrically charged particle revolves around a circular path, then it always
radiates out energy, gradually move towards the nucleus in a spiral path, till fall into the nucleus. If
this happen atoms may be unstable. This is not true.
18. Describe Bohrs model of the atom.
Ans: Bohrs model of the atom
(i) Electrons are allowed inside the atom in special orbit or shell he called the energy levels K, L, m
and N
(ii) While revolving in these discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy.
(iii) Each energy level has a fixed amount of energy. The orbit nearest to the nucleus has minimum
energy, whereas the orbit farthest from the nucleus has highest energy.
(iv) There is no change in the energy of electrons as long as they revolve in the same orbit and remain
stable. But if an electron gains energy, it jumps to a higher energy level and if it loses energy it falls to
a lower energy level.
(v) The mass of the atom is almost entirely due to the nucleus, as electrons have negligible mass
19. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter
Ans:
Thomsons Model Rutherfords
Model
Bohrs Model
An atom is positively An atom has positively An atom has positively
charged sphere and
electrons are embedded in
it.
charged centre and
electrons revolve around it
charged centre and
electrons revolve around it
in special energy level.
20.i f bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes
79
35 Br (49.7%) and
81
35 Br
(50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of bromine atom.
Ans: the average atomic mass of bromine atom = 49.7% of 79 + 50.3% of 81= 39.263+40.743 =
80.006 u = 80 u,
26. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of
isotopes
16
8 X and
18
8 X in the sample?
21. Summaries the rules for writing distribution of electrons in various shells for the first
eighteen elements.
Ans. (i) The maximum number of electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom in
different shells is given by the formula 2n2, where n is the number of the shell as counted from the
nucleus of an atom. So,
Maximum number of electrons in shell number 1 = 2n
2
= 2(1)
2
= 2
Maximum number of electrons in shell number 2 = 2n
2
= 2(2)
2
= 8
Maximum number of electrons in shell number 3 = 2n
2
= 2(3)
2
= 18
(ii) The outermost shell will not have more than 8 electrons. For example, if there are 9 electrons
after filling the first two shells then in the third shell there will be 8 electrons and one electron goes
to the fourth cell.
22. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.
Ans. The number of electrons given or received or shared by an atom of an element, to gain
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas is called its valency.
The valency is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom,
provided it has 1 to 3 electrons in it. Such atoms are generally metals.
The valency is equal to 8 number of electrons in valence shell of an atom, provided it has 4 to 8
electrons in the valence shell.
Silicon has electronic configuration 2(K), 8(L), 4(M). As silicon has four electrons in
itsvalence shell, therefore, its valency is (8 4) = 4.
Oxygen has electronic configuration 2 (K), 6(L). As oxygen has six electrons in its valence shell,
therefore, its valency is (8 6) = 2
23. Explain with examples (i) atomic number (ii) mass number (iii) isotopes and (iv) isobars. Give
any two uses of isotopes.
Ans. (i) Atomic number : The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its atomic
number.
Example : Chlorine has 17 protons in its nucleus, therefore, its atomic number is 17.
(ii) Mass number : The number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is known
as its mass number.
Example : Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons in its nucleus, therefore, its mass number is (11 +
12) = 23.
(iii) Isotopes : Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass
numbers are called isotopes.
Example : Chlorine has two isotopes
35
17Cl and
37
17 Cl , in which atomic number is 17 for both, but
mass numbers are 35 and 37.
(iv) Isobars : Atoms of different elements having the same mass number, but different atomic
numbers are known as isobars.
Example : Calcium and argon atoms have the same mass number 40, but different atomic numbers
20 and 18 respectively.
Uses of Isotopes
1. Isotope of uranium
235
92U is used as a nuclear fuel in atomic reactors.
2. Cobalt 60, an isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.
3.Isotopes of iodine is used to treat goitor
24. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.
Ans. Na loose 1 electron to form sodium ion Na+ . So, Na
+
ion has one electron less than Na atom i.e.,
it has 10 electrons. Therefore, Electronic configuration of Na
+
= 2,8 completely filled k(2) and(8) l
shells
25. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes
79
35 Br (49.7%) and
81
35 Br (50.3%),
calculate the average atomic mass of bromine atom.
Ans: the average atomic mass of bromine atom = 49.7% of 79 + 50.3% of 81= 39.263+40.743 =
80.006 u = 80 u,
IX Structure of atoms CBSE EXAM Some important
questions(http://jsuniltutorial.weebly.com/)

Q. A naturally occurring sample of :-
(i)69.2% of 53Cu& 30.8% of 65Cu. Find the average atomic mass of a naturally occuring
sample of copper.
(ii)7.42% of 6Li & 92.58% of 7Li.Find the average atomic mass of a naturally occuring sample
of Lithium.
Ans: Average atomic mass of naturally occurring copper = (53 x 69.2)/00 + (65 x 30.8)/100
= 3667.6 + 2002 / 100 = 5669.6/100
=56.696 u
Average atomic mass of naturally occurring lithium = 6 x 7.42 + 7 x 92.58 /100
= 44.52 + 648.06 /100 = 692.58/100 =
6.9258 u
Q. Calculate the no. of atoms of each element persent in 9.8 g of sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4
. (H=1,
S=32, O=16)
Ans: Molecular weight of H
2
SO
4
= 98
9.8 gm of H
2
SO
4
= 9.8/98 = 0.1mole
1 mole = 6.023 x 10
23
molecules
0.1 Mole = 6.023 x 10
22
molecules.
One molecule of H
2
SO
4
= 2 hydrogen atom, one sulphur atom and 4 oxygen atoms therefore
Number of hydrogen atom in 0.1 mole = 2 x 6.023 x 10
22
= 12.046 x 10
22

Number of sulphur atom in 0.1 mole = 1 x 6.023 x 10
22
= 6.023 x 10
22

Number of oxygen atom in 0.1 mole = 4 x 6.023 x 10
22
= 24.092 x 10
22

Q. How to calculate the atomicity and the atomic mass of an atom?
Ans: Atomicity may be defined as number of atoms present in one molecule. For example N
2
is
diatomic; P
4
is tetra atomic in nature.
Atomic Mass of an atom is the sum of proton and neutron in the nucleus. For example the atomic
mass of sodium is 23 because it contain 11 proton and 12 neutron.
Q.To weight BaCl
2
or Na
2
SO
4

a) use a polythene bags and spring balance b) use a watch glass and spring balance
c) use a polythene bags and physical balance d) use a watch glass and physical balance
Ans: For this use a watch glass and physical balance.
First weigh the watch glass then put salt on the watch glass and weigh.
The weight of the salt = (weight of watch glass+ salt ) - ( weight of watch glass)
Q.To weight sodium sulphate or barium chloride it should be in form of
a) saturated solution b) large crystals c) small crystals d) fine
powder
Q. what is the distribution of electrons in an atom of Phosphorus and how can it have two valencies
Ans: phosphorus has large atomic size and therefore posses excess electron bearing capacity in its
shell, therefore it can share 3 electrons and 5 electrons to form trivalent and penta valent
compounds.
also, Phosphorus can expand its valency due to presence of 3d sub-shell hence shows trivalent and
pentavalent nature. For example PCl
3
and PCl
5
.
Or, Atomic number of phosphorus is 15, therefore the electronic configuration is 2 10 5
Phosphorus has tendency to expand its valency from 3 to 5 due to large size and available orbitas
therefore exist in PCl
3
and PCl
5

Q.The maximum no. of electrons present in shell is given by the formula 2n
2
and the
maximum no. of electrons filled in M shell is 18. But in the element calcium we only fill 8
electrons in the M shell and move on to the N shell. why ?
Ans: According to Bohr burry rule, the number of electron exceeds 8 when it gives 2 electrons
to next level shell. In Calcium, the number of electron cannot exceed more than 8 in M shell until it
gives 2 electrons to next level. Therefore the electronic configuration of calcium is
20
Ca : 2 8 8 2
Q. What are alpha particles?
Ans: Alpha particle is nucleus of helium, it carry +2 charge therefore has 2 proton and 2 neutron.
2
He
4
alpha + 2e
Q. Write ddifference between atomic mass and mass number?
Ans: Atomic mass is the average mass of element generated by taking the average of all the
isotopes present in the nature. For example atomic mass of carbon is 12.01.
Mass number defines the total number of proton and neutron present in the nucleus of an atom. For
example Mass number of carbon is 12
Q.An ion (M
2+
) contain 10 electrons and 12 neutrons what is the atomic number and mass
number of the element M.
Ans: Since, M
2+
contains 10 electrons and the M
2+
ion suggests that it has lost 2 electrons so it
contains total 12 electrons. The numbers of electrons are equal to number of protons in an atom, so
its atomic number is 12.
The no of protons and neurons is known as mass number which is 24 (12 + 12 = 24.)
Q. an ion M
3+
contains 10 electrons and 14 neutrons.What are the atomic mass and mass
number of the element M ? Name the element
Ans: The atomic number of element is "13" and the atomic mass is "13+14=27u", the name of
the element is "aluminium".
How was the neutron discovered ?
1932: English physicist James Chadwick publishes a letter on the existence of the neutron. His
discovery helps clear the way for splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest atomic elements, making
possible the development of the atomic bomb.

Unlike the proton, the other large subatomic particle that helps form the nucleus of an atom,
the neutron contains no electric charge. This enables it to pass through the electric barrier of heavy
atoms to penetrate and split their nuclei, the basis of the nuclear chain reaction.

Chadwick studied various problems related to radioactivity under Nobel laureate (and proton-
discoverer) Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester before going to Germany to work with
Hans Geiger at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichanstalt (Imperial Physical-Technical Institution) in
Berlin. He was in the German capital when World War I began.

As an enemy alien, Chadwick was interned by the Germans, but allowed to set up a laboratory in the
stables of his civilian internee camp outside Berlin. He remained there throughout the war, doing his
research, before returning to Britain in 1919.

Working again with Rutherford, who had by this time moved to Cambridge University, Chadwick
helped his mentor achieve the first artificial nuclear transformation. They also achieved the
transmutation of other light elements by bombarding them with alpha particles, while pressing ahead
with research into the basic structures of the atomic nucleus.

Chadwick's discovery of the neutron posited by Rutherford 12 years earlier was made while he
was still at Cambridge. It led to the fission of uranium 235, the key element used in the development
of the atomic bomb. Regarding his achievement, Chadwick remarked with some ambivalence that
he now realized that the development of an atomic weapon was not only likely, but inevitable.

During World War II, Chadwick came to the United States as part of the British delegation working
on the Manhattan Project.
For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was first awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal
Society in 1932 and, three years later, the Nobel Prize for Physics.
Characteristics of a neutron
(i) Mass of a neutron: Mass of a neutron is equal to that of a proton.
Thus , mass of a neutron = 1.676 10
-27
kg= 1.676 10
-24
g
(ii) Charge on a neutrons = Neutrons do not carry any electrician charge. So, neutrons are neutral
particles.
How was the neutron discovered ?
1932: English physicist James Chadwick publishes a letter on the existence of the neutron. His
discovery helps clear the way for splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest atomic elements, making
possible the development of the atomic bomb.

Unlike the proton, the other large subatomic particle that helps form the nucleus of an atom,
the neutron contains no electric charge. This enables it to pass through the electric barrier of heavy
atoms to penetrate and split their nuclei, the basis of the nuclear chain reaction.

Chadwick studied various problems related to radioactivity under Nobel laureate (and proton-
discoverer) Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester before going to Germany to work with
Hans Geiger at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichanstalt (Imperial Physical-Technical Institution) in
Berlin. He was in the German capital when World War I began.

As an enemy alien, Chadwick was interned by the Germans, but allowed to set up a laboratory in the
stables of his civilian internee camp outside Berlin. He remained there throughout the war, doing his
research, before returning to Britain in 1919.

Working again with Rutherford, who had by this time moved to Cambridge University, Chadwick
helped his mentor achieve the first artificial nuclear transformation. They also achieved the
transmutation of other light elements by bombarding them with alpha particles, while pressing ahead
with research into the basic structures of the atomic nucleus.

Chadwick's discovery of the neutron posited by Rutherford 12 years earlier was made while he
was still at Cambridge. It led to the fission of uranium 235, the key element used in the development
of the atomic bomb. Regarding his achievement, Chadwick remarked with some ambivalence that
he now realized that the development of an atomic weapon was not only likely, but inevitable.

During World War II, Chadwick came to the United States as part of the British delegationworking on
the Manhattan Project.
For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was first awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal
Society in 1932 and, three years later, the Nobel Prize for Physics.
Characteristics of a neutron
(i) Mass of a neutron: Mass of a neutron is equal to that of a proton.
Thus , mass of a neutron = 1.676 10
-27
kg= 1.676 10
-24
g
(ii) Charge on a neutrons = Neutrons do not carry any electrician charge. So, neutrons are neutral
particles.
IX Atomic Structure ( a fundamental particles) Discovery of
Electron

The first direct experimental evidence for the electrical nature of matter came from the experiments
of Michale Faraday. He showed from his experiments that electricity is composed of particles called
atoms of electricity.
It was George Johnstone Stoney, an Irish Physicist who first proposed the word electron for atom of
electricity in 1891.His contribution to research in this area laid the foundations for the eventual
discovery of particles by J.J. Thomson in 1897.
In 1878, Sir William Crooke, while conducting an experiment using a discharge tube, found certain
visible rays travelling between two metal electrodes. These rays are known as Crookes Rays or
cathode rays. The discharge tube used in the experiment is now referred to as Crookes tube or more
popularly as
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
Cathode Ray Tube : It is a long glass tube filled with gas and sealed at both the ends. It consist of
two metal plates (which act as electrodes) connected with high voltage. The
electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of the battery is called the cathode (negative
electrode). The electrode connected to the positive terminal is called the anode (positive electrode).
There is a side tube which is connected to a pump. The pump is used to lower the pressure inside
the
discharge tube.

Discovery of electron
Later, J.J. Thomson also found that when a high voltage of 10,000 V was applied between the
electrodes present in a partially evacuated cathode ray tube at a pressure of 0.01mm of mercury, a
bright spot of light was formed on the screen coated with a fluorescent materialplaced at the other
end of the tube.
The Fluorescent material coated on the screen started to glow because it was struck by the ray
which originated from the cathode. Since these rays were emitted by the cathode, he named these
rays as cathode rays. Later, he named it as electrons.

Properties of cathode rays
1.The cathode rays travel in straight lines.
Cathode rays fall on a small object which is placed in between the cathode and anode.A shadow
which is of the same shape as the object is observed on the wall opposite to the cathode.
2.Cathode rays are made up of small particles that have mass and kinetic energy.
Cathode rays fall on a light paddle wheel which is placed between cathode and anode. The wheel
starts rotating.
3.The cathode rays are negatively charged particles
Cathode rays are passed through an electric field. The cathode rays are deflected towards the
positive plate of electric field.
4. Cathode rays are passed through a magnetic field . The deflection of the rays is perpendicular to
the applied magnetic field.

The direction of deflection indicates that the cathode rays constitute negatively charged particles.
These negatively charged particles are called electrons
Characteristics of cathode rays :
1) Cathode rays are not visible but their behavior can be observed with the help of a fluorescent or a
phosphorescent.
2) These rays travel from cathode to anode.
3) These rays travel in straight lines in the absence of electric and magnetic fields.
4) However these rays are deflected towards the positive end in electric field. Hence it was
concluded that the rays constitute negatively charged particles and are known as electrons.
These rays are also deflected in magnetic field.
5) The behavior and the properties of rays are independent of the nature of the
cathodematerial and nature of the gas present in the cathode ray tube.
These facts conclude that the electrons are the negatively charged fundamental particles present in
all the substances.

Charge to mass ratio of Electron (e/me): The charge to mass ratio of electron was calculated by J. J.
Thomson. Its value is equal to 1.75882x1011C.kg-1.
Charge on the Electron (e) : The charge on the electron was calculated by Millikan in oil
dropexperiment as 1.60 x 10
-19
coulombs. Now the mass of an electron can be derived as follows:

lass IX CHEMISTRY Notes , "Atomic Structure"
Download:
Class IX Chemistry Test paper Chapter 4: Structure of the Atom by JSUNIL Tutorial
Daltons Atomic Theory
The important postulates of Daltons atomic theory are:
1. All elements are composed of atoms. Atom is too small so that it could not be divided into further
simpler components.
2. Atom cannot be destroyed or produced.
3. Atoms of an element are similar in all respects. They have same mass and properties.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in a definite simple ratio to produce compounds.

Discovery of Electron
A discharge tube is a glass tube. It has two electrode, a source of electriccurrent and a vacuum pump.
(Diagram)
Sir William Crooks (1895 performed experiments by passing electric current through gas in
the discharge tube at very low pressure. He observed that at 10-4 (-4 is power to 10) atmosphere
pressure, shining rays are emitted from cathode. These rays were named cathode rays. Cathode rays
are materialparticles as they have mass and momentum.
Properties of Cathode Rays
The properties of these particles are given below:
1. These particles are emitted from cathode surface and move in straight line.
2. The temperature of the object rises on which they fall.
3. They produce shadow of opaque object placed in their path.
4. These particles are deflected in electric and magnetic fields.
5. These particles are deflected towards positive plate of electric field.
Discovery of Proton
Gold Stein (1886) observed that in addition to the cathode rays, another type of rays were present in
the discharge tube. These rays travel in a direction opposite to cathode rays. These rays were named
positive rays. By using perforated cathode in the discharge tube the properties of these rays can be
studied. Positive rays are also composed of metered particles. The positive rays are not emitted from
anode. They are produced by the ionization of residual gas molecules in the discharge tube. When
cathode rays strike with gas molecule, electrons are removed and positive particles are produced.
Properties of Positive Rays
1. They are deflected towards negative plate of electric field. Therefore these rays carry positive
charge.
2. The mass of positive rays is equal to the mass of the gas enclosed in the discharge tube.
3. The minimum mass of positive particles is equal to the mass of hydrogen ion (H+). These positive
ions are called Protons.
4. The charge on proton is equal to +1.60210^-19 Coulomb. (-19 is power of 10)
Natural Radioactivity
The phenomenon in which certain elements emit radiation which can cause fogging of photographic
plate is called natural radioactivity. The elements which omit these rays are called
radioactive elements like Uranium, Thorium, Radium etc. There are about 40 radioactive elements.
Henri Bequrel (1896) discovered radioactivity.Madam Curei also has valuable contribution in this
field.
In natural radioactivity nuclei of elements are broken and element converted to otherelements.
Natural radioactivity is nuclear property of the elements.
Alpha Rays
1. They are helium nuclei. They are doubly positively charged, He2+.
2. They move with speed equal to the 1/10th of the velocity of the light.
3. They cannot pass through thick-metal foil.
4. They are very good ionizer of a gas.
5. They affect the photographic plate.
Beta Rays
1. They are negatively charged.
2. They move with the speed equal to the velocity of light.
3. They can pass through a few millimeter thick metal sheets.
4. They are good ionizer of a gas.
5. They can affect the photographic plate.
Gamma Rays
1. They are electromagnetic radiations.
2. They travel with speed equal to velocity of light.
3. They carry no charge.
4. They have high penetration power than alpha and beta rays.
5. They are weak ionizer of gas.
Rutherford Experiment and Discovery of Nucleus
Lord Rutherford (1911) and his coworkers performed an experiment. They bombarded a very thin,
gold fail with Alpha particles from a radioactive source. They observed that most of the particles
passed straight through the foil undeflected. But a few particles were deflected at different angles.
One out of 4000 Alpha particles was deflected at an angle greater than 150.
Following conclusions were drawn from the Rutherfords Alpha Particles
scattering experiment.
1. The fact that majority of the particles went through the foil undeflected shows that most of the
space occupied by an atom is empty.
2. The deflection of a few particles over a wide angle of 150 degrees shows that these particles strike
with heavy body having positive charge.
3. The heavy positively charged central part of the atom is called nucleus.
4. Nearly all of the mass of atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
5. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared with the size of atom.
Defects of Rutherford Model
Rutherford model of an atom resembles our solar system. It has following defects:
1. According to classical electromagnetic theory, electron being charged body will emit energy
continuously. Thus the orbit of the revolving electron becomes smaller and smaller until it would fall
into the nucleus and atomic structure would collapse.
2. If revolving electron emits energy continuously then there should be a continuous spectrum but a
line spectrum is obtained.
Bohrs Atomic Model
Neil Bohr (1913) presented a model of atom which has removed the defects of Rutherford Model.
This model was developed for hydrogen atom which has only proton in the nucleus and one electron
is revolving around it.
Postulates of Bohrs Atomic Model
The main postulates of Bohrs Model are given below:
1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a fixed orbit.
2. As long as electron revolves in a fixed orbit it does not emit and absorb energy. Hence energy of
electron remains constant.
3. The orbit nearest to the nucleus is the first orbit and has lowest energy. When an electron absorbs
energy it jumps from lower energy orbit to higher energy orbit. Energy is emitted in the form of
radiations, when an electron jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit. The unit of
energy emitted in the form of radiations is called quantum. It explains the formation of atomic
spectrum.
4. The change in energy is related with the quantum of radiation by the equation :
E2 E1 = hv where,
E1 = Energy of first orbit E2 = Energy of the second orbit h = Plancks constant
v = Frequency of radiation
Atomic Number
The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number or proton
number.
It is denoted by z. The proton in the nucleus of an atom is equal to number of electrons revolving
around its nucleus.
Mass Number
The total number of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called mass
number. The protons and neutrons together are called nucleon. Hence it is also known as nucleon
number. It is denoted by A. the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is rperesented
by N.
Mass Number = No of Protons + No of neutrons
A = Z + N
Isotopes
The atoms of same elements which have same atomic number but different mas number are called
Isotopes.
The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom remains the same but number of neutrons
may differ.
Isotopes of Different Elements
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen has three isotopes:
1. Ordinary Hydrogen or Protium, H.
2. Heavy Hydrogen or Deutrium, D.
3. Radioactive Hydrogen or Tritium, T.
Protium
Ordinary naturally occurring hydrogen contains the largest percentage of protium. It is denoted by
symbol H. It has one proton in its nucleus and one electron revolve around the nucleus.
Number of Protons = 1
Number of Electrons = 1
Number of Neutrons = 0
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 1
Deutrium
Deutrium is called heavy hydrogen. The percentage of deutrium in naturally occuring hydrogen is
about 0.0015%. It has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving
around its nucleus. It is denoted by symbol D.
Number of Proton = 1
Number of Electron = 1
Number of Neutrons = 1
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 2
Tritium
Radioactive hydrogen is called tritium. It is denoted by symbol T. The number of tritium isotope is
one in ten millions. It has one proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving
around its nucleus.
Number of Proton = 1
Number of Electron = 1
Number of Neutron = 2
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 3

Class IX Chemistry Test paper Chapter 4: Structure of the Atom
1. Plum pudding Model of atom was discovered by _______________
2. Combining capacity of an atom is called _______________
3. Alpha - particle scattering experiment of Rutherford led to discovery of _________
4. __________ are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic number.
5. The charge on the electron is found to be ________ coulombs.
6. What do you understand by valency of an element? What is valency of boron?
7. State the valencies of the following elements
(a) Magnesium
(b) Phosphorous
(c) Argon
(d) Flurine
8. Draw the atomic diagram of calcium.
9.Calculate the mass of an electron.
10.Name two applications of radioisotopes.
11.What is mean by valency of an atom?
12.What is octel rule?
13.Define radioactivity.
14. List the features of Rutherford's nuclear model of atom.
15. What are the postulates of Bohr Model of an atom?
9th chemistry -DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS-
RUTHERFORDS MODEL OF ATOM
DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS
J.J.Thomsons atomic theory explained electrical neutrality of atoms, it could not reveal the presence
of nucleus in an atom, which was later in 1909 proposed by Ernest Rutherford

A stream of alpha particles was made to pass through a thin gold foil of about 4x10-5 cm
thickness. Most of the alpha particles did go through the foil in a straight line. Some alpha
particles were deflected through an average angle of 90o .Rarely the path of 1 in 20,000alpha
particles scored a direct hit on the nucleus and returned by an angle of 180o.

He concluded that there is a heavy positive charge occupying small volume, at the centre of an
atom. The atom consisting of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus containing most ofthe
mass of the atom with the electrons in the space outside the nucleus .The moving electrons occupy
most of the volume of the atom. The electrons must be moving very rapidly in the space around the
nucleus.

He state a moving electron should accelerate and continuously lose energy. Due to the loss of
energy, path of electron may reduce and finally the electron should fall into nucleus.
This is not true
If it happens so, atom becomes unstable. But atoms are stable. Hence Rutherfords theory was
unable to explain the stability of atom.

Niels Bohr modified Rutherfords atom model and put forth the following postulates.
In atoms, the electrons revolve around the nucleus in stationary circular paths. These paths
are called
orbits or shells or energy levels.

As long as electrons revolve in the same orbit, it does not lose or gain energy.

The circular orbits are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4 or designated as K, L, M, N shells. These
numbers are referred to as principal quantum numbers (n).

Smaller the size of orbit, smaller is the energy of the orbit.

As we move away from nucleus, energy of orbit is constantly increasing.

Maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an energy level (n) is given by
2n2

When an electron absorbs energy, it jumps from lower energy level to higher energy level.

When an electron returns from higher energy level to lower energy level, it gives off energy.
The fundamental particles of an atom are,

Protons: They are positively charged particles. They are present inside the nucleus.

Electrons: They are negatively charged particles. They revolve around the nucleus in circularorbits.

Neutrons: They are neutral particles. They are present inside the nucleus.

Protons are positively charged. Protons repel each other because of their like-charges.
Hence, more than one proton cannot be packed in a small volume to form a stable nucleus
unless neutrons are present.

Neutrons reduce the repulsive force between positively charged protons and contribute to the force
that holds the particles in the nucleus together.

Atomic number
Atom as a whole is electrically neutral. It is due to the presence of equal number of protons and
electrons. This number is referred to as atomic number.

Atomic number = The number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic number = The number of electrons revolving around the nucleus.

Mass number : the mass of an atom entirely depends on the mass of nucleus.
The mass of the lightest atom, hydrogen has been chosen as the unit of mass.

Since the nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, mass number (A) is defined
as, the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

Representation of Atomic number and Mass number
Superscript represents mass number.

Subscript represents atomic number.

For example, Atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Mass number of nitrogen is 14.
Representation:

Q. Write two differences between isobars and isotopes.
Ans: Isobars
(i) Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers
(ii) Isobars have different chemical properties
Isotopes
Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Isotopes have similar chemical properties.
Q. Why do isotopes shows similar chemical properties.
Ans: Due to same number of electron in valance shell
Q. How Rutherford concluded that the center part of any atom not empty?
Ans: When Rutherford experimented with alpha particles, then he realized that
few particles bounced back directly. Rutherfords result lead him to believe
that most of the foil was made of empty space, but had extremely small,
dense lumps of matter inside, which is present only at the center because
from center, few particles bounced back. All other particles deflected at
different angles. So Rutherford concluded that the center part of any atom is
nucleus not empty.
Q. Why an atom of an element is very stable even electrons are in continuous
motion?
Ans: The electron could revolve around the nucleus in certain orbits called
energy shells and each orbit have different radius. The electrons which are
close to nucleus have low energy and the electrons which are farther from the
nucleus have high energy .Due to this the electrons do not loose energy and
remain stable.
Q. What was the limitation of J .J. Thomsons model of an atomic?
Ans: When an electron moves around a nucleus, it must continuously radiate
out energy and hence, gradually move towards the nucleus in a spiral path, till
it collides with the nucleus. Hence atoms are unstable.
Q. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of Alpha particles, only a few
of them get deflected whereas most go straight undeflected. Why?
Ans: This is because the nucleus has much smaller volume than that of an
atom.The size of atom is 10
-10
m and size of nucleus is 10
-15
m.
Q On the basis of Thomsons model explains how the atom is neutral.
Ans: J.J. Thomson believed that an atom is made up of positively charged
substance in the form of a sphere. Electrons are embedded same way as the
apples are embedded in an apple pie. Furthermore, the total positive charge
of the sphere is equal to total negative charge of the electrons and hence the
atom remained electrically neutral.
Q.Why did Goldstein give the name canal rays to rays that travel from anode
to that cathode
Ans: This is because these rays cross the canals of the cathode and reach the
other side
Q.What is the limitations of Thomas atomic model?
Ans: Thomsons model could successfully explain the electrical neutrality of
atom. However, it failed to explain how the positively charged particles are
shielded from the negatively charged electrons without getting neutralized.