Name

Date Class
v,
Experiment 5 BJT AC Anatysis
Reading
Boylestad and Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,Ninth Edition,
Chapter 5
Key Objectives
Part 1: Compute the dc and ac parameters for a common-emitter (CE) amplifier.
Build the amplifier and measure these parameters.
Part2: Compute the dc and ac parameters for a common-collector (CC) amplifier
using a pnp transistor. Build the amplifier and measure these parameters.
Part 3: Direct couple a CC amplifier to a CE amplifier and measure both the dc and ac
parameters for the overall circuit.
Components Needed
Part 1: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Resistors: one 100 f), one 330 O, two 1.0 kf), one 4.7 kt
,two
10 kf)
Capacitors: two 1.0 pF, one 47 pF
One 10 kf) potentiometer
One 2N3904 npn transistor
35
Part 2: The Common-Collector
Amplifier
Resistors: two 1.0 kO, one l0 kO, one 33 kO
Capacitors: one 1.0 pF, one 10 pF
One 10 kf) potentiometer
One 2N3906 pnp transistor
Part 3: A Direct-Coupled Two-stage Amptifier
Resistors: one 100 f), three 330 e), one 1.0 kc), one 4.7 kt1,one 10 kf)
Capacitors: one 1.0 pF, one 10 pF, one 47
Sfi
One 2N3904 npn transistor
One 2N3906 pnp transistor
Part 1: The Common-Emitter
Amplifier
1. Measure and record the values of the resistors listed in Table 5-1.
Calculate all 5 dc quantities listed in Table 5-2 for the CE amplifier in Figure 5-1.
Because
PRe
2 10R2, you can use the approximate analysis method given in the text.
use the sum ofRsl and Rp2times 1B to compute the dc emitter voltage, zs. Compute
vcby subtracting vpg from vgg. Enter your computed values in Table 5-2.
V,,
+12 v
&
1.01()
V,
300 mV*
1.0 kHz
1.0 pF
2.
Table 5-1
Table 5-2
RF,
L9
lr" T47
PF
36
3.
4.
Construct the amplifier shown in Figure 5-1. The signal generator should be
turned off. Measure and record the dc voltages listed in Table 5-2.
Calculate the four acparameters listed in the first column of Table 5-3. The input
signal, V;n, is given as 300 mVpp. This is both Vin and the ac base voltage, V6.
Multiply Vinby the computed voltage gain to calculate the ac voltage at the
collector; this is both V" and Vo6.
Turn on the signal generator and set Vin for 300 mV* at 1.0 kHz with the
generator connected to the circuit. Use the oscilloscope to set the proper voltage
and check the frequency. Measure the ac signal voltage at the transistor's emitter
and at the collector. Note that the signal atthe emitter is less than at the base. Use
Vin afid the ac collector voltage (V,") to determine the measured voltage gain, A,.
The measurement of R;,6og and
Bu"
is explained in step 6. Record the measured
values of Vin, Ve, Vout, and A, in Table 5-3.
l'- 4.,,
-l
9r lo*, 1
V,
300 mV*
1.0 kHz
1.0 pF
-16
rcr
Figure 5-2 Measurement of ft211og.
The measurement of R;nilog is done indirectly because it is an ac resistance that cannot
be measured with an ohmmeter. The output signal (V*) is measured with an
oscilloscope and recorded with the amplifier operating normally (no clipping or
distortion). A rheostat (Rr"u) is then inserted in series with the source as shown in
Figure 5-2. The rheostat is varied nntil Vout drops to one-half the value prior to
inserting ftt"rt. With this condition, Vir: Vrc* and R;n11o1y must be equal to R1ss1. R1gs1 c&n
then be removed and measured with an ohmmeter. Using this method, measure R;,(tot)
and record the result in Table 5-3.
You can obtain an estimate of
0u"
from R;,6og and the known bias resistor values.
Recall that R;n6o11: (Fu" (ftBr + rJ)
ll
Rr
ll
.R2. Starting with the parallel resistor
formula, you can reaffange it and use it to calculate
Bu"
indirectly. The equation is:
I
Yac
(R", +t)
_(Ru,
+e)_(Ru, +t)
Ri,(,o,)
4
R2
5.
6.
7.
Table 5-3
37
8.
Enter the result as the measured value of
Fu.
in Table 5-3. The result
approximation
of
Bu",
which is also equal to the hybrid parameter
hy".
From the measured ac quantities in Table 5-3, determine the values of the hybrid
parameters
in Table 5-4 (See equations 5.19 to 5.22)Inthe space provided,
tomplete
the equivalent circuit by showing the values for the components. The transistor is
represented by the shaded box.
Troubleshooting
9. Remove the bypass capacitor, C2, fromthe circuit, simulating an open capacitor.
Measure the ac signal voltage at the transistor's
base, emifferl and collector. Measure
the voltage gain of the amplifier. What conclusion can you make about the amplifier', f'
performance
with C2 open?
Equivalent circuit:
Replace C2 and reduce R1 to 1.0 ke), simulating a change in load conditions. Observe
the ac signal voltage at the transistor's base, emitt.r, urf, colector. Measure the
voltage gain of the amplifier. What conclusion can you make about the amplifier's
performance
with R1 reduced to 1.0 ke?
10.
11. Replace Rr with the original 10 ko resistor and open Rp1. Measure the dc
the base, emitter, and collector. Is the transistor in cutoff or in saturation?
voltages at
Explain.
12' Replace RB1 and open R2. Measure the dc voltages atthebase, emitter and collector.
Is the transistor in cutoff or safuration? Explain
Table 5-4
38
Conclusion: Part I
Questions:
Part 1
1. In step 6, you were instructed to measure the input resistance while monitoring the output
voltage. Why is this procedure better than monitoring the base voltage?
2. What is the purpose of the unbypassed emitter resistor Rer? What design advantage does
it offer?
3. When the bypass capacitor, C2, is open, you found that the gain is affected. Explain why.
Part 2: The Common-Collector Amplifier
1. Test a CC amplifier (also called an emitter-follower) constructed withapnp transistor.
Measure and record the values of the resistors listed in Table 5-5.
VEE
+t2 Y
Compute the dc quantities listed in Table 5-6 for the CC amplifier shown in Figure 5-3.
Remember that the emitter voltage is 0.7 V larger than Va for the pnp transistor. Enter
your computed dc quantities in Table 5-6.
2.
Table 5-5
PJ;
v,
L
1.0 pF
l.o vmty'
39
Table 5-6
Table 5-7
J.
4.
5.
Construct the amplifier shown in Figure 5-3. The signal generator should be turned off.
With the power supply on, measure and record the dc voltages listed in Table 5-6.
your
measured and computed values should agree within 10%.
Compute and record the ac quantities listed in Table 5-7. The emitter resistance is found
using Equation 5.1 in the text. Assume Vt is the same as the source voltage, 2". If you do
not know the
Bu.
for your transistor, you can still obtain reasonable results if you assume
it is 100.
Turn on the signal generator and set Y, for 1.0 Vpp at 1.0 kHz. Use the oscillos"op" to f
the proper voltage and check the frequency. Measure the input ac signal voltage at the
base, V6, and the output signal voltage at the emitter, V",to determini the voltage gain,
,'4,. Measure Rin$ot)using the method employed for the CE amplifier describeO in
part
t
(step 6). To calculate power, substitute the measured R;,11og and measured Rr value from
Table 5-5 into the power formula f ln
6tserms
voltages to calculate power). Record the
measured acparumeters in Table 5-7.
With a two-channel oscilloscope, compare the input and output waveforms. What is the
phase relationship between V;, dfid Vo,l
Troubleshooting
7. Table 5-8 lists some possible troubles with the CC amplifier. For each trouble listed,
predict the effect on the dc voltages. Then insert the trouble into the circuit and test your
prediction. Insert the open collector and open emitter troubles by removing the transistor
lead and measuring the voltages at the circuit. For each fault, describe thelffect on the ac
output waveform (clipped, no ou@ut, etc.).
6.
40
Table 5-8
R1 open
R2 open
Rr shorted
RB open
open collector
open emitter
8. Replace Rr with a 10 kO variable resistor set to 1.0 kO. Connect an oscilloscope probe to
the emitter. Increase the signal until you
just
begin to observe clipping. If the positive
peaks are clipped, you are observing cutoff clipping because the transistor is turned off. If
the negative peaks are clipped, this is called saturation clipping because the transistor is
fully conducting. What type of clipping is first observed?
9. Vary R1 while observing the output waveform. Describe your observations.
Part2
Questions:
Part2
1. In step 8, you observed the effect of clipping due to saturation or cutoff of the transistor.
The statement was made that if the positive peaks are clipped, you are observing cutoff
clipping because the transistor is turned off. Is this statement true if the CC circuit had
been constructed with aL npn transistor? Why or why not?
2. Common-collector amplifiers have a voltage gain less than I but still provide power gain.
Explain why.
nd
do
ne
ur
br
,ac
4t
Table 5-9
Part 3: A Direct-Coupled
Two-Stage
Amplifier
1. Measure and record the values of the iesistors listed in Table 5-9.
Calculate and record the dc quantities listed in Table 5-10 for the two-stage amplifier
shown in Figure 5-4. The CE amplifier is identical to the one in
part
I exJept for the
load. The dc collector voltage for
Ql
is affected only slightly by the additio; of the
CC amplifier because of the high input impedance of tn" CC amplifier. Therefore,
loading can be ignored for an approximation of the collector voltage. (Interestingly,
the addition of
Qz
actually increases the dc collector voltage or
Or
slightly.)
The dc emitter voltage for
Q2is
0.7 V higher than the collectoi viltage of
et
because of the pnp transistor. The dc emitter current can be found by subtractidfii,
f'
result fuom Vggand dividing by the value of Rs3.
2.
vc,
+l2Y
I/,
300 mV*
1.0 kHz
-=- -=-
Figure 5-4
Construct the two-stage amplifier shown in Figure 5-4 but turn off the function
generator'
Measure and record the dc quantities listed in Table 5-10; compare to
your calculated values.
W
Multisim
J.
Table 5-10
42
4. calculate and record the ac quantities listed in Table 5-11, assuming the input
voltage is set to 300 mvro. If you constructed the cE amplifier in
part
1, use the
measured value in Table 5-3 for Rio(,ot) as the calculated value; otherwise, you can
estimate it by multiplying the ac emitter resistance of
elby $u".
Table 5-11
Questions:
Part 3
1. How does
Q2
obtainbias current?
2. How would you add a gain control to the amplifier that would have no effect on the
dc quantities?
5. Turn on the function generator
and set it for a 300 m\o sine wave at I kEIz.Measure
and record the ac quantities listed in Table 5-1 1. To obtain the measured power gain,
Ap, compute the rms power dissipated by load resistor and divide it by rms power
dissipated by the input signal in R611oq. Use the measured input-and output voltages
and resistances to determine the power using the relationsnip f tAto calculate po*...
Conclusion: Part 3
Vin: Vo(et)
Avftot): Ar@t) Ave2)
43
M
{w
Multisim
ultisim Simulation
There are two Multisim files for this experiment. The first file is labeled
Exp_05_BJT_ac. It has no faults. It uses a 100 mvrms input signal.
you
can
comparg yourresults with the computer simulation. The second file is
Exp=05-BJT-ac troubleshooting and contains a (subtle) fault. See if you c,ao find
tho fault by using only tho scope.
44