PL/SQL - Interactiunea cu serverul Oracle -1

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

18 18
Interacting with the
Oracle Server
Interacting with the
Oracle Server
18-2 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be
able to do the following:
Write a successful SELECT statement in
PL/SQL
Declare the datatype and size of a PL/SQL
variable dynamically
Write DML statements in PL/SQL
Control transactions in PL/SQL
Determine the outcome of SQL DML
statements
After completing this lesson, you should be After completing this lesson, you should be
able to do the following: able to do the following:
Write a successful SELECT statement in
PL/SQL
Declare the datatype and size of a PL/SQL
variable dynamically
Write DML statements in PL/SQL
Control transactions in PL/SQL
Determine the outcome of SQL DML
statements
18-3 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Statements in PL/SQL
SQL Statements in PL/SQL
Extract a row of data from the database by
using the SELECT command. Only a single
set of values can be returned.
Make changes to rows in the database by
using DML commands.
Control a transaction with the COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT command.
Determine DML outcome with implicit
cursors.
Extract a row of data from the database by
using the SELECT command. Only a single
set of values can be returned.
Make changes to rows in the database by
using DML commands.
Control a transaction with the COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT command.
Determine DML outcome with implicit
cursors.
18-4 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SELECT Statements in PL/SQL
SELECT Statements in PL/SQL
Retrieve data from the database with SELECT.
Syntax
Retrieve data from the database with SELECT. Retrieve data from the database with SELECT.
Syntax Syntax
SELECT select_list
INTO {variable_name[, variable_name]...
| record_name}
FROM table
WHERE condition;
SELECT select_list
INTO {variable_name[, variable_name]...
| record_name}
FROM table
WHERE condition;
PL/SQL - Interactiunea cu serverul Oracle -2
18-5 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SELECT Statements in PL/SQL
SELECT Statements in PL/SQL
INTO clause is required.
Example
INTO clause is required. INTO clause is required.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_deptno NUMBER(2);
v_loc VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
SELECT deptno, loc
INTO v_deptno, v_loc
FROM dept
WHERE dname = 'SALES';
...
END;
DECLARE
v_deptno NUMBER(2);
v_loc VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
SELECT deptno, loc
INTO v_deptno, v_loc
FROM dept
WHERE dname = 'SALES';
...
END;
18-6 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL
Retrieve the order date and the ship date for
the specified order.
Example
Retrieve the order date and the ship date for Retrieve the order date and the ship date for
the specified order. the specified order.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE;
v_shipdate ord.shipdate%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO v_orderdate, v_shipdate
FROM ord
WHERE id = 157;
...
END;
DECLARE
v_orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE;
v_shipdate ord.shipdate%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO v_orderdate, v_shipdate
FROM ord
WHERE id = 157;
...
END;
18-7 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL
Return the sum of the salaries for all
employees in the specified department.
Example
Return the sum of the salaries for all Return the sum of the salaries for all
employees in the specified department. employees in the specified department.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_deptno NUMBER NOT NULL := 10;
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal) -- group function
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
END;
DECLARE
v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_deptno NUMBER NOT NULL := 10;
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal) -- group function
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
END;
18-8 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
Manipulating Data Using PL/SQL
Manipulating Data Using PL/SQL
Make changes to database tables by using
DML commands:
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
Make changes to database tables by using Make changes to database tables by using
DML commands: DML commands:
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
PL/SQL - Interactiunea cu serverul Oracle -3
18-9 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Inserting Data
Inserting Data
Add new employee information to the emp
table.
Example
Add new employee information to the Add new employee information to the emp emp
table. table.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT empno_sequence.NEXTVAL
INTO v_empno
FROM dual;
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, job, deptno)
VALUES(v_empno, 'HARDING', 'CLERK', 10);
END;
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT empno_sequence.NEXTVAL
INTO v_empno
FROM dual;
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, job, deptno)
VALUES(v_empno, 'HARDING', 'CLERK', 10);
END;
18-10 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Updating Data
Updating Data
Increase the salary of all employees in the
emp table who are Analysts.
Example
Increase the salary of all employees in the Increase the salary of all employees in the
emp emp table who are Analysts. table who are Analysts.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_sal_increase emp.sal%TYPE := 2000;
BEGIN
UPDATE emp
SET sal = sal + v_sal_increase
WHERE job = 'ANALYST';
END;
18-11 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Deleting Data
Deleting Data
Delete rows that have belong to department
10 from the emp table.
Example
Delete rows that have belong to department Delete rows that have belong to department
10 from the 10 from the emp emp table. table.
Example Example
DECLARE
v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
END;
DECLARE
v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
END;
18-12 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Naming Conventions
Naming Conventions
Use a naming convention to avoid
ambiguity in the WHERE clause.
Database columns and identifiers should
have distinct names.
Syntax errors can arise because PL/SQL
checks the database first for a column in
the table.
Use a naming convention to avoid
ambiguity in the WHERE clause.
Database columns and identifiers should
have distinct names.
Syntax errors can arise because PL/SQL
checks the database first for a column in
the table.
PL/SQL - Interactiunea cu serverul Oracle -4
18-13 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Naming Conventions
Naming Conventions
DECLARE
order_date ord.orderdate%TYPE;
ship_date ord.shipdate%TYPE;
v_date DATE := SYSDATE;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO order_date, ship_date
FROM ord
WHERE shipdate = v_date;
END;
SQL> /
DECLARE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01403: no data found
ORA-06512: at line 6
DECLARE
order_date ord.orderdate%TYPE;
ship_date ord.shipdate%TYPE;
v_date DATE := SYSDATE;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO order_date, ship_date
FROM ord
WHERE shipdate = v_date;
END;
SQL> /
DECLARE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01403: no data found
ORA-06512: at line 6
18-14 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
COMMIT and ROLLBACK
Statements
COMMIT and ROLLBACK
Statements
Initiate a transaction with the first DML
command to follow a COMMIT or
ROLLBACK.
Use COMMIT and ROLLBACK SQL
statements to terminate a transaction
explicitly.
Initiate a transaction with the first DML
command to follow a COMMIT or
ROLLBACK.
Use COMMIT and ROLLBACK SQL
statements to terminate a transaction
explicitly.
18-15 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Cursor
SQL Cursor
A cursor is a private SQL work area.
There are two types of cursors:
Implicit cursors
Explicit cursors
The Oracle Server uses implicit cursors to
parse and execute your SQL statements.
Explicit cursors are explicitly declared by
the programmer.
A cursor is a private SQL work area.
There are two types of cursors:
Implicit cursors
Explicit cursors
The Oracle Server uses implicit cursors to
parse and execute your SQL statements.
Explicit cursors are explicitly declared by
the programmer.
18-16 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Cursor Attributes
SQL Cursor Attributes
Using SQL cursor attributes, you can test the
outcome of your SQL statements.
Using SQL cursor attributes, you can test the Using SQL cursor attributes, you can test the
outcome of your SQL statements. outcome of your SQL statements.
SQL%ROWCOUNT Number of rows affected by the
most recent SQL statement (an
integer value).
SQL%FOUND Boolean attribute that evaluates to
TRUE if the most recent SQL
statement affects one or more rows.
SQL%NOTFOUND Boolean attribute that evaluates to
TRUE if the most recent SQL
statement does not affect any rows.
SQL%ISOPEN Always evaluates to FALSE because
PL/SQL closes implicit cursors
immediately after they are executed.
PL/SQL - Interactiunea cu serverul Oracle -5
18-17 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Cursor Attributes
SQL Cursor Attributes
Delete rows that have the specified order
number from the ITEM table. Print the number
of rows deleted.
Example
Delete rows that have the specified order Delete rows that have the specified order
number from the ITEM table. Print the number number from the ITEM table. Print the number
of rows deleted. of rows deleted.
Example Example
VARIABLE rows_deleted
DECLARE
v_ordid NUMBER := 605;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM item
WHERE ordid = v_ordid;
rows_deleted := SQL%ROWCOUNT
||' rows deleted.');
END;
PRINT rows_deleted
18-18 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Summary
Summary
Embed SQL in the PL/SQL block:
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
Embed transaction control statements in a
PL/SQL block:
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.
Embed SQL in the PL/SQL block:
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
Embed transaction control statements in a
PL/SQL block:
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.
18-19 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Summary
Summary
There are two cursor types: implicit and
explicit.
Implicit cursor attributes verify the outcome
of DML statements:
SQL%ROWCOUNT
SQL%FOUND
SQL%NOTFOUND
SQL%ISOPEN
Explicit cursors are defined by the user.
There are two cursor types: implicit and
explicit.
Implicit cursor attributes verify the outcome
of DML statements:
SQL%ROWCOUNT
SQL%FOUND
SQL%NOTFOUND
SQL%ISOPEN
Explicit cursors are defined by the user.
18-20 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Practice Overview
Practice Overview
Creating a PL/SQL block to select data from
a table
Creating a PL/SQL block to insert data into
a table
Creating a PL/SQL block to update data in a
table
Creating a PL/SQL block to delete a record
from a table
Creating a PL/SQL block to select data from
a table
Creating a PL/SQL block to insert data into
a table
Creating a PL/SQL block to update data in a
table
Creating a PL/SQL block to delete a record
from a table