Prof. P.

Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 1

DESIGN PRACTICE
ANCHORAGE ZONE DETAILING

CONTENTS

1.SEQUENCE OF THE DIFFUSION ZONES.
2.SURFACE FORCES
3.BURSTING FORCES
4.SECONDARY DIFFUSION ZONE (BALANCING ZONE)


REFERENCES:
1. Y. Guyon, (1974), Limit-State Design of Prestressed Concrete, Halsted Press, J. Wiley &
Sons.
2. P. Collins, D Mitchell, (1991), Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall (Englewood
Cliffs).


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 2



Transversal tensile stress
computation through the deep
beam analogy.


From
P. Collins, D Mitchell
Prestressed Concrete Structures
Prentice Hall Ed.



Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 3




Strut and Tie modellization

(Morsch, Leonhardt,
Schlaich, Marti)


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 4




Deep Beam Analogy

(P. Collins, D Mitchell
Prestressed Concrete
Structures
Prentice Hall Ed.)





Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 5



END BLOCK CHARACTERISTIC VALUES



End block subjected to a centered force.
Transversal tensile stresses as a function of
1
a a =
- (A) Position of the point of maximum stress.
- (B) Maximum stress intensity.
- (C) Position of the point of zero stress.
- (E) Magnitude of the resultant bursting force.





Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 6



DIFFUSION ZONES
a) Primary distribution zone



b) Forces within the prisms
(a)


(b)
(c) Transverse pressures due to
curved lines of thrust
(c)


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 7



FIRST DIFFUSION ZONE. SURFACE AND BURSTING FORCES
The high and concentrated prestressing force gives rise to an intense compression zone immediately behind
the anchorage, followed by a high transversal stresses zone (bursting zone)



Surface forces
S
T and bursting forces
E
T
(S=surface, E=eclatement)
3
'
0.04 0.20
'
S
a a
T P
a a
(

| |
= +
(
|
+
\ .



( )
1
3
E
P
T where
1
2
2
a
a
=

2
18
s
N mm s (suggested)


Limit Stress in the concrete immediately behind the anchorage plate ( 4.1.8.1.4.): 0.9
c ck j
f s
Reinforcement to contrast the spalling (EN 1992 Appendix J):
,
1.2
0.03
s spalling
yd
P
A
f
=


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 8



WORKED EXAMPLE From Yves Guyon Ref. 1. SURFACE FORCES.

Details and
Dimensions


Primary
distribution
zone.
Lines drawn at
45 from the
quarters of
each anchor
plate.
Construction
of the line ab,
bc, cd, , hi.


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 9



PRIMARY DIFFUSION ZONE - Hypotheses and working criteria. (From Y. Guyon Ref. 1)

- The force applied by each anchor is diffused within a zone bounded by two
planes at 45.
- These planes intersect each other at points b, c , d, , i.
- The uppermost plane cuts the top face at a and the lower plane cuts the lower
face at i.
- The stress along this line abcdefghi is irregular. It also marks the boundary of
the zone of zero stress, which lies between this line and the end face.
- We consider the horizontals through these points of intersection. We assume
that each anchor is associated with a corresponding prism bounded by the
horizontal lines that enclose it.
- Within these prisms and the in the immediate region of the anchors the primary
force redistribution takes place. This gives rise to very high local stresses which
need a first group of reinforcement.
- This primary zone extends approximately to a line L whose abscissas
measured from the end face, are twice those of the line abcdefghi.
- As known, the webs are usually thickened near the support. It is desirable that
this thickening is sufficiently extended beyond this line L.
- Within each prism, the line of force extending from the anchor have profiles
such as those shown in the Figure.

In the following we shall compute: (A) The surface forces; (B) the bursting forces;
(C) the tensile forces in the balancing zone.

Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 10



(A) SURFACE FORCES COMPUTATION [kN]


Distance from
anchorage
Distance from
anchorage
Prestressing
Force
Surface
Force
Surface
Force
Total 1/3
Prism a a' P [kN] (a) (b) (a+b)
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
1-2-3 0,15 0,40 1200 48 22,5 70,54 23,51
4 0,40 0,075 400 16 25,6 41,62 /
5 0,075 0,075 400 16 0,0 16 /
6 0,075 0,075 400 16 0,0 16 /
7 0,075 0,075 400 16 0,0 16 /
8 0,075 0,075 400 16 0,0 16 /
9 0,075 0,075 400 16 0,0 16 /
10-11-12 0,075 0,15 1200 48 8,9 56,89 18,96


- Maximum force behind each of the anchors 1-2-3: F = 23,51 kN

2
4 8 201
s
A legs mm mm = C =

- For the others anchors in the same vertical line, a single mesh is used, consisting of 4 C 8
mm bars, anchored by means of 90 bends at top and bottom.
- Horizontal meshes are also provided.
- All these meshes are placed as closely as possible to the anchors.


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 11



(B) BURSTING FORCES
( )
1
3
E
P
T where
1
2
2
a
a
=
2
20
s
N mm s (suggested)
Vert. Dist. from anchorage Vert. Dist. from anchorage Ratio Prestress Force Bursting Force
a
1
a P T
E

[m] [m] [kN] [kN]
1-2-3 0,1 0,3 0,3333 1200 266,7
4 to 9 0,1 0,15 0,6667 400 44,4
10-11-12 0,1 0,15 0,6667 1200 133,3

Reinforcement (by assuming a tensile contribution from the concrete):
- 1 group of 2 bars C 12 mm at 0,08m from the end face.
- 1 group of 4 bars C 12 mm at 0,16m from the end face.
- 1 group of 2 bars C 12 mm at 0,24m from the end face.

Reinforcement (by ignoring the contribution of the concrete in tension):
- 1 group of 2 bars C 16 mm at 0,08m from the end face.
- 1 group of 4 bars C 16 mm at 0,16m from the end face.
- 1 group of 2 bars C 16 mm at 0,24m from the end face.

Or a spiral with 5 turns of bars C 10 for each anchorage.


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 12



(C) SECONDARY DIFFUSION ZONE. From Yves Guyon Ref. 1

Details and Dimensions


Forces per unit of depth

Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 13



Forces per unit of depth and profiles of lines of force.

- The lines of force corresponding the forces applied at the anchors are shown in Figure.
- The lever arm is 2 1 D h m ~ = .



Forces per unit of depth. Profiles of lines of force.





Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 14



The radial pressure
0
Q computation is given in the following Table.

Distance from top face
at support
Distance of line of thrust from upper
face at the inner section



EQ
0
from
top surface
y
0
y
u
y
0
-y
u
(y
0
-y
u
)/D P Q
0
EQ
0

Anchors [m] [m] [m] [kN] [kN] [kN]
1-2-3 0,15 0,17 -0,02 -0,02 1200 -24 -24
4 0,95 0,57 0,38 0,38 400 152 128
5 1,1 0,98 0,12 0,12 400 48 176
6 1,25 1,3 -0,05 -0,05 400 -20 156
7 1,4 1,54 -0,14 -0,14 400 -56 100
8 1,55 1,66 -0,11 -0,11 400 -44 56
9 1,7 1,74 -0,04 -0,04 400 -16 40
10-11-12 1,85 1,89 -0,04 -0,04 1200 -48 -8

- The last column contains, level by level, the cumulative values of
0
Q through the depth, from
which the resultant of these pressures at each corresponding level may be obtained.
- The sign of these forces may be obtained by inspection of the curvatures of the lines of
thrust.
- The compressive force has a maximum value of 176kN, here increased to (176+8)=184kN,
to take into account of the closing error of -8kN.

Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 15



Results:

At the left
side:
- Tensile forces
0,
i
i
Q

between the lines of thrust corresponding to set of

anchors (1-2-3) and 4 (max value 24kN).
- Compressive below this level.
At the right
side:
- At the right side, the relative position of the tensile and compressive forces is
the opposite.
- We have a compressive force of 24kN between the lines of thrust (1-2-3) and
4.
- Tensile forces below this level.
- The compressive force has a maximum value of 176kN, here increased to
(176+8)=184kN, to take into account of the closing error of -8kN

Reinforcement

At the left side
(zone
0
s ):
Two bars C12 mm are placed at 0.22m from the end face, to resist the tensile
force of 24kN.
At the left side
(zone
u
s ):

Six stirrups C12 mm, with 2 legs are placed, uniformly spaced, within the zone
u
s , between 2 6 0, 66 h m = and 5 6 1, 66 h m = to resist the tensile force of
184kN.

See Figure below


Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 16



End block reinforcement

(Guyon)





Prof. P. Giorgio MALERBA BRIDGE THEORY AND DESIGN SHEAR IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS 17




END