Chapter 28 - The Reproductive Systems

Chapter 28 - The Reproductive Systems
Choose the single best answer to each question.

1) Which of the following is correct?

A) Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
B) Ducts store and transport gametes.
C) Accessory glands produce sustances that protect the gametes and facilitate their mo!ement.
D) A and B are correct.
") A# B and C are correct.

Answer$ "
%eference$ &age 1'()# *ntroduction
+e!el of Difficulty$ "asy

,) Which of the following is -./ part of the male reproducti!e system?

A) prostate gland
B) epididymis
C) !estiular gland
D) ulourethral gland
") testis

Answer$ C
%eference$ &age 1'()# 0ale %eproducti!e 1ystem
+e!el of Difficulty$ 0edium

2) /he scrotum

A) regulates the temperature of the testes.
B) is a single pouch of s3in containing oth testes.
C) contains detrusor muscles that wrin3le the scrotum and ele!ates the testes.
D) contains cremaster muscles that lower the testes when they contract.
") All of these are correct.

Answer$ A

4) /he testes

A) de!elop within the scrotal ca!ity.
B) produce sperm in their seminiferous tuules.
C) contain sustentacular cells that produce testosterone.
D) contain interstitial cells that maintain a lood5testis arrier.
") are enclosed in a mucous memrane called the tunica !aginalis.

Answer$ B

() 1ertoli 6sustentacular) cells do all of the following "7C"&/$

A) nourish spermatocytes# spermatids# and sperm.
B) phagocyti8e excess spermatid cytoplasm.
C) produce fluid for sperm transport.
D) mediate the effects of testosterone and +9.
") secrete androgen5inding protein and the hormone inhiin.

Answer$ D

:) Which of the following cells de!elops first?

A) primary spermatocyte
B) secondary spermatocyte
C) spermatogonium
D) spermatid
") sperm cell

Answer$ C

)) 1perm production

A) ta3es o!er two months to complete.
B) yields aout 2'' million sperm per day.
C) occurs in response to ;19.
D) yields cells that a head capped y an acrosome# a middle piece full of mitochondria# and a tail.

Answer$ "

<) /estosterone and dihydrotestosterone do each of the following "7C"&/$

A) ind to the different receptors.
B) stimulate de!elopment of male reproducti!e structures in an emryo.
C) ring aout de!elopment and enlargement of the male sex organs.
D) ring aout de!elopment of masculine secondary sexual characteristics.
") stimulate protein synthesis.

Answer$ A

=) &lace the following in the order in which sperm will pass through them after lea!ing the
seminiferous tuules.
1. ductus epididymis
,. efferent ducts
2. ductus 6>as) deferens
4. rete testis
(. straight tuules

A) 4# (# ,# 1# 2
B) (# 4# ,# 1# 2
C) (# ,# 4 1# 2
D) (# 4# 1# ,# 2
") (# 4# ,# 2# 1

Answer$ B

1') /he epididymis

A) is a ?uestion mar3 shaped organ that lies along the anterior order of a testis.

B) can store sperm for a year or more.
C) is the site where sperm ecome capale of fertili8ing an o!um.
D) is aout 1' cm 6, inches) long when uncoiled.
") is the site where sperm lose motility.

Answer$ C

11) Which of the following is true of the ductus deferens?

A) *ts superior end# called the ampulla# connects to the epididymis.
B) *ts inferior end connects to the e@aculatory duct.
C) *t mo!es sperm toward the e@aculatory duct using cilia.
D) *t can store sperm for a month or more.
") *t produces sperm.

Answer$ D

11) Which of the following is -./ part of the spermatic cord?

A) ductus deferens
B) testicular artery
C) lymphatic !essels
D) autonomic ner!es
") dartos muscle

Answer$ "

1,) /he male urethra

A) ser!es oth reproducti!e and urinary functions.
B) consists of prostatic# memranous and penile 6spongy) regions.
C) includes the e@aculatory duct.

Answer$ D

12) 1eminal !esicles

A) lie on the anterior side of the urinary ladder.
B) produce a fluid that contains acidic mucous.
C) produce a fluid containing fructose# which is used for A/& production y sperm.
D) produce a fluid containing prostaglandins# which cause semen to coagulate after e@aculation.
") produce a fluid containing proteins# which inhiit sperm motility.

Answer$ C

14) /he prostate gland

A) surrounds the spongy urethra.
B) produces a fluid containing citric acid# which is used for A/& production.
C) produces a fluid with a highly al3aline p9.
D) produces a fluid containing en8ymes that cause semen to coagulate after e@aculation.
") decreases in si8e with age.

Answer$ B

1() /he ulourethral glands

A) secrete an al3aline mucous.
B) are aout the si8e of pears.
C) are located superior to the prostate gland.

Answer$ A

1:) Which of the following is -./ true of semen?

A) A man is proaly infertile if his sperm contains less than ,' million spermAm+.
B) *t contains sperm and seminal fluids.
C) *t protects sperm from the hostile al3aline en!ironment of the male urethra and female !agina.
D) *t contains an antiiotic called seminal plasmin.
") *t pro!ides sperm with a transportation medium and nutrients.

Answer$ C

1)) /he penis

A) consists of a single dorsal corpus ca!ernosum and two !entral corpora spongiosa.
B) has a proximal swelling called the glans.
C) is supported y the fundiform and suspensory tendons.
D) contains erectile tissue and is the male copulatory organ.
") has a distal attachment to the adominal wall called the ul.

Answer$ D

1<) "rection

A) is a parasympathetic response.
B) depends upon dilation of arterioles y nitric oxide.
C) of the corpora ca!ernosa that persists and is painful is called priapism.
D) is usually followed y sympathetic responses of emission and e@aculation.

Answer$ "

1=) Which of the following is -./ true of the o!aries?

A) /hey are the female gonads.

B) /hey produce gametes called secondary oocytes.
C) /hey produce ;19 and +9.
D) /hey produce estrogens and progesterone.
") /hey are homologous to the testes.

Answer$ C
%eference$ &age 1')'# ;emale %eproducti!e 1ystem

,') Which part of the o!ary is correctly descried?

A) /he o!arian follicles consist of oocytes in !arious stages of de!elopment.
B) /he germinal epithelium gi!es rise to o!a.
C) /he mature 6Graafian) follicle produces progesterone and estrogens.
D) /he corpus luteum is a fluid5filled follicle ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte
") /he o!arian medulla is the corpus alicans.

Answer$ A

,1) .ogenesis

A) egins after puerty.
B) is completed only after the secondary oocyte has een fertili8ed.
C) produces four !iale secondary oocytes from each oogonium.
D) is inhiited y ;19.
") produces diploid gametes.

Answer$ B
%eference$ &age 1')'# ;emale %eproducti!e Cycle

,,) /he uterine tues

A) attach to the o!aries !ia multiple fimriae.
B) are not open to the pel!ic ca!ity.
C) transport sperm# secondary oocytes and 8ygotes.
D) are lined with simple s?uamous epithelium.
") are not the usual sites of fertili8ation.

Answer$ C

,2) Which of the following is -./ true of the uterus?

A) *t ser!es as part of the pathway for sperm.
B) *t is the site of implantation of a fertili8ed o!um.
C) *t is the site of de!elopment of the fetus during pregnancy.
D) *t is unin!ol!ed in laor.
") *t is the source of menstrual flow.

Answer$ D

,4) /he uterus

A) lies etween the sacrum and the rectum.
B) has a fundus elow the openings of the uterine tues.
C) has a cer!ix that opens into the !agina.
D) is usually retroflexed o!er the urinary ladder.
") is supported y road# cardinal# round and uterosacral tendons.

Answer$ C

,() /he endometrium

A) is the inner layer of the uterus.
B) has a layer called the stratum functionalis that sloughs off during menstruation.
C) has a layer called the stratum asalis that persists and gi!es rise to the stratum functionalis.
D) is highly !ascular.

Answer$ "

,:) Cer!ical mucus

A) is more acidic and !iscous at the time of o!ulation.
B) contains phagocytes that destroy sperm.
C) can physically pre!ent sperm from entering the uterus.

Answer$ C

,)) /he !agina

A) is the female gonad.
B) is the outlet for menstrual flow.
C) is lined with a serous memrane.
D) is loc3ed y a hymen at its superior end.
") is anterior to the urethra.

Answer$ B

,<) /he !ul!a

A) is also called the pudendum.
B) refers to the internal reproducti!e organs of the female.
C) includes the mons puis# which is posterior to the !agina and cushions the coccyx.
D) includes the clitoris# which is homologous to the scrotum of the male.
") includes ulourethral glands on either side of the !estiule.

Answer$ A

,=) /he perineum

A) is found in only in females.
B) is a circular area etween the thighs.
C) excludes the external genitalia and the anus.
D) is ounded anteriorly y the puic symphysis and posteriorly y the coccyx.
") is sudi!ided into !aginal and anal segments.

Answer$ D

2') /he mammary glands

A) are modified seaceous glands.
B) lie deep to the pectoralis ma@or muscle.
C) produce mil3.

Answer$ C

21) Which of the following is -./ true of lactation?

A) *t includes the synthesis# secretion and e@ection of mil3.
B) 0il3 production is stimulated largely y prolactin.
C) 0il3 e@ection is stimulated y oxytocin.
D) 0il3 is produced in al!eoli.
") Contraction of adipose tissue e@ects mil3.

Answer$ "

2,) %emo!al of the ody and cer!ix of the uterus# uterine tues# possily the o!aries# the superior
portion of the !agina# pel!ic lymph nodes# and supporting structures# such as ligaments is a

A) salpingectomy
B) radical hysterectomy
C) sutotal hysterectomy
D) complete hysterectomy
") oopherectomy

Answer$ B

22) /he female reproducti!e cycle

A) includes the o!arian cycle.
B) includes the uterine cycle.
C) includes changes in the reast and cer!ix associated with the o!arian and uterine cycles.
D) includes the hormonal changes that accompany the o!arian and uterine cycles.

Answer$ "

24) Gn%9

A) is secreted y the posterior pituitary.
B) stimulates production and release of ;19 from the anterior pituitary gland.
C) inhiits production and release of +9 from the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer$ B

2() +9

A) stimulates production of estrogens y o!arian follicles.
B) triggers o!ulation.
C) stimulates secretion of estrogens# progesterone# relaxin# and inhiin y the corpus luteum.

Answer$ "

2:) "strogens

A) promote the de!elopment and maintenance of female reproducti!e structures.
B) relax the uterus y inhiiting contractions of the myometrium.
C) increase lood cholesterol le!els.
D) decrease protein synthesis.
") cause the endometrial lining to thin and e shed.

Answer$ A

2)) /he preo!ulatory phase

A) is the least !ariale phase of the female reproducti!e cycle.
B) is the time when one dominant follicle ecomes the mature 6Graafian) follicle.
C) is accompanied y high estrogen le!els in its first days and high ;19 le!els later.
D) is part of the secretory phase.

Answer$ B

2<) During the proliferati!e phase#

A) the cells of the stratum functionalis undergo mitosis.
B) the uterus produces a new stratum asalis.
C) the thic3ness of the endometrium nearly doules.

Answer$ C

2=) .!ulation

A) usually occurs on day 14 in a ,< day cycle.
B) is preceded y a dramatic rise in +9 le!els.
C) can e felt y some women.

Answer$ "

4') /he corpus luteum

A) ecomes the corpus hemorrhagicum.
B) has a life span of aout 2: wee3s if the secondary oocyte is not fertili8ed.
C) produces estrogens and progesterone.
D) undergoes apoptosis in the presence of hCG.
") is acti!e during the follicular phase.

Answer$ C

41) During the secretory phase

A) there is decreased growth and coiling of the endometrial glands.
B) there is decreased !asculari8ation of the superficial endometrium.
C) there is no additional thic3ening of the endometrium.
D) glycogen is secreted.
") menstruation occurs.

Answer$ D

4,) Amenorrhea is associated with each of the following "7C"&/$

A) asence of menstrual flow.
B) increased ody fat.
C) pregnancy.
D) menopause.
") decreased one density.

Answer$ B

42) Which of the following forms of irth control has the highest failure rate?

A) spermicides
B) oral contracepti!es
C) !asectomy
D) depo5pro!era
") complete astinence

Answer$ A
%eference$ &age 1'<<# Birth Control 0ethods

44) Which irth control method pre!ents pregnancy ut not conception?

A) spermicide
B) intrauterine de!ice 6*BD)
C) mechanical arriers such as condoms and diaphragms
D) hormonal controls such as norplant and depo5pro!era
") surgical sterili8ation

Answer$ B

4() Which of the following does -./ de!elop from the mesonephric duct?

A) epididymis
B) ductus deferens
C) e@aculatory duct
D) urethra
") seminal !esicles

Answer$ D
%eference$ &age 1'=1# De!elopment of the %eproducti!e 1ystem

4:) /he emryonic structures that ultimately ecome the uterus and !agina are the

A) genital tuercles
B) mesonephric 6Wolffian) ducts
C) paramesonephric 60ullerian) ducts
D) endodermal outgrowths
") intermediate ectoderm

Answer$ C
%eference$ &age 1'=1# De!elopment of the %eproducti!e 1ystem

4)) An emryo has one 7 and one C chromosome# ut the C chromosome has no functioning
1%C gene. /he emryo also has no functioning gene for the production of 0*1. *f de!elopment
continues# at irth the resulting child will appear to e

A) female
B) male

Answer$ A
%eference$ &age 1'=1# De!elopment of the %eproducti!e 1ystems
+e!el of Difficulty$ 9ard

4<) Which of the following hormones is -./ 3nown to e directly in!ol!ed in puerty?

A) leptin
B) relaxin
C) Gn%9
D) +9
") ;19

Answer$ B
%eference$ &age 11''# Aging and the %eproducti!e 1ystems

4=) Which of the following is a typical sign or symptom of menopause?

A) hot flashes
B) hea!y perspiration# particularly when sleeping
C) hair loss
D) !aginal dryness

Answer$ "
%eference$ &age 11''# Aging and the %eproducti!e 1ystem

(') 1igns of aging in the male reproducti!e system include each of the following "7C"&/$

A) increased testosterone production
B) increased prostatic hypertrophy
C) decreased sperm production
D) decreased liido
") decreased sperm !iaility

Answer$ A

Matching Choose the answer !rom the column on the right that best matches the
description or term on in the column on the le!t.

(1) produce sustances that protect the gametes and facilitate their mo!ement

(,) sperm# secondary oocyte

(2) organs that produce gametes

A) accessory glands

B) ducts

C) fertili8ation

D) gametes

") gonads

(1) Answer$ A

(,) Answer$ D

(2) Answer$ "

(4) sites of spermatogenesis

(() nourish sperm cellsD secrete inhiin

(:) ma3e testosterone

A) epididymis

B) interstitial 6+eydig) cells

C) rete testis

D) seminiferous tuules

") sustentacular 61ertoli) cells

(4) Answer$ D

(() Answer$ "

(:) Answer$ B
+e!el of Difficulty$ 0edium$

()) secrete fructose5rich# al3aline fluid

(<) surrounds urethraD secretes slightly acidic fluidD often hypertrophies with age

(=) also called CowperEs glands# secrete al3aline mucous

A) ulourethral glands

B) penis

C) prostate gland

D) seminal !esicles

") testis

()) Answer$ D

(<) Answer$ C

(=) Answer$ A

:') female external genitals

:1) transports secondary oocyte or fertili8ed egg to uterus

:,) female copulatory organD part of irth canal

A) o!ary

B) uterine tue

C) uterus

D) !agina

") !ul!a

:') Answer$ "

:1) Answer$ B

:,) Answer$ D

:2) portion of uterus that opens into !agina

:4) inner lining of the uterus

:() portion of uterus extending ao!e the uterine tues

A) cer!ix

B) endometrium

C) fundus

D) myometrium

") perimetrium

:2) Answer$ A

:4) Answer$ B

:() Answer$ C

::) estrogen causes endometrial lining to doule in thic3ness

:)) uterus sheds liningD secondary follicles in o!aries egin to enlarge

:<) +9 transforms corpus hemorrhagicum into structure secreting progesterone# estrogen# relaxin
and inhiin
A) follicular phase

B) luteal phase

C) menstrual phase

D) proliferati!e phase

") secretory phase

::) Answer$ D

:)) Answer$ C

:<) Answer$ B

:=) condoms# diaphragms# !aginal pouches

)') oral contracepti!es# depo5pro!era# norplant

)1) only 1''F effecti!e mechanism of irth control

A) astinence

B) arrier contracepti!es

C) chemical contracepti!es

D) hormonal contracepti!es

") sterili8ation

:=) Answer$ B

)') Answer$ D

)1) Answer$ A

),) de!elop into male reproducti!e structures if D9/ and 0*1 are present

)2) first menstrual period

)4) de!elop into female reproducti!e structures if D9/ and 0*1 are asent

A) menarche

B) menopause

C) mesonephric ducts

D) paramesonephric ducts

") puerty

),) Answer$ C

)2) Answer$ A

)4) Answer$ D

"rite the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

)() /he GGGGG are the male gonads.

Answer$ testes

):) /he GGGGG are the sites of sperm production within the male gonads.

Answer$ seminiferous tuules

))) /he site of sperm maturation and storage is the GGGGG.

Answer$ epididymis

)<) /he tue that carries sperm from the epididymis to the e@aculatory duct is the GGGGG.

Answer$ ductus 6>as) deferens

)=) /he GGGGG secrete a thic3# al3aline fluid enriched with fructose.

Answer$ seminal !esicles

<') /he mixture of seminal fluids and sperm that is e@aculated from the penis is GGGGG.

Answer$ semen

<1) /he GGGGG is the male coital organD it consists of a root# a ody and a glans.

Answer$ penis

<,) /he GGGGG are the female gonads.

Answer$ o!aries

<2) /he GGGGG are the normal sites of fertili8ation.

Answer$ uterine 6;allopian) tues

<4) /he GGGGGG houses the emryoAfetus during most of its de!elopment.

Answer$ uterus

<() /he muscular middle layer of the uterus is the GGGGGG.

Answer$ myometrium

<:) /he GGGGG is the passage way for sperm and menstrual flow and is the inferior region of the
irth canal.

Answer$ !agina

<)) /he mons puis# laia ma@ora# laia minora and clitoris are some of the parts of the GGGGG# or
external genitalia# of the female.

Answer$ !ul!a

<<) /he diamond5shaped area at the inferior end of the trun3# medial to the thighs and uttoc3s#
is the GGGGG.

Answer$ perineum

<=) /he GGGGG glands are the modified sweat glands in!ol!ed in lactation.

Answer$ mammary

=') 0ost females of reproducti!e age undergo a monthly GGGGGG# which produces a secondary
oocyte and prepare the uterine lining to recei!e a fertili8ed egg.

Answer$ reproducti!e cycle

=1) /he hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of ;19 and +9 is GGGGG.

Answer$ Gn%9

=,) /he rupture of the dominant mature 6Graafian) follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte
into the pel!ic ca!ity is GGGGGG.

Answer$ o!ulation

=2) Controlling fertility and pre!enting conception are some mechanisms of GGGGGG.

Answer$ irth control

=4) Without the presence of dihydrotestosterone or 0ullerian5inhiiting sustance# an emryo will
de!elop a GGGGGG reproducti!e system.

Answer$ female

=() /he period when secondary sex characteristics egin to de!elop is GGGGGG.

Answer$ puerty

"rite a short paragraph that answers the question.

=:) /race the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it lea!es the
male ody. *nclude descriptions of fluids added along that path.

Answer$ 1perm mature in the epididymis. ;rom there# they tra!el through the ductus 6>as)
deferens into the adominal ca!ity. /he ampulla of the ductus deferens merges with the duct of
the seminal !esicle to form the e@aculatory duct. 1perm and the al3aline# fructose5rich fluid from
the seminal !esicle mo!e from the e@aculatory duct into the prostatic urethra# where they are
mixed with a slightly acidic mucoid fluid from the prostate. -ext the sperm and fluid pass through
the memranous urethra and are mixed with additional al3aline secretions from the ulourethral
glands. /he comination of sperm and secretions is called semen. /he mixture tra!els through
the penile urethra as it is e@aculated.

=)) Descrie the functions of testosterone.

Answer$ /estosterone promotes the de!elopment and maintenance of male secondary sex
characteristics# protein anaolism1'=1# De!elopment of sexual function 6eha!ior# liido#
spermatogenesis)# and the male pattern of de!elopment during prenatal life.

=<) Descrie the roles of estrogens and progesterone.

Answer$ "strogens stimulate the growth1'=1# De!elopment and maintenance of the female
reproducti!e structures. /hey stimulate the de!elopment of female secondary sex traits including
the de!elopment of reasts and the pattern deposition of sucutaneous ody fat. "strogens
cause the uild up of the endometrial lining that prepares the uterus for implantation of the
emryo. "strogens also stimulate protein synthesis. &rogesterone wor3s with estrogens to
prepare the endometrium for implantation and to prepare the reasts for mil3 production.
&rogesterone is critical to maintaining the endometrium throughout a pregnancy.

==) Descrie the positi!e feedac3 loop in!ol!ed in o!ulation.

Answer$ ;19 and +9 promote follicular de!elopment# thus increasing estrogen production. 9igh
le!els of estrogen during the late preo!ulatory phase stimulate release of Gn%9 from the
hypothalamus. Gn%9 promotes release of more ;19 and +9 from the anterior pituitary.

Chapter 28 - The Reproductive Systems

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Choose the single best answer to each question.

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