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A thousand year-long chain of statements originating with the geographers, historians, interpreters of the state diplomatic corps, traders, and eyewitnesses from every walk of life persistently stated that the new arrivals during Late Antique and Early Middle Age periods, i.e. the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Khazars, and Türks, and the Badjanaks and Kumans during the Middle Ages, were Scythians. Herodotus, and few other Classical writers brought to us few genuine words with translations, in due course they were found and analyzed.
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Scythian Vocabulary in the Sources - A.Chay - G. Dremin
A thousand year-long chain of statements originating with the geographers, historians, interpreters of the state diplomatic corps, traders, and eyewitnesses from every walk of life persistently stated that the new arrivals during Late Antique and Early Middle Age periods, i.e. the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Khazars, and Türks, and the Badjanaks and Kumans during the Middle Ages, were Scythians. Herodotus, and few other Classical writers brought to us few genuine words with translations, in due course they were found and analyzed.
A thousand year-long chain of statements originating with the geographers, historians, interpreters of the state diplomatic corps, traders, and eyewitnesses from every walk of life persistently stated that the new arrivals during Late Antique and Early Middle Age periods, i.e. the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Khazars, and Türks, and the Badjanaks and Kumans during the Middle Ages, were Scythians. Herodotus, and few other Classical writers brought to us few genuine words with translations, in due course they were found and analyzed.
Not that we did not have a clue about the Scythian language, and Messsers Vs.Mller and V.I Abaev came to an empty land. Quite the opposite, a thousand yearlong chain o! statements originating with the geographers, historians, interpreters o! the state diplomatic corps, traders, and eyewitnesses !rom every wal" o! li!e persistently stated that the new arrivals during #ate Anti$ue and %arly Middle Age periods, i.e. the &uns, 'ulgars, Avars, (ha)ars, and *r"s, and the 'ad+ana"s and (umans during the Middle Ages, were Scythians. &erodotus, and !ew other ,lassical writers brought to us !ew genuine words with transla tions, in due course they were !ound and analy)ed. *he Assyrian ,unei!orm tablets were deciphered, and in -./0 a listing o! the Scythian genuine words !rom the time o! the Assyrian empire was published, a good $uarter century be!ore the philological e$uilibristic o! Vs.Mller and V.I Abaev had begun. *he !ollowing citation o! the -1 Scythian words !rom the wor" o! A. ,hay, who in 2002 republished the A.3. Mordtmann list o! the Scythian words !ound in the Assyrian tablets is mirrored below, with a "nown %nglish translation, and +u4taposed against readily accessible *ur"ish translation. *he *ur"ish translation belongs to the 5gu) branch o! the *r"ic language, separated !rom the Scythian originals by a time o! 2/ centuries and space o! hal! %urasia, and still the pro4imity o! the modern 5gu) and ,lassical Scythian is readily apparent. In the 5gu) *r"ic, only two words out o! -1 on the list were replaced with unrelated roots. *hat apparency should have been "nown to Messsers Vs.Mller and V.I Abaev be!ore they embar"ed on rewriting the history, and leave little room !or sparing their good !aith !rom $uestioning. 6or a scholarly analysis, a comparative philological data base would increase mani!old, assembling cognates !rom both 5gur and 5gu) branches, and the ancient !orms that may not be in use any more, possibly allowing su7cient resolution to provide meaning!ul classi8cation !or the Scythian le4icon recorded by Assyrians, and e4pand the "nown le4ical body by the later Near %astern discoveries. It should also be noted that the nearest to the Assyrians, the Ishgu)a9Ashgu)a Scythians populated Sa"asena, called in today:s literature ;Scythian (ingdom<, the A)eri land in the today:s A)erbai+an in the South ,aucasia, etymologi)ed as Sa" = As = an, i.e. the land o! Sa"a Ases. *hat the A)eri land was a cradle o! the A)eri language was noted by the Arabic traveler Ibn &aw"al >travelled ?1@?A?, written in ?//B, who recorded that the A)eri language was a lingua !ranca in the ,aucasus centuries be!ore the Mongol invasion ostensibly brought the *r"ic languages to the ,aucasus. *he modern city myth, composed by Cussian coloni)ers, and embraced by modern Iranian o7cialdom, does not hold the water, and because it dis8gures their own history, is counterproductive to their own ob+ectives. *he Scytho*r"ic comparison o! the words with "nown translations is a child:s play, they are immediately and pro!oundly apparent, but the onomasticon is no less telling, with a caveat that the modern %uropean names ta"en as the only source would lead the li"eminded linguists to a conclusion that initially the whole o! the %urope spo"e &ebrew. Many names are readily apparent, li"e the Dapai !or grand!ather, Ani !or mother, and Ata !or !ather. *he others, interpretation o! which is a wild geese chase, in the ScythoIranian concoction were assembled with a span o! the ;I%< le4icon ranging !rom the 5ssetic to Indian to 'altic to ,eltic to whatever language happened to carry an I% label, with )ero etymological depth and a will!ul neglect o! other !actors. In contrast, the suggested *r"ic speculations are e4clusively !rom the *r"ic le4is, without turning to other ;EraloAltaic< or Altaic languages li"e (orean, 6ennic, or Fapanese, and in numerous cases even that limitation suggests a choice o! allophones. %4panding the choice to every imaginable ;EraloAltaic< or Altaic language would create the same insane situation that too" place with the ScythoIranian case, when every random word has somewhere a random isogloss. Gith such loose selection criteria, it would be a miracle not to 8nd matches !or any word o! the onomasticon. In his wor", H.3remov came to an e4traordinary conclusion that a!ter a hundred and 8!ty years o! $uasiscienti8c wor", no Ilearned ScythologistIlinguist bothered to compose >or publishB a list o! the Scythian wordsJ IAs is seen, none o! the above dictionaries containing remains o! the Scythian language >V.I. Abaev, #. Kgusta, (.*. Vitcha", V.D. Detrov ed.B does not satis!y the credibility and completeness criteria set !orth above. Strange as it seems, the modern science of the Scythian language still has not developed a full and credible, agreed upon list of preserved traces of the Scythian language. As a 8rst approach to solving the problem below is a list o! -.? words, the origin o! which can be une$uivocally associated with the culture o! the %uropean Scythians in the Northern Dontic region o! the .thL@rd cc. ',. *he bul" o! this list is the le4icon drawn !rom the Scythian records o! &erodotus. *his list deliberately does not include the Sa"a, Massagetan, Sarmatian, or the Alan words. &owever, the list contains a !ew ,immerian names, included on the grounds that the ,immerians in the preScythian age was essentially called the same autochthonous >SicMed.B population o! the North Dontic steppes, which later became "nown under a generali)ed name o! the Scythians. The list includes the names of the Scythian epigraphical monuments of the Northern Pontic region, namely those which, on the one hand, have a transparent "Iranian" etymology confrmed by reputable linguists >i.e. the sampling is contaminated by tendencious selection ed.B, and on the other hand, belong to the Scythian period, i.e. were !ound on the stones o! no later than the mid@rd c. ',.I 'ut despite tendentious and untidy contamination, the H.3remov:s catalog provides the picture that was intentionally ignored by the other IscientistsI >httpJ99annales.in!o9s"i!9small9onomast.htmB. Since Hoths are numerously identi8ed by the ,lassical writers as Scythians, the list should be complemented by Hothic le4icon with attested translations, yet to be compiled. 3itto the Dersian and Indian sources. 5n a glimpse o! ,hinese, see Sanping ,hen Khou *heophoric Names. *he posting:s notes and e4planations, added to the te4t o! the author and not noted specially, are highlighted in blue !ont, shown in >blue italicsB in parentheses and in blue bo4es. Assyrian Cuneiform Documents A !hay Scythians//The Turks Ankara, 2002, p. 155, ISBN 975-6782-55-2, 975-6782-56-0, Cuneiform records from the Sus area Scythian Turkish English Scythian Turkish English Scythian Turkish English anira tamir repair (v) irci!i c"#a$ increa%e (v) vita -- "pp"%ite (a&') arta "t(r(% %eat (v) k(tta kat a&& (v) v(r(n v(r(% )eat (v) &a$&( &"$&(r *$$ (v) ca!ri -- "+%prin! !ik !,k %k- va$ -"$ r"a& .e/. A.0. 1"r&tmann, 23)er &ie 4ei$in%cri/ten 56eiter 7att(n!8, 9017 ::I;, 1870, p. 50 Authentic Scythian words translated in Greek sources com!ared only with the Turkish "ranch of the T#rkic linguistic family Scythian Translation to English T#rkic T#rkic translation to English Comment Source "i"r (e"r) man er man /r"m c"mp"(n& <i"rpata =er"&"t(% I; 110 pata ki$$ )at )eat, ki$$ /r"m c"mp"(n& <i"rpata =er"&"t(% I; 110 arim 1 ("/ 2) ar-m a$/ /r"m c"mp"(n& Arima%p"i(ei%) =er"&"t(% I; 27 %p( e-e %p( e-e /r"m c"mp"(n& Arima%p"i(ei%) =er"&"t(% I; 27 enar(e) ca%trate& enar n"tce&, i.e. !e$&e&, ema%c($ate& /r"m 7recici5e& >narei% =er"&"t(% I 105, I; 67 canna)i% emp kenevir emp =er"&"t(% I; 7? Api pra-m"ter api mama =er"&"t(% I; 59 Arar river ar-k %tream =er"&"t(% I; ?8 Ara@ river ar-k %tream =er"&"t(% I 202 A%@i /r(it '(ice ak%a &i% a$%" tran%cri)e& A%ci =er"&"t(% I; 2A Ata /ater ata /ater /r"m c"in $e!en& Atai$(%)
4r"(ka% Sn"6 ."ckie% 4-ra(ka% Sn"6 ."ckie% H$in- 6.:I: kr"( %n"6 k-ra( (kar) %n"6 H$in- 6.:I: ka% r"ck, c$i+ ka% r"ck- m"(ntain, c$i+ H$in- 6.:I:, =er"&"t(% 1.10? 4a(ka% Iite ."ckie% 4a(ka% Iite ."ckie% =er"&"t(% 1.10? ka( 6ite ka( 6ite =er"&"t(% 1.10? SCYTHIAN VOCABULARY G. Dremin ttpJKKk$a&ina.nar"&.r(K&reminK&remin.tm !e"r!eL&KatK)k.r( =i$&e!ar& Memp"rini, I"$/!an! =aa%e, N"%ep ;"!t A(/%tie! (n& Nie&er!an! &er r,mi%cen Ie$t, ISBN A-11-007175-? Ha!e 701 Posting Introduction Almost all words below are not !a"es manipulated to lin" the 5ssetian9Iranian and Scythian, they are real words e4tracted !rom the written statements o! the Scythian contemporaries. *here is little need to prove the obvious, that is precisely what the ancient historians, literati, and politicians were stating !or centuries, that the &uns were Scythians, and then that all "inds o! other *r"s were Scythians. It is only natural that not only ethnological and cultural traits would be visibly traceable to the later "ins, but that the linguistic traits would be traceable as easy as the horse trac"s are distinct !rom cloven trac"s. As a solid evidence o! agglutination, this brie! list has at least -2 agglutinated compound words. *he situation is a humdin ger !or everyone who had more then a cursory ac$uain tance with the controversy, including those de!enders o! the maveric" theory that are busy buttressing it, the don"ey ears are stic"ing !rom all holes. 5ne observation is that the languages do not change that !ast, in a span o!, say, hal! a millennia turning into absolute dissimilarity. Most o! the ancient Hree" and Coman vocabulary that was incorporated into various %uropean languages is still with us, unde!ormed and easily recogni)able. All Iranian ;cognates<, in contrast, are utterly de!ormed and totally unrecogni)able. In contrast, the *r"ic comparisons are apparent without mental strain and philological e$uilib ristic. En!ortunately, this list o! -1N words includes about a third that are li"ely unrelated to the Scythian language, and most importantly, it does not include the words outside the Hree" hori)onO the Indian sources that have a rich inheritance o! literary monuments, and so do the Mesopotamian documents. V.Abaev chose to ignore most o! the real Scythian words that inconvenienced him because they clipped his !antasy by having a real translation !rom the Scythian. *hey did not $uali!y !or his criteria o! selecting only those words that could be matched with any random roots !rom his selection o! multitude hypothetical I% relatives. Ancient writers and a historian$ App Appian - ."man i%t"rian )e/"re 170 A0 Ar Arrian - 7reek i%t"rian )e/"re 175 A0 =e$ =e$$anik"% - 7reek =i%t"rian )e/"re ?00 BO =er"&"t =er"&"t(% - 7reek =i%t"rian )e/"re ?25 BO =e% =e%-ci(% - 7reek 6riter )e/"re ?50 A0 =e%i"& =e%i"& - 7reek 6riter 8t c. BO ="mer ="mer - 7reek 6riter )e/"re 8t c. BO 4t Ote%ia% - 7reek i%t"rian )e/"re A80 BO 0.S. 0i" Oa%%i(% - i%t"rian )e/"re 229 A0 I"r N"r&an - 7"tic i%t"rian )e/"re 551 A0 P(c P(cian - 7reek 6riter )e/"re 180 A0 1a$ 1a$a$ - 7reek i%t"rian )e/"re 578 A0 <$ <$-mpi"&"r(% "/ Me)e% a/ter A80 A0 <v <vi& - ."man p"et )e/"re 18 A0 Her An"n-m"(% Herip$(% ca. 50 A0 H$ H$in- - ."man. 6riter )e/"re 70 A0 H"$ H"$ien - 7reek i%t"rian 2n& c. A0 H.O. Hr"c"pi(% Oe%arean )e/"re 55A A0 Ht Ht"$em- - 7reek %cienti%t )e/"re 168 A0
6or a statistical assessment o! a chance to 8nd V.I.Abaev type random ;cognate< roots see Statistical #inguistics. Candom ,oincidences. Gith the semantical 8eld methodo logically set to in8nity, the chances to 8nd such a ;cognate< root !or every other root are better than - in any language, and 8nding random 2@ roots would be, and actually had been in his case, a regular occurrence. Step Stepen te B-5antine 6t c. A0 Str Stra)" - 7reek =i%t"rian )e/"re 2? A0 Oer M%erete$i - S"viet $in!(i%t An- c"mment% >in blue italicsB )e$"6 %"($& )e taken 6it a !""& &"%a!e "/ %a$t, in n" &e!ree te- are %c"$ar$-, an& te %c"$ar% tat (%e &iacritic% t" e@pre%% a &ept "/ teir re%earc (%(a$$- &i%mi%% %imi$ar materia$ a% amate(ri% "r /"$k et-m"$"!-. Mr. %tan&% /"r MQrkic, 7r. /"r 7reek, etc. Me 2Ancient8 v%. 21"&ern8 app$icati"n% "/ te 6"r&% are n"t n"te&, a$$ $an!(a!e% can!e 6it time 6it"(t $"%in! teir !enera. *hat "ind o! linguistic e$uilibristic can be compared to a success!ul 8shing in a 8shery. Adding A!ghan, Armenian, Heorgian, Herman, &ungarian, (abardin, #ithuanian, Mongolian, and Cussian languages to the e4amined le4ical base in his a$uarium, Abaev should have had do)ens o! candidates !or each root, a real tric" was not to 8nd a match. Not to duplicate Abaev:s methods, in this posting the words that do not have any semantical hints are le!t without comments. 6or reasons other then philological, Abaev pointedly s"ipped *r"ic and Na"h languages, the last evidently because N0P o! the 5ssetian is Na"h, and the Na"h people at that time were deported to internment in e4ile. In a science, however, a spoon!ul o! crap does not spoil a barrel o! honey, +ust the opposite, a spoon!ul o! honey turns crap into gold, and the crap, as it should be, ends on the garbage heap o! the history. A little bit o! statistics. Vs.Mller listed 12N names, o! which -A/ >@?PB he proclaimed to be Iranian, and 2N. >A-PB nonIranian. #.Kgusta listed A-@ names, o! which 2.A >1/PB he proclaimed to be Iranian, /N >-2PB possibly Iranian, N- >.PB aboriginal, and -2? >2-PB une4plainable. V. Abaev:s e4ercise is more success!ul, since he did not list anything he could not lin" to 5ssetosomething. Hiven that the resear chers did not even "now i! the words were agglunative o! Qe4ive, nor their semantical meanings, the results are superbly Scholastic. SC%T&IA' ()CA*+,A-% G.Dremin Scythian lexicon accordin to !ritten sources A"aris - a name "/ =-per)"rean (Sc-tian) %a!e. Me ancient 7reek p"et Hin&ar (522-??2 BO.) t"(!t tat A)ari% 6a% a Sc-tian 6" $ive& at te en& "/ 7t - )e!innin! "/ 6t cent(r- BO. Me %"pi%t =imeri(% (A15-A86 A0) a$%" ca$$e& A)ari% a Sc-t. 7reek pi$"%"per =erac$i&e% "/ H"nt(% (A88-A10 BO) attri)(te& t" A)ari% a n(m)er "/ te"$"!ica$ 6"rk%. In %c"$i(m t" te H$at"D% 2State8 i% a remark tat 2H-ta!"ra%, am"n! "ter tin!%, 6a% $i%tenin! t" =-per)"rean A)ari% an& ma!ician 9arate.8 >*r. 'ars R bars, leopard, lionO a popular name that included 'ulgarian, Cussian, and 'ritish royalties, in addition to a plethora o! *r"ic personalities, most o! them were scions o! royal linesO the ;a< appear to be a prosthetic vowel, but could stand !or ;a"< R *r. white, noble, and the li"eO ;a< is also a *r. !orm indicating respect, borrowed !rom or loaned to the ,hinese. Ge also have a *r"ic tribe (ubar that +oined Magyars in escape, their name may be synonymous with AbarJ (uu'ar R Ghite 'arsO and a state 'arsil R #and o! 'arsBB Pat-%ev ;. Ancient 6riter% a)"(t Sc-tia an& Oa(ca%(%. ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. A19R ;0I, 19?8, N" A, pp. 2?8, ;0I, 1952, N" 2, pp. 267R 4(k$ina I.;. Anacar%i%. ;0I, 1971, N" A, p. 11A-125. A.hatai /01234356 - Sc-tian c$an, 6ic a%cen&% t" Pip"k%ai. 1.I.Artam"n"v )e$ieve& tat Avat% i% a %e$/-name "/ te Sc-tian%-ti$$er%. >*r. Avchu, hunter, a direct correspondence. In modern 'al"ar(arachai mythology, Avshat, a patron o! wild hunting and animals, which Avshat tends as his own herd. It is a mythological and linguistic lin" between N.Dontic Scythians and N.,aucasus 'ulgars9'al"ars that survived !or over 2,N00 years. *he notion that 'ulgars were Scythians linger !rom 8rst Hree" accounts about 'ul gars. &erodotus: alphabet did not have a letter !or ;ch< or ;sh<, they were e4pressed by suitable substi tutes. &erodotus: spelling with ;S< should be transcribed Auhatai, but !or *r"ic it is irrelevant, both dialectal versions e4ist. Dliny con8rms the semantic o! the name Avhat, with ;v<, ;able to throw lasso in circle and catch with loops the !artherest s$uads<, i.e. cowboy type ensnaring. *rapping has nothing to do with !arming and a !ate o! hard laborO contrary to Artamonov, the yo"e that !ell !rom the s"y was not a symbol o! obeisance and hard wor", it was a symbol o! dominance, the same idea as a lasso, a bounding implement. V.Abaev conceded that the name Avhat is not Iranian, i.e he could not !ancy any random permutation o! letters to e4tract an Iranian resemblance. *ur"ic voi and its Slavic !orm vyya R nec", and the *ur"ic verb Ito subordinateI is e4pressed idiomatically with voi R Ibend nec", subdue nec"I, and hence the Slavic ITUVW, TUXWY, TUZTU[Y9warrior, war, warlordI etc., and the yo"e R collar as symbol o! power. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, N\, #iberty, 2002, IS'N 0?-11..-A-1.B =er"&"t(% I; 6R 1.I. Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" A, p. 76. Agar - a $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian% 6" $e& te Sc-tian arm- &(rin! te Batt$e "/ te Sat .iver "n te Maman penin%($a in A10 BO >*r. A"er, Ghite Man, with the same connotations o! that was used by the %uropeans in the beginning o! the 20th c. and the prior @00 years, ;upper race, nobility<. #inguistically and socially, this division into ;blue blood< and ;blac" bone< is still with us, we have ;'ielorussians< and crowned monarchsB. 0i"&"r(% Sic($(%, ::, 22-2?R G(.A.;in"!ra&"v. Mere 1itri&ate% %ta))e& im%e$/ t" &eat, p. 92R M. .ice. Me Sc-tian%, p. 216. 073895 - Sc-tian tri)e. O"nnecte& 6it te name "/ te Sc-tian kin! A!ar >*r. A"er, lit. ;Ghite Man< ] ;blue blood<O aga also stands !or ;senior, respected<O both terms may also be interchangeable, blue blood was respectable, and social esteem made the blood blue. *his is not a verdict, dictionary and culture has multiple other possibilities, especially because the tribal name was o!ten used as a titlename o! a leaderB. Appian, a 7reek i%t"rian, ca. 100 - ca. 180 A0 Agathyrs - a %"n "/ $e!en&ar- =erc($e% an& %nake-$e!!e& vir!in - a &a(!ter "/ te river B"r-%tene% >3nieperB. Acc"r&in! t" te Sc-tian $e!en& /r"m im &e%cen&e& A!at-r% >agglutination Agacheri R *r. agach = er R tree = man ;!orest people<, con8rmed by Slavic cal$ue !or these people ;3revlyane< R ;6orest people<. See "orysthenes # $nieperB. =er"&"t(% I; 9, 10. Agathyrs - a name "/ te pe"p$e kin&re& 6it te Sc-tian%. 2Me n"rtern part "/ Sc-tia (p te I%tr )"r&er% "n A!at-r%i >agglutination Agacheri R *r. agach = er R tree = man ;!orest people<, con8rmed by Slavic cal$ue !or these people ;3revlyane< R ;!orest people<, which also con8rms at least a partial bilinguality o! the early Slavs. Nearly all ;who is who< in philology accept Agacheri R ;!orest people<. Agacheries is one o! the primordial %uropean Scythian tribes traceable to present time. A study o! their dialect would uncover hints o! their ancient language, ditto about their genetic ma"eup. Hree" sources lin" Agacheries with the initial composition o! the (ha)arsB. =er"&"t(% I; 100, 10?. Aelis /05:59; Ailios <= > 0?6 - 4in!% "/ Sc-tia ca 180-150 BO, c"in%. >*here must be a reason !or distorting the names, at least one name is clearly visible, ^_`_ab Ailios, and pointedly not AelisO with Hree" ending ios, the name is Ail, where in *r. A stands !or noble, il !or country. ;A< could be an accepted abbreviation indicating A", Ata ] !ather, Ail as a summer court, or something along that line. cd is le!t une4plained. In monogram *( only * is visible, it coincides with the tamga 6ig. 2.9-N? !ound in the estuary o! Syrdarya, see S.\atsen"o. In case i! we see a tamga on the coin, the basic element o! the tamga I coincides with the (ipcha" basic tamgaB Ailios ca %&'(%)' "! ( *ing of Scythia
)".. @ugate heads of the Dioskouroi in SAcythian "onnet hats -e.. @ugate horse heads A monogram <= B C monogram 0? -e.. @ugate horse heads TD /E6 monogram "elow Akinak - a %"rt, ir"n Sc-tian %6"r&. 1"%t $ike$-, te 6"r& a% a Sc-tian "ri!in. M(%, in S"!&ian an& O"re5m $an!(a!e% %(rvive& a 6"r& "yn" - %6"r& >*r. "ingira", with silent e f "inira", close enough, considering @,000 years separating our languages. (ingira" is a term !or a doubleedged sword, dagger, "ni!e, in the Middle Asia and South Siberia "inira" 8rst appeared in the graves o! the *agar ,ulture, /00-00 ',, a!ter (arasu"s, -200/00 ',, mastered iron production and alloys with arsenic and tin. Scythians brought along their "inira"s still during the (arasu" time, as depicted by the march o! the "urgans !rom east to west. It would ta"e a scholarly egort not to notice temporal, spatial, and linguistic evidence. Vaissihre supposes that the %phtilite name (hingila is a name o! the sacred sword worshipped by the %astern &uns, ;"englu< compared with *r"ic $ijira$ ;doubleblade "ni!e<. *his sword was worshipped among the %astern &uns in the same way as the Scythians and the &uns o! Attila worshipped swords. In modern ,hinese pinyin, "englu is phonetici)ed as ,henglu. Vaissihre stipulates that (englu was also a name o! the god o! war among %astern &uns and the &uns o! Attila, so %phthilite (hingila might have been a theophoric nameO that, however, conQicts with the concept o! *engriism, which holds *engri as Almighty, allowing spirits and alps, but not other gods. Vaissihre 200@, -2?. 6. &irth calls the word "ingira", Ia doubleedged "ni!eI among the weapons that (ing Gu o! the Khou personally used to con$uer the Shang, Ithe oldest *ur"ish word on recordI kIAncient history o! ,hina, to the end o! the ,hou dynastyI, New \or", -?0.O reprint 6reeport, New \or", -?A?, p. A/l. *his claim is consistent with archeological 8ndings that show stri"ing similarity in bron)e daggers !ound in ,hina and west SiberiaB. Fig. G Distri"ution histogram for all HI C dates for Scythian time monuments of HstJKrd !eriods >Note that the timescale stops at -00 A3, while the "urgans "ept on going up until present and in %urope e.g. Dereschepino "urgan AAN A3B
Akrosa /Akrosas6 - Sc-tian kin! in 0")r(&'a. In te 2n& c. BO Akr"%a minte& c"in% 6it i% name in te M"m an& <&e%%a citie%. >3obrud+a is the historical land o! Se"lers. Fudging !rom a picture o! a replica, the attribution o! the coin to the nomadic Scythians or Sarmatians does not 8tO there could be any number o! alternate arrangements that would bring producers o! grain under Scythian or Sarmatian title, but none o! them would put them on horses and ma"e them nomads. *hough tentative *r"ic names could be suggested, they would not be +usti8ed ethnologically. Hree", Illirian, 3acian, *hracian etc. would be a better attribution.B A+rosandros , c "!( *ing of Scythia
M.;.B$avat%k-. ;0I, 19?8, N" 1R =armatta, St(&ie% in te i%t"r- an& $an!(a!e "/ te Sarmatian%, 1970, p. 22. AliLons - pe"p$e in Sc-tia. 2Me- $ea& a Sc-tian 6a- "/ $i/e, )(t %"6 an& eat c"rn, "ni"n, !ar$ic, $enti$%, an& mi$$et.8 >&ere we may have the endonym o! the *imber Hrave people. Ghen the two Qows o! *imber Hrave culture migrants have met in the N1th c. ', in the ,horasmia area, one !rom the N.Dontic or ;Scythia<, and the other !rom the eastern, more Mongolised, %urasian steppes, they had no problems establishing symbiosis, and proceeded to establish the ,horasmian civili)ation that lasted !or a millennia, and survived centuries o! the Dersian assaults and coloni)ationB =er"&"t(% I; 17, 52. From Ancient T-r+ic glosses .Scythian words/ in written wor+s of ancient authors / / Proceedings of the Hst scientiMc and !ractical conference N'omadic ci.iliLations of Central and 'orthern Asian !eo!les$ &istory status !ro"lemsN Part H DyLyl J Drasnoyarsk OPPQ J !!. HIR J HAA A$a5"ne% - acc"r&in! t" te ancient 7reek i%t"rian =er"&"t(% (5t c. BO), %" 6ere ca$$e& te Sc-tian tri)e% $ivin! near B$ack Sea 6e%t "/ te 0nieper .iver. Me %tem "/ te tri)a$ name% ala), 6it"(t 7reek /"rmative aT@e% -on an& -es, i% a&apte&, i.e., =e$$eni5e& /"rm "/ te etn"n-m A$a&', ari%in! /r"m "cc(rrin! in vari"(% $an!(a!e p"netic %()%tit(ti"n "/ ")%tr(ent a+ricate U&'V 6it a %i)i$ant U5V. In M(rkic $an!(a!e% te p"neme U&'V ma- %"(n& $ike U&5V, U'V, UtW X YV an& U5V, /"r e@amp$eJ &'i!it X 'i!it D-"(t, a!i$eD, BaEt-&'an X BaEtWZn X BaYZn -. ma$e pr"per name, &'er X 'er X &5er X 5er DeartD. Me 6"r& alam ] alan i% kn"6n am"n! %"me MQrkic pe"p$e%. S"r e@amp$e, am"n! te 4a5ak%, it i% an arcaic %-n"n-m /"r %e$/-name $a)a$R in ear$ier time% it 6a% (%e& )- te 4a5ak% an& N"!ai% a% nati"n6i&e )att$e cr-. A pre%erve& in /"$k$"re pra%e alto alan, $it. DSi@ A$a% tri)e%D i% (n&er%t""& eiter a% a c"mm(nit- "/ %i@ MQrkic pe"p$e, "r a% a (ni"n "/ 4a5ak tri)e%. ;ari"(% interpretati"n% "/ ti% %-nta!ma (tere are 1A interpretati"n% "/ ti% e@pre%%i"n) in&icate% a !reat antiF(it- "/ it% "ri!in. Am"n! te tri)e% tat 6ere part "/ te <!(5 a$$iance, me&ieva$ a(t"r% menti"n 4a$a'e% X ="$a&'e% (=a$a&' X =a$aY)"/ Neti-%( (an appearance in /r"nt "/ %"me 6"r&% tat )e!in 6it a v"6e$ "/ a pr"%tetic e$ement UV i% a caracteri%tic pen"men"n /"r %"me MQrkic $an!(a!e% an& &ia$ect% ). Me 1(%$im 6riter I)n 4a$&(n ca$$e& te c"(ntr- $-in! n"rt-ea%t "/ Ma%kent a =a$i' $an&. <ver te cent(rie%, %eparate !r"(p% "/ ti% etnicit- m"ve& /r"m 4a5ak%tan t" te 6e%t, %"(t an& %"(t6e%t. <ne "/ te $ar!e%t Ha%t(n tri)e% - te 7i$5ai% ([i$&'i- X =a$&'a-) !enetica$$- a%cen&% t" 4a$a'e% 6" 6ere pa%t(rin! at te 7a5ni p$atea(. In 1290, te 4a$a' MQrk% capt(re& te 0e$i cit- an& e%ta)$i%e& a ne6 %tate in te n"rtern In&ia, te 0e$i S($tanate. Me &e%cen&ant% "/ a part "/ tat tri)e tat mi!rate& t" te Oentra$ Iranian p$atea(, n"6 c"n%tit(te te MQrkic-%peakin! etnicit- re%i&in! in ?6 %ett$ement% %"(t-6e%t "/ Meran. Me A$at tri)e n"6 $ive% in 6 c"(ntrie% a% c"erent etnicitie% - 4a$a' in Iran, 4a$at in 4"ra%an, Ha%t(n in A/!ani%tan, 7a$5ae in In&ia, A$at in 4a5ak%tan, an& A$at an& A$acin in A$tai in .(%%ia. In Oine%e te- 6ere ca$$e& %loch+i, an& 'oma /"r teir B%ke6)a$& "r%e%B. 7iven tat in O$a%%ica$ time te- 6ere kn"6n t" =er"&"t(% in te 6e%t an& Oine%e in te ea%t, in te AntiF(e time te- 6ere a% &i%per%e& a% te- are n"6. S"me 6t c. BO Sc-tian k(r!an% in te 0nieper-B( inter\(via$ ma- )e attri)(te& t" te A$at Sc-tian%. A$at ]am!a^ in 4a5ak%tan an& Oina 6a% (4ipcak-)a%e&) K (4ipcak-)a%e&) K (4ipcak-)a%e&) K (0"&(r!a) K (4"$p"%) K (Oine%e rec"r&%), %"6in! e@cepti"na$ c"n%i%tenc- "ver 2 mi$$ennia. Amadok /0S3T9U956 - Sc-tian tri)e "r c$an. Ama&"k% a% %pecia$ Sc-tian tri)e *r%t "/ a$$ menti"ne& =e$$anic(%, 6" $"cate& tem )et6een 0nieper an& Sever%k- 0"net%. A$t"(! =er"&"t(% &"e% n"t menti"n Ama&"k%, teir name 6a% 6e$$ kn"6n in ancient time%. S"r e@amp$e, te =-per)"rean Ama&"k er" 6a% "n"re& at 0e$pi an& 6it an"ter =-per)"rean, =-per" e 6a% cre&ite& 6it %avin! te 0e$pi temp$e /r"m an inva%i"n "/ te 7a($% (7a$atian%). In te 5t an& ?t cc. BO in Mrace 6ere kin!% 6it name% Ama&"k I an& Ama&"k II. Ht"$em- in i% )""k menti"n% an e@i%tence "/ Ama&"k cit-, $"cate& "n te )ank "/ te river B"r-%tene% >3nieperB, Ama&"k $ake an& Ama&"k m"(ntain%. S"me re%earcer% ave /ait tat m"&ern 4-iv i% $"cate& "n te %ite "/ te ancient cit- Ama&"k. Ht"$em- p$ace& Ama&"k m"(ntain% 6e%t "/ te 0nieper mi&&$e c"(r%e >6rom the ethnological re!erences and coins, most researchers suggest that Amado"s were a *hracian sedentary agricultural tribe, subordinated by the Scythians, and other than the grain tribute and li"e duties, ethnically unrelated to the nomadic Scythians. Dossibly, &erodotus mentions Amado"s under a generic name o! sub+ugated people 'udinsB. =e$$anik recite& )- Stepen te B-5antineR Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. A17. Amurgion /0S18759V6 - Sc-tian tri)e "r c$an. =e$$anik recite& )- Stepen te B-5antineR Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. A17. Anaksirida - Sc-tian-Saka c$"tin! e$ement. =er"&"t(% rep"rte& tat 2te Saka%, "r Sc-tian%, a$%" 6are "n teir ea&% %trai!t )"nnet at%, 6ear anak%iri&%, ave $"ca$ )"6%, &a!!er% an& %a!ar a@e% >ana"sirida sounds li"e a Hree" or Dersian wordB. =er"&"t(% ;II 6?. Anacharsis /0V3238;5W6 - Sc-tian prince, %"n "/ 7n(r >!rom a Hree" concubine wi!e, thence his Hree" nameB, a !ran&%"n "/ Pik, !reat !ran&%"n "/ Spar!apit, )r"ter "/ Sav$i(%, (nc$e "/ I&an*r%. B"rn ar"(n& 625 BO >A-1 ',pB. =e $ive& /"r a $"n! time >!rom ca 20 to ca N0 years oldB in 7reece. =e kne6 S"$"n. 7reek% )e$ieve& tat Anacar%i% 6a% "ne "/ te %even %a!e%. <n i% ret(rn t" Sc-tia e 6a% ki$$e& )- i% )r"ter Sav$i(% >!or abandoning Scythian nomadic traditions and religionB. =er"&"t(% I; ?6, 76. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. A18. Antakei - (!e )"ne$e%% *% "/ )e$(!a >sturgeon, AcipenseridaeB /ami$-. Acc"r&in! t" =er"&"t(% Antakei 6ere /"(n& in B"r-%tene% >3nieperB >*r. 'ulgar name !or 'orysthenes was 'urichai, undoubtedly o! the same root, chai is river in 'al"ar, among other *r"ic languages, li"e (arachaiO in the (ipcha" 'echen9'ad+ana" language, 'echens called 'orysthenes 'arou4 >,onstantine VII Dorphyrogenitus, ;3e Administrando Imperio<B. %tymologyJ 'uri9'aro9'qri R wol!, than R body o! water, water space, riverO than9tan is a borrowing into Dersian language, as it does not appear in any other I% languagesO 5ssetian does not have than9tan, its closest cognate is a *r"ic borrowing ;tangi)< !or la"eO also, among present Altaian peoples ;barisa< is a sacral location where spirits are worshipped and sacri8ces made, which li"ely also ascends to 'qri R wol!. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, N\, #iberty, 2002, IS'N 0?-11..-A-1, p. -?2. *he word ;Anta"ei< is unli"ely Scythian, it is suspiciously too close to the modern Hree" e4pression rstS uvuw` R no bones. In classical Hreece, the beluga area li"ely included Mediterranean, and the Hree" s"illed marines did not need steppe nomadic Scythians to teach them a new word !or the marine li!eB. =er"&"t(% ;I 5A. From XDe Administrando Im!erioY, B"nae Impe%i% >&. Ie)eri, 1860, Oapter A9, p.171J ttpJKKrapi&%are.c"mKin&e@.tm$ Greek$ _`a b `cd ef`gadfha`id `bjkl md c `c `k`n okpqc ofaqc of`ckrsfd kp tkuqoka, ofvnp`fa of`f `rd mjcdwxpfd `cd monyks kr`cd jk`fxid. ka zn jk`fxkp npsad k5`ka, jk`fxbl jqi`kl b ofvkwxndkl {fqkwh, jk`fxbl znw`nqkl b ofvkwxndkl |kw}kd, jk`fxbl `qp`kl b ofvkwxndkl tqkwvvkl, jk`fxkl `m`fq`kl b hfvkwxndkl {qbw`kl, rk`fxkl jmxj`kl b ofvkwxndkl ~mqn`kl. ,atin$ Oeter(m Hat5inacitat(m $"c(%, F(em t(nc ina)ita)ant M(rcae, a \(vii% F(i i$$ic %(nt c"!n"minat"rR \(mina a(tem i%taec %(nt, prim(% \(vi(% Bar(c appe$$at(r, %ec(n&(% O()(, terti(% Mr($$(%, F(art(% Br(t(%, Fnint(% &eniF(e Seret(% n(nc(pat(r. English$ A)"(t te Hat5inak%D p$ace, 6ic 6a% ina)ite& )- M(rk%, river% are !iven te%e name%, cie/ river ca$$e& Bar(c ({fqkwh), te %ec"n& river i% ca$$e& O()"n (|kw}kd), te tir& river i% ca$$e& Mr"($$"% (tqkwvvkl), te /"(rt river i% ca$$e& Br(t(%, at $a%t te /i/t river i% ca$$e& Seret"% (~mqn`kl). Antir - N"r&an ca$$e& te Sc-tian kin! 6" /"(!t 6it 0ari(%. 20ari(% i% a 4in! "/ te Her%ian%, a %"n "/ =-%ta%pe%, e 6i%e& t" marr- te &a(!ter "/ Antir(%, a 4in! "/ 7"t% (rea& Sc-tian%).2 N"r&an. <ri!in an& &ee&% "/ te 7"t%. A!i - 7"&&e%% "/ te Sc-tian pante"n "/ !"&%. =er"&"t(% i&enti*e% er 6it te 7reek 7aia. Api name i% &irect$- a%%"ciate& 6it te MQrkic 2apai8 - m"ter, mama >Api is a cognate o! *r. %bi9%be, one giving birth, a precursor o! %ve, and a per!ect complement to biblical ;adam< R *r. man. A dialectal variation o! Api would be Ami, via b9m alternation, which lin"s it with e4act match o! the Scythian Api, the *r. *engrian deity Emai. *he Hree" analogue Hea is a primowomb, a grandmother o! KeusO so is Scythian Api and *r"ic Emai >5*3 A--B. Emai cognates are ;umai< R womb, ;um< R stomach, ;uma< R mama. 5ther *r. cognates are ;api9abi9aby9avy9apa9abba9aba9apai< R respectively mama9senior sister9mother:s sister9!ather:s senior sister9!ather:s mother9appellation ;madam;9husband:s sister9woman. Semantically, Api is an apogee o! motherhood and womanhood. 6or Iranian etymology, V.Abaev could not come up with any better than cite E)be" and *a+i" appellation ;apa< R mother, senior sister, o! all I% languages only the modern *a+i"s adopted this ancient *r"ic appellation Apa.B. =er"&"t(% I; 59. Arar - a river in Sc-tia, \"6% tr"(! te Sc-tian $an&, /a$$% int" a river I%ter (0an()e) >*r. ;ary"< channel, stream. *he list should have included the !orm Ara4 too, we have 2 ma+or Ara4es in the Scythian land, one ,aucasian, and the other E)boi, both Qowing into ,aspianB. =er"&"t(% I; ?8. AraZ - 2 ma'"r Ara@ river% in te Sc-tian $an&, "ne Oa(ca%ian, an& te "ter Am(&ar-a canne$ 5)"i, )"t \"6in! int" Oa%pian (Mr. 2ar-k8 - canne$, %tream. Me pre%ence "/ t6" %tream%, )"t ca$$e& Ar-k in $"ca$ MQrkic $an!(a!e (M"karK0aae, 1a%!(tK1a%%a!et), c"n/(%e& !enerati"n% "/ %c"$ar%, even t"(! =er"&"t(% %tate& (neF(iv"ca$$- tat "ne "/ tem in te ea%t a% "n$- "ne canne$, an& tat %peci*e% 5)"i, )eca(%e te "ter Ara@ \"6in! /r"m te 6e%t a% a &eve$"pe& &e$ta 6it n(mer"(% canne$%. Me tran%$ati"n "/ te Ara@ a% 2stream< &i& n"t e%cape te m"&ern %c"$ar%, %ince a tir& river n"rt "/ te 1a%!(t%K1a%%a!et%, te S-r&ar-a, 6a% a$%" ca$$e& )- !eneric 2ara@8. =er"&"t(% I 202 et a$. Arga - a name "/ a -"(n! =-per)"rean 6"man (Sc-tian), 6" vi%ite& 6it er !ir$/rien& <pi% te temp$e "/ Ap"$$" at 0e$"%. =er"&"t(% I; A5.. Argim!asa - 7"&&e%% "/ te Sc-tian pante"n "/ !"&%. =er"&"t(% i&enti*e% er 6it te 7reek Apr"&ite rania. A%%"ciati"n 6it 2Ar-ppean%8 >agglutination o! *r. Arei >hence %ng. augurB R prophesy >5*3 220B = gim9gam R "am R priest = mas9pas9bash R head, i.e a head oracle, an e4act match !or Hree" Aphrodite Erania, as relayed by &erodotus 1.A/. *he Iranian attempt re$uires a change o! the name to Arti, and suggests no etymology !or the remaining partO mythologically, Iranian Arti vs. Aphrodite is a conQicting mismatch, a Hree" mythological counterpart o! Arti is *yche, or Coman 6ortuneO to lin" Arti with Argimpasa ta"es a double con+uration. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<B. =er"&"t(% I; 59, 67. Arhy!!ei - pe"p$e akin t" te Sc-tian% >Morphologically resembles other Hree" moni"ers Melanchlaen, &yperborean, ;hippo< is horse in Hree"O but it could be a Hrecici)ed version !or a Scythian word !or centaur, as agglutination o! *r. Ar = +aby9yabu9+upa4 R ;man = horse<O the Hree" ;hippo< horse is dialectal *r"ic ;yabu<B. =er"&"t(% I; 2A, 2?. Argot/es6 - Sc-tian kin!. In te Sc-tian Nap$e% 6a% /"(n& an in%cripti"nJ 8... "/ te mi!t- Ar!"t, a r($er Sc-tia .... Ar!"t in 170-150 BO 6a% a (%)an& "/ B"%p"ran (een 4ama%%aria >*he simplest etymology is !rom ar R man = got R tribe, but Ar also may be a proper name o! the tribe, with the same semantical origin !rom ;man<. Ese o! tribal names !or titlenames was a commonplace in *r"ic title nomenclatureJ Sibir"han, Masgut"han, Erus"han, Aiyar >AvarB"han, and so onB. G(.A.;in"!ra&"v. Mere 1itri&ate% %ta))e& im%e$/ t" &eat. p.1?0. Ares - !"& "/ 6ar in te Sc-tian pante"n "/ !"&%. <n$- t" im te Sc-tian% in%ta$$e& %anct(ar- in te /"rm "/ a %6"r& em)e&&e& in a pi$e "/ *re6""& >Ar in *r. is a ;soldier, warrior, man<. %4tension to a ;god o! war< !rom a memorial a"in to ;eternal Qame< would not be too une4pected. 'ut any *r"ic etymology is nothing more then V.I.Abaevtype philological !antasy, because Ares is a Hree" god, li"ely o! *hracian origin, a son o! Keus, and an inhabitant o! 5lympus. &erodotus did not cite the Scythian name !or the god. In Hree" mythology Ares was a god o! war, or rather o! violence and destruction caused by war. #ong be!ore &erodotus, Ares was depicted as wild, unrestrained, and traitorous. All romantic myths about Ares are incongruent with the depiction o! the Scythian god o! war, using &erodotus: terminology. A better description in *engriism would be an Alp, or a patron, instead o! god, and not o! destruction, but o! military success, his symbol was a sword. *he Scythian ceremonies described by &erodotus are nearly identical to those depicted !or the %astern and Gestern &uns o! the !ollowing millennium. 6or the Gestern &uns, the name o! the god o! war was recorded as (uar, the ,hinese rendition was ,hing #u. *he parallels described !or god Hor in %gyptian mythology, Sumerian Ish"ur, Dersian Hurchesh, Coman Mars, all point to cultural borrowings, even though the Sumerian Ish"ur was recorded as early as 2Ath c. ',. *he *r"ic god is reconstructed as (ur, in ,hinese transcription ,hing #uO (ur !alls into the same phonetical group as Hor, Ish"ur, and Hurchesh. It may be too presumptuous to suggest that *r"ic (ur was a model !or the !ollowing gods o! war, but in Sumer the word ;"ur;means ;!oreign hostile country<, hinting on invaders. *he *r"ic proper name (ur9,hur indicates a military leader, with slight dialectal variations it was widely spread geographically and temporally, 8rst mentioned !or the leaders, and later as a widespread name. Among *r"ic names and titles are Hur(han, Hur as part o! tribal names, Hurchi and (uarchi !or royal bodyguards !or ,hingi)ids and Sa!avids, ,hari" !or (han:s guard regiment, Fenichars !or 5ttoman swordsmen, Horgud and (or"ut !or prophets. *he sources elaborate that ;pile o! 8rewood< is actually a "urgan, or a natural hill, on top o! which is set up a plat!orm, where a sword is mounted and ceremonies held. Ge have records describing the service ritual !or Scythians, %astern and Gestern &uns, and ,aucasian *r"s. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 2@@ on B. =er"&"t(% I; 59. Ariant /0853V43W6 - $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian%, "n i% "r&er 6a% ma&e a (!e ca$&r"n 6it v"$(me "/ 600 amp"rae. Me ca$&r"n 6a% ca%t "/ )r"n5e arr"6ea&%, "%ten%i)$- in "r&er t" e%timate te n(m)er "/ re%i&ent% in Sc-tia >Scythian, &unnic, *r"ic caldrons are a trademar" o! *r"ic nomadic military culture. ,ounting methods, where the troops supplied !or war by subordinate tribes, on review pass one at a time and leave some ob+ect !or counting, stayed in the nomadic cavalry to the Middle AgesB. =er"&"t(% I; 81. Aria!eith /0853[\5]^W6 - Sc-tian kin!, r($e& te Sc-tian% "/ te 0nieper an& B(! re!i"n /r"m ?90 t" ?70 BO. H"%%i)$- 6a% a %"n "r !ran&%"n "/ I&ant-r%. Me e$&e%t %"n "/ Ariapeit, Ski$$, 6a% )"rn /r"m an I%ter (0an()e) 6i/e. Ariapeit /"(!t 6it Mere% I, a kin! "/ Mrace, an& ten marrie& i% &a(!ter an& a& /r"m er a %"n <kt"ma%a&. =i% tir& %"n A(ric 6a% /r"m a Sc-tian <pia. =e 6a% ki$$e& at /"rt- -ear% "$& in ?70 BO /r"m te an& "/ Spar!apit, a 4in! "/ A!at-r%. =er"&"t(% I; 76, 78. Arima - mean% "ne at Sc-tian%. S" =er"&"t(% interpret% te name "/ Arima%pa% >Actually, ;arym, yarom, yaro< is not one, it is a hal! o! a pair. *he semasiology o! the *ur"ic and 6innoEgric languages usually names paired parts with nouns in singular !orm, li"e ;eye< also stands !or ;eyes<, ;leg< also stands !or ;two legs<, etc. *hese languages add a de8nition to e4press ;one o! a couple< , hence lit. arymspu9sepi R hal!eye R ;one eye< Arimaspu is not ;5ne %yed<, but ;&al! %yed<, and ta"en literally in Hree" it is e4pressed as ;5ne &al! o! *wo %yed< or ;5ne %yed<. Actually, Arimaspu means ;S$uinted %yed<, and has corresponding semantical ridicule in any language in contact with s$uintedeyed Mongoloids. *he other part in Arimaspa is ;spu9sepi<, a *r. !or eye. *hese three Scythian words, arym, spu, and arimaspu belong to the translated Scythian le4icon cited by &erodotus, they do not have a place in the Iranic !amily, and belong to the *r"ic languages. Ce!. M.Ka"ievB. =er"&"t(% I; 27R Pat-%ev, 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. A07. ArimaL - Sc-tian $ea&er, a/ter 6"m 6a% name& Arima5 S"rtre%% (qaxflkw jn`qf) in S"!&iana. H"$ien rep"rt% "n te capt(re "/ ti% /"rtre%% )- A$e@an&er te 7reat (Strat., I;, A, 29) an& Stra)" (Arrian, Ana)a%i%., I;, 28, ?) >Another agglutinated compound with the ;arym< hal!, in this case ;&al! o! Ases<, i.e. Ases, and a part o! Ases: wing. Signi8cantly, the prominence o! Ases ,h. \ue)hies in the Hree" source predates their appearance in the ,hinese annals by a century, and they already appear as a dynastic tribe. *he Ases: dynastic achievements and ambitions survived into the -0th c. A3B. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 80. Arimoi - te name "/ te Oimmerian tri)e i% menti"ne& in ="merD% epic (qaxkasa). Stra)" $"ca$i5e tem in P-&ia (7e"!r. :II 8, 19). Me A%%-rian %"(rce% "/ te 1At cent(r- BO menti"ne& Arima, te $ater rartian %"(rce% menti"ne& Arme >6rom the ;arym< hal!, a wing o! the whole, a superethnic appellative. In the #ate Anti$ue time, the appellatives !or ;wing< were also con!used by e4ternal observers with ethnicity, ta"e ;*olis< and ;*ardush< ;eastern >le!tB hal!< and ;western >rightB hal!<. ;*olis< was con!used with the *ele tribal union, *ardu was ta"en as proper name in *ardu"agan, instead o! a ;Gestern (agan<, (utrigur was ta"en as an ethnonym instead o! ;Gestern *ribes< !or a ;Gestern Ging9Gestern &al!<. *he ;hal!s< in the Hree" and Assyrian stories are surely digerent, belonging to digerent con!ederations. Signi8cantly, the -@th c. ', division into ;hal!s< predates the ne4t positively "nown division o! the 8eld army into wings among the %astern &uns o! the @rd c. ', by a !ull millennia. Notably, though the threepartite division o! the state e4isted in every *r"ic state !rom gargantuan to miniscule in si)e, every age and every society came up with their own name !or the wings. #i"e any other appellative on the list without any semantical content, any speculation remains +ust a speculationB. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. ?6. Arimas!oi /085S3;[956 - =er"&"t(% 7e"!rap- p$ace& Arima%pie% (2oneeyed< in &erodotus) )e/"re =-per)"rean% (2SuperNortherners< in Hree"). 4n"6n /r"m te 6"rk% "/ Ari%tea% "/ Hr"c"nne%(% 2Arima%pei%.8 >$nit%k- $ink% Arima%p"i "/ =er"&"t(% 6it Arima "/ A%%-rian %"(rce% >*he signi8cance o! the appellation Arimaspoi is that it has a translation !rom the Scythian, and does not allow wild philological speculations. *he word Arimaspoi is prominently absent !rom the Abaev:s list o! @N. ;Scythian words<, not without a good reason. Arimaspoi is a *r"ic compound, semantically and phonetically e4actly as stated &erodotus, !rom the agglutination o! ;arym< *r. hal! = ;spu9sepi< *r. eyeO Arimaspu is ;&al! %yed<, i.e. ;S$uinted %yed<. %nglish also has in addition to ;s$uinteyed<, derisive appellations ;coc"eyed<, and ;crosseyed<, and ;s"eweyed<, and ;walleyed<, and probably more. *he su74 poi stands !or *r. bai, a popular su74 in *r"ic tribal and personal names. Ce!. M.Ka"ievB. =er"&"t(% I; 1A, 1?, 27R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. ?7. Aristagoras - Sc-tian kin! "r a kin!D% me%%en!er. In ?95 BO ne!"tiate& 6it te Spartan kin! O$e"mene% I a)"(t '"int mi$itar- "perati"n% a!ain%t te Her%ian% >*a"en as agglutination Ar>isB = *agor R Ar>isB = *ag = 5r9Ar, this is a straight!orward compound o! *r. Garrior = Mountaineer R Garrior = Mountain = Man. *ag in *r. is ;Mountain<, and is present in a number o! appellativesJ *ochar, *agar, *aur9*avr, Sary*au, 3agestan, and so on. A synonymous term !or the ;Mountaineer< is ;$ayaxi R $ayachi<, with an element ;(ai<, the term documented in the Eigur *arim area. *he dialectic division o! *ag9*au9*av93ag is well documented, the eastern languages have it as *ag93ag, the western *r"ic languages have it as *au, and that division ascends to the 8rst linguistic studies. 6rom the spread o! the ;*aus9*avs< in the earliest Hree" sources, we can conclude that that was a predominant western *r"ic ancient !orm. Signi8cantly, the alternate !orm !or the ;Mountain< is ;As<, a synonym common to all recorded *r"ic languages, which ma"es Ases and *ochar not only synonymous appellations, but initially e4onyms, applied by steppe peoples, li"e ;mountaineer< , and ;Damirian<, and ;Iberian<, and ;Appalachian< are synonymous in respect to the mountainous location as viewed !rom the plains. &owever, &M.\iliu! gives an opposite etymology !rom the same semantical 8eld, ;As< R plain, probably !rom the (a)a"h language, and derives Ases as ;lowlanders<, apparently as seen !rom the highlands. ,onsidering the anti$uity o! the term, 8rst appearing in the @rd c. ',, and be!ore that in the .th c. ', as Scythian R Asgu)ai, the initial etymology may reQect something beyond our visionB. =er"&"t(% ;I 8?. AriZ /08529W6 - ti% name i% rea& "n te ca%t ")"$ an& $ar!e &"$pin c"in%, i%%(e& in <$)ia in ?60-?25 BO. A$ek%eev G.A. e@pre%%e& an "pini"n "n te i&entit- "/ te name% "/ Ari@ an& <ri@ (_qahkl). <ri@ (A(ric) 6a% a %"n "/ a Sc-tian kin! Ariap-t an& -"(n!er )r"ter "/ Ski$ an& <kt"ma%a&. =e c"($& )e a Sc-tian $ea&er '(%t in time t" i%%(e c"in% 6it te in%cripti"n qahkl >names ascending to *r. ;Ar< R ;Garrior< were and still are popular *r"ic, and their neighboring people, names. *he neighbors !re$uently do not suspect that their popular names are slightly distorted *r"ic names, li"e 'oris, Haidar. *he de8nition o! 7"r!"nei"n "n te ")ver%e "/ te c"in i% err"ne"(%, $or$yu is participle ;terri!ying, inspiring !ear<, !rom the verb $qr$ ;to !ear<, hence the terri!ying images o! Medu)a and Horgons. *he happy !ace on the reverse can:t have anything to do with the !earinspiring HorgoneionB. *CIGP AriZ )"ol from )l"ia ")v. 7"r!"nei"n rev. 6ee$ 6it /"(r %p"ke%R )et6een %p"ke% AHI: (Pat. A.I:) H.<. 4ar-%k"v%k-, 1ASH, N" ?, 1962, pp. 222R G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Bar)arian% in Hr"%"p"!rap- "/ 6t-5t cc. BO <$)ia K 0em"!rapic %(t(ati"n ...R G(.A.A$ek%eev. Sc-tian kin!% an& r"-a$ k(r!an% "/ te 5t-?t cc. BO, ;0I, N" A, 1996. Ar!oksai /08[9_35W6 - mi&&$e %"n "/ Mar!itai, an ance%t"r "/ te 4atiar c$an an& Mra%pie%. Acc"r&in! t" 1.I. Artam"n"va, 4atiar% 6ere a part "/ Sk"$"t% >Coyal ScythiansB. An"ter rea&in! "/ te name Arp"k%a- - it Arp, 4arp (ence te Oarpatian%). Acc"r&in! t" an"ter ver%i"n "/ te Sc-tian !enea$"!ica$ m-t Arp"k%ai 6a% ca$$e& A!at-r. Me c$an "/ Arp"k%ai-A!at-r inva&e& Oarpatian%, 6ere $ive& 4atiar%-Akatir%-A!at-r%. An"ter c$an !ave te $ine Mra%pi-Mr(ck%-Mracian% >*a"en as agglutination Arpo = "sai R ;arpa< is cognate o! *r. ;arpaly"< R ;possession o! land< = a"soi R A" =Soi R ;Noble = ,lan<, i.e. ;Coyal ,lan o! the #and<, ;3ynastic 5wner o! #and<. 'eats the V.Abaev:s distorted and nonsensical ;Dosessor o! 3eep Gaters<, and nearly as much nonsensical trans!ormation o! Arpo to apra. *he corroborating pointers indicate a religious contentJ agglutination o! Arpo" = sai R ;arpo"< is cognate o! *r. !rom *ur"ish to Eigur ;arpae, arbae, erbae< R ;divination, incantation, spell, enchantment, witchcra!t, sorcery< = Sai R ;,lan<, i.e. ;Driestly ,aste<. *he cognates o! ;arpo"< spilled out to 6innic and MongolianJ ;arpa< in 6innish is a divination tool, and in Mongolian ;arba$u< is to enchant. Arpo"sai was an eponymic ancestor o! (atiar !armers and *raspi priest tribes. Cespectively, he received !rom the S"y a plow !or (atiars and a chalice !or *raspies. *he plowtype agricultural tools in *r"ic are derivatives !rom the root ;"ot, "at<, which is an apparent root !or the (atiar tribal appellation. Another *r"ic name !or a plow is ;aral<, which in Slavic trans!ormed to ;oral< with derivatives, and the root ;ar< is a 8tting component o! the (atiar eponymic patron Arpo"sai. 6or the *raspies, the range o! the *r"ic cognates is too wide to ma"e a positive determination. Apparently, the best match has to do with a patron o! water, ;tursuv9tursub9tursup<, whose symbol and tool is a vessel. In the historical period in the *r"ic societies, including &uns, the supreme priestly duties were per!ormed by a male head o! the dynastic clan, while the internal agairs, including law and +ustice, belonged to the head o! the maternal dynastic clan, who was also responsible !or harvest and plentitude. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 2-0 on, -/? onB. =er"&"t(%, ;I 5, 6, 1.I. Artam"n"v, ;0I, 19?7, N" A. Arsakom- %" i% ca$$e& a Sc-tian cie/ in a P(cian &ia$"!(e "/ 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip8, e $e& te Sc-tian arm- in a )att$e 6it B"%p"rian%, Sarmatian% an& A$an%. P(cian a$%" menti"n% /e$$"6% "/ Ar%ak, P"ant an& 1akent. P(cian c"($& (%e te rea$ name% "/ te Sc-tian >agglutination Ar = Sa" seems to be evident, ;Sa"a Garrior<, identical to a number o! Arsa"s9Arsacs, all suitable !or personal names and titles o! the con$uerorsB. P(cian. O"$$. "/ 6"rk% in t6" v"$(me%, 1"%c"6, Penin!ra&, 19A5, v"$. 1. /Assaioi6 0;;3595 - tri)a$ name. Stepen te B-5antine t"(!t "/ tem a% Sc-tian%, an& Ht"$em- a% te Sarmatian%. Mat name re%"nate% 6it te term ~faka - Sai"i menti"ne& in te &ecree in "n"r "/ Hr"t"!ene% /r"m <$)ia >agglutination As = Sai seems to be evident, ;As ,lan<. Ases persisted in association with Scythians, &uns, Ashina *ur"s and beyond !or millennia onB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?8, N" A, p. A12. AsZi/Aschi - '(ice /r"m te 2H"ntic8 /r(it tree. 7.A.Stratan"v%k- (1972) in c"mment% t" te =er"&"t(% 2=i%t"rie%8 ")%erve% tat te m"&ern >*r"icB Ba%kir% ave a &i% 2ak%a8 >*his is not a 'ash"ir word, it is a common word !or a variety o! modern *r"ic peopleB. Me 6"r& )e$"n!% t" te pe"p$e kin&re& 6it te Sc-tian% >i.e. 'ash"irs and their *r"ic "ins. *he signi8cance o! as4i9aschi is that it has a translation !rom the Scythian, and does not allow wild philological speculations. *he word as4i9aschi is prominently absent !rom the Abaev:s list o! @N. ;Scythian words<, not without a good reason. %tymology o! as4i9aschi comes !rom axi R acidy, !ermented, turn sour, chi is a property!orming su74, in Cussian dialect a soup schiB. =er"&"t(% I; 2A. Ateus /04\3W Atheas6 - Sc-tian kin!, 6" at te t(rn "/ te ?t-5t cc. BO create& a %tr"n! Sc-tian kin!&"m in te $"6er B(!KB( an& $"6er 0an()e area. In AA9 BO, at a!e 90, e 6a% ki$$e& in a )att$e 6it Hi$ip "/ 1ace&"n >*he name Ateus9Atei >^ztw{, AtheasB is a Hree" distortion, mani!estant o! other distortions that historians and linguists ta"e !or academiclevel spelling and even try to per!ect by using all "inds o! convoluted diacritics, li"e |}~, a"in to showing millimiter accuracy at a distance eyeballed at about 2 days o! travel. Ge "now how Atails not Atheas coined his nameJ It says A*AI#, an obvious agglutination Ata = Il = R *r. ;6ather< = ;#and, ,ountry, Nation< = Hree" a!!i4 ;<, a compound used over and over through the millennia, in all "inds o! combinations that start with Ata or include Il, Ata*r" and %l*erish (agan are most !amiliarB. H$(tarc, Stra)", <.N. Mr()acev 2<n Sin&% an& teir $an!(a!e2KK(e%ti"n% "/ $in!(i%tic%, N" ?, 1976. *ookola"ra /`99U9:3a836 - Sc-tian name e@p$aine& )- Me"p-$act Sim"catta (ca 6A0) a% 2ma!(%, te %ame a% prie%t, c$er!-8. MQrkic 'q"ler X 2&eep %it8 i% "ne "/ &eri%i"n% /"r /"rt(ne-te$$er% Me"p-$act Sim"catta 2Me =i%t"r-8 U.Iit)- 1986, p. A0V *orysthenes J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 a name va!(e$- a%%i!ne& t" a n(m)er "/ $"cati"n%, inc$(&in! =ipani%-B(, 0nieper, an i%$an&, an "ri!ina$ name /"r cit- <$)ia, an& m"re. 0nieper i% )e%t kn"6n a% B"r-%tene% /r"m te $ater %"(rce%. S"r et-m"$"!-, %ee Antakei. =er"&"t(%D name %"($& )e rea& *orusthenes /`981;]cV^W6 in te p"netic% "/ te =er"&"t(%D time, in%tea& "/ m"&ern p"netic%. *orysthenetai J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 an "ri!ina$ name /"r cit- <$)ia. Me name %"($& )e rea& *orusthenetai /`981;]cV^4356 in "ri!ina$ p"netic%. Me pre%ence "/ &"c(mente& native name prece&in! te name 8<$)ia (_v}pf ekd`ao)8 in&icate% tat te $"cati"n )"re a MQrkic name )e/"re te /"(n&ati"n "/ te 7reek c"$"n- pri"r t" te 5t cent(r- BO, 6en te c"$"n- 6a% vi%ite& )- =er"&"t(%. Me MQrkic name c"rr")"rate% arce"$"!ica$ *n&% tat &em"n%trate tat te ear$- 7reek re$i!i"n, e%pecia$$- te <rpic 1-%terie%, 6a% eavi$- in\(ence& )- Oentra$ A%ian 8%amani%tic8 practice%, a% te name 8B"r-%ten8 C 8I"r%ip .iver8 imp$ie% in m"&ern A$tai $an!(a!e%. A $ar!e n(m)er "/ <rpic !raTti (nearte& in <$)ia te%ti/- tat te c"$"n- 6a% "ne ma'"r p"int "/ c"ntact 6it a)"ri!ina$ pe"p$e. *udin - pe"p$e, akin t" te Sc-tian%. B"(&in $ive& in te /"re%t area "/ te $"6er 0"n re!i"n >;'udun< is a *r. term !or undistinguished human mass, a"in to ;tribes<, ;!ol"<. *he word may be a cognate o! %nglish ;buddy<, short !orm ;bud<, that came into the 8eld o! vision o! the philologists only in the -Ath c, descending !rom the indigenous Hermanic languages. In %nglish it also connotes a layman !ellow, or a mass o! layman !ellows. *he %nglish word may be o! Sarmatian originB. =er"&"t(% I; 108R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. ?5. *utir - a %"rt "/ cream "r %"(r cream /r"m te Sc-tian%. Strikin! %imi$arit- "/ Sc-tian B(tir 6it 7erman B(tter - )(tter >#atin butyrum, Hree" boutyron, lit. Hree" ;cowcheese, the Scythian word was not borrowed . 'utter was un"nown in ancient Hreece and Come, &erodotus described it among the oddities o! the Scythians. Apparently, Scythian staple !ood was not e4ported, the terms "umiss, airan, meat, sheep, mutton, soup, etc were not borrowed. 'ut the cheese tyrum was named a!ter *yre nomads, the horse ippos was named !rom *r. +aby9yabu9+upa4B. =ipp"crate%, 20i%ea%e%8 "/ p()$i%in! Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. 298. Caucasus J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 m"(ntain% p"p($ar 6it =er"&"t(%. In MQrkic ka(Kk(Kk(( i% B6iteB, te %ec"n& part "/ 6"r&% ,aucas an& (rou"as i% -"as, it mean% in MQrkic r"ck, r"ck- m"(ntain. Mi% i% n"t even an et-m"$"!-, it i% a m"&ern MQrkic &ai$- %peec. =er"&"t(% 1.10? "n Croucasis J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 BSc-tian%... ca$$ 1"(nt Oa(ca%(% Or"(ca%i%, 6ic mean% D6ite 6it %n"6D.B - H$in- 6.:I:. In MQrkic "yrau i% /r"%t, /r"5en &e6, %n"6, te %ec"n& part "/ 6"r&% ,aucas an& (rou"as i% -"as, it mean% in MQrkic r"ck, r"ck- m"(ntain. Mi% i% n"t even an et-m"$"!-, it i% a m"&ern MQrkic &ai$- %peec. H$in- 6.:I: Gnur - a kin! "/ te P"6er B(! an& te P"6er 0nieper re!i"n Sc-tian%. =e $ive& in te %ec"n& a$/ "/ te )e!innin! "/ te 7t-6t cent(rie% BO. =e 6a% a /ater "/ Anacar%i% an& Sav$i(%. =er"&"t(% I; 76R Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. 298. Gelon - a %"n "/ te $e!en&ar- =erc($e% an& %nake-$e!!e& vir!in, a &a(!ter "/ te river B"r-%tene% >3nieperB. =e 6a% an ance%t"r "/ te 7e$"n tri)e >In the preceding short passage all three proper names are *r"ic words. *he whole sentence resembles a Cussian speech, a blend o! *r"ic and some other. Helon93+ilan9Filan9\ilan is a sna"e, with initial consonant the word belongs to the 5gur branchO &ercules is agglutination o! *r. Ar = (ul = Hr. a74 es R Man9Garrior9&ero = #a"e = es, with initial & standing !or aspirationO (ul is an epithet o! power and authority, a component o! many *r"ic titles and names, its other semantical !orm is *ingi)93inge)9,hingi) Sea, so we have (ul%r"in, and (ul *egin, and ,hingi)(han. *he part 'ory9'orys in 'orysthenes is the same root as in the names o! the %uropean royalty, 'oris, which is *r"ic !or 'ear and Gol!. No wonder that advocates o! the ScythoIranian hypothesis never even descend to address a *r"ic etymology, save !or immediate sin"ing. #i"e in the Cussian language, you do not need to strain yoursel! too much, it is on the sur!ace, your only tool to escape it is to claim utter linguistic ignorance and listen to the nationalistic propaganda o! the state institutions. Another interesting aspect o! the term <Helon< lin"s it with the %lamites, the aboriginal people o! the Iranian plateau. *he phonetic variations o! the name <%lam< are close enough to the phonetic variations o! the <Helon< R Helon93+ilan9Filan9\ilan R sna"eO the !re$uency o! noting the <Helons<, and the pro4imity o! their locations to the Iranian plateau also lin" them with <%lam<O the agglutinative <%lam< language and agglutinative *r"ic languages belong to the same linguistic phyla, and at some remote point may have constituted a single vernacularO and the &erodotus: re!erence to the <Helons< as hal!Hree"9hal!Scythians only pertains to the name o! the city, and should not be e4panded to the Hree"s or the Scythians proper. *he %lam hypothesis obviously conQicts with the popular interpretation o! the term <Helon< R sna"e in *r"ic, which can:t either be proved nor disproved with the materials at hand, and may lead to a !ruit!ul e4aminationB. =er"&"t(% I; 9, 10. Gelon - 6""&en cit- "/ te 7e$"n%. B(rne& )- te Her%ian% &(rin! te 0ari(% campai!n in Sc-tia. 7e$"nD% remain% /"(n& near a vi$$a!e Be$%k >*he city was populated by a good portion o! Hree"s, who developed a good Hreco*r"ic vernacular, reported &erodotus. *he remains o! Helon are impressive. *he mobile Scythians must have evacuated, and only poor Hree"s were toasted by the noble Dersian pedestrian adventurer. Helons and Helonias are in abundance in the Anti$ue %ra, they are "nown !rom their literate neighbors. In Mongolian language Helonias became (ais, in ,h. they are "nown as &i9Si, due to h9s alternation, (ais became a sub+ect o! the %astern &un state in 200 ',, and traced a long history, in the /th c. A3 they were heading the (ime" (aganate, and in the --th c. they became (umans in Hree" and (uns in &ungarian, they played a ma+or role in the -2th c. N.Dontic (ipcha" con!ederation, in the Cus annals they are "nown under ad+ectives ;Kmiev< Sna"e:s and ;,heshuev< >8shB Scale among others. A!ter a trac" record o! over -,A00 years, their glory vanished a!ter the Mongol con$uest. &istorians and archeologists note a !eature common to bedouin and nomadic con$uerors, they do not +ump in and turn into the city dwellers. *he centers and villages o! the nomadic con$uerors remain separate !rom the aboriginal sedentary population, whatever was the name o! the con$uerorsJ (ushans, *r"s, Arabs, Mongols, you name it. Ge can discern in the 'els" Helon the traditions and li!e o! the indigenous people prior to the Scythian con$uest and Hree" coloni)ation, and the overlay o! the nomadic culture, whose remains are mostly prominent in the surrounding "urgan cemeteriesB =er"&"t(% I; 108R Sc-tian 6"r$&, 4iev, 1975, p. 128. Gelons - pe"p$e $ivin! at te =er"&"t(% time in te B(&in%D $an&. 7e$"n% 2en!a!e& in /armin!, !ar&enin! an& eat )rea&.8 27e$"n% 6ere 7reek% /r"m $"n! a!", te- %peak part$- in Sc-tian, an& part$- in =e$$enic.8 >*his is how we 8nd out the ethnic name o! the 'udini !ol"s, they were HelonsO and i! &erodotus reports on the whole tribe, and not on the Hree" peasantry, artisans, and traders who lived in the Helon city, the (ai tribe in the %astern &un con!ederation originally descended !rom the Hree"sB =er"&"t(% I; 108, 109, 120R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. ?5. Goytosir - a !"& in te Sc-tian pante"n. =er"&"t(% name% te Sc-tian 7"-t"%ir a% Ap"$$" >*os in *r"ic is a generic spirit, li"e angel spirits in Fudeo,hristianIslamic traditionO the *r"ic deity %rli" is a tos, his !ull name in *uvan is %rli"tos, he belongs to a triumvirate o! tesesspirits called (yrbustaO semantically Appolo and *os are identical. *osir would denote a being >Spirit = ManB. *he noun ad+ective that de8nes *os may carry one o!, or a combination o! the semantics li"eJ Qoy*osir R Sun Hod, Qoychu*osir R Shepperd 3eity, Qayit5sir R Cesurrecting 3eity >Dhoeni4typeBO 5y*osir R 3eity o! *hought. Since Hree" Appolo was a multi!unctional deity, the semantical variations o! the *r"ic etymology may be reQected in the spectrum o! the Appolo:s heavenly duties. *he Iranian etymology suggests Iranian Haiomart, who is semantical e$uivalent o! &eracles, and not o! Appolo, and needs philological analysis to cover the stretch to transit !rom the Haiomart to Hoytosir. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 2//, @-. onB. =er"&"t(% I; 59. &err - a river in Sc-tia. In area% near te river =err $"cate& Sc-tian r"-a$ )(ria$. =er"&"t(% p$ace& ti% in te 0nieper .iver, an& Ht"$em- - in te Sea "/ A5"v >Semantically, Herra is a heartland, where royal cemetery is located, !rom it would be derived &err river, and &errs tribe. >In *r"ic, \er is land, earthO %nglish %arth, Herman %rde, !rom the *r"ic root <er,< which produced Hermanic noun <ertho,< and ultimately Herman <erde,< 3utch <aarde,< 3anish and Swedish <+ord,< and %nglish <earth.< Celated !orms include Hree" <era)e,< meaning <on the ground,< and ,immericGelsh <erw,< meaning <8eld<, as opposed to the Indo%uropean Sansr. <thira<, #at. <terra<. *he *r"oHerman e$uivalent is per!ect. *he Dersian e$uivalent is Kamin, 'aluchi MittiB. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. &erros - p$ace in Sc-tia, near pre%ent-&a- Nik"p"$ (1/.NN @1.N%B, 6ere te river =err \"6% int" te 0nieper >'a)avlu" west o! Ni"opol, *oma" 1/.AN @1.A% east o! Ni"opol. 6rom their a74es, both names appear to be *r"icB. In 7err"% 6a% i&&en a main Sc-tian %anct(ar-, a r"-a$ necr"p"$i% >&err seems to be a *r"ic \er R earth, land, a cognate o! %nglish ;earth<, semantically suitable !or ;our land<. *he Qood o! (a"hov"a Ceservoir on the 3nieper Civer raised water level by A m and may Qooded the necropolis. &owever, Ni"opol boasts a wealth o! Scythian remainsB. =er"&"t(% I; 5A, 56, 71, B.A..-)ak"vR P.A.>$nit%k-, Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%, N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 116. &errs - a tri)e tat, acc"r&in! t" =er"&"t(%, $ive& in Sc-tia in te 7err"% area. P.A.>$nit%k- a/ter 4i%%$in! )e$ieve% tat =err% i% a %e$/-name "/ te r"-a$ Sc-tian% >A tribal or a !raction o! a tribe geographical name a!ter its &err location is semantically reasonableB. =er"&"t(% I; 57, 71R P.A.>$nit%k-, p. 116. Gilea - $"ca$it- in Sc-tia, near te e%t(ar- "/ te river 0nie%ter, te m"&ern H"$e%ie (S"re%t area). Apparent$-, in 7i$ea 6a% $"cate& "ne "/ te Sc-tian %acre& center%. Mere, =erac$e% came t" intimac- 6it te %nake vir!in. Anacar%i% 6a% ki$$e& tere >Sounds li"e a Hree" derivative or reQection o! Hilan R *r. sna"e. *he Slavic mythology retained traces o! apparent translations o! the *r"ic nomenclature connected with sna"eJ Sna"e Island, Sna"e Camparts. *he Sna"e Island is identi8ed with %uripides: Ghite Island at the 3anube estuary inside the %u4ine Hul!B. =er"&"t(% I; 9, 18, 19, 76. &y!anis - a river in Sc-tia, m"&ern S"(tern B(! river >It would be erroneous to ascribe all toponyms in Scythia to the Scythians. Any organi)ed migration or military action starts with reconnaissance, when geography, topography, names o! all pertinent mar"ers and obstructions are de8ned, supply sources identi8ed, routing options are compared, and location and strength o! the opposition evaluated. 6or this reason, the Scythians "new be!orehand the names o! all ma+or rivers and other obstructions. Most o! the main toponyms preserved their names a!ter occupation, and in most cases a!ter multiple consecutive occupations. *his phenomenon allows us to study the etymology o! the toponyms, and ma"e +udgment on the linguistic a7liation o! the longgone populations. *he etymological studies must be systemic, and 8rst o! all based on a "nowledge o! the potential underlying candidates and their languages, otherwise a study is a random wanderingB. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. &i!akiris - a river in Sc-tia, m"&ern river 4"$"ncak. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. &yrcani J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 BP-in! t" te ea%t "/ te Oa%pian%... are te tri)e% "/ te... =-rcani, /r"m 6"%e %"re% te Oa%pian )e-"n& te river Si&eri% )e!in% t" )e ca$$e& te =-reanian SeaB - H$in- 6.:I:. In MQrkic Iyr" i% Bn"ma&B, ence te 7reekKHer%ian BI-rkaeK=-rcaniB - Bn"ma&ic Sc-tian%B, an& te area =-rcaniaK7ircania. H$in- 6.:I: &yreanian Sea J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 BP-in! t" te ea%t "/ te Oa%pian%... are te tri)e% "/ te... =-rcani, /r"m 6"%e %"re% te Oa%pian )e-"n& te river Si&eri% )e!in% t" )e ca$$e& te =-reanian SeaB - H$in- 6.:I:. In MQrkic Iyr" i% Bn"ma&B, ence te 7reekKHer%ian =-reanianK7irkanian Sea H$in- 6.:I: Gorit - Sc-tian ca%e /"r te )"6 an& arr"6% >'ut unli"ely a Scythian word, Hree"s used bows long be!ore Scythians, this must be a substrate word. *r. "obur, "olchan >"olcan, "ulcanB, o"9yay durumda, ta!tui, tahtui, sada$, sayada$, saada", sagada", sagaida", saida"B. DaiZ /d3526 J /addition to G.Dreminbs list6 a name "/ a river Gaik, a$%" kn"6n (n&er a %$e6 "/ %pe$$in!%, 05aik, 0aic(%, 0ai@, 0iek, 7ei, Maic, Naec, Ga-ik, Na-iF. &erodotus: 3ai4 indicates that that *r"ic name was an accepted name in the Nth c. ',, when in the constructions o! Iranists the N.Dontic and Middle Asia were a domain o! the Iranian linguistic sphere. *r. etymologyJ ;yayo$< R ;pouring, egusive >riverB< yay9+ay ;to spread<B *he high Qow velocity o! the river made it way more dangerous and prominent then even larger, but much slower rivers, li"e Itil and 3nieper. Somehow, \ai" escaped attention o! the Iranist linguists.B. Dana!r /d3V3[85W6 - river 0nieper. Herap% ti% i% )eca(%e Sc-tian% ca$$e& te te river 6it tat name. In ancient Iranian fdf i% a river >It loo"s that V.Abaev, and not &erodotus, carries the modern name o! the river to the Iranian roots. &erodotus calls it with its Scythian name, 'orysthenes, and does not give any alternatives with a preScythian local name. 3anapr could be a postScythian version, probably a 3acian name, since Cumanians, the descendents o! the 3acians, have IndoIranian elements in their language, li"e the ;ape< water. Hree"s use hydra !or water, must be a carryover !rom their substrate language. I leave 3anapr on the list to show Abaev:s linguistical manipulations. 5ne o! the main ob+ections to the philological e4ercises o! Messsers Vs.Mller, V.Abaev, M.Vasmer, F.&armatta, #.Kgusta, etc. is that the lists they were using were not Scythian, but predominantly o! other ethnicities that populated 'osporan colonies at a later time, they are ;< only by unsubstantiated and unprovable presumption, and the name 3anapr is a good illustration o! that, because it conQicts glaringly with the terminology o! the Scythian contemporaries brought to us by numerous sources. %tymologically, a Slavic adaptation o! a *r. ;ten< R ;large river< !or the 3anapr seems to be $uite viable, possibly emerging a!ter conse$utive cycles o! ma+or population replacement with incompatible linguistic separators in between, li"e ScythiansSarmatians Rf Hoths Rf &uns'ulgars Rf Slavs Rf 'ad+ana"s5gu)es(ipcha"s Rf SlavsB. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A12. d3V3;485W - 0nie%ter .iver. S(pp"%e&$- c"me% /r"m fdf (river) as`q (I%tre%) >Another Abaev:s !alsi8cation not connected with Scythians. &erodotus: 3niester was *yrus, a!ter a Scythian tribe. And once again, <dan< is not a river in Iranian, the root <dan< was adopted during a 8shing e4pedition, !rom obscure re!erence incompatible with such basic term as <river<. No river in the IndoIranianspea"ing area carries a name <3an<, while in *r"ic ;ten< R ;large river< generically. In 5ssetic, <don< is a !orm o! a *r"ic word, probably ad+usted !or the Na"h phonetics, +ust li"e <tengi)< R <la"e, sea<.B A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A12. d3V91a59W - 0an()e >Another Abaev:s !alsi8cation not connected with Scythians. Ascends to the same common *r"ic word ;ten< R ;large river<. In contrast, the Dersian is darya, sud"hane, 'aluchi dira, &indi nedi, Dan+abi nedi, derya, *a+i" dar, and so on. In respect to the I% Asian !orm dar9dir9der, in *r"ic the root ;ar< has derivative etymologies connected with the semantics ;water, moisture<. In *r"ic, the root ;ar< connected with li$uid comes in !orms o! all Qavors and incarnations, !rom a vessel to proper namesJ ar >waterB, aran, ara", aral >AralB, arashan, arat etm", ara)i, arbu), argasun, arga+, arei, ari", arinti, arp, ar$u, arsa, artysh >IrtyshB, ary", aryan >airanB, ar4ari", ar4ach, rez, rima", and so on. 'oth terms, the I% ;dar< and *r"ic ;ar<, are con8ned to the %urasian steppes and its !ringes, and appear to be variations o! the same original word, separated by precipitous ar f a$ R a$ua and ar f ap R ape !rom other linguistic branchesB. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A12. Ditulas /d541:3W6 - in "ne "/ te Ari%t"pane% c"me&ie% (n&er tat name i% %"6n a Sc-tian p"$iceman (sowfa `kk`fa). Ari%t"pane% >ca. 11A L ca. @.A ',B, .an., 608. Dugdamme /Dugdamme Tugdamme6 - $ea&er "/ te Oimmerian% 6" $e& tem in te A%ia 1in"r c"nF(e%t campai!n%, a /ater "/ San&ak%art. 1enti"ne& in A%%-rian %"(rce% a% te kin! "/ te Saka-!(t(m tri)e >Quti9(iti p 5gu)esp Etes9Edes9Esesp Dliny calls the ,aucasian Edes ;Scythians<, implying nomadic li!estyle, horse husbandry, and li!e in yurts and wagonsB. >$nit%k- P.A. *n&% a Oimmerian kin%ip 6it te Oa%pian Saka%. Me name i% Oimmerian, "6ever, a c"nnecti"n 6it te Sc-tian% i% n"t e@c$(&e& >Ghile the Scythians per &erodotus came !rom the depths o! Asia, the ,immerians appear to be o! the N.Dontic provenance. ,onsidering that both the ,immerians and Scythians belonged to the (urgan ,ulture, and that the Scythian "urgans were proved to originate in the Altai area, see A.Ale"seev et al <-1,<, the ,immerians belonged to the *imber Hrave (urgan people o! the N.Dontic. #ater, the .th c. ', encounter o! the Scythians with ,immerians was repeated in the N1th c. ', around the Aral Sea, when the two branches o! the *imber Hrave (urgan people re+oined to establish the &ore)m civili)ation, see #.*. \ablons"y <Ancient ,horasmia<. Enli"e the events o! the .th c. ',, the Aral encounter ended in cohabitation and symbiosis. In both cases, the N.Dontic descendents o! *imber Hrave people encountered the *imber Hrave descendents !rom the eastern Middle Asia or western ,entral Asia steppes. In the .th c. ',, their cultures were practically identical, archeologically undistinguishable, see A.Ivanchi" >200-B <,immerians and Scythians<. In the N1th c. ', their versions o! the (urgan culture still appear to be clearly related, save !or digering imports, but the eastern branch genetically carried along a heritage o! the eastern Mongoloidness admi4ture, which could be imperceptible to both sides at the time, but is clearly distinguished by the modern physical anthropologists, and reQected in the art o! 'osporus monuments and in the art trophies o! the Solo"ha "urgan. *he I% theory o! Himbutas, or any modi8cations o! that theory can withstand, or e4plain away, the evidence presented by the !acts on the groundB. Stra)., 7e"!r., I, A, 12R >$nit%k- P.A., I)i&, p. 26. E.timahos /e145S329W6 - te name "/ an arcer "n a )$ack-*!(re SranY"i% crater, pr"&(ce& in 570 BO )- an Attic ma%ter >r!"tim an& painte& )- O$-tie%. 1.;.Skr5in%ka-a. =er"e% "/ Oimmerian an& Sc-tian $e!en&%, ;0I, 1986, N" ?, p. 8?. farina /g385V36 - F(een "/ te Sc-tian%, Saka% >ca 100 ',B >Scythians, li"e the &uns, Esuns, *r"s, Arabs, Mongols, etc. married local nobility to establish "inship relations. Karina sounds li"e a 'altic name, the 'alts are historically attested to occupy !orest belt o! N.Dontic and 'al"ans. Karina is a"in to #ithuanian +ariya, pl. +aryyos ;hot coals<, etc.O Drussian sari ;heat<O #ithuanian +ara ;dawn<, +ereti, +eriu ;Qash, shine<, +eruoti ;smolder, glow<, +irstu, +irti ;spar"ing< ra+aras ;gleam o! dawn Vasmer. Karina was one o! the $ueens, but surely not the $ueen, which could only come !rom a Scythian con+ugal dynastic lineB. Ote%ia% >ca 100 ',B. Igdam!ayis /?7T3S[35^W6 - a name "n a )$ack-*!(re ki$ik ?80D% BO /r"m <$)ia. G(.7.;in"!ra&"v &ra6% attenti"n t" te c$"%ene%% "/ ti% name 6it te Sc-tian t"p"n-m >5ampai"% (fxjfakl) (=er"&"t(%, I;, 59). ;.H.Ga-$enk", 4SIA, 159, 1979, pp. 57R G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Bar)arian% in Hr"%"p"!rap- "/ 6t-5t cc. BO <$)ia K 0em"!rapic %it(ati"n ... Idantemis /?T3V]\S5W6 - te name /r"m te in%cripti"n "n a \a%k "/ te *r%t a$/ "/ 6t c. BO /r"m Bere5an. Me entire in%cripti"n rea&%J 2M" I&antemi% &e)a(cer ti% cannikin a% a !i/t.2 G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Bar)arian% in Hr"%"p"!rap- "/ 6t-5t cc. BO <$)ia K K Me &em"!rapic %it(ati"n in te B$ack Sea &(rin! te 7reat 7reek c"$"ni5ati"n. M)i$i%i, 1981. Idanthirsos /?T3V]58;9W6 - Sc-tian kin! 6" $e& *!t in 51? BO a!ain%t te Her%ian%. Iit Sk"pa%i% an& M"k%aki% e $e& a '"ine& arm- "/ te Sc-tian%, Sa(r"matian%, B"(&in% an& 7e$"n%. A !ran&%"n "/ te kin! 7n(r, a %"n "/ Sav$i(%, a nepe6 "/ Anacar%i%. =er"&"t(% I; 76, 120, 126, 127, N(%tin >Funianus Fustinus, 2nd century A3B, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk% >-st century ',B, II, ?, 8 ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Ish!akai /Ih!akai6 - $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian% in teir campai!n% in A%ia. 4n"6n /r"m te A%%-rian %"(rce%. Acc"r&in! t" >$nit%k- a %i%ter "/ I%pakai, Spak", )ecame a 6i/e "/ te Oimmerian kin! Me(%pa (Mei%pa). Me name% "/ I%pakai an& Spak" c"me /r"m te Sc-tian. paka - &"! >*r. Ishpa"ai R Ish9Ash = pa" = ai R As >tribeB = prince >be"B = personal su74 o! respect ai. *he names o! Ishpa"ai and Shpa"o are homophonous with pa"a R dog. In *r. dog R "ope", somewhat close, especially considering the h9s alternation. s f h f ", which apparently preceded the /th c. ',B, )(t ;a%mer &e&(ce% it /r"m te Ave%tan 2a%pa8 - "r%e >*here are @ problems with Vasmer manipulation, i! a change o! a letter is 5(, then Shpa"o R pa"a R dog R "ope" is 5( tooO the part Ish stands !or Ases, as in Ishgu)a, so s and p clearly belong to digerent roots, Ishpa"ai is a head o! Ishgu)ai, this mista"e is symptomatic !or the philologists who blindly apply I% Qe4ive structure to the words belonging to nonI% agglutinative languagesO and i! the use o! animals in the names is ethnologically very *r"ic, and patently not a Dersian custom, why loo" !or it in the Dersian le4icon and not in *r"ic le4icon. In Iranian etymologies, aspa R horse serves as a magic wand, when nothing helps, wave the wand. Vasmer is gambling og his credibilityB. =er"&"t(% I 110R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, pp. 25, 6it re/erence t" 4"ni! S.I. A$te%te 7e%cicte &er 1e&er (n& Her%er - &er A$ter <rient, Peip5i!, 19A?, B&. AA, =. A1?, A1 Danita Danites /i3V5436 /*ani, Ape6- Sc-tian kin! 6"%e $an&% 6ere in 0")r(&'a, )e-"n& te 0an()e. At te en& "/ te Ar& - )e!innin! "/ te 2n& c. BO minte& c"in% 6it i% name in te M"m an& <&e%%(% (3obrud+a is a historical land o! Se"lers. *r"ic roots with <"han9"an9"aean9"agan9$an< abound in royal titles, and !oreign distortions magni!y their prominenceJ Shanuy, ,hanuy, (anish"a are the most obvious. *he insignia o! *hracian principality with nonScythian secular, religious and agricultural symbology points to autonomous sedentary *hracian mints stri"ing in the name o! su)erainB. 2*anites0 "ASI *ANI, AP1.2/ ca %'' "! *ing of Scythia
&ermes right in !etasos / in eZ caduceus B !alm. B.N.7rak"v, 1ateria$% ..., N" 17R M.;.B$avat%k-, 7reek% an& Sc-tian% in te 6e%t B$ack Sea, ;0I, 19?8, N" 1R =armatta. St(&ie% ..., 1970, p. 22. Canna"is /i3VV3a5W6 - te name "/ canna)i% >hempB am"n! Sc-tian% >*r. "enevir hemp, a nearly per!ect matchB. =er"&"t(% I; 7?. /Darar.es6 i38381\W - "me in Sc-tian >agglutination *r. "ara R blac", usual >8g.B, west = ev R home, i.e secondary home, coch, coach, as opposed to permanent dwelling or locationO in the Ath c. A3 the Hree"s called Scythians 'ulgars and *r"s, this could be a direct citation !rom the 'ulgars or *r"s. *he %uropean classical sources, and li"ewise the ,hinese classical sources accentuate the most stri"ing, in the eyes o! the sedentary agriculturists, !eature o! the horse husbandry li!e, the wagons and yurts, and glide over their permanent "ishla" villages and homes, though both mention the harvests and settled land tillers. Some types o! permanent dwellings were identi8ed !or the %astern &uns, but the same type dwellings !ound in the %astern %urope are routinely ascribed to nonScythian population, based on the sourcesinspired belie! that Scythians did not have permanent dwellings at all. *hat resembles the situation with the naive <surpri)es< e4pressed by numerous geneticists when they run into *r"icconnected genetic results among the samples 8rmly presumed to be <%uropean< and <IndoIranian<, even though they are educated that the nomadic horse husbandry developed !rom the seminomadic husbandry, which in turn developed !rom the Neolithic sedentary hunting and subsistence agriculture economy, which !eatured permanent dwellingsB. =e%-ci(% >&b_a{, Ath c. A3, !rom MiletusB Dargaluk - Sc-tian name /"r A5"v Sea, ."manK7reek $ake "r a )"! 1e"ti&a, an& a$%" BSc-tian "r Sarmatian p"n&%B >*r". (arga R IoldI, lu" R su74, to see who the word (argalu" belongs to, Hoogle itB. Carthasis - )r"ter "/ a Sc-tian kin! &(rin! A$e@an&er 1ace&"n era. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, re/erence t" O(rti(% .(/(%. Datiars - a Sc-tian c$an, a%cen&in! t" Arp"k%ai, a mi&&$e %"n "/ te $e!en&ar- Mar!itai. 4atiar%, a$"n! 6it Avat%, Mra%pian% an& Hara$at% )e$"n!e& t" te tri)e "/ te r"-a$ Sc-tian% - Sk"$"t% >Arpo"sai, a patron o! (atiar tribe, he received a plow as a heavenly gi!tO the plow in *r. is "otan, "etmen, !rom <$at< R layer, stratum. *he word "etmen, adopted by the Slavs, transitioned into the Cussian language as word !or a hoe. *he word ar9yar in the second part o! (atiar in *r. means split >v.B and man >n.B. *he original meaning o! the contraption is a tool that splits a layer. *his direct etymology 8ts per!ectly the &erodotus: story, the origin o! the name !or the plow, and the origin !or the name o! the tribe in direct appellation !or their role in the society. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. -/2 onB. =er"&"t(% I; 6R 1.I. Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" A, p. 76. Do"os /ija9W6 - $ea&er "/ te Oimmerian (Sc-tian) Mrer tri)e Stra)., 7e"!r., I, A, 12. Dolandak /i9:3VT3U^W6 - te name "n a )$ack-!$a5e& ki$ik /r"m te )e!innin! "/ ?t c. BO /r"m <$)ia. n&"()te&$- a $ink "/ okvfdzforl 6it te Sc-tian Sk"$"t tri)e >*r. "olan R girth, cinch, "olanda R in girth, that coincidence does not mean anything, +ust a random case. &ow the suggested lin" became <undoubted< is anybody:s guessB. I. M"$%t"-, 7raTti "/ ancient 7reek citie% "/ te N"rtern B$ack Sea c"a%t. Penin!ra&, 195A, pp. 11R G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Bar)arian% in Hr"%"p"!rap- "/ 6t-5t cc. BO <$)ia K 0em"!rapic %it(ati"n ... Doloksai /i9:3_35W6 - a -"(n!er %"n "/ Mar!itai, te Sc-tian% c$an Hara$at a%cen&% teir "ri!in /r"m im. 7.A.Stratan"v%k- in i% c"mment% /"r te tran%$ati"n "/ =er"&"t(% !ive% a /"$$"6in! Iranian tran%cripti"n "/ te name - Sk"$a%a--a. 1.I. Artam"n"v %(!!e%t% para$$e$%J 4"$"k%ai -4"$ - Sk"$ - Sk"$"t >,oge grounds are as much use!ul !or random guessing. In *r. ;"ola< stands !or bron)e and indirectly !or sword >o! bron)eBO the word ;"halyg< !or s"y is also close semantically and phonetically, since it was (olo"sai who was able to retrieve the heavenly gi!ts. A!ter *argitai, (olo"sai became a head o! the S"olot dynastic tribal union, in line with the *r"ic tradition that the youngest, as opposed to the eldest son in Indo%uropean traditions, inherited the parental domain. Mythologically, (olo"sai received sword as a heavenly gi!t, which &erodotus correlates with the Hree" god o! war Ares with its cult o! sword, and Ares in turn is the %gyptian &or, Coman Mars, Sumerian Ish(ur. *he Ish(ur, a !oreign god borrowed at least in the 2Ath c. ',, is at least 2 millennia older then the &erodotus: Scythian ;Ares<, @ millennia older then the &unnic (uar, and is a Sumerian ;Hod o! 6erocity<. *he *r"ic patron (uar >in the Hree" lingo o! the time &erodotus used the word ;god<B parallels the Hree" Ares, and the *r"ic cult o! sword parallels the Ares cult o! sword. In the historical period, Gestern and %astern &uns, and the ,aucasian &uns, Avars, Albans, and 'ulgars were recorded as revering their swords. *he last "nown sword swearing ritual was described !or Suleiman the Hreat 5smanli in the #ate Middle Age. Dris"us directly identi8ed Gestern &uns with Scythians, and described how Attila regained a longlost sacred sword o! his ancestors, using it to buttress his position and heavenly blessing. *he semantical and phonetical cognates "eep lingering among various *r"ic peoples with pro!oundly digerent historiesJ the word ;,hor9,hur9Hur<, with r9l alternation, and e4pressed as ;,hu< in early ,hinese, !or a millennia stood !or ;Anointed Drince<, best "nown !rom the titles li"e (ara ,hur and Hur"hanO the ubi$uitous (erogly myth endows (erogly with a heavenly swordO Mars in *r"ic is (rdO *uvians have (ogol !or Datron o! Gar, 'uryats have Hal3ulen and HalNurman !or 6iery 'east, and Hal *engri !or &ost o! *hunderO E)be"s have MomoHuldura" !or &ost o! *hunderO ,huvashes have (huras Antara"an !or &ost o! DowerO A)eris o! the ?th c. pronounced (uar ;(hurram<. (olo"sai, the youngest son o! *argitai, holds a prime position in the &erodotus: narrative as a praroyal wielding a cleaving sword, and his numerous mythological remnants play the same role in the *r"ic mythology. Ghile the Indo%uropean mythology gives pre!erence to the eldest son, the *r"ic mythology gives pre!erence to the youngest son, e4tensively reQected in the Slavic legends that retransmit the *r"ic storylines. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 2-A2NN, 2?AB. =er"&"t(% I;J 5, 7, 1.I. Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" A. Dolos /i9:9W6 - /"(r-$e!!e& anima$ in Sc-tia. Mi% anima$ c"($& %ta- 6it"(t 6ater /"r a $"n! time. In %i5e 6a% )et6een &eer an& %eep. O"$"r 6ite an& /a%ter tan te a)"ve anima$% >'eing a local animal, we should e4pect a preScythian name. ,ougar, puma, llama, iguana, opossum, mai)e, etc. are good e4amples !or preserving aboriginal names. #oo" !or 'altic, 6innic, Egrian as best bets, (urdish also has signi8cant topographical presence in the N.DonticO Iranian to chec" the Hambitus theoryB. Stra)". 7e"!rap-, ;II, ?, 8 in Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" ?, p. 207. ,ik - a river in Sc-tia, \"6% tr"(! te $an& "/ Mi%%a!ete%, &rain% int" 1e"ti&a. Hre%ent river 1an-c >It is accepted that *hissagetes is a misspelling o! Massagetes, which is Hree" !or Masguts. In the &erodotus time Manych was a Qowing river, and this record tells us that Masguts were located in the N.,aucasian steppes, in addition to the Aral area. Enless, o! course, *hissagetes is a compound with something that we do not "nowB. =er"&"t(% I; 12A. ,ik /k1U9W6 - Sc-tian kin!, %"n "/ Spar!apit, /ater "/ 7n(r, !ran&/ater "/ Anacar%i% an& Sav$i(%. =er"&"t(% I; 76. ,i!oksai /k5[9_35W6 - e$&e%t %"n "/ Mar!itai, a pr"!enit"r "/ te Sc-tian c$an Avat. 1.I.Artam"n"v p"inte& t" te matcin! "/ te name% Pip"k%ai - Pip - acc"r&in! t" an"ter $e!en&, 7e$"n >5n phonetical grounds, #ip renders *r"ic Alp R Spirit, Datron, &ost, Angel, Saint. *his revision ascends to 5.F.Maenchen&el!en and G.'.&enning, who noted a loss o! IaI !rom IalI, resulting in initial Ila9li9<. #ipo"sai received a yo"e as a heavenly gi!t, he is a trapper. *he hunting tribe Avhat descended !orm #ipo"sai. *he yo"e is a symbol o! entrapment and control. *he &erodotus: story about #ipo"sai being only one able to string a heavenly bow is duplicated in the ubi$uitous *r"ic legend about Alpamysh, con8rming the mythological identity o! #ip and Alp. In mythological applications, Alp is a power!ul miraculous patron. In secular usage, Alp denotes a noble descend, and in that capacity had a widespread propagation. No Iranian etymology has been ogered !or #ipo"sai in either mythological, epical, genitor, or secular aspects, even though as Alp Ar *ongi, #ipo"sai is prominent in the Iranian mythology as Athrosiab and a son o! *ur, closely paralleling the &erodotus: descent o! #ipo"sai !rom *argitai. *he *r"ic legends continue the epic line o! the &erodotus: myths, agording #ipo"sai and Arpo"sai a position o! the Alps, while the youngest (olo"sai is given a dei8ed position. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 20120?, 2/2B. =er"&"t(% I; 5, 6, 1.I. Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" A. ,ohant - a caracter in te P(cian &ia$"!(e 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip8, a c"mra&e "/ / Ar%ak"m, a $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian% &(rin! teir )att$e 6it B"%p"rian%, Sarmatian% an& A$an%. H"%%i)$-, P"ant i% a !en(ine Sc-tian name. P(cian >o! Samosata, -2N-.0 A3B 0ia$"!(e 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip.8 ladius /m3T1^W or m3T1W6 - %"n "/ Hartat(a (1a&ie% - %"n "/ Hr"t"tie%). 1a&i(% came t" p"6er a/ter a &eat "/ Hartat(a in 65A BO, i% rei!n i% (%(a$$- a%%"ciate& 6it 228 -ear% "/ Sc-tian &"minati"n "ver A%ia.2 =er"&"t(% I 10AR S.=.7(tn"v. Sc-tian p"rtrait% K K N"(rna$ 20M;8, N" A, 1999. lakent - a caracter in te P(cian &ia$"!(e 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip8, c"mra&e "/ Ar%ak"m, a $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian% &(rin! teir )att$e 6it B"%p"rian%, Sarmatian% an& A$an%. H"%%i)$-, 1akent i% a !en(ine Sc-tian name. P(cian 0ia$"!(e 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip.8 larsaget - a )r"ter "/ te Sc-tian kin! (p"%%i)$- )r"ter "/ I&antr%). Acc"r&in! t" Ote%ia% Oni&(%, 1ar%a!et 6a% capt(re& )- te Her%ian%, t"!eter 6it "ter Sc-tian%, )e/"re te 0ari(% Sc-tian campai!n >*r. popular 'ars R #eopard = get R gu) R tribe, in the ;m< dialect o! the ;m9b< alternation, !airly widespread at present, but li"ely con8ned to distinct tribes in the past. A good e4ample is Mal"ar !or 'al"ar in 'al"arianB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. 299. latas /m343;1W6 - ti% i% a name in a $etter 6ritten in 6A0-610 BO )- a re%i&ent "/ Bere5an Ai$$"&"r. G(.7.;in"!ra&"v "&% an "pini"n tat te name i% "/ a Sc-tian "ri!in. Sr"m te $etter /"$$"6% tat 1ata% 6a% an "6ner "/ )(i$&in!% an& %$ave%. G(.7.;in"!ra&"v, ;0I, 1971, N" ?, G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Bar)arian% in Hr"%"p"!rap- "/ 6t-5t cc. BO <$)ia K 0em"!rapic %it(ati"n ... lyrgetai /m187\4356 - a Sc-tian pe"p$e, rep"rte& "n$- )- =ecate(%, an& n")"&- e$%e "/ te ancient a(t"r%. Pat-%ev a%%(me& tat =ecatae(% mi%taken$- ca$$e& 1ir!etai te %ame pe"p$e 6" 6ere ca$$e& Mira!ete% )- H$in-, Miran!ete% )- Ht"$em-, an& Mirr!ete% )- Stra)" >Myrgetai has a transparent *r"ic etymologyJ Mir R ruler = get R gu) R tribe. *iragetes were the people that gave cheese to the Hree"sB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. 299. 'a!aris - river in Sc-tia, a tri)(tar- "/ I%ter >3anubeB. =er"&"t(% I; ?8. 'a!it - a name "/ a /"rtre%% in te Orimea, Sc-tian% )(i$t it in te 2n& c. BO. An&reev, =i%t"r- "/ Orimea, 1., 2002. )a! /n389W6 - river in Sc-tia. 1"&ern river Sa$ >1/.NN 10..%B. Ht"$em- app$ie& ti% name t" te ;"$!a. =er"&"t(% I; 12A, 12?R P.A.>$nit%k-, p. 109. )ior!ata /n598[3436- Sc-tian% ca$$e& te Ama5"n% (in te tran%mi%%i"n "/ =er"&"t(%) <i"rpata >%r9ir9eir in *r. means ;man<, and pata in *r. means ;:brea"s, beats, "ills<. *he author !ails to note not only ;that the Scythian eor is remar"ably similar to the *r"ic oyor, eyr, er man<, but that the Scythian pata is remar"ably similar to the *r"ic pata brea"s, beats, "ills. A chance coincidence o! the compound words is ne4t to impossible. *hese ;Iranians< were more then remar"able, they spo"e *r"ic as a native language, using compound wordsB. See >"rpata. =er"&"t(% I; 110. )ium /)yum6 - $an& in Sc-tia in 7"tic (ca$$e& Sc-tian )- N"r&ane%) $an!(a!e, N"r&ane% (%e% it a% a name /"r etnic territ"r-. Me MQrkic Matar a% te /"rm "/ qm 2c"mm(nit-, c"mm(ne8, /r"m 2ai&, c"mm(na$ e$p, v"$(nteer e$p8, 4aka% ("ri!ina$$- >ni%ei 4ir!i5) - qme "r ime, /r"m 2'"int e+"rt, t"!eter, $ea!(e&8, 6it aT@ -ty9ly it %erve% a% a tri)a$ marker. Iit -b9m a$ternati"n, te 6"r& )ec"me% qb9qbe9ibe an& i% ren&ere& oba, $ike in M"k%-")a "r 4ara-<)a "r 4"%-<)a "r 4($ <)a "r a m-ria& "ter MQrkic t"p"n-mic e@amp$e%, 5baly C pe"p$e $ivin! in obaR t(% oba i% a c"!nate "/ >n!$i% habitat, i.e. 2p$ace t" $ive, native p$ace, "me$an&8, an& obaly i% "me/"$k, kin%. Me 7"tic 5ium i% i&enti*e& 6it te %"re% "/ te A5"v Sea, 6ic in B($!arian appene& t" )e ca$$e& A$t-n <)a C 7"$&en ="me$an& U=.I"$/ram, M.N.0(n$ap, 1990, 2=i%t"r- "/ te 7"t%8, p.?2, n. ?2V, p"p($ate& )- Sarmatian Spa$i "r Spa$ei "/ ten-tri)e <n"!(r c"n/e&erati"n. N"r&ane% 60,15 an& 61, 1, 2Me "ri!in an& &ee&% "/ te 7"t%8 )lka.as /n:U3a3W6 - Sc-tian name. Appian, Sr"ntin(%. )ktomasad - a %"n "/ te Sc-tian kin! Ariapit /r"m a &a(!ter "/ te Mracian kin! Mere% I (525-??8 BO). <kt"ma%a& 6a% a $ea&er "/ te c"n%pirat"r% 6" re)e$$e& a!ain%t te kin! Ski$. B- an "r&er "/ <kt"ma%a& in ?50 BO, Ski$$ 6a% ki$$e& >;Shad< in *r. is ,rown DrinceB. =er"&"t(% I; 80. )!iya /)!oiya6 - a 6i/e "/ a Sc-tian kin! Ariapit, a Sc-tian. Se )"re te kin! a %"n <rik. A/ter a &eat "/ Ariapit in ?70 BO %e 6a% a c"-r($er 6it te e$&e%t %"n "/ Ariapit, Ski$$, t" i% a&($t""&. Me name <pi-a i% %"n"r"(% 6it <pi%, a =-per)"rean -"(n! 6"man 6" vi%ite& te temp$e "/ Ap"$$" at 0e$"% >;Apa< in *r. is a !emale counterpart o! male ;Aga<. ;Apa< is ;senior, elder, senior sister, respectable woman<. A senior wi!e would be called ;Apa< by all other wives and her husband. In a !amiliar appellation, li"e !or an aunt or sister, ;Apa< would be added to the name, Argaapa, Shpa"oapa, etc. A separate ethnological mar"er is the institute o! regents. Enli"e all their neighbors, and especially in contrast with the mentality o! the Indo%uropean people, the *r"ic people held their women in high regard and a large degree o! e$uality. Gomen participated in decisions o! the state agairs, in the diplomatic receptions, in the state celebrations, in the selection o! husbands, had !ull inheritance rights. Epon a death o! a husband, and be!ore an election o! a successor, a widow was a de!ault regent, and remained so until a maturity o! an elected successor. She could de!er the e4ecutive duties o! a regent to her brother, usually a maternal uncle o! the young "ing, who belonged to a maternal clan or tribe, and there!ore himsel! was not eligible !or succession. &istory le!t us a number o! names o! the reigning widow regents, some o! them even headed an army in a time o! a war. A head o! the maternal clan %rmi was a regent, called ;Hostun< in Nominalia, !or the young (han (urbat. In particular, the presence o! the institute o! the widowregent serves as a best ethnological argument against Dersian9Iranian9IndoIranian linguality o! the Scythians. Dersian9Iranian9IndoIranian traditions are incompatible with a concept o! !emale primacy. *he *r"ic institute o! !emale regency is a direct conse$uence o! a dualistic maternalpaternal martial union between two con+ugal dynastic tribes, where the land, the country, the people belong to the maternal hal!, but are ruled by a selected candidate !rom a paternal hal!B. =er"&"t(% I; 78. )!is - te name "/ a -"(n! =-per)"rean (Sc-tian) 6"man 6" vi%ite& Memp$e "/ Ap"$$" at 0e$"% 6it er /ema$e /rien& Ar!a >;Apa< in *r. is a !emale counterpart o! male ;Aga<. ;Apa< is ;senior, elder, senior sister, respectable woman<B. =er"&"t(% I; A5. )rdess - river in Sc-tia, a tri)(tar- "/ I%ter >3anubeB >Maybe a!ter a location o! a ruler:s camp, ;horde<, !rom ;orta< R centerB. =er"&"t(% I; ?8. )rik /n85U9W6 - a -"(n!er %"n "/ a Sc-tian kin! Ariapit. =i% m"ter 6a% a Sc-tian <pi-a >5piya *r. ;Apa<B. =er"&"t(% I; 78. Palak /Palakos <3:3U9W6 - Sc-tian kin!, a %"n "/ te kin! Ski$(r. .($e& "ver te Orimean Sc-tia, 6it a capita$ in Sc-tian Neap"$i%. =e /"(!t 6it Oer%"ne% in 107 BO, 6a% ki$$e& in )att$e 6it a 1itri&ate% ;I mi$itar- c"mman&er 0i"pant(% >Dala" could be a part o! a title connected with location, in this case a !ort Dala", !rom *r. ;baly"9bali"< a settlement, city, !ortO a less li"ely royal name etymology ascending to homophonic ;baly"9bali"< R 8sh, li"e in %nglish beluga whale, or in Cussian loanword !or sturgeonB. S.A.Ne)e$ev, Me $a%t Heri%a& an& te Sc-tian re)e$$i"n in te B"%p"r(%, ;0I, 19A8, N" AR <.N.Mr()acev, Me $in!(i%tic periper- "/ te ancient S$av%. In&"-Ar-an% "n te N"rtern B$ack Sea c"a%tKHr")$em% "/ Pin!(i%tic%, N" 6, 1977, p. 17. Palakion /<3:3U59V6 - name "/ te /"rtre%% )(i$t )- te Sc-tian% in te Orimea in te 2n& c. BO. n&"()te&$- te name "/ ti% /"rtre%% i% $inke& 6it te name "/ te Sc-tian kin! Ha$ak >*r. ;baly"9bali"< is a settlement, city, !ortO both names ascend to the same word, but in spite o! Andreev, direct connection is unli"elyB. An&reev, =i%t"r- "/ Orimea, 11-2002. Palos /<3:9W6 - a Sc-tian c$an. 1.I.Artam"n"v $inke& te Ha$% 6it =er"&"t(% Hara$at. =e )e$ieve& tat Ha$%-Hara$at% came /r"m A%ia, 6i$e Sc"$"t% 6ere a(t"ct"n"(% ina)itant% "/ te B$ack Sea area >&erodotus directly states that S"olot is a general name !or a tribal union o! Avhats, (atiars, *raspies and DaralatsO the name S"olot is recogni)ed in modern Se"lers who continued to live in 3obrud+a, an ancient Scythian land, and in %s"els, who continued to live in N.Dontic, and in the %arly Middle Age were a prominent tribe in the 'ulgarian con!ederationO both splinters o! the ;Scolots< are un$uestionably recogni)ed to be *r"iclingualO Se"lers preserved their version o! the runi!orm script to the -/th c.O now &ungarianspea"ing, they still have heavy traces o! the substrate *r"ic languageO a philological study o! the preserved materials on the Se"ler language would help to illuminate the language o! the ;Scolots<. 'oth generic terms !or the Scythians, the Hree" Scyth, and Dersian Sa"a, had been etymologically lin"ed to the generic term !or the S"olot tribal union, or the S"olot tribes, !rom the root ;S:"l<. *he etymology o! the Dalos is anybody:s guess. Ce!. M.Ka"ievB. 0i"&"r(% Sic($(%, Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" ?, p. 250R 1.I.Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" A. Panasagor - a %"n "/ te Sc-tian kin! Sa!i$$a. =e 6a% %ent )- i% /ater 6it a $ar!e arm- t" te ai& "/ Ama5"n%, 6en te- /"(!t 6it te 7reek% >Sagill appears to ve a transparent Sa"a = il R land, country, where Sa"a is a !oreign derivative !rom the root ;S:"<, a la Atails, Atilla, etc. *he same root ;S:"< word may be present in the ;sagor< part o! the son:s name, denoting the common genuine endonym !or Scythians and Sa"a. *he su74 ;l< in the ;S:"l< is a reQection o! the *r"ic su74 ;ly9lar;J Scythian f Scythians, Sa"a f Sa"as. B. N(%tin >Funianus Fustinus, 2nd century A3B, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk% >-st century ',B, II, ?, ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Pantica!eum /Pantica!eum <3V45U3[^W6 - a river in Sc-tia, c"mpare Hanticape(m Strait >'lac" Sea is *r. punty9pnte ;rich with !ood<, !rom the root bn9bun ;soup, pottage< with a *r"ic possessive a74 th9t:9dh9d:9lh9ly. *r. "apag9"apa is ;gate8. *oponym Donti"apei historically ascends to the *r. ponty"apy ;Dont Hate<. *his city was later renamed to (erch, which is an antonym o! word Donti"apy, *r. (eresh is ;entrance< M.Ka"iev, 2002. *he river may be called by the name o! the townB. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. Pa!ai /Pa!ei6 - a !"& "/ te Sc-tian pante"n. =er"&"t(% c"mpare& im 6it te 7reek 9e(% >*r. Dapai9'abai is ;grand!ather, ancestor, progenitor, primogenitor<. *he Slavic grandmother ;baba, babush"a< ascends to the *r. word 'abai, with voiceless ;p9b<, Dapai. 5! the e4tant -@ main *r"ic languages, . have a voiced !orm ;babai8, @ have a voiceless !orm ;papai2J Alataic, ,huvash, and (ha"assian. *here is no need !or gerrymandering, Dapai is a straight!orward *r"ic word, still alive and "ic"ing with the same meaningB. =er"&"t(% I; 59. Paralates - Sc-tian c$an, &e%cen&e& /r"m 4"$"k%ai, a -"(n!er %"n "/ Mar!itai. 1.I.Artam"n"v $inke& Hara$at 6it Ha$%, rep"rte& )- 0i"&"r(% Sic($(%. 1.I.Artam"n"v )e$ieve& tat Ha$%-Hara$ate% came /r"m A%ia, 6i$e Sc"$"t% 6ere a(t"ct"n"(% ina)itant% "/ te B$ack Sea >*r. parala R hac", !rom par R pieceO *r. paralt R shine, to shine, ma"e shining >rendered in %nglish ;Sublime<BO because o! their homophony, the name Daralat could have meant both meanings at the same time. Additional Qavor could have come !rom a derivative bala R younger, son, reQecting the (olo"sai:s mythological origin o! a younger son. *he combination o! suggested individual and collective etymologies 8ts per!ectly with the mythological destiny. 5n top o! it, a *r. balta >voicedB R palta >voicelessB R a4e9sword9halberds lur"es along, standing !or the heavenly a4e9sword that !ell to the (olo"sai:s destiny. *he division o! the Scythians into two categories, pro!essional, or !ulltime warriors, and the rest, who are militia, per 3iodorus Siculus, and contrary to M.I.Artamonov, is an economicosocial division, and has nothing to do with migrationsB. 1.I.Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" AR P.A.>$nit%ki-, Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. - N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 11?. Pardokas /<38T9U3W6 - (n&er tat name in te Ari%t"pane% c"me&- (.an., 608) i% pre%ente& a p"$iceman (sowfa `kk`fa) Sc-tian. It i% p"%%i)$e tat te name 6a% invente& )- Ari%t"pane%, "6ever, te i%t"rian B$e&-5 n"tice& tat ti% name %"($& rea& a% ~jfqzkofl "r ~jfqzfokl. Mi% name i% i&entica$ 6it te Patin Spartac(%. Ari%t"pane%, .an., 608. Partatua - $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian%, kn"6n /r"m A%%-rian %"(rce%. =e came t" p"6er a/ter a &eat "/ I%pakai in 67A BO. In 66A e '"ine& an a$$iance 6it A%%-ria, an& t""k A%%-rian prince%% a% a 6i/e. =e 6a% a /ater "/ 1a&i(% (1a&ie%) 6" a/ter te &eat "/ Hartat(a in 65A )ecame a Sc-tian kin!. >5n Darthi see DarthiansB =er"&"t(% I 10AR S.=.7(tn"v. Sc-tian p"rtrait% K K N"(rna$ 20M;8, N" A, 1999. Parthians /<38]134956 - a tri)e "/ 0aae Sc-tian%. N"r&ane% %tate% 8...UMe-V $e/t te *!tin! /"rce% "/ te tri)e, an& "n teir "6n %ett$e& in &i+erent re!i"n% "/ A%ia... H"mpe(% Mr"!(% te$$% tat /r"m te name an& r""t "/ &e%erter% (/r"m te 7"tic 4in! Mana(5i%D arm-) came te Hartian%. Mat i% 6- t" ti% &a- in Sc-tian te- are ca$$e& /(!itive%, i.e., te Hartian%8. Ae$i(% =er"&ian in i% e%%a- B<n te !enera$ pr"%"&-B !ive% ti% etn"n-m in te /"rm efqwf`ka (2Hartiat8 "r 2Hart-at8). In MQrkic ti% etn"term i% partuaty par C bar, te r""t "/ ver) baryrga 2!", ri&e8 tu9ti C ver)a$ n"(n aT@ ty tu = 2name, m"niker8 y C appen&e& /"rei!n en&in!. Me "ri!ina$ /"rm "/ te etn"n-m Darthian 6a% D)art-atD "r Dpart-atD 6it %emantic% D&iverte& tri)eD. N"r&ane% !ive% a c$"%e %emantic% 2e%capee%, &e%erter%8. 1.9akiev eF(ate% Hartian 6it m(c $ater kn"6n MQrkic etn"n-m Har&-KBar&-. G(. 9(ev trace& 0aae a% a /"rm "/ M"kar%, $ater kn"6n in /"rm% M(%i an& 0i!"r%, a 1a%!(tK1a%%a!et tri)e N"r&ane%, 2Me "ri!in an& &ee&% "/ te 7"t%8, 1"%c"6, 1960, p. 70. Pata - Sc-tian 6"r& /"r 2ki$$8 /r"m te 6"r& e"rpata - t"%e 6" are ki$$in! teir (%)an&%. O"mpare /r"m te Ave%ta pa&a - erita!e, "+%prin! >*he *r"ic and Scythian pata is ;to "ill<, and the Avestan pada R ;heritage, ogspring< is unsuitable, but the Hermanic ;bat< as a verb and a stri"ing tool is very applicableB. =er"&"t(% I; 110. Pelamida - *%, !en(% t(na in te 1e"ti&a. Stra)". 7e"!rap-, ;II, 6,2 p()$. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" ?, p. 207. Plin - a -"(n! man /r"m te Sc-tian r"-a$ $inea!e. A/ter e@p($%i"n /r"m te Sc-tia, e %ett$e&, 6it Sk"$"pit, in te Oappa&"cia c"(ntr- "n te )ank% "/ te river Merm"&"nt. Mere, te- e%ta)$i%e& a tri)e "/ /ema$e Ama5"n%. N(%tin >Funianus Fustinus, 2nd century A3B, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk% >-st century ',B, II, ?, 1 ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Pontik - a tree 6"%e /r(it eat Ar!ippei%. Me 6"r& )e$"n!% t" te pe"p$e c$"%e$- a%%"ciate& 6it te Sc-tian% >*r. punty9pnte ;rich with !ood<, nutritious, nourishing<B. =er"&"t(% I; 2A. Porata /<983436 - a river in Sc-tia, a tri)(tar- "/ I%ter >3anubeB, m"&ern river Hr(t. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. Portmei - a Oimmerian cit-. =er"&"t(% 6r"te tat te )"r&er )et6een >(r"pe an& A%ia !"e% tr"(! Manai%, 1e"ti&a, an& Oimmerian Oit- H"rtmei. =er"&"t(% I; ?5. Pse.dartaki /o\1T3843U^ Psefdartaki6 - a %acre& p$ace in Sc-tia. An"ter /"rm i% ndzfq`for, H%en&artaki. Stepen te B-5antian. ;0I, 19?8, N" A, pp. A12. -oZanaki /pj_3V3U^6 - a main cit- "/ te Sc-tian%-Sa"as >In the 1th c. ', Massagets9Masguts occupied deltas around the Aral Sea, were semisedentary, lived commingled with previous ethnically digerent population, and their archeological traces were !airly well investigated. ;Era"sy< in *r. is ;!armer<B Ote%ia%. N. 7i$m"re. Ote%ia%. Me /ra!ment% "/ te Her%ika, 1888. Sa.lius - a Sc-tian kin!, rei!ne& in te *r%t a$/ "/ 6t c. BO. =e %(cce&e& a/ter te &eat "/ i% /ater 7n(r. =e ki$$e& i% "$&er )r"ter Anacar%i% 6en tat ret(rne& /r"m 7reece. Sav$i(% 6a% %(cce&e& )- I&antir%, a Sc-tian kin! 6" /"(!t 6it 0ari(%. =er"&"t(% I; 76R 0i"!ene% Paerti(% >ca 1-2@2@',B, Bi"!rapie% an& teacin!% "/ /ame& in pi$"%"p-, 1, 1979. Sa.makos /q31S3U9W6 - a Sc-tian 6" in 109 BO t""k te tr"ne "/ te B"%p"r(% kin!&"m a/ter a%%a%%inati"n "/ te kin! Heri%a& ;. Me Savmak"% rei!n $a%te& /"r t6" -ear%, a/ter 6ic e 6a% capt(re& an& taken t" te capita$ "/ te H"nt(% kin!&"m )- 1itri&ate% ;I c"mman&er 0i"pant(%. S.A.Ne)e$ev. Pa%t Heri%a& an& Sc-tian re)e$$i"n in te B"%p"r(%. ;0I, 19A8, N" A. Sagaris /;37385W6 - a t-pe "/ Saka (Sc-tian) a@ "r )att$e-a@. =er"&"t(%, &e%cri)in! te Saka% 6it %trai!t at%, %ai& tat 2Saka%, "r Sc-tian%, a& %trai!t p"inte& at% "n teir ea&%, te- 6"re anak%iri&% a& $"ca$ )"6%, &a!!er% an& %a!ari% )att$e-a@e%. =er"&"t(% ;II 6?R P. 9!(%ta, Her%"nennamen ... Sagill - a name "/ te Sc-tian kin!, t" 6"m, acc"r&in! t" a $e!en&, t(rne& te Ama5"n% /"r e$p &(rin! teir 6ar 6it te 7reek%. M" e$p te Ama5"n%, Sa!i$$ %ent a $ar!e arm- ea&e& )- i% %"n Hana%a!"r. N(%tin, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk%, II, ?, ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Sai /q3595 Saioi6 - B.N.7rak"v )e$ieve& tat Sai 6a% a %e$/-name "/ te r"-a$ Sc-tian%, &e&(cin! teir name /r"m te Ave%tan @%a-a, t" %ine, t" &"minate. A)"(t Saie% te$$% a te@t "/ an <$)ia &ecree "n"rin! Hr"t"!ene%J 8... an& &(rin! tat prie%t, 6en Saie% came in m($tit(&e t" receive !i/t%, )(t pe"p$e c"($& n"t !ive tem ...8 >In *r. sai R clan, genealogical line, that is the reason this a74 show up in so many *r"ic names and titles. #i"e the Scythian word !or the dog, shpa"o, this notable a74 survived and is widely used in A!ganistan and its eastern !ringes. *he etymology o! the sai mirrors that o! the name &un, which is a generic &un R "n R "in, i.e "indred tribes, and that !or the *r", which generically means belonging to a law or to an organi)ed state, and a number o! other *r"ic ethnonyms that designate a generic belonging to a social group. Sai may be connected with ,h. Se, the original tribe o! the Ashina *r"s, and with the Serica o! the Hree" sourcesB. I<SH> I 2 N" A2. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. - N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, pp. 11? an& 152R N. =armatta, St(&ie% in te i%t"r- an& $an!(a!e "/ te Sarmatian%. - S5e!e&, =(n!ar-, 1970. Saitafern /q3543r38V^W Saitafarnis6 - a kin! "/ Sc-tian% "r Saie%. Mi% name i% kn"6n /r"m a &ecree en!rave& )- <$)ia re%i&ent% "n a mar)$e %te$e in "n"r "/ Hr"t"!en. 8... Ien te kin! Saita/ern arrive& t" 4"nkit an& &eman&e& !i/t% "n te "cca%i"n "/ i% arriva$, Hr"t"!en at te reF(e%t "/ te pe"p$e !ave ?00 !"$& ...8 >*he 8rst part may be agglutination o! Sai R tribe, clan = ta9ty R place case a74, i.e. Io! the SaisIB. I<SH> I 2 N" A2. Sakaia /q3U3536 - a name "/ a Sc-tian "$i&a- >Cesembles the structure o! the *r"ic Sabantui, a harvest celebration named a!ter the tribe Saban, which is a collo$uial name !or the tribe o! Suvars9Savars9SibirsO Sa"aia in that case would be a celebration o! Sais, adopted as a common !estivity. Anyway, there is no indication that Sa"a is a religious 8gure, a second possibility !or the origin o! the holydayB. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A01 re/errin! t" te 6"rk "/ =e%-ci(%. Sakesfaris /q3U\;r38^W6 - a Saka Sc-tian kin!, )e-"n& te river Bactr >&istoriographically, this is a !amous etymology that on very logical grounds, and not by a random 8shing, lin"ed Scythian and 5sserian and Iranian. Abaev converts ;!aris< to ;!arn<, a ;son< in 5ssetian and a cognate o! Iranian ;son<, and etymologi)es the word as a composite ;Sa"a:s Son<, a logical name !or a Sa"a "ing. *he rest is easy, by a random 8shing we can reconstruct all other words o! !ormerly un"nown language. Viva the supreme Soviet science guided by a wisest Darty led by a suprawisest genius SecretaryB. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A01, 6it re/erence t" te 6"rk "/ H"$ien. Saka /q3U35 Sakai6 - Me Her%ian% ca$$e& )"t te A%ian an& >(r"pean Sc-tian% 2Saka%8. Aca&. N.Ga. 1arr )e$ieve& tat te 6"r& 2%ak8 mean% p"%terit-, c$an, tri)e >*here is no ;Iranian< etymology, all attempts !ailed. *he cognate list should include, in addition to Sa"a, Scyth, and Ish"u), the Arabic !orms Sa"aliba >pl.B and Sa"lab >sin.B, with its *r"ic derivatives Sa"sin >cityB and Sa"sin >provinceB, also spelled with ;$<, and translated as Ghite Sa"a, Ibn 6adlan applied AsSa"alib to the 'ulgars, the Dersianised S"un"a and Hreci)ed S"illur. In the Arabic sources, Sa"aliba stands !or (ipcha"s, as a cal$ue o! their name ;(uu ,ha"9Sa"< R Ghite Sa". directly lin"ing Scythians, Sa"a, and (ipcha"s and 'ulgars. In the (ha)ar state, ca AA0-0N0 A3, the Sa"sin province e4tended !orm Itil to 3on, and Sa"sin city, also "nown as Sa"sin'ulgar and Sarai 'atu >1.N 1A%B, was located on the Itil river, encompassing the Scythia o! the ,lassical Deriod. *he Arabic sources directly lin" the Dersian Sa"a, Hree" Scythians, Arabic Sa"lab9Sa"aliba with the *r"ic (ipcha"s9'ulgars. In *ur"ological studies, both Sa"a and Scyth, and possibly the Ish"u) are derived !rom the root s:" > : stopguttural consonant, analogous to ;o< in 'olgar and to ;u< in 'ulgar, in 'ulgar ,yrillic it is rendered with voiceless stopguttural ;<B, with attributive >possessionB a!!i4 ly9dy>thyB9ly9ty >in the *r"oSogdian coins it has the !orm d" >de"B or l" >le"BO dy>thyB is reQected in the Hree" and Assyrian !orms rendered as th and ) respectively. *he s:" could stand !or *r. s"i9es"e9esh"e9ysh"y R "ni!e > M.Ka"ievB, or something o! which we may never learn, because our dictionaries o! 5ld *r"ic start !rom the Islamic period, and most terms associated with the ancient *engrian religion were already purged !rom the literary le4icon, or were omitted as sacrilegious ;heathen< words. It is accepted that ;Sa"a< is a !orm o! ;Sogd<, in *r. sogdy is an ad+ective ;strong, potent, healthy<, and is a popular name. Gith the s:" as the root accepted by most *ur"ologists, the name S"olot also belongs to the list o! cognates, its *r. morphology is S:" = l = t R S:" = ly = ty, l9ly is a possessive a74, t9ta is plural a74, a"in to Angelinos !rom Angeles >#os AngelesB, i.e. S"olot is not a royal status term, but a straight!orward ethnic termO S"olots were Sa"a and Scythians, the others were not, and in the sources the others were called not with ethnic, but with a generali)ed names as ;generic Sa"a, Scythians<. Numerous *r"ic dialects in the Altai area have a native term usually rendered ;seo"< in ,yrillic transcription, literally meaning ;bone<, but used as an appellation applied as ;ethnic group, clan, tribe, posterity line, subtribe<. In the conte4t o! the *r"ic milieu in the Altai area, which served as a re!uge area !or many splinter groups,;seo"< depicts a distinct group within an administrative politonymJ ;(ipcha" seo" o! South Altaians<, ;(umandy >(umanB seo" o! Northern Altaians<, and the li"e. Semantically, ;seo"< is synonymous with the appellation ;o"< literally meaning ;bone< and used as an appellation also applied as ;ethnic group, clan, tribe, posterity line, subtribe<, and usually translated ;tribe<. A third synonym is ;gu)< >5gu) branchB with dialectal !orms ;gur9gar< >5gur branchB and ;u)9gut9goth9get< and the li"e. *he prosthetic consonant in anlaut indicates the 5gur linguistic branch. And the !ourth nearsynonym is the term ;&un<, literally meaning ;"in, "indred< and applied with ethnic determinantJ in the written sources all or nearly all ancient *r"ic tribes >*r"s, (ir"uns, Agacheri, 5no", *abgach, ,omans, \omuts, *uhses, (uyan, Sybu", #an, (ut, Ho"lan, 5rpan, Eshin and othersB carried the name I&unsI. Indisputably, the word ;seo"< with the root ;s:"< is the best match !or the root s:" !ound in the ancient Sa"a, Scyth, Ish"u), and in the later %s"el, %segel, %seg, %)gil, As"al, Is"il, I)gil, \s"yly, Se"el, Se"ler, S)e"ler, S)e"ely, S)e"elye"s, Sa"ha, and more. *he widespread distribution o! the ethnonym ;S:"< corroborates that the !orm ;seo"< is a reQe4 o! the !orm ;S:"<, it was a universal generic term !or a division within a communityB. =er"&"t(% I 15AR N.Ga.1arr, Se$ecte& I"rk%, ;"$ 5, e%%a- 2Me term 2Sc-t8, 1., 19A5R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 9A. Sakyndaki /q3U1VT3U^6 - a t-pe "/ Sc-tian c$"tin! >&esychius: borrowing !rom Middle %astern languages is a possibility, given the Middle %astern appealtion !or the ScythinsB. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A05 6it re/erence t" te 6"rk "/ =e%-ci(%. Sandaksatra /Shadakshatra6 - %"n "/ te Oimmerian $ea&er 0(!&amme (Pi!&ami%). =i% name i% menti"ne& in te A%%-rian c(nei/"rm &"c(ment% in c"nnecti"n 6it te event% in A%ia 1in"r. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. - N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 27R P. P. 9!(%ta. 0ie Her%"nennamen !rieci%cer Sta&te &er n"r&$i%cer S6ar5meerk(n%te. Hraa, 1955. Sanerg /q3V\87\W6 - a name !iven in I<SH>, I;, p. 290. >$nit%k- P.A. )e$ieve% tat ti% i% a Sc-tian name >Cesembles the name o! the Masgut "ing Sanesan, who was also a "ing o! the &uns and Albans, ca 100 A3. Masguts, who were antecedent and maybe ancestral to Alans, were characteri)ed as Scythians. Sanesan is etymology)ed as *r. 2storming<, !rom Senesen B. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977. Sane.n - acc"r&in! t" te 5t c. BO 6riter =e$$anik "/ 1iti$en, Sanevn 6a% a Sc-tian kin!, an& in i% time 6a% pr"&(ce& a *r%t ir"n 6eap"n. 1an- ancient 6riter% $inke& te pr"&(cti"n "/ te *r%t ir"n ")'ect% 6it Oa$-)e%, 6ic 6ere inc"rrect$- c"n%i&ere& t" )e Sc-tian% >Cesembles the name o! the Masgut "ing Sanesan. *he earliest instrumental dating o! iron weapon is a dagger in Ar+an2 "urgan, with "urgan latest date o! .-0 ', >.?N ', mean dateB, so it too" 1 centuries !or the iron weapons to tric"le to the Middle %ast. As to ,halybes, we "now the (oban ,ulture with symbiosis o! local Northern ,aucasians and Scythians, who could be simultaneously termed Scythians and nonScythians. It is well "nown that innovations are disseminated, not reinventedB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. A15. Sa!erdis /q3[\8T^W6 - a name /"r >a type o!pB *% in Sc-tia. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. 29A 6it re/erence t" te 6"rk "/ =e%-ci(%. Sara.ara Sara"ara /q383a3836 - %" a c"me&- 6riter "/ te *r%t a$/ "/ te ?t c. BO Anti/an ca$$e& te Sc-tian pant%. In i% c"me&- 2Me Sc-tian%8 e p"inte& "(t tat 2ever-)"&- i% &re%%e& in tr"(%er% an& t(nic%. Beca(%e te 7reek% &i& n"t kn"6 pant%, 6e can a%%(me tat Anti/an (%e& a Sc-tian 6"r& t" &e%cri)e %(c c$"tin! >Saravar9sharovar is a staple o! Middle Asian clothing, both among Sarts9*ad+u"s and *r"s. *he migrants li"e Cussians, E"rainians etc. have not adopted these pants as customary clothing. *he word is habitually attributed to the Dersians, who did not wear pants at all be!ore they adopted Scythian innovationsB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. A19. Sari /Sariakos6 - a Sc-tian kin! %"(t "/ 0an()e. In te 2n& c. BO e minte& c"in% 6it i% name in 7reek citie% M"m an& <&e%% >Sary is a popular *r"ic ethnonym, ;pale yellow<, and is used in numerous ethnonyms li"e Sary Eigurs, Sary (ipcha"s, etc. *here was also a perennial *r"ic tradition o! including the name o! the clan or tribe as a part o! the titlename. li"e Sibir(han, 5gu)(han etc. *he multiple insignia o! digerent *hracian principalities with nonScythian religious and agricultural symbology points to autonomous sedentary *hracian mints stri"ing in the name o! su)erainB. 2Saria+os< 3"A4SI SA5I ca ,)' "! *ing of Scythia "ow and "owJcase "onnet helmet with horseJtail crest/siZJ!ointed star grain ear and clu" M. B$avat%k-. 7reek% an& Sc-tian% in te Ie%t B$ack Sea re!i"n. ;0I, 19?8, N" 1. Satrakis /q3483U^W6 - Sc-tian kin!, 6" $ive& N"rt "/ S"!&iana. A)aev ;.I., Sc-tian-Sarmatian &ia$ect% K S"(n&ati"n% "/ Iranian Pin!(i%tic%. ;"$.1, 1"%c"6, 1979, p. A09 6it re/erence t" te 6"rk "/ Arrian >o! Nicomedia, ca ?2ca -/N A3B Silis - Sc-tian name /"r te S-r 0ar-a - Gak%art. H$in- te >$&er 6r"teJ 8...ti% re!i"n, )"(n&e& a% it i% )- te river Na@arte%, )- te Sc-tian% kn"6n a% te Si$i%, an& )- A$e@an&er an& i% "Tcer% %(pp"%e& t" ave )een te Manai%8 (H$in- 6.18 (16), H$in- 6.?9.A) H$in- 6.18 (16)R S"$in(% Umi&-tir& cent(r- O>V ?9.5 S. 4am"$i&&in in i% 6"rk BAncient MQrkic M"p"n-m% </ Me 1i&&$e A%iaBJ ...$"6er 6aterc"(r%e in te Ara$ area, in antiF(it- it a& te name Sir, 6ic %()%eF(ent$- 6a% tran%/erre& t" te 6"$e river U1(r5aev, 1957, p. 25AV. S"r te *r%t time te name Sir i% menti"ne& in te ?t cent(r- BO ancient ."man %"(rce% in te /"rm Silis U7"r)(n"va, 1976, p. 27R 4$-a%t"rn-, 196?, p. 75-76V. Me Oine%e %"(rce% menti"ne& ti% name in te /"rm Si-er-e, i. e. te river Sir. Me name Sir i% a &erivative /r"m te Saka 6"r& sir, 6ic mean% p$enti/($, in(n&atin! river U1(r5aev, 1957, p. 25AR 1i$eev, 1961, p. 80R 4$-a%t"rn-, 1961, p. 26V, "r /r"m MQrkic )en& "/ te river8. Me 6"r& sir can )e /"rme& /r"m te >*r"icB ver) sir 6a% "(t, t" make a trace, c"nnecte& 6it te r""t ir "r irim. (1(r5aev, 198?, p. 2A5). Me name Sir c"($& a$%" )e c"nnecte& 6it te MQrkic etn"n-m Sir, rec"r&e& in te M"n-(k(k m"n(ment U1a$"v, 1951, p. 65, 70R 1(%aev, 198?, p. 192V an& in te pre-I%$amic 4"re%mian c"in% U1(amma&i, 2000, p. 9?V. Me tri)e% Sir an& *ardush 6ere a part "/ te *ele c"n/e&erati"n, 6ic /"rme& a/ter &i%inte!rati"n "/ te =(nni% empire, an& in te 6t cent(r- te- 6ere "ne "/ te m"%t p"6er/($ tri)e% in te >a%t M(rke%tan U="&'aev, 200?, p. 7. 19, 20R =('aev, 2001, 2A-6.V. Me $an!(a!e "/ te Sir tri)e )e$"n!e& t" te n"rtern ancient MQrkic $an!(a!e, 6ere in te Sir &ia$ect are 6ritten m"re tan 200 m"n(ment% "/ te ancient MQrkic r(ni/"rm 6ritin! U4$-a%t"rn-, 200?, p. ?5-?6V. Me "ri!in "/ te name Sir9Sil i% a$%" $inke& 6it te ancient MQrkic 6"r& sel9selem, 6ic 6a% pre%erve& in te O(va% $an!(a!e 6it a meanin! pear$(%)8 UO=.S, p. A57R S"ni-"5"v, 1990, 22-2AV >,huvash sel9selem allows to suggest that Sa"a Scythian was an 5gur wordB. Sirgis /&irgis6 - a river in Sc-tia, a tri)(tar- "/ 0"n. =er"&"t(% I; 57, 12A Ske.lyas Ske"lyas /qU\a:13W6 - (n&er tat name in "ne "/ te Ari%t"pane% c"me&ie% i% %"6n a Sc-tian p"$iceman (sowfa `kk`fa). Mi% name c"($& )e invente& )- Ari%t"pane%, )(t te name "/ an"ter Sc-tian p"$iceman efqzkofl i% a &i%t"rti"n "/ te Mracian name ~jfqzkokl (Spart"k). Ari%t"pane%, .an., 608. Skulis /qU1:^W Gr. dog6 - a %"n an& eir "/ te Sc-tian kin! Ariapit. In ?70 BO a/ter te &eat "/ Ariapit Sk($i% )ecame a kin! "/ Sc-tia. Ski$$ %pent =e$$en"pi$ p"$ic-. e 6a% ki$$e& in ?50 BO )- c"n%pirat"r% $e& )- i% )r"ter <kt"ma%a&. =er"&"t(% I; 80, G(.7.;in"!ra&"v. Si!net rin! "/ kin! Ski$. H"$itica$ an& &-na%tic i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in te *r%t a$/ "/ ;. BO K K SA, 1980, N" A. Skileia - a name "/ te Ama5"n% %"6n "n a %k-p"% "/ a ma%ter O$-tie (570 BO). Ski$eia i% a /ema$e /"rm "/ te name Ski$. M6" "ter Ama5"n% &epicte& "n ti% va%e ave name% Me$epi$e-a an& I*t". 1.;.Skr'in%ka-a. =er"e% "/ Oimmerian an& Sc-tian $e!en&%, ;0I, 1986, N" ?, p. 8?. Skilur /Skiluros qU5:9189W6 - a kin! "/ Sc-tia 1in"r. In 108 BO e /"(n&e& in te Orimea a Sc-tian Neap"$i%. Acc"r&in! t" a $e!en&, e %ire& 80 ci$&ren. =e an&e& "ver p"6er t" i% e$&e%t %"n Ha$ak. Stra)", 7e"!r., ;II, ?, A. Scythics - a t-pe "/ %"e%, ti% 6"r& 6a% pre%erve& in te 6"rk% "/ Pici(%, an Attic "rat"r "/ te 5t-?t cc. BO an& in te p"etr- "/ A$cae(%J 8... an& avin! tie& Sc-tic% ....2 Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. A01. Skithins /qU1]5V9W Skythinos6 - te pe"p$e 6" $ive& in te %"(t-ea%tern c"rner "/ te B$ack Sea, a&'acent t" Oa$-)e%. A)"(t tem rep"rte& :en"p"n in te )""k Ana)., I;, 7, 18. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. A08. 'omadic Scythians /qU1]35 V9S3T\W6 - "ter6i%e te >(r"pean Sc-tian%, 6" at te =er"&"t(% time $ive& in te %teppe% )et6een te 0"n an& 0nieper. Sc-tian n"ma&% a& &"mini"n "ver a$$ "ter Sc-tian%. ;%.S. 1i$$er 6a% a *r%t t" p"int "(t a !enetic re$ati"n%ip )et6een te term% 2Sc-tian%8 an& 2Saka%8. Me >discredited long agoB aca&. N.Ga.1arr a% %"6n tat in Napetic $an!(a!e% te )a%e 2%ak8 nat(ra$$- t(rn% in"t a )a%e 2%k(2J %ak %ak-(-ta sfo-w-f sow-f sowfa. Sc-tian% In =er"&"t(% time% te 7reek% ca$$e& )"t >(r"pean an& A%ian n"ma&% Sc-tian%. =er"&"t(% I; 1-7R N.Ga.1arr, Se$ecte& I"rk%, ;"$ 5, in te e%%a- 2Me term 2Sc-t8, 1"%c"6, 19A5. ScythiansJ-us /qU1]3W 491W pjW6 - ti% etn"n-m i% re/erre& t" in a %c"$i(m c"mpi$e& )- te B-5antine 6riter Memi%tie% /"r te Ari%t"t$e >@.1@22 ',B c"mp"%iti"n 2<n te %k-.8 2Ie p$ace te mi&&$e %pace )et6een te Arctic 5"ne, c$"%e t" te N"rt H"$e, an& te tr"pica$ %(mmer 5"ne, 6it te Sc-tian%-."% an& "ter =-per)"rean pe"p$e% $ivin! c$"%er t" te /ri!i& 5"ne ...8. Pat-%ev F("te% ti% pa%%a!e in te c"$$ecte& 6"rk% "/ Ari%t"t$e, p()$i%e& )- te Ber$in Aca&em- "/ Science% in 18A6 Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. AA2. Skolo!it /Scolo!itus6 - Sc-tian -"(t "/ r"-a$ $inea!e. Pe!en& re$ate% tat prince% Sk"$"pit an& H$in 6ere e@pe$$e& /r"m teir "me$an&, a/ter 6ic t"!eter 6it Sc-tian% /"$$"6in! tem te- %ett$e& near te river Merm"&"nt in A%ia 1in"r. Mere te- )ecame ance%t"r% "/ te tri)e "/ Ama5"n%. Me name Sk"$"pit (n&"()te&$- i% $inke& t" te tri)a$ name "/ te Sc-tian% - Sk"$"t%. N(%tin, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk%, II, ?, 1 ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Skolot - =er"&"t(% rep"rt% tat te tri)e% "/ Avat%, 4atiar%, Mra%pi an& Hara$at are c"$$ective$- ca$$e& Sk"$"t%. 1.I.Artam"n"v, =i%t"r- "/ te Sc-tian% in S"viet %cience, ;0I, 19?7, N" AR N.Ga.1arr, Se$ecte& I"rk%, ;"$ 5, in te e%%a- 2Me term 2Sc-t8, 1., 19A5. Sko!asis - a $ea&er "/ "ne "/ te mi$itar- (nit% "/ te Sc-tian%, 6" /"(!t 6it 0ari(% I. Me Sk"pa%i% arm- inc$(&e& Sa(r"mate%. =e c"n&(cte& ne!"tiati"n% 6it te I"nian 7reek% /r"m te )ri&!e "ver I%ter. =er"&"t(% I; 120, 128. Skunh /SkunZa6 - $ea&er "/ te Saka% "r 1a%%a!etae >MasgutsB. Ia% taken a pri%"ner )- te Her%ian kin! 0ari(% I. Be%(t(n in%cripti"n %a-%J 2I r"(te& "ne part "/ te Sc-tian%, an& capt(re& an"ter part. Meir $ea&er )- te name Sk(na 6a% capt(re& an& )r"(!t t" me ....2 Bei%t(n in%cripti"n "/ 4in! 0ari(% I. S!arga!is /q[3873[5;^W6 - a %"n "/ 1a%%a!etae >MasgutB (een M"miri% >Queen *omiris is one o! the !emale heads o! state or regents unheard o! in the Iranian and Indo%uropean worldB. O"mmitte& %(ici&e a/ter )ein! taken pri%"ner )- te Her%ian kin! O-r(% te 7reat. =er"&"t(% I 211, 21A. S!arga!ith /q[3873[\5]^W6 - a /"(n&er "/ te &-na%t- "/ te Sc-tian kin!%, !reat-!ran&/ater "/ Anacar%i%. A)"(t im rep"rte& =er"&"t(% (I; 76). Mere 6a% an"ter Spar!apit, a kin! "/ >*r"icB A!at-r%, /r"m 6"%e an&% in ?70 BO 6a% ki$$e& a Sc-tian kin! Ariapit. =er"&"t(% I; 76, 78. S!u - in Sc-tian mean% 2e-e. S" =er"&"t(% e@p$ain% te name "/ te tri)e Arima%pi a% "ne-e-e& >6rom ;arym< *r. hal!, ;spu< *r. eye, Arimaspu is ;&al!%yed<, i.e. ;S$uinted%yed<. %anglish also has in addition to ;s$uinteyed<, derisive ;coc"eyed<, and ;crosseyed<, and ;s"eweyed<, and ;walleyed<, and probably more. It is a clear re!erence to Mongoloid people. *his is a component o! the two "nown Scythian compound words that directly testi!y about the Scythian language, bypassing any guesswor" constructions o! the linguistic scholarsB. =er"&"t(% I; 27R Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. A07. Ta"iti - 7"&&e%% "/ te Sc-tian pante"n. =er"&"t(% c"mpare% er 6it te 7reek !"&&e%% =e%tia >Dossibly a distortion o! the *r"ic %bi9%be, one giving birth, a precursor o! %ve, and a per!ect complement to *r. biblical ;adam< manB. =er"&"t(% I; 59. Tagi - Sc-tian 6"r& /"r 2trea&8R c"inci&e% 6it te %ame MQrkic 6"r&. Me MQrkic c"!nate 2te$(8 2)"6%trin!, t" %tretc8, /r"m Hr"t"-A$taic 2te$(8 2)"6%trin!, t" %tretc8, 7erman 20rat8 X 2wire<. Me Hr"t"-A$taic, 6ic appene& t" )e e@act$- te %ame a% MQrkic, i% %" /ar te "n$- $an!(a!e 6ere te 6"r& can )e et-m"$"!i5e&, 6ic e@c$(&e% a$$ )rance% "/ In&"->(r"pean an& M(n!(%tic /ami$ie%. Me >(ra%iatic %prea& "/ te 6"r& i% ama5in!J J >n!$i% 2trea&8, 7erman 20rat8, 1"n!"$ian 2te$e8, ="tan 2tti$a8, Ne6 Her%ian 2te$8, 4(r&i% 2te$8, <%%etian 2te$8, 4a$ka 2te$e8, B(r-at 2te$Qr8, 4a$m-k 2te$-8, >venk 2te$)e-8, Napane%e 2t(r(Kt%(r8, etc. (0-)" A.;., ,hronology o! *r"ic languages and linguistic contacts o! early *r"s, 1"%c"6, 2007, p. 806R 1i5i-ev I.1. &istory o! (arachai'al"ar people !rom ancient times to anne4ation by CussiaKK1in!i-Ma( (>$)r(%), 199?, n". 1 (NanSe)), Na$cik, 1in!i-Ma( H()$i%in!, 199?, pp. 710?, 20621AB Taksakis /s3_3U5W6 - a $ea&er "/ "ne "/ te tree Sc-tian tri)e% tat participate& in te 6ar 6it 0ari(% >Ceminiscent o! *u"hsi and *o"soba, two o! many similar appellatives !or the *ochars, including ::5ssetian< 3igor, that are spread over %rasia and over 2 millenniaB. =er"&"t(% I; 120. Tanais /s3V35W6 - a river in Sc-tia, at te pre%ent time te 0"n .iver >In *r. ;cold, icy< river, li"e ;don durma< R icecream, and icy *anais. A direct word is *r"ic ;ten< R ;large river<. 'oth etymologies are viable, but it should be noted that &erodotus called *anais ;icy river<, probably he "new something the modern Iranists don:tO the Iranian ;don< R ;river<, cited in ScythoIranian etymologies, is an oddball in the Iranian languages, and suggests a loanword !rom *r"ic, where it is a common wordB. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. Tanai - a $ea&er "/ te Sc-tian% &(rin! teir e@pe&iti"n t" >!-pt in 6AA BO. Acc"r&in! t" H"mpe- Mr"!(%, te >!-ptian Hara" H%ammetic I, appri%e& a)"(t te e@pe&iti"n "/ te Sc-tian%, met tem in S-ria 6it !i/t%, an& per%(a&e& tem t" a)an&"n teir campai!n >*he su74 ;ai< in the name *anai may serve as an e4ample !or parsing other Scythian names that end on ;ai<, but allow other possible parsings. *he *r. su74 ;ai< is a !ormant !or personal appellation denoting respect, analogous to !ormants ;aga9aba9aby<, and later ;bei9be"9"han< etc., and the Fapanese ;san<. %4amples o! the ;ai< words are atai !rom ata R !ather, babai and Dapai !rom baba and papa !or grand!ather9ancestor, and a slew o! proper names. %tymologically, at least one o! meanings o! the name *anai may ascend to the *r. tan R ;large river<B. N(%tin, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk%, I, /"r te ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2, p. 181R =er"&"t(% I, 105. Tanus /Tanusas6 - a Sc-tian kin!. In 2n& c. BO e minte& c"in% in te 0")r(&'a >3obrud+a was a land o! Se"lers, whose location and name points to their descent !rom the S"olot Scythians. *hat is corroborated by the Se"lers: standalone mentality, they survived !or 2 millennia as a coherent sel!contained ethnical unit, analogous to many other dynastic tribesJ Ases, %astern &uns, Eigurs, 3ulo &uns, Ashina *r"s, Avars, (ayis, (angars, (irgi)es, 3+alairs, ,hingi)ids. *he sel!esteem, !ol"loric "nowledge o! their !ormer e4clusivity, and ingrained "nowledge o! their blueblood descent helped the dynastic tribes to survive intact longer throughout the *r"ic history then the less prominent *r"ic tribes. Apparently, their survival was helped by the other *r"ic tribes, which were respecting Se"ler pedigree, and de!erred to their dynastic rights, a trait that parallels situation with every other dynastic line. 5! all the %uropean *r"ic tribes, Se"lers were the only tribe that carried their distinct literacy into the Modern Age. Another !actor in the Se"ler e4clusive longevity may have been the *r"ic rigid rule o! e4ogamy, which made the union o! Se"lers and their martial partners biologically and culturally sel!contained. *he tradition o! strict e4ogamy was noted by ancient geographers and historians as a trait o! some e4clusive *r"ic tribes, who did not mi4 with the surrounding population, preserving their biological and cultural distinction. *he name *anus may reQect the location o! the *anus Scythians along the 3anube, ascending to the *r. tan R ;large river<B. M.;.B$avat%k-, 7reek% an& Sc-tian% in te Ie%t B$ack Sea, ;0I, 19?8, N" 1R =armatta, St(&ie% in te i%t"r- an& $an!(a!e "/ te Sarmatian%, 1970, p. 22. Tarandos /s383VT9W Gr. reindeer6 - a creat(re $ike a &eer /r"m te %kin% "/ 6ic te Sc-tian% %e6e& c$"te%, rep"rte& )- =e%-ci(% an& Hi$" N(&ea >*he ,hinese accounts give the same news about the early Asian &unsB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" ?, p. 270. Targitai /s3875439W6 - a m-tica$ /"(n&er "/ te Sc-tian tri)e%. Acc"r&in! t" te $e!en&, &e%cri)e& )- =er"&"t(%, Mar!itai 6a% a =erc($e%D %"n /r"m a %nake-$e!!e& !"&&e%%, a &a(!ter "/ te river B"r-%tene%. Me Sc-tian% c"ntemp"rar- 6it =er"&"t(% )e$ieve& tat Mar!itai $ive& e@act$- "ne t"(%an& -ear% )e/"re te 0ari(% inva%i"n >Enli"e the Iranian ;etymologies< that search !or distant phonetic resemblances among do)ens I% languages, and announce a victory irrespective o! semantical meaning, the *r"ic correspondences many times are obvious. Ge have two >2 B *r"ic prominent evidences called *argitai, both !rom the historical period. *he 8rst is *argutai o! the ;Sacred #egend<, a head o! the *orgut tribe o! the (eraits during ,hingi)"han time, the other is a toponym *argitui in the 'ai"al area. 'oth are connected with the *r"ic people. *here is nothing mysterious about the mythical !ounder o! the Scythian tribes, the *r"ic !ol"lore preserved do)ens o! cases when an origin o! a tribe is attributed to a legendary pra!ather, the best "nown o! which is 5gu)(han, modeled a!ter the %astern &unnic leader Mode. *he *argutai story not only neatly !alls among other *r"ic progenitor myths, but leads us !urther up and down the ladder. *he *orgut tribe is associated with the *r"uts o! the 6irst *r"ic (aganate, and its etymology is straight!orward *r" in pluralJ *r"s. *he su74 ;ai< is a !ormant o! respect, used !or personal names, the tribal name is *r"ut, its leader is called *r"utai. *he presence o! the *r"s in the N.Dontic was documented during the ,lassical DeriodJ Domponius Mela, Dliny the %lderO the presence o! the ;*:r< ethnonyms and toponyms in the Mediterranean area in the pre,lassical Deriod in particular, and o! the *r"ic words in general is ubi$uitous. *his also applies to the etymology o! the name *argitaiJ more then one suggestion has been proposed, without independent corroboration they all are purely speculative, individual +udgments which ones are more li"ely are entirely sub+ective and a specter o! reasonable possibilities is $uite wide. *he best alternative seems to be *r. ;targi< with semantics o! ;creator, primogenitor<. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. .2, -?.20A. Since *argitai was a Scythian, we should e4pect his parents to be Scythians too. *he &erodotus: second origin myth ma"es *argitai a son o! &eracles who was searching !or his horses. Ge have two versions o! the name &eracles, the Hree" &eracles, and the %truscan &ercle. In *r. "er"l means search, and "er means to string >a bowB, which &eracles did be!ore giving the bow to *argitai. *he ama)ing phonetical and semantical coincidence con8rms that &eracles was originally a *r"ic hero, common !or %truscans and Scythians, and adopted by %gyptians and Hree"s. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. 2.0, and M.Ka"ievB. =er"&"t(% I; 5, 7. Teftamos /s\143S9W Teutamos6 - a Sc-tian name tat appear% in Ote%ia%. Te.tar - a name "/ a Sc-tian 6", acc"r&in! t" te 7reek m-t, ta(!t =erac$e% t" %""t /r"m a Sc-tian )"6. Pat-%ev, 6it re/erence t" =er"&"r =erac$eian. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. 29A. Teush!a /Teus!a6 - Oimmerian kin!. Me(%pa in 668 /"(n&e& te Acaemeni& &-na%t- in Her%ia. =e 6a% marrie& t" a &a(!ter "/ a Sc-tian kin! I%pakai - Spak"R "/ teir marria!e 6a% )"rn te /(t(re kin! "/ te Her%ian%, O-r(% I. =e 6a% &e/eate& )- te A%%-rian kin! >%ara&&"n 6it a e$p "/ te Sc-tian mercenarie% $e& )- Hartat(a. =er"&"t(% I 110, ;II 11R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, pp. 27R >. 1"$ev. 7reek% an& )ar)arian%, 1., 200A, p. A0. Tiarant - a river in Sc-tia, a tri)(tar- "/ I%ter (0an()e), n"6 te river A$t. Acc"r&in! t" =er"&"t(%, Miarant r(n% tr"(! te Sc-tian $an&. =er"&"t(% I; ?8. Timn /s1SV^W6 - a repre%entative "/ te Sc-tian kin! in <$)ia. e met 6it =er"&"t(% &(rin! i% trave$% in Sc-tia in te ??9-??6 BO. It 6a% preci%e$- Mimn 6" c"($& !ive =er"&"t(% man- &etai$% a)"(t te Sc-tian%, teir 6ar 6it te Her%ian%, an& teir c(%t"m%. It i% p"%%i)$e tat Mimn "/ =er"&"t(% 6a% a 4a$$ipi& "r A$i5"n. =er"&"t(% I; 76, ; A7R >. 1"$ev. 7reek% an& )ar)arian%, 1., 200A, p. 82R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. 1A8. Tiragets - a Sc-tian tri)e% tat $ive& "n te %"re% "/ I%ter (0an()e). A)"(t Mira!et% 6r"te H$in- (I;, 12, 2?). Ht"$em- (III, 10) ca$$e& tem Miran!et%, Stra)" (;II, ?71) - Mirre!et%. =ecatae(% menti"n% 1ir!et%. Pat-%ev c"n%i&ere& te name Mira!et% t" )e err"ne"(% >'ut it is *iraspol that is le!t to us, not *iranspol, *irrespol, or Mirspol, and the river was *iras, not *irans, *irres, or Mirs. *he name o! the river, and then o! the Hree"s who lived on that river, li"ely ascend to the name o! the *ira tribeO a 8rm association o! the locality and the name o! the tribe may point to its preScythian descendency, associated with the preScythian ,immeriansO that is corroborated by the !act that *iragetes did not belong to the core o! the Scythian tribes. %tymologically, *iraget R *ira >tribeB = get R gu) R tribe. *he name *ira undoubtedly can be speculatively etymologi)ed !rom many languages, there is no constructive use to suggest any speci8c speculative etymology. In the literature, *uras were lin"ed with other ;*r:s< in the vicinity, including *yrrhenian Sea and %truscans In the literature on %truscans, the ;*r:s< root o! the endonym is lin"ed with ;*r< in *r"s, with no consensus about the originB. Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 1, p. 299. Tiras /s183W6 - a river in Sc-tia, at te pre%ent time te river 0nie%ter >the river *iras, which was li"ely named a!ter the *ira tribeB. =er"&"t(% I; ?7. Tirits - mi@e& =e$$ene%, 6" $ive& in Sc-tia near te m"(t "/ te river Mira% (0nie%ter) >Hree" colonists in the vicinity o! the river *iras, which was li"ely named a!ter the *ira tribeB. =er"&"t(% I; 51. Toksakis /s9U;3U5;6 - Sc-tian c"mman&er 6" a$"n! 6it Sk"pa%i% (n&er kin! I&antir%"% $e& a *!t in 51? BO a!ain%t te Her%ian%. M"k%aki% an& Sk"pa%i% $e& a '"ine& arm- "/ te Sc-tian%, Sa(r"matian%, B"(&in% an& 7e$"n% >*o"sa" appears as a tribederived name, li"e those thyat were popular in the &unnic and *r"ic titlesJ *ohsi9*uhsi = Sa"a, i.e. *ochar o! Sa"a. A!ter their de!eat by the &un:s Mode in ca. -/0 ',, *uhsi9*ochar retreated to (angar, and a!ter a generation retreated !urther to the Aral area o! &ore)mia, !rom where a!ter another generation they assaulted and too" control o! 'actriana. A part o! the *uhsi that stayed in the &ore)m were recorded as staying in the vicinity o! the ,aspian Sea !or another millennia, they are "nown !rom the Slav Cus annals as *o"soba, around Mangushla" as 3gers, in the N.,aucasus as 3igors, and are a modern clan among *ur"men, all around the ,aspian Sea. 6rom the overall migrations, it appears that the *uhsi:s ancestral lands were in the northern ranges o! the ,aspian area, where they were members o! the N.Dontic Scythians. In the 1th@rd cc. ', they sub+ugated the eastern &unsB. =er"&"t(% I; 76, 120, 126, 127, N(%tin >Funianus Fustinus, 2nd century A3B, >pit"me "/ H"mpe- Mr"!(% 6"rk% >-st century ',B, II, ?, 8 ;0I p()$icati"n, 195?, N" 2. Toksamis /s9_3S5W6 - ti% name, a$"n! 6it te name 4imeri"% (oaxnqakl) 6a% impre%%e& "n a 570 BO ceramic va%e (crater SranY"i%). 1.;.Skr'in%ka-a )e$ieve& tat te arti%t p"rtra-e& per%"na!e% "/ te Sc-tian m-t%, 6e$$ kn"6n t" te 7reek% in te 6t c. BO >*he name *o"sam is much reminiscent o! *u"hsi and *o"soba, two o! many similar appellatives !or the *ochars, including ::5ssetian< 3igor, that are spread over %urasia and over 2 millenniaB. B.N.7rak"v, 1ateria$% ..., N" 10?R 1.;.Skr'in%ka-a. =er"e% "/ Oimmerian an& Sc-tian $e!en&%, ;0I, 1986, N" ?, p. 8?. Toksarid - a name "/ a Sc-tian in te P(cian &ia$"!(e "/ 2M"k%ari& "r /rien&%ip8 >Name reminiscent o! a prominent *r"ic tribe *u"hsi and their land *o"soba, a"a *ocharsB. P(cian. O"$$. "/ 6"rk% in t6" v"$(me%, 1"%c"6, Penin!ra&, 19A5, v"$. 1. Toksaris - a Sc-tian 6" $ive& in 7reece /"r $"n! time. =e )ecame /am"(% tere a% te !reat ea$er an& %a!e. 0(rin! a p$a!(e, M"k%ari% a&vi%e& te Atenian% \(% te %treet 6it %"(r 6ine, 6ic %ave& Atenian% /r"m te epi&emic. S"r tat, te 7reek% )e%t"6e& "n im a tit$e "/ er", an& a/ter i% &eat in%ta$$e& an ")e$i%k "n i% !rave >(inda implies that he was not buried in accordance with Scythian rituals, e$uipped !or a travel and under "urgan. In respect to the deceased, this is a crime way worse then a ,hristian dying without ,hristian rites to go to hell because o! that, !or the deceased will linger in this world and harass the living. *he name *o"saris appear to be the same word ascending to the prominent *r"ic tribe *u"hsi and their land *o"soba, a"a *ocharsB. ;.Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!% "/ ...8, ;0I, 19?8, N" 1, p. 299R P(cian. O"$$. "/ 6"rk% in t6" v"$(me%, 1"%c"6, Penin!ra&, 19A5, v"$. 1, &ia$"!(e% 2Sc-t "r !(e%t8,2Sc-t "r /rien& in a /"rei!n $an&8. Trers Trars /s8^8\W s838\W6 - a Oimmerian tri)e. Stra)" in/"rm% a)"(t a Mrer $ea&er 4")"% (oc}kl). P.A.>$nit%ki- %(!!e%t% a !enetic re$ati"n%ip "/ Mrer%, Sc-tian%, an& Mra%pi-Mracian% >*he same observation noted M.Ka"iev, that there is a suspicious li"eness and unsettled sonority in the cluster *hrac, *rer, *yr, *ra, all containing ;*r<. *o that number should be added %*rus"ans, *yrrhenians and the collection o! Indian names !or the ancient sB. Stra)., 7e"!r., I, A, 12R >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. - N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, p. ?7-?8R >. 1"$ev. 7reek% an& )ar)arian%, 1., 200A, p. A?. Fagimasad .Thagimasad, 6agimasad/- a !"& "/ r"-a$ Sc-tian%. =er"&"t(% c"rre$ate% im 6it te 7reek H"%ei&"n >G.Cadlog demonstrated a !ull analogy o! the Hree" Doseidon racing on the seas in a chariot pulled by longmane horses with a *r"ic god o! seas and rivers patrolling his possessions on white and grey horses. %tymologically, the name *agimasad gives two *r"ic homophonous semanticsJ -. *agimasad R *agi = mas9bash = ad R herd = heading = horse R heading a herd o! horses, or R mount = heading = horse R heading riding horses 2. *agimasad R *agi = mas9bash = ad R multitude = heading = river *he word *agimasad could simultaneously carry both meanings, and still some more. 6rom a raster o! modern *r"ic e$uivalents one o! the closest is Sarta"pai in the Altai, whose etymology is very closeJ >SBar = ta" = pai R watermoisture = herd9mount9multitude = #ord >baiB. *he root ;tag< is the same in both Scythian and Altai !orms, !unctionally Sarta"pai is a patron o! rivers, he scores their course, +oins them, brea"s through the mountains, and creates dams !or the la"es. *he magic attributes are identical between the *r"ic legends and Hree" mythology, they are horses and trident. *hough the $uestion o! who borrowed !rom whom may remain open, the connection between the Scythian *agimasad, Hree" Doseidon, and *r"ic Sarta"pai with variations is obvious. In the Middle Asia, the *agimasad9Doseidon is called 3i"anbaba and 3i"anata, where 3i" R *agi in *agimasad, with semantics ;to plant, to sow<O an R is either su74 or a contraction o! "han in di" = "hanO and baba R Scythian Dapai R god, primogenitor, the !unctionally synonymous ata is !ather. *he 3i"an R sower, !armer is suspiciously close to the landed aristocracy o! the Middle Asia, the di"hans, a term habitually attributed to the Dersian origin, but it is derived !rom the *r"ic root ;di"9ti"< R to plant, to sow. In the Come, Doseidon trans!ormed into Neptune, who retained Doseidon:s attributes, and was a patron o! mounted elite. In the sense ;mount, riding horse<, the word ;tagi< was used in the Sher+ere >NominaliaB o! the 'u"garian (hans to designate the \ear o! &orse, which !or some time pu))led a number o! researchers. In that, we can discern the Scythian le4icon in the 'ulgarian. *he etymological bottom line is that *agimasad is ruling land and water, herds o! cattle, is a !ather o! horses, he sows seeds and harvests grains. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, pp. @@?@1AB =er"&"t(% I;, 59. &aras! /Charas!es6 - a Sc-tian kin! in 0")r(&'a, )e-"n& te 0an()e. =ara%p in te 2n& c. BO minte& c"in% in te 7reek citie% M"m an& <&e%% >3obrud+a is the historical land o! Se"lersB. M.;.B$avat%k-, 7reek% an& Sc-tian% in te Ie%t B$ack Sea, ;0I, 19?8, N" 1. Chorsari /Dhorsari6 - a Sc-tian name /"r Her%ian% >*hat is a most marvelous notation in the ScythoIranian scheme o! things, a"in !or an Italian name !or Italians, Herman name !or Hermans, and 'ritish name !or 'rits. Is there an e4onym !or 'rits in 'ritainp I! not, how comep *he Iranianspea"ing Scythians were so much more advanced compared with the today:s 'rits that they have something the 'rits could not come up with, a !oreign name !or themselvespB. H$in-. Sh!ako - a %i%ter "/ I%pakai. B"t name% c"me /r"m a Sc-tian 6"r& %pak" - a &"! >In *r. dog R "ope", close enough, particularly considering the h9s alternation s f h f ". Apparently, the s f h f " split happened be!ore the /th c. ',. In the Darthian, dog is sabah, close enough, which also points to the 5gur 3aha9*ochar origin o! the Scythian word !or dog. In 5gu) pronunciation dog R "ope", and the 5gur would have dog R sope" ] shope". In 5ssetic the dog is "uyd), Dersian, *a+i" sag, (ashmiri hunu, Armenian shun, A!ghan, &indi "utta, 'ulgarian "uche, Ga)iri spai >close enoughB, %astern Slavic soba"a >close enoughB. *rubachev e4cluded the Iranian origin o! the %astern Slavic ;soba"a<, and stated a *r"ic borrowing, since all other Slavs have the name ;pes< k*rubachev, Slavic names !or domesticated animals, Moscow, -?A?, p. 2? onl. *he etymology o! the word dog should consider the aggregate body o! evidence, which une$uivocally points to a dialect belonging to the *r"ic linguistic !amily, but should not e4clude borrowing or limited local use. *he presence in the Scythian realm o! many digerent languages is a !act certi8ed by the contemporary writers, and ethnically digerent admi4tures and constituents undoubtedly accumulated within the Gestern and %astern *umber Hrave cultures during centuries o! their separation >&erodotus 1.21, Strabo -.2.2/, Domponius Mela 2.?B. In the !ollowing centuries, in the Scythian territory transpired areas populated by *r"ic, Egro6innic, Herman, 'altoSlavic, ,aucasus, ,eltic, and Iranian linguistic groups, but the only group documented to carry the (urgan ,ulture burial tradition into historically modern world were the *r"ic people, and the Hermanic nobility. *he Scythians !rom Asia belonged to the %astern *imber Hrave ,ulture, and comprised o! the tribes listed as Arpo"sai:s descendentsJ (atiars, Avhats, *raspians, and the Daralats the descendents o! (olo"sai, all under a group ethnonym S"olots, and with a distinct language which &erodotus called ;Scythian<. *he Scythians !rom %urope belonged to the Gestern *imber Hrave ,ulture, and comprised the tribes listed as Scythians, but with distinctions that made them special ScythiansJ ,immerians, Agathyrs, 'udins, Iyr"s >*r. generic ;nomad<B, *aurs >*r. generic ;mounaineer<B, *raspi*ruc"s*hracians, *yras, 3aha9*ochars >Strabo 2...2B, Neures, MelanhlensMelanchlaeni >Hr. 'lac" Mantle, ethnological ScythiansB, Sauromats, Alli)ones. A separate subcategory o! that group encompassed a mi4 o! the Gestern and %astern *imber Hrave cultures in the area immediately east o! the ,aspianJ MassagetesMasguts, Alans, Aorsi >Awars9AvarsB, Siraci >Seres, Serica, ,h. Se, ancestors o! Ashina *r"sB, ,horasmians, (halibs o! (ol"heti >in Apollonius o! Chodes ;Argonautica<B. A third category are the tribes that are pointedly not ScythiansJ &ellenes, Helons, (allipides, Isters, AndrophagsAnthropophagi >Hr. Man %atersB, Argippaeans,, MelanhlensMelanchlaeni >Hr. 'lac" Mantle, ethnological nonScythiansB. Gith all the gold dug up in the Scythian cemeteries, the paucity o! the osteological studies is remar"able. Apparently, the archeological gold diggers +ust discarded the worthless bones, and they lay reburied under rubble o! the destroyed "urgan. A !ew precious arti!acts that survived in the @rd and 1th c. ', monuments o! 'osporus, and in the images on a gorit !rom the Solo"ha "urgan, demonstrate the physiognomic composition o! the Scythians with a notable degree o! Mongoloidness. Ironically, the Mongoloidness o! the dead is used as an argument !or the authenticity o! the Scythian contents o! the Hree" inscriptions, !or the Iranianlingual etymology o! the names >Vs.Mller, V.Abaev, M.Vasmer, F.&armatta, #.KgustaB, and o! the evidence !or a strong inQuence o! the Mongolic or *uranian blood among the Scythians. In matinee circus shows, they herald such tric"s as hocuspocus no 2. 6or our purposes, the presence o! the Mongoloid and ,aucasoid remains indicates a comple4 composition o! the remains, and points to a possibility that a part o! the indigenous Scythian le4icon may be a borrowing !rom their ethnically diverse constituentsB. Spak" 6a% a 6i/e "/ te Oimmerian kin! Me(%pa, /r"m teir marria!e 6a% )"rn te ne@t kin! "/ te Her%ian%, O-r(% I >Dapa *eushpa is Scythian, mama Shpa"o is Scythian, only poor me is a !ullblooded Dersian, or at least a "ing o! the Dersians. *he "ingship apparently did not e4tend to the improvement o! the Dersian language, which retained sag !or the dog, instead o! spa"oB. >$nit%k- P.A., Sc-tia "/ te >(ra%ian %teppe%. N"v"%i)ir%k, 1977, /""tn"te "n pa!e 27. &a"ei - name "/ te /"rtre%% )(i$t )- te Sc-tian% in te Orimea in te 2n& c. BO A. An&reev. =i%t"r- "/ Orimea, 1S-2002 Eor!ata /n598[3436 - te Sc-tian% ca$$e& te Ama5"n% 2>"rpata8. 2Sc-tian% ca$$e& te Ama5"n% 2e"rpata8, 6ic in =e$$enic mean% man-ki$$er%, 2e"r8 in /act mean% a man, an& 2pata8 mean% t" ki$$8 >%r9ireir in !act means in *r. ;man<, and pata in *r. means ;:brea"s, beats, "ills<. *he author !ails to note not only ;that the Scythian eor is remar"ably similar to the *r"ic oyor, eyr, er man<, but that the Scythian pata is identical to the *r"ic pata brea"s, beats, "ills. A chance coincidence o! the compound words is statistically ne4t to impossible. *hese ;Iranians< were more then remar"able, they spo"e *r"ic as their native language, with composite wordsB. =er"&"t(% I; 110. Eor - man, (%)an& in Sc-tian /r"m te 6"r& e"rpata - t"%e 6" are ki$$in! teir (%)an&%.. Me e@pert% n"te tat te Sc-tian e"r i% remarka)$- %imi$ar t" te MQrkic "-"r, e-r, er man. =er"&"t(% I; 110. &i!!aka /i!!aka6 - a name "/ cee%e man(/act(re& )- te Sc-tian% /r"m mareD% mi$k >,onnection with mare is via hippa9hippos, Hr. !or horse, !rom *r. +aby9yabu, +upa4, is evidentB. =ipp"crate%, 20i%ea%e%8 in Pat-%ev. 2Hr"cee&in!%...8, ;0I, 19?7, N" 2, p. 298. Eksam!ey /e_3S[359W6 - an area in Sc-tia )et6een te river% B"r-%tene% >3nieperB an& =-pani% >Southern 'ugB. Mere 6a% a %"(rce "/ )itter 6ater. Me name "/ te %"(rce in te Sc-tian i% >k%ampei, an& in te =e$$enic $an!(a!e - Sacre& Hat%. =er"&"t(% I; 52, 81. Enareis /\V38\\W6 - Sc-tian &iviner%, e+eminate men. Me- 6ere &ivinin! (%in! 6i$$"6 "+%""t% an& $in&en %p"n!e. =er"&"t(% %pec($ate& tat enarei% 6ere &e%cen&ant% "/ t"%e Sc-tian% 6" c"mmitte& )$a%pem-, p$(n&erin! te Apr"&ite rania %anct(ar- in S-ria. Me 7"&&e%% p(ni% tem /"r ever, in\ictin! a /ema$e ai$ment >*r. ene >enB R ;mar", score, ma"e a notch< = r, a su74 on nontransitive verb, enar R notched, i.e. gelded, emasculated. A per!ect match. Ce!. K.Hasanov ;Coyal Scythians<, p. @1/@1.B. =er"&"t(% I 105, I; 67. Eminak /eS5V3U9W6 - ti% name i% rea& "n <$)ian %i$ver c"in% &ate& )- ??0 BO. H.<. 4ar-%k"v%k-, I1MA, N" ?, 1962R >. 1"$ev. 7reek% an& )ar)arian%, 1. 200A, p. 8A. Eliy - ti% name i% "n te c"in% minte& )- Sc-tian kin!% in Sc-tia %"(t "/ 0an()e, in te 2n& c. BO 0")r(&'a >*r. %l9Il R ;land, country, possession<, thus ;possessor<O 3obrud+a is the historical land o! Se"lersB. M.;.B$avat%k-, 7reek% an& Sc-tian% in te 6e%t B$ack Sea, ;0I, 19?8, N" 1 %yn - in Sc-tian an& M(rk mean% 26""$8 (1i5i-ev I.1. &istory o! (arachai'al"ar people !rom ancient times to anne4ation by CussiaKK1in!i-Ma( (>$)r(%), 199?, n". 1 (NanSe)), Na$cik, 1in!i-Ma( H()$i%in!, 199?, pp. 710?, 20621AB %sh Ish - Sc-tian ver) 2/ree5e8. Me 6"r& 6it te %ame meanin! i% in 4aracai-Ba$kar an& "ter M(rk $an!(a!e%J G% (1i5i-ev I.1. &istory o! (arachai'al"ar people !rom ancient times to anne4ation by CussiaKK1in!i-Ma( (>$)r(%), 199?, n". 1 (NanSe)), Na$cik, 1in!i-Ma( H()$i%in!, 199?, pp. 710?, 20621AB. re/ J ttpJKK%1552A9215."n$ine"me.(%Kt(rkicK27LSc-tian%KSc-tianI"r&Pi%tS"(rce%>n.tm A)aevD% *able o! ,ontents A)aevD% Scythian language A)aevD% Scythian Gord #ist .ea$ Sc-tian I"r& Pi%t A)aevD% Kelenchu" Inscription Alphabetical Index Abaris..................................................1 Aelis.....................................................N Agar.....................................................N Agathyrs..............................................N A"ina"..................................................N A"rosa..................................................A Ali)ons................................................./ Amado"................................................ Amurgion.............................................. Anacharsis............................................ Ana"sirida............................................. Anta"ei................................................. Antir.....................................................? Api.......................................................? Arar......................................................? Ara4.....................................................? Ares...................................................-0 Arga.....................................................? Argimpasa...........................................? Argot>esB..............................................? Arhyppei..............................................? Ariant.................................................-0 Ariapeith............................................-0 Arima.................................................-0 Arimaspoi...........................................-- Arima)...............................................-- Arimoi................................................-- Aristagoras........................................-- Ari4....................................................-2 Arpo"sai.............................................-2 Arsa"om.............................................-2 Assaioi...............................................-@ As4i9Aschi..........................................-@ Ateus.................................................-@ Avhatai >^Swzw_B................................1 'oo"olabra.........................................-@ 'orusthenes.......................................-@ 'orysthenes.......................................-@ 'orysthenetai....................................-@ 'udin.................................................-1 'utir...................................................-1 ,annabis............................................-? ,arthasis............................................-? ,aucasus...........................................-1 ,roucasis...........................................-1 3ai4...................................................-A 3anapr...............................................-/ 3itulas...............................................-/ 3ugdamme........................................-/ %"sampey..........................................@1 %liy.....................................................@N %mina"...............................................@N %nareis...............................................@1 %or.....................................................@1 %orpata..............................................@1 %vtimahos..........................................-. Helon..............................................-1p. Helons................................................-N Hilea..................................................-A Hnur...................................................-1 Hoytosir.............................................-N &abei.................................................@1 &arasp...............................................@@ &err...................................................-N &erros................................................-A &errs..................................................-A &ipa"iris.............................................-A &ippa"a.............................................@1 &ypanis..............................................-A &yreanian Sea...................................-A Idantemis...........................................-. Idanthirsos.........................................-. Igdampayis........................................-. Ishpa"ai.............................................-. (anita................................................-? (ararves.............................................-? (argalu".............................................-? (atiars...............................................-? (horsari.............................................@@ (obos.................................................20 (olanda"............................................20 (olo"sai.............................................20 (olos..................................................20 #i"......................................................20 #ipo"sai..............................................2- #ohant...............................................2- Madius...............................................2- Ma"ent...............................................2- Marsaget............................................2- Matas.................................................2- Myrgetai.............................................2- Naparis..............................................2- Napit..................................................2- 5ap....................................................2- 5iorpata.............................................2- 5ium..................................................22 5"tomasad........................................22 5l"avas..............................................22 5pis...................................................22 5piya.................................................22 5rdess...............................................22 Dala"..................................................22 Dala"ion.............................................2@ Dalos..................................................2@ Danasagor..........................................2@ Danticapeum......................................2@ Dapai..................................................2@ Daralates............................................2@ Dardo"as............................................21 Dartatua.............................................21 Darthians............................................21 Data...................................................21 Delamida............................................21 Dlin.....................................................21 Donti".................................................21 Dorata................................................21 Dortmei..............................................21 Dsevdarta"i........................................21 Co4ana"i............................................2N Sagaris...............................................2N Sagill..................................................2N Sai.....................................................2N Saita!ern............................................2N Sa"a...................................................2A Sa"aia................................................2N Sa"es!aris..........................................2N Sa"ynda"i..........................................2/ Sanda"satra.......................................2/ Sanerg...............................................2/ Sanevn...............................................2/ Saperdis.............................................2/ Saravara............................................2/ Sari....................................................2/ Satra"is..............................................2. Savlius...............................................2N Savma"os..........................................2N Scythians...........................................2. Scythics.............................................2. Shpa"o...............................................@@ Silis....................................................2. Sirgis..................................................2. S"evlyas............................................2. S"ileia................................................2. S"ilur.................................................2. S"ithins..............................................2. S"olopit..............................................2? S"olot.................................................2? S"opasis.............................................2? S"ulis.................................................2. S"unh................................................2? Spargapis...........................................2? Spargapith.........................................2? Spu....................................................2? *abiti..................................................2? *agi....................................................2? *a"sa"is.............................................@0 *anai..................................................@0 *anais................................................@0 *anus.................................................@0 *arandos............................................@0 *argitai...............................................@0 *e!tamos............................................@- *eushpa.............................................@- *evtar.................................................@- *hagimasad.......................................@@ *iarant...............................................@- *imn..................................................@- *iragets..............................................@- *iras...................................................@2 *o"sa"is.............................................@2 *o"samis............................................@2 *o"sarid.............................................@2 *o"saris..............................................@2 *rers, *rars.........................................@2 \sh, Ish..............................................@N \yn....................................................@N Karina................................................-. ^ywa_.................................................N Scythians" Sa#a" Sar$ats and Ci$$erians M" tr"6 Sc-tian%, Saka, Sarmat% an& Oimmerian% in a %in!$e pi$e i% &ea& 6r"n! an& i% &"ne "(t "/ nece%%it-, )eca(%e %" m(c "/ materia$ c"ncern% m"re tan "ne !r"(p. Me Sc-tian%, "/ c"(r%e, are a $iterar- n(c$e(%, )etter kn"6n )- ancient i%t"rian% an& te m"&ern %c"$ar% a$ike. ="6ever, eac "ne a% it% "6n "ri!in, it% "6n i%t"r-, it% "6n %tate%, an& it% "6n /ate, an& &e%erve% it% "6n i%t"ri"!rap-. General Ethnogra!hy Sc-tian >tnic AT$iati"n N.(isamov >tnic aT$iati"n "/ te Sc-t"-Sarmatian% Sc-t"-Si)erian 7enetic% Mir!aty"h K. Ka"iev >tnic .""t% "/ te Matar He"p$e (.#aipanov, I.Mi)iev <ri!in "/ te MQrkic pe"p$e% Iikipe&ia - Scythia Iikipe&ia - ScythoIranian*heory Mir!aty"h K. Ka"iev >tnic .""t% "/ te Matar He"p$e #eonid *. \ablons"y B(ria$ p$ace "/ a 1a%%a!etan 6arri"r . YXYWUT V . VVZT ^ ]^ Sc-tian Iarri"r% an& Arcer% Iikipe&ia - Scythia ,inguistical as!ects *iological as!ects Sc-tian >tnic AT$iati"n >t-m"$"!- "/ A$an, A%, an& <%%ete Mir!aty"h K. Ka"iev >tnic .""t% "/ te Matar He"p$e Kaur Hasanov Sc-tian H"etr- 7.0remin Sc-tian I"r& Pi%t /r"m te S"(rce% 0remin 7. A)aevD% Sc-tian ="a@ >.1ik$"% 1e&e% an& Sc-tian% 4i%am"v N. M(rkic %()%trate in >n!$i% ;.I.A)aevD% )""k a% a /"(n&ati"n "/ te Sc-tian-Iranian te"r- ()i-$in!(a$) ;.I.A)aev 5ssetian #anguage and 6ol"lore Ma)$e "/ O"ntent% ()i-$in!(a$) ;.I.A)aevD% &e*niti"n "/ te Sc-tian $an!(a!e ()i-$in!(a$) ;.I.A)aevD% Sc-tian I"r& Pi%t ()i-$in!(a$) ;.I.A)aevD% Kelenchu" Inscription ()i-$in!(a$) P.9!(%ta <$& <%%etic In%cripti"n /r"m .iver 9e$enc(k - (.evie6) Iikipe&ia - ScythoIranian*heory felenchuk Inscri!tion Sc-t"-Iranian -p"te%i% ;.I.A)aevD% Kelenchu" Inscription ()i-$in!(a$) P.9!(%ta <$& <%%etic In%cripti"n /r"m .iver 9e$enc(k (.evie6) (>n!$i%) Ga.S.;a!ap"vD% 9e$enc(k In%cripti"n ;ainak .ea&in! (in P.9!(%ta p. ?2 "n) A.9.4a/"evD% 9e$enc(k In%cripti"n A&-! .ea&in! (in P.9!(%ta p. ?6 "n) 1.4(&aevD% 9e$enc(k In%cripti"n Ba$kar .ea&in! (in Ba$kar) 1.4(&aevD% 9e$enc(k In%cripti"n Ba$kar .ea&in! (in >n!$i%) Oiki%eva M. Anthropological digerentiation in S.G. Siberian population A.4$-"%"v MQrkic 0NA !enea$"!- A.4$-"%"v Me A .D% in .1 =ap$"!r"(p A.4$-"%"v .1) 0NA =i%t"r- Oentra$ A%ian%D mt0NA 7enetic% 1? - 1 cc. BO C 50I.>(ra%ian, ?A >.>(ra%ian, 7In&ian Sarmatian mt0NA 6 c. BO-2 c. A0 C 1 I.>(ra%ian, 1 M(rkic mama%, papa% $ater Ha5-r-k mt0NA 7enetic% ?-2 c. BO C Ha$e"-Si)irian an& A$taian mama% 1"&ern MQrk% "/ Ha5-r-k 0e%cent C N. A$taian%, Me$e(t%, S"r% >a%tern =(n 7enetic% A c. BO C M(rki% mama% an& papa% >a%tern =(n mt0NA 7enetic% 5 an& 1cc. BO C 1K2 H"rt(!e%e 1K2 M(rkic mama% Sc-t"-Si)erian mt0NA !enetic% A$tai 5t cc. BO C Ha$e"-Si)irian an& A%iatic >tr(%can% 7enetic St(&- 7 t" 2 cc BO C ?5 MQrkic, A5 Ba%F(e, an& 20 N A/rican <%%etian 7enetic% C0i!"rian% X A&-!%, Ir"nian% X 7e"r!ian%, 6it mama% 12-A1 X Her%ian% H-%ica$ antr"p"$"!- /r"m =(n% t" pre%ent Iti$ B($!ar% Sc-tian% 7 c. BO #eonid *. \ablons"y B(ria$ p$ace "/ a 1a%%a!etan 6arri"r 8-7 c. BO 5ra)a" Ismagulov An&r"n"v", B"n5e A!e, Saka, %(n% an& MQrkic pe"p$e Orani"$"!- An& =i%t"r- - B- O.S.O""n O"r&e& O($t(re - A$taic .""t% - B- O.S.O""n >tnic AT$iati"n Sc-tian% 4i%am"v N. 4a-i 7e$"n% Classical Scythian tri"es Sarmats Akat-r%- - A!ac-eri I%k(5a - A%-!(5e% - A5-eri - A5eri 1a%%a!et% - 1a%!(t% Sarmat S-n"p%i% #eonid *. \ablons"y Ha$e"antr"p"$"!- "/ S"(tern ra$% p"p($ati"n in Pate Sarmat time %.A. Smagulov <ri!in "/ Ancient Oac Si-av(% 0-na%t- Sarmatian mt0NA 6 c. BO-2 c. A0 C 1 I.>(ra%ian, 1 M(rkic mama%, papa% $ater