1

LIQUID DENSITY AND VISCOSITY

Report of Physical Chemistry Lab Activity
Arranged to fulfill one of the assignment in Report of Industrial Process given by Ir. Ninik
Lintang, MSc

By
Rita Inayah NIM 131424025
Wynne Raphaela NIM 131424027
1- A Chemical Engineering Cleaner Production










STUDY PROGRAM D-IV CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CLEANER
PRODUCTION
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG
2014
2

ABSTRACT

Density and viscosity characteristics or properties of a substance commonly used to identify the
type of substance. Density and viscosity of fluids have been known and used for determining
other characteristic of substance (fluid), such as mass of substance (fluids), and determining flow
rate. This lab activity purposed to compare the value of water, NaCl solution, and aquadest
density between literature and the value based on this lab activity. Based on practicum the value
of water density is 1 gram/cm
3
, NaCl solution 1,032 gram/cm
3
,

dan aquadest 0,91 gram/cm
3
. The
value of viscosity water as parameter is 0,008 cgs, NaCl solution 0,0071 cgs, dan aquadest
0,00815 cgs. The conclusion of determine density and viscosity that is the value earned by
experiment approximated by literature.
Keyword : density, viscosity, water, aquadet, NaCl solution.




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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

we often use some kind fluid for any purposes. Every fluid has its own characteristics
respectively. The characteristics which are normally used for determining the type of fluid,
usually used density or viscosity.
The mass of an object (fluid) is a measure mass per unit volume of the objects. higher the
density of an object, also greater the mass per volume. There is a type of fluid that has a
characteristic quantity a little but has a heavy mass. An example is mercury, mercury has a mass
per unit volume (density) 13,6 gram/cm
3
, compare with water that has mass per unit volume
(density) 1 gram/cm
3
. Mean each 1 cm
3
mercury has a 13,6 gram of mass, meanwhile water has
1 gram of mass. That show the mercury getting viscous than water.
Based on measurements of the viscosity of the fluid resistance of modified either by pressure or
voltage. On the issue of everyday (and only for fluids), the viscosity is the internal friction or
Thickness. Therefore, the water is thin, having a lower viscosity, meanwhile thick mercury has a
higher viscosity. Simply put, the lower the viscosity of a fluid, the greater the fluid movement
from also.
Density and viscosity of the fluid in such a fluid between different underlying authors to specify
and find density and viscosity of the fluid in physical chemistry lab experiments.
1. 2 Purpose of Experiment
After conducting the experiment, students are expected to
Determine the density of a substance in the liquid state.
Determine the viscosity of a liquid
Calculate the viscosity of a liquid-based experiments


4


1. 3. Theory
1. 3.1 Density
Fluid density can depend on many factors such as the temperature of the fluid and the
pressure that affects the fluid. But its influence very slightly so that the mass of a fluid is
expressed as constants/fixed numbers. Density () is a derivative magnitude obtained by
dividing the mass of an object or substance by its volume. Mathematically the formula of
density is:
=

............................................................................... (1)
description:
= density (g/cm
3
)
m = mass of substance (gram)
V a= volume of substance (cm
3
)
The units of density in CGS[centi-gram-seconds] is : gram per centimeter cubic (g/cm
3
).
The density units of international standard is kilogram per meter cubic (kg m
-3
)
Example the density of pure water is 1 g/cm
3
or equal 1000 kg/m
3

The function of density is to told the kind of any substance. Each substance has a different
density.
1. 3. 2 Viscosity
A fluid is a substance that can flow which gas or liquid. One of the properties of fluid is
viscosity . The viscosity of the fluid is block the fluid to flow. Sometimes viscosity is called
fluids viscous. Viscous fluid flow in a pipe is longer than a less viscous fluid.
5

Coefficient value of fluid viscosity is influential with temperature. At high temperature
viscosity value will be decrease. So, fluids will be getting dilute at high temperature. This
table show viscosity value of fluid at various temperature.
Table 1. viscosity value of fluid at various temperature.
Fluids temperature (C ) Coefficient of viscosity
(mPa.s)

water

0
20
40
60
1,80
1,00
0,85
0,60
blood 37 4,0
Machinery oil 30 200
Gliserin 0
20
60
10.000
1.410
81
air 20 0.018

An instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid is called viscometer. There
is two fundamental principal to measure coefficient value of viscosity. That is
measurement method based on the rate of fluid flow in vertical capillary pipe. The
instruments used in accordance with this method is ostwald viscometer, based on
Poiseuille's law. poiseuilles law written :

P =

................................................................................ (2)
description :
P = pressure
= coefficient of viscosity
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L= the length of the capillary pipe that traversed the fluid

= volumes flow rate

Based on Poiseuille's law, Ostwald viscometer can be determined with the fluid viscosity
if h, , , L, dan V can be measured. poiseuille's equation becomes :

......................................................................... (3)
description :
= density of fluid;
t = the flow of liquid from a to b;
= radius of pipe capillar;
h = the distance between the small and larges balls.
if viscosity value ( alcohol) =c
x
t
x
and waters viscosity = c
w
t
w
so alcohols viscosity

Against
the viscosity of water
w
is :

...................................... (4)
the coefficient of viscosity of water is determined through interpolation of data from the table at
the suitable temperature. Ostwalds viscometer used for measuring coefficient of fluids viscosity
, mainly dilute fluids. Viscous fluid should not use this instruments because time required need
of viscous fluid to down through capillary pipes longer than dilute fluids.
Beside ostwalds viscometer, a methods to measure viscosity there also Stokes methods, Stokes
methods is to determine a speed of an spherical object in a fluids and can determine a coefficient
of fluids viscosity. When a forces resultant that is work at the ball are equal nol (0), so the ball
had a constant rate and the equation is :

) ......................................................... ( 5 )

7

description :
v = rate or speed,
= balls density,

0
= fluids density

if distance between AB = h, time from A to B is t, diameter is d and mass is m, so equation 6
becomes :

] ............................................................. ( 6)

This viscosimeter experiment device more suitable for determining the coefficient of
viscous fluid viscosity. An example of this is the equipment for measuring the coefficient of
viscosity of glycerol, oil, or oil. Principle of the calculation based on the speed of the fluid,
the ball is in terminal through data in the form of time for certain crossroads.









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II. EXPERIMENT METHODS
2.1 Experiment Methodology

2.2 Tools and Materials

Tabel 2. Experiments Tools

Tools Specification Quantity
picnometer 25 ml 2
Glass funnel - 2
Chemical glass 100 ml 2
Ostwalds
viscometer
- 2
stopwatch - 1
The suction ball - 1
scale - 1
Spray bottle - 1
Stirrer stick - 1

determine the
density of
water taps,
NaCl solution,
and aquadest.
used methode
to calculate the
density is by
used
picnometer and
viscosity by
used Ostwald's
viscometer
calculate the
value of density
and viscosity
compare with
literature
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Tabel 3. Experiments Materials
Material Quantity
Aquadest 200 ml
Water taps 200 ml
Salt (NaCl) 5 gram
2. 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials
2.3. 1 Aquades
1. IUPAC Name : Dihydrogen monoxide
2. Other name : Hydroxylic acid, Hydrogen Hydroxide
3. Molecular formula : H
2
O
4. molar mass : 18.01528(33) g mol
-1

5. Kinds : liquids
6. color : no color
7. Density : 1000 kg m
-3
, liquid (4 C), 917 kg m
-3
, solid
8. Melting point : 0 C
9. boiling point : 100 C
10. Viskositas : 0,001 Pa at temperature 20
0
C
11. Molecular shapes : hexagon
12. Momen dipole : 1,85 D
2.3.2 NaCl
1. Molecular formula : NaCl
2. molar mass : 58,44 g mol
-1

3. Kinds : solid
4. color : white
5. Density : 2,165 gr/ ml
6. Melting point : 801 C
7. boiling point : 1413 C
8. solubility : cool water and hot water, gliserol, ammonia, HCl, slightly
soluble in alcohol (Nirka, 2013)

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Check the volume and
temperature-
piknometer tool
Clean and dry the
appliance piknometer
Weigh the empty
weight piknometer and
noting the empty
weight
fiill piknometer with
liquid filling as many as
25 ml
Weigh piknometer filled
with liquids and record
the total weight of
Calculate the difference
in weight of contents
and empty weight
*Repeat steps for other
fluids (water and salt
water faucet )


2.3 Flowsheet
2.4.1 determine the density of fluid









Check the volume and
temperature-
piknometer tool
Clean and dry the
appliance piknometer
Weigh the empty
weight piknometer and
noting the empty
weight
Piknometer with liquid
filling as many as 25 ml
Weigh piknometer filled
with liquids and record
the total weight of
Calculate the difference
in weight of contents
and empty weight
*Repeat steps for other
fluids (water and salt
water faucet )

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2.4.2 Determine the Viscosity using Ostwald Methods


2.5 Safety
Wear a lab coat and closed shoes
Clean the tool used by the specified solvents to avoid damage
Store tools properly to avoid damage (Ngatin, 2012)





Prepare
viskometer
Oswald
Fill viskometer
oswald up to the
specified limit
Draws a number
of volumes of
liquid with
dropper and bulb
Start the
stopwatch when
the liquid down
until the sign
limits
Turn off the
stopwatch to
mark the next
limit
Recorded the
time
Repeat steps 1-6
for salt water and
aquades
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III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Observational Data
3.1. 1 Determined of Density
1. NaCl solution (1,2 gram NaCl in 25 ml of water)
Density = 1,032 g/cm
3

2. Water taps (25 ml)
Density = 1,003 g/cm
3

3. Aquadest (25 ml)
Density = 1,00 g/cm
3

3.1. 2 Determined Fluids Viscosity
1. NaCl solution (1,2 gram NaCl in 25 ml of water)
Viscosity = 0, 00815 p
IV. Water taps (25 ml)
Viscosity= 0, 0071 p

V. Aquadest (25 ml)
Viscosity = 0,008 cgs (parameter)

3.2 Discussion
Based of experiment density of water taps, NaCl solution, and aquadest 1,003 g/cm
3
,
1,032 g/cm
3
, dan 1,00 g/cm
3
. Based on literature density of water is 0,998 g/ cm
3
(liquid at 20
o
C), density of NaCl solution (sea water) is 1,020 g/ cm
3
. The value based on experiment and
literature have not a significant difference. when experiment the condition of operation at 25
o
C
and 927 mbar of pressure, it takes a value of experiments slightly different with literature.
Based of experiments the value of viscosity of aquadest is 0,008 cgs (parametre), water taps is
0, 0071 cgs, and NaCl solution cgs. Based on literature the value of water viscosity (sall
kinds of water ) is 0,008 cgs, NaCl solution (sea water) is 0,009 cgs. The value based on
experiment is slightly different with temperature because of operation condition at experiment is
different with literature.

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IV. CONCLUSION
Based on experiment the density of NaCl solution, water taps, and aquadest is 1,0032
g/cm
3
, 1,003 g/cm
3
, and 1,00 g/cm
3.

Based on experiment the viscosity of NaCl solution, water taps, and aquadest is 0,00815
cgs, 0,0071 cgs, dan 0,0080 cgs (parameter).
The viscosity is influenced by several factors such as temperature, pressure, cohesion and
momentum transfer rate of molecul.




















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APPENDIX

1. Data Process
a. Determine of density
substance : Aquadest (25 ml)
a. Piknometer pyrex






Substance : NaCl solution( 1,2 gram of salt in 25 ml water)
a. Piknometer pyrex




substance : Water taps
a. Piknometer pyrex





No Activity

Weight (grams)
1. Empty weight piknometer 13, 42
2. Weight piknometer of
contents
24, 20
3. Net weight of liquids 10, 78
No Activity Weight (gram)
1 Empty weight
picnometer
13, 42
2 Weight picnometer of
contents
24, 58
3 Net weight of liquids 11, 16
No Activity weight (gram)
1 Empty weight
picnometer
13, 42
2 Weight picnometer of
contents
24. 23
3 Net weight of liquids 10, 81
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b. Determined the value of viscosity





DATA PROCESSES
I. Density
a. Piknometer pyrex
1. Aquadest

Waquades= 10,78 gr
Wair(parameter) = 10,81 gr

Density ?
Answer :

=

=0, 99 g/cm
3
2. NaCl solution

Wair garam= 11,56 gr
Wair(parameter) = 10,81 gr

Density ?
Answer : =


=

=1,032 g/cm
3

3. Air keran
Wair= 10,81 gr
Waquades(parameter) = 10,78 gr
Density ?
answer : =

=1,003 g/cm
3
=1 g/cm
3

No Zat Waktu waktu waktu Rata-
rata
1 Air garam 10, 6 s 12,6 s 13, 4 s 12,2 s
2 Air keran 10,6 s 10,53 s 10,36s 10,5 s
3 aquades 30,3 s 29,5 s 29,1 s 29,6 s
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2 Viiscosity

The viscosity of the material by the method of comparison using water as a reference
that the viscosity of 0.008 cgs. The value of Aquadest doesn't count because it is
used as a reference of 0.008 cgs.
NaCl solution
= 1,032 g/cm
3

t= 1 : 24= 84 sekon
viskositas ?
answer : yg =



=


= 0,693 / 85 = 0, 00815 p
a. Taps Water
= 1,003 g/cm
3

t= 1 : 17 = 77 sekon
viskositas ?
answer : yaq =



=


= 0,6098 / 85 = 0, 0071 p





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REFERENCES

Ngatin, Agustinus. 2012. Petunjuk praktikum Kimia Fiska program studi TKPB Politeknik
Negeri Bandung. Bandung : Jurusan Teknik Kimia Polban

Nirka, Ardila. 2013. Volume Molal Parsial. http://kimiadisekitarkita.wordpress.com/2013/06/07
/volume-molal-parsial/ (diakses : 20 September 2013 pukul 14.58 WIB)