EIGRP

Routing Protocols and

Concepts – Chapter 9

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 Objectives
ƒ Describe the background and history of Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
ƒ Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands
and identify their purposes.
ƒ Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP.
ƒ Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL.
ƒ Describe the uses of additional configuration
commands in EIGRP.

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 Introduction

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 EIGRP
ƒ Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
-Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1’s
limited hop count
-Distance vector routing protocol
-Metrics used by IGRP
ƒbandwidth (used by default)
ƒDelay (used by default)
ƒreliability
ƒload
-Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T &
12.2(R1s4)S
ƒ RIP and IGRP, age out individual routing entries, and therefore need to periodically send
routing table updates
ƒ EIGRP does not send periodic updates and route entries do not age out. Instead, EIGRP
uses a lightweight Hello protocol to monitor connection status with its neighbors.
ƒ Only changes in the routing information, such as a new link or a link becoming
unavailable cause a routing update to occur.
ƒ EIGRP routing updates are still vectors of distances transmitted to directly connected
neighbors
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 EIGRP
ƒ EIGRP's DUAL maintains a topology table separate from the routing table, which
includes both the best path to a destination network and any backup paths that
DUAL has determined to be loop-free.
ƒ A route to be a considered as a valid loop-free backup path by DUAL, it must meet
a requirement known as the feasibility condition

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 EIGRP
EIGRP Message Format
ƒ EIGRP Header
ƒData link frame header - contains source and destination MAC address
ƒIP packet header - contains source & destination IP address
ƒEIGRP packet header - contains AS number
ƒType/Length/Field - data portion of EIGRP message

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 EIGRP
EIGRP data field is called Type/Length/Value or TLV.

ƒ EIGRP packet header contains

–Opcode field-Opcode specifies the
EIGRP packet type:
–Update
–Query
–Reply
–Hello
–Autonomous System number
ƒ EIGRP Parameters
–Weights
–Hold time
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 EIGRP

ƒ TLV: The IP Internal message is

used to advertise EIGRP routes
within an autonomous system.
–Metric field
–Subnet mask field
–Destination field
ƒ TLV: IP external contains
–Fields used when external
routes are imported into
EIGRP routing process

9.1.2-2
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 EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules
(PDM)
ƒ EIGRP uses PDM to route several
different protocols i.e. IP, IPX &
AppleTalk
ƒ PDMs are responsible for the
specific routing task for each
network layer protocol
ƒ The IP-EIGRP module is
responsible for sending and
receiving EIGRP packets that are
encapsulated in IP and for using
DUAL to build and maintain the IP
routing table.

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 EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
ƒ Purpose of RTP
–Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive
EIGRP packets
ƒ Characteristics of RTP
–Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of
EIGRP packet
ƒReliable delivery requires
acknowledgment from destination
ƒUnreliable delivery does not require an
acknowledgement from destination
–Packets can be sent
ƒUnicast
ƒMulticast
–Using address 224.0.0.10
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 EIGRP
EIGRP’s 5 Packet Types
ƒ Hello packets
–Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors
–EIGRP hello packets are multicasts and use unreliable
delivery.

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 EIGRP
ƒ Update packets
–Used to propagate routing
information
–Update packets are used by
EIGRP to propagate routing
information. Unlike RIP, EIGRP
does not send periodic updates.
Update packets are sent only
when necessary.
–EIGRP update packets use
reliable delivery. Update packets
are sent as a multicast when
required by multiple routers, or
as a unicast when required by
only a single router.
9.1.4
ƒ Acknowledgement packets
–Used to acknowledge receipt of
update, query & reply packets
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 EIGRP
9.1.4-2
ƒ Query & Reply packets
ƒUsed by DUAL for searching
for networks
ƒQuery packets
-Can use
ƒUnicast
ƒMulticast
ƒReply packet
-Use only
ƒunicast

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 EIGRP
ƒ Purpose of Hello Protocol
–To discover & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers
–Before any EIGRP packets can be exchanged between routers, EIGRP must first discover
its neighbors. EIGRP neighbors are other routers running EIGRP on shared, directly
connected networks.
–An EIGRP router assumes that as long as it is receiving Hello packets from a neighbor, the
neighbor and its routes remain viable.
ƒ Characteristics of hello protocol
–Time interval for sending hello packet
ƒMost networks it is every 5 seconds
ƒMultipoint non broadcast multi-access networks
–such as X.25, Frame Relay, and
–ATM interfaces with access links
–of T1 (1.544 Mbps) or slower,
-Holdtime –Unicast every 60 seconds
ƒThis is the maximum time router should
wait before declaring a neighbor down
ƒDefault holdtime
–3 times hello interval
If the hold time expires, EIGRP will
declare the route as down and DUAL
will search for a new path by sending
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 EIGRP
EIGRP Bounded Updates
ƒ EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in
route status
ƒ Partial update
–A partial update includes only the route information that has
changed – the whole routing table is NOT sent
ƒ Bounded update
–When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted
will be notified of the change
ƒ EIGRP’s use of partial bounded updates minimizes use
of bandwidth

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 EIGRP Animation 9.1.7
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
–Purpose
•EIGRP’s primary method for
preventing routing loops
–Advantage of using DUAL
•Provides for fast convergence time
by keeping a list of loop-free backup
routes The decision process for all
•DUAL is based on research route computations is done by
conducted at SRI International, using the DUAL Finite State
calculations that were first proposed Machine.
by E.W. Dijkstra and C.S. Scholten. The DUAL FSM tracks all
The most prominent work with DUAL
has been done by J.J. Garcia-Luna- routes, uses its metric to
Aceves. select efficient, loop-free
–distance vector routing protocols such
paths, and selects the routes
as RIP prevent routing loops with hold- with the least cost path to
down timers and split horizon. Although insert into the routing table
EIGRP uses both of these techniques, it
uses them somewhat differently; the
primary way that EIGRP prevents routing
loops is with the DUAL algorithm.
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 EIGRP
ƒ Administrative Distance (AD)
–Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route

ƒ EIGRP default administrative distances

–Summary routes = 5
–Internal routes = 90
–Imported routes = 170

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 EIGRP

Authentication
ƒ EIGRP can
– Encrypt routing information
– Authenticate routing information

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 EIGRP
Network Topology
ƒ Topology used is the same as previous chapters with
the addition of an ISP router

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 EIGRP

ƒ EIGRP will automatically

summarize routes at
classful boundaries

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
ƒ Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
–This is a collection of networks under the control of a single
authority (reference RFC 1930)
–AS Numbers are assigned by IANA
–Entities needing AS numbers
ƒISP
ƒInternet Backbone prodiers
ƒInstitutions connecting to other institutions using AS
numbers

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
ƒ EIGRP autonomous
system number actually
functions as a process ID
ƒ Process ID represents an
instance of the routing
protocol running on a
router
ƒ Example
Router(config)#router
eigrp
autonomous-system
Although EIGRP refers to
the parameter as an
"autonomous-system"
number, it actually
functions as a process ID

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
The router eigrp command
ƒ The global command that enables eigrp is
router eigrp autonomous-system
-All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use
the same process ID number (autonomous-system
number)

9.2.3

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
The Network Command
ƒ Functions of the network command
–Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP
updates
–Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates

ƒ Example
–Router(config-router)#network network-address

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
ƒ The network Command with a Wildcard Mask
-This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP
to advertise specific subnets
9.2.4
-Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]

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 wildcard mask
ƒ A wildcard mask as the inverse of a subnet mask. The inverse of
subnet mask 255.255.255.252 is 0.0.0.3. To calculate the inverse
of the subnet mask, subtract the subnet mask from
255.255.255.255:

255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.252 Subtract the subnet mask
---------------
0. 0. 0. 3 Wildcard mask
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3
Some IOS versions will also let you simply enter the subnet mask.
For example, you might enter the following:
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.10.8 255.255.255.252

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
Verifying EIGRP
ƒ EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates
can be sent or received.
ƒ EIGRP routers establish adjacencies with neighbor routers by exchanging EIGRP
Hello packets.
ƒ Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established
adjacencies with neighbors is
show ip eigrp neighbors 9.2.5

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 EIGRP
ƒ The show ip protocols
command is also used to verify
that EIGRP is enabled
ƒ Notice that the output specifies
the process ID used by EIGRP:

ƒ Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1“

ƒ EIGRP's internal and external

administrative distances are also
displayed:

ƒ Distance: internal 90 external 170

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
Examining the Routing
Table
ƒ The show ip route
command is also used to
verify EIGRP
ƒ EIGRP routes are denoted
in a routing table by the
letter “D”
ƒ By default , EIGRP
automatically summarizes
routes at major network
boundary

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
ƒ Introducing the Null0 Summary Route
–Null0 is not a physical interface
–In the routing table summary routes are sourced from Null0
ƒReason: routes are used for advertisement purposes
–EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child
route when 2 conditions are met
ƒAt least one subnet is learned via EIGRP
ƒAutomatic summarization is enabled

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 Basic EIGRP Configuration
ƒ R3’s routing table shows
that the 172.16.0.0/16
network is automatically
summarized by R1 & R3

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values
ƒ EIGRP uses the following values in its composite
metric
-Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load
ƒ The composite metric used by EIGRP
– formula used has values K1 ÆK5
K1 & K3 =1
all other K values = 0

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
ƒ Use the sh ip protocols command to verify the K
values

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EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Metrics
ƒ Use the show
interfaces command to
view metrics
ƒ EIGRP Metrics
Bandwidth – EIGRP
uses a static bandwidth
to calculate metric
Most serial interfaces use
a default bandwidth value
of 1.544Mbos (T1)

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Metrics
ƒ Delay is the defined as the measure of time it takes for
a packet to traverse a route
-it is a static value based on link type to which
interface is connected

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EIGRP Metric Calculation
ƒ Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)
-A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail
-Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255
the higher the fraction the better the reliability
ƒ Load (not a default EIGRP metric)
– A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link
– Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a
fraction of 255
ƒThe lower the fraction the less the load on the link

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
Using the Bandwidth Command
ƒ Modifying the interface bandwidth
-Use the bandwidth command
-Example
Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits

ƒ Verifying bandwidth
–Use the show interface command
ƒ Note – bandwidth command
does not change the
link’s physical
bandwidth
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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
ƒ The EIGRP metric can be determined by examining the
bandwidth delay

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation
ƒ EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW)in its metric
calculation
Calculated BW = reference BW / lowest BW(kbps)
ƒ Delay – EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing
interfaces
Calculated Delay = the sum of outgoing interface delays
ƒ EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay

9.3.5

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 EIGRP Metric Calculation

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 DUAL Concepts

ƒ The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used to

prevent looping

DUAL uses several terms

Successor
Feasible Distance (FD)
Feasible Successor (FS)
Reported Distance (RD) or Advertised Distance (AD)
Feasible Condition or Feasibility Condition (FC)
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 DUAL Concepts
ƒ Successor
The best least cost
route to a destination
found in the routing
table
ƒ Feasible distance(FD)
The lowest
calculated metric
along a path to a
destination network

9.4.2
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 DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported
Distance

ƒ Feasible
Successor
-This is a loop
free backup
route to same
destination as
successor route

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 DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported
Distance
ƒ Reported distance (RD)
-The metric that a
router reports to a
neighbor about its
own cost to that
network
BW=(10,000,000/154
4)
=6476
(delay = [(20000/10)
+ (100/10)] * 256 =
514560
=2172416

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 DUAL Concepts
ƒ Feasibility Condition (FC)
ƒ -Met when a neighbor’s
RD is less than the local
router’s FD to the same
destination network
ƒ if the link between R2
and R3 fails can R1
immediately be used as a
backup path without a
recomputation of the
DUAL algorithm? R1 can
only be a feasible
successor if it meets the
feasibility condition.
ƒ R2 examines the reported
distance (RD) of 2172416
from R1. Because the
reported distance (RD) of
R1 is less than R2's own
feasible distance (FD) of
3014400, R1 meets the
Chapter 1
feasibility condition.
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 DUAL Concepts
ƒ Topology Table: Successor
& Feasible Successor
ƒ (The successor, feasible distance,
and any feasible successors with
their reported distances are kept by a
router in its EIGRP topology table or
topology database. )

ƒ EIGRP Topology table

–Viewed using the show ip
eigrp topology command
ƒContents of table include:
– all successor routes
– all feasible successor
routes

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 DUAL Concepts
ƒ EIGRP
Topology
Table
dissected

Animation 9.4.4-2

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 DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: No
Feasible Successor
ƒ A feasible successor may
not be present because
the feasibility condition
may not be met
-In other words, the
reported distance of
the neighbor is greater
than or equal to the
current feasible
distance

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 DUAL Concepts
ƒ Finite Sate Machine (FSM)
–An abstract machine that defines a set of possible
states something can go through, what event
causes those states and what events result form
those states
–FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer
program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of
input events

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 DUAL Concepts

ƒ DUAL FSM
–Selects a best loop-
free path to a
destination
–Selects alternate
routes by using
information in EIGRP
tables

9.4.6-1

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 DUAL Concepts 9.4.6-2,3,4
Finite State Machines (FSM)
ƒ To examine output from EIGRP’s finite state machine
us the debug eigrp fsm command

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 More EIGRP Configurations
The Null0 Summary Route
ƒ By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to discard
any packets that match the parent route but do not
match any of the child routes
ƒ EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary route as
a child route whenever both of the following conditions
exist
–One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP
–Automatic summarization is enabled

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 More EIGRP Configurations
The Null0 Summary Route

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 More EIGRP Configurations

Disabling Automatic Summarization

ƒ The auto-summary command permits EIGRP to
automatically summarize at major network boundaries
ƒ The no auto-summary command is used to disable
automatic summarization
–This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates
that will not be automatically summarized
ƒthis will cause changes to appear in both
-routing tables
-topology tables
9.5.2

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 More EIGRP Configurations

Manual Summarization
ƒ Manual summarization can include supernets
Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet
mask in update

ƒ Command used to configure manual summarization

–Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp as-number
network-address subnet-mask

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 More EIGRP Configurations
ƒ Configuring a summary route in EIGRP

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 More EIGRP Configurations
EIGRP Default Routes
ƒ “quad zero” static default route
-Can be used with any currently supported routing
protocol
-Is usually configured on a router that is connected a
network outside the EIGRP domain
ƒ EIGRP & the “Quad zero” static default route
–Requires the use of the redistribute static command
to disseminate default route in EIGRP updates

9.5.4
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 More EIGRP Configurations
Fine-Tuning EIGRP
ƒ EIGRP bandwidth utilization
-By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth
for EIGRP information
-The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by
EIGRP is
Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp as-
number percent

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 More EIGRP Configurations
ƒ Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
-Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a per-interface
basis
-The command to configure hello interval is
Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds

ƒ Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold

time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval
-The command to configure hold time value is
Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds

9.6.1

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 Summary
ƒ Background & History
–EIGRP is a derivative of IGRP
ƒEIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing
protocol released in 1994

ƒ EIGRP terms and characteristics

–EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets
–EIGRP has 5 packet type:
ƒHello packets
ƒUpdate packets
ƒAcknowledgement packets
ƒQuery packets
ƒReply packets
–Supports VLSM & CIDR
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 Summary

ƒ EIGRP terms and characteristics

–EIGRP uses a hello protocol
ƒPurpose of hello protocol is to discover & establish
adjacencies
–EIGRP routing updates
ƒAperiodic
ƒPartial and bounded
ƒFast convergence

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 Summary

ƒ EIGRP commands
–The following commands are used for EIGRP
configuration
ƒRtrA(config)#router eigrp [autonomous-system #]
ƒRtrA(config-router)#network network-number
–The following commands can be used to verify EIGRP
ƒShow ip protocols
ƒShow ip eigrp neighbors
ƒShow ip route

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 Summary

ƒ EIGRP metrics include

–Bandwidth (default)
–Delay (default)
–Reliability
–Load

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 Summary
ƒ DUAL
–Purpose of DUAL
ƒTo prevent routing loops
–Successor
ƒPrimary route to a destination
–Feasible successor
ƒBackup route to a destination
–Feasible distance
ƒLowest calculated metric to a destination
–Reported distance
ƒThe distance towards a destination as advertised
by an upstream neighbor
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 Summary
ƒ Choosing the best route
–After router has received all updates from directly
connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL
ƒ1st metric is calculated for each route
ƒ2nd route with lowest metric is designated
successor & is placed in routing table
ƒ3rd feasible successor is found
–Criteria for feasible successor: it must have
lower reported distance to the destination than
the installed route’s feasible distance
–Feasible routes are maintained in topology
table

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 Summary

ƒ Automatic summarization
–On by default
–Summarizes routes on classful boundary
–Summarization can be disabled using the following
command
ƒRtrA(config-if)#no auto-summary

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