The OSI 7 Layer

Reference Model
OSI 7 Layer Reference
Model
(1) Physical
(2) Data Link
(3) Network
(4) Transport
(5) Session
(6) Presentation
(7) Application

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
set of standards for communicating among
computers
serve as a structural guideline for exchanging
information between computers, workstations
and networks.
endorsed by ISO and ITU-T
OSI Seven Layer Protocol Hierarchy
(1) Physical Layer
responsible in actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a
transmission medium
specifies the type of transmission medium and
transmission mode (simplex, half duplex, or full
duplex)
specifies the physical, electrical, functional,
and procedural standards for accessing data
communication standards
(2) Data Link Layer
responsible for providing error-free
communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations
(nodes)
packages data into groups (blocks, frames,
packets)
activates, maintain and deactivate data
communication links
synchronization, outlines procedures for error
detection and correction and physical
addressing information
(3) Network Layer
enables the data to be routed between devices
in an environment
includes routers and their software
activates, maintain and deactivate data
communication links
synchronization, outlines procedures for error
detection and correction and physical
addressing information
(4) Transport Layer
controls and ensures the end to end integrity
of the data
provides reliable, transparent transfer of data
messaging, routing, segmenting, error
recovery
highest layer in OSI hierarchy in terms of
communications
provides data tracking. Connection flow
control, sequencing of data, error checking,
application addressing and identification.
(5) Session Layer
responsible for network availability
provides logical connection
determines type of dialogue available (simplex,
half duplex, or full duplex)
include virtual connections between
application entities, synchronization of data flow
for recovery purposes, creation of dialogue units
etc.
(6) Presentation Layer
provides independence to the application
process by addressing any code or syntax
conversion necessary to present the data to the
network in a common communications format.
provides translation between local
representation of data and the representation of
data that will be used for transfer between end
users.
(7) Application Layer
general manager of the network
provides access to the OSI environment
communicates directly with the users
application program
OSI Seven Layer Protocol Hierarchy
The Network Topology
Topology defines how various stations
within the network are interconnected.
Ring Topology
configured fro
traffic to flow in
one direction or in
both directions
A bidirectional
ring network can
survive more than
the other
topology.
Mesh Topology
every node in the
network is
connected to each
other by
transmission
facilities.
Survivability
rating is excellent
but expensive
Star Topology
very economical when traffic
relations are comparatively low
but inefficient particularly when
traffic intensities grow.
Survivability is low
Fully Connected Topology
basically a full mesh topology
Bus Topology
there is a common line (bus) to
which several nodes can connect
Tree Topology
extension of bus structure with branches
Network Topology