MS-DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS

1. VER: - All O/S has its own edition number or release or version number. The version number indicates
which edition of O/S you are working on.
Syntax: VER <Enter>
Example: C:\> Ver <Enter>


2. VOL: - It is used to display volume label and serial number of the current drive
Syntax: Vol [drive:]
Example: C:\> VOL



3. DATE: - Used to display the current system date and prompt for entering new date.
Syntax: Date <Enter>
Example: C:\> date <Enter>


4. TIME: - Displays the current system Time and prompt for entering new time.
Syntax: Time <Enter>
Example: C:\> Time <Enter>





5. CLS: - Clears the cluster screen.
Syntax: CLS <Enter>
Example: C:\> CLS <Enter>








6. DIR: - This command displays the list of directories and files with details like date of creation whether
it is directory or file etc.
Syntax: DIR <Enter>


7. MD: -Used to create a new Directory or nested Directories.
Syntax: MD [DRIVE:] PATH DIRECTORY NAME
Example: C:\> MD SAMS <Enter>





8. CD: - This command allows you to change present directory to another directory.
Syntax: CD [DRIVE:] PATH
Example: C:\> CD SAMS and press <Enter>



9. PATH: - This command defines a list of directories DOS Searches for external commands.
Syntax: PATH (Display the current Search Path)
PATH; : - ( Clear the search path so DOS will search for external commands only in the current directory)

10. RD: - To delete the empty directory.
Syntax: RD [DRIVE:] PATH
NOTE: -The directory must be empty when we use RD.
Example: C:\> RD SAMS and press <Enter>

11. COPY CON: -We use this command to create a new file.
Syntax: COPY CON <FILENAME>
Example: C:\> Copy Con sams.txt <Enter>
Note: - Typing here and when you are done, press Ctr+Z or F6 key followed by Enter to save the current
document.

12. TYPE: - This command allows you to see the contents of an existing file on the screen.
SYNTAX: TYPE <file name>
Example: C:\> TYPE SAMS


13. DEL: This command removes one or more files from the disk or current working directories.
SYNTAX: DEL filespec [/p] or ERASE filespec [/p]
Example: C:\> DEL abc And Then Press Enter



14. REN: Used to change the name of the file or directory.
SYNTAX: REN <file name>
Example: REN sams sams1 <Enter>


15. PROMPT: This command allows you to customize the dos prompt.
SYNTAX: 1. PROMPT
Example: PROMPT $P$G <Enter>



16. TREE: - It is used to display directory structure of a specified directory graphically.
Syntax: TREE [drive:] [path] [/f]






MS-DOS EXTERNAL COMMANDS
1. XCOPY: This command is faster than Copy Command and allows you to tr entire directories/disk
including all the sub directories and files to destination.
Syntax: XCOPY Source [ Target] SWITCHES :
EXAMPLE: XCOPY C:\SAMS D:\SAMS /S/E


2. MOVE : This command moves a file or group of files from one directory to another and also one disk
to another disk. It can also be used to rename directories.
SYNTAX: Move [Path File Name] [Destination file name path]
EXAMPLE: move c:\sams\fo.txt to d:\ new_sams


3. DELTREE: This command used for deleting an entire directory whether in that directory contains files
or subdirectories and also it will delete hidden files.
Syntax: DELTREE [drive:][path] directories [/y]
EXAMPLE: C:\> DELTREE my.txt and then press <Enter>
4. EDIT: This is the DOS Editor, which you can use to edit the text file and also creating new file.
Syntax: Edit [drive:][path][filename]
EXAMPLE: C:\> EDIT c:\sams\FO.TXT and then press <Enter>

5. LABEL : The Label command is used to check the label of the disk that you have been currently
working.
Syntax :Label [drivename]
E.g. C:\>Label


6. DISKCOPY: The DISKCOPY command is used to copy all the files from one disk to the another disk
It can be used to copy files from one floppy disk to another (if two floppy drives exist in the System).
Syntax : C:\> DISKCOPY first_diskdrive: second_diskdrive:
E.g. C:\> DISKCOPY A: B:

7. FORMAT: The FORMAT command prepares a new disk for use by organizing the disk into magnetic
tracks and sectors.
Syntax: A:\>FORMAT [Drive_name]
E.g. C:\>FORMAT A:

8. MORE: The MORE Command in MS DOS is used to view the contents of directories or files one line
after the, I.e. it displays one line at one press of return (Enter) key.
Syntax : DIR |MORE
E.g. DIR C:\NCIT |MORE



9. PRINT: The PRINT Command in MS DOS is used to print the text files
Syntax: PRINT Filename
E.g. PRINT File1.txt




MS EXCEL COMMANDS

1. SUM : This is used to calculate the sum of columns or rows of the
excel sheet.
EXAMPLE =SUM(D2:D57)









2. AVERAGE : It returns the average value of all columns or rows.
EXAMPLE =AVERAGE(D2:D57)












3. MINIMUM : It returns the minimum value from the given range.
EXAMPLE =MIN(D2:D57)













4. MAXIMUM : It returns the maximum value from the given range
EXAMPLE =MAX(D2:D57)












5. COUNT : It returns the total no. of values in the given range.
EXAMPLE =COUNT(D2:D57)











6. STUDENTS SECURING 37 MARKS
COUNTIF : It returns the total no. values depending upon the certain
conditions.
EXAMPLE =COUNTIF(D2:D57,=37)










7. NO. OF STUDENTS SECURING MARKS LESS THAN 30
EXAMPLE =COUNT IF(D2:D57,<37)













8. NO. OF STUDENTS SECURING MARKS GREATER THAN 30
EXAMPLE =COUNTIF(D2:D57,>30)











9. MARKS BETWEEN 20 AND 30
EXAMPLE =COUNTIF(D2:D57,<30)-COUNTIF(D2:D57,<20)












10. MARKS BETWEEN 0 TO 20
EXAMPLE =COUNTIF(D2:D57,<20)-COUNTIF(D2:D57,<0)












11. MARKS BETWEEN 30 TO 50
EXAMPLE =COUNTIF(D2:D57,<50)-COUNTIF(D2:D57,<30)












12. NO. OF ABSENT STUDENTS
EXAMPLE = COUNTIF(D2:D57,AB)
















Conditional Formatting
Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells with a certain color, depending
on the cell's value.
Highlight Cells Rules
1. Select the range
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than.
3. Enter the value 80 and select a formatting style
4. Click OK.






Top/Bottom Rules :-
1. Select the range
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Top/Bottom Rules, Top 10 items.
3. Enter the value 10 and select a formatting style
4. Click OK.









Data Bars Rules :-
1. Select the range
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Data Bar rules, Gradient fill.
3. Enter the value 10 and select a formatting style
4. Click OK.










Color Scales Rules :-
1. Select the range
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Color Scales.
3. Select a color scale style
4. Click OK.











Icon Sets Rules :-
1. Select the range
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, icon sets.
3. Select a icon set style/shape.
4. Click OK.










VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP Function

VLOOKUP:- VLOOKUP function is used to find specific information that has been stored in
a table of data in a spreadsheet.

Syntax:

VLOOKUP( value, table_array, index_number, [not_exact_match] )

Example:

=VLOOKUP([@Marks],$J$4:$K$9,2,TRUE)






HLOOKUP:- VLOOKUP function Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array of
values, and then returns a value in the same column from a row you specify in the table or array.

Syntax:

HLOOKUP( value, table_array, index_number, [not_exact_match] )

Example:

=HLOOKUP(D13,B2:E5,3)










PIVOT TABLES
Pivot tables makes it easy to organize and extract information from a large tables of data without
the use of formulas in Excel
Steps to create pivot tables :-
Click on a cell in the data table.
Click on the I nsert menu and click the PivotTable button:
Select the Table/Range and the place where to pivot table report is to be generated.
Click ok.
Drag the field names from the Pivot Table Field List panel and drop them on the Pivot
Table in the worksheet.
Drag the field names to the bottom of the Pivot Table Field List panel and drop them in
the data areas.
Filtering data involves using specific criteria to limit what data is displayed by the Pivot
Table.
Rearrange the pivot table by dragging the data fields from one data area to another in the
Pivot Table Field List panel.



SQL
SQL stands for Structure Query Language. SQL s a special-purpose programming
language designed for managing data held in a relational database management
system (RDBMS).

Basic Commands of SQL are:-

1) CREATE

2) DESC

3) ALTER

4) INSERT

5) SELECT

6) UPDATE

7) DELETE

8) DROP











1. CREATE : CREATE command is used to create tables in the database.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);

Example :

create table student101 (Name varchar(30),
Roll_no number(10),
Address varchar(100),
DOB date,
primary key (Roll_no))



2. DESC : The DESC command is used to describe the structure of the table.

Syntax:

DESC table_name;

Example :

DESC student101;














3. ALTER : The SQL ALTER TABLE command is used to add, delete or modify columns in an existing
table.

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

Example :

ALTER table student101 add Fathers_name varchar(30) ;









4. INSERT: INSERT command is used to insert the data into the table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name ( field1, field2,...fieldN )
VALUES
( value1, value2,...valueN );


Example :

Insert into student101 (name,roll_no,address,dob,fathers_name)
values
('TOM',1,'Delhi','01-Jan-1991','JOHN')






5. SELECT: SELECT command is used to fetch the data/details from the table.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name1, columne_name2.. from table_name;

Example :

SELECT * from STUDENT101;









6. UPDATE: UPDATE command is used to modify the data of the table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET field1=new-value1, field2=new-value2
[WHERE Clause];


Example :

UPDATE STUDENT101 set ADDRESS='NOIDA' where ROLL_NO =1;










7. DELETE: DELETE command is used to delete the record from the table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause];


Example :

DELETE FROM STUDENT101 WHERE ROLL_NO=1;









8. DROP: DROP command is used to delete the table from the database.

Syntax:

DROP TABLE table_name ;


Example :

DROP TABLE STUDENT101;








HTML
HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is a markup language used to create web
pages. The web developer uses "HTML tags" to format different parts of the document. For
example, you use HTML tags to specify headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, images and much
more.
HTML is a subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and is specified by the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Some Basic Tags of HTML are:
1. <HTML> Tag: HTML tags contain HTML elements, and give a command to
browsers to read the document as an HTML document.

2. <TITLE> Tag: TITLE tag declares a title of an HTML document.

3. <HEAD> Tag: Head tags define general information about the document, page title,
meta-tags, scripts and links to follow, and other commands to browsers.

4. <BODY> Tag: Body tags identify the content of a web page.

5. <B> Tag: BOLD tag is specifying <b>bold section</b> within the text document.


6. <BR> Tag: Line Break tag is specifying<br> a new line

7. <CENTER> Tag: <center>CENTER tags center text, images, etc.</center>

8. <FONT> Tag: FONT tags attribute text <font face="cursive, serif">font</font>,
<font color="#0000ff">color</font>, and <font size="4">size</font>

9. <H1> - <H6> Tag: H1 - H6 define level 1-6 headers.

10. <HR> Tag: HR tag draws a horizontal break line.

11. <P> Tag: <P> tag is specifying a paragraph and creates a new line.

12. <U> Tag: U tag makes an underlined text.

13. <I> Tag: <I> tag is specifying <i>italic text</i>.




FIRST HTML PAGE
<HTML>
<TITLE>WELCOM TO THE WORLD OF HTML </TITLE>
<HEAD>
MY FIRST HTML PAGE
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR = YELLOW TEXT= GREEN>
<H1>
THIS IS H1 HEADING STYLE
</H1>
<H2>
THIS IS H2 HEADING STYLE
</H2>
<H3>
THIS IS H3 HEADING STYLE
</H3>
<H4>
THIS IS H4 HEADING STYLE
</H4>
<H5>
THIS IS H5 HEADING STYLE
</H5>
<H6>
THIS IS H6 HEADING STYLE
</H6>



<HR>
<FONT COLOR= RED>

<CENTER>
<B>
<I>
<U>
THESE ARE THE BASIC TAGS OF HTML
</U>
</I>
</B>
</CENTER>
<BR>
LEARN THEM EASILY
<P>
AND PRACTICE THEM TO HAVE GOOD UNDERSTANDIG
</P>
</FONT>
</BODY>
</HTML>












HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the
<td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain
text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.
<TABLE> TAG: TABLE tag is defining a table.
<TD> TAG: TD tag creates a data cell.
<TH> TAG: TH tag creates a header cell.
<TR> TAG: TR tag creates a row in a table.

HTML CODE TO DRAW A TIME TABLE

<HTML>
<TITLE>TIME TABLE </TITLE>
<HEAD>
<CENTER>
TIME TABLE
</CENTER>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR = YELLOW TEXT= RED>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=5>
<TR>
<TH>DAYS</TH>
<TH>1</TH>
<TH>2</TH>
<TH>3</TH>
<TH>4</TH>
<TH>5</TH>
<TH>6</TH>
<TH>7</TH>
</TR>

<TR>
<TH>MONDAY</TH>
<TD>ME</TD>
<TD>DS</TD>
<TD>BLE</TD>
<TD>LIB</TD>
<TD>AFM</TD>
<TD>MPOB</TD>
<TD>ITM LAB</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TH>TUESDAY</TH>
<TD>ME</TD>
<TD>AFM</TD>
<TD>DS</TD>
<TD>MPOB</TD>
<TD>ITM</TD>
<TD>MSD</TD>
<TD>BC</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TH>WEDNESDAY</TH>
<TD>BLE</TD>
<TD>DS</TD>
<TD>MSD</TD>
<TD>BC</TD>
<TD>AFM</TD>
<TD>ITM</TD>
<TD>ME</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TH>THURSDAY</TH>
<TD>LIB</TD>
<TD>BLE</TD>
<TD>DS</TD>
<TD>AFM</TD>
<TD>ITM</TD>
<TD>BC</TD>
<TD>MPOB</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TH>FRIDAY</TH>
<TD>LIB</TD>
<TD>BLE</TD>
<TD>ITM LAB</TD>
<TD>ITM</TD>
<TD>MPOB</TD>
<TD>BC</TD>
<TD>ME</TD>
</TR>

</TABLE>
</CENTER>
</FONT>
</BODY>
</HTML>






HTML LISTS
There are 3 different types of list that can be implemented in html.
1. Unordered Lists:
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.The list
items are marked with bullets

2. HTML Unordered Lists:
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.The list
items are marked with bullets.

3. Description Lists:
A description list is a list of terms/names, with a description of each term/name.The <dl>
tag defines a description list.The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines
terms/names) and <dd> (describes each term/name)


HTML CODE TO IMPLEMENT LISTS
<HTML>
<TITLE>HTML LIST </TITLE>
<HEAD>
<CENTER>
HTML LIST
</CENTER>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR = YELLOW TEXT= RED>
<CENTER>
UNORDERED LIST
</CENTER
<UL>DAYS IN A WEEK
<BR>
<LI>MONDAY</LI>
<LI>TUESDAY</LI>
<LI>WEDNESDAY</LI>
<LI>THURSDAY</LI>
<LI>FRIDAY</LI>
<LI>SATURDAY</LI>
<LI>SUNDAY</LI>
</UL>
<HR>
<CENTER>
ORDERED LIST
</CENTER>
<OL>THERE ARE 7 DAYS IN A WEEK
<BR>
<LI>MONDAY</LI>
<LI>TUESDAY</LI>
<LI>WEDNESDAY</LI>
<LI>THURSDAY</LI>
<LI>FRIDAY</LI>
<LI>SATURDAY</LI>
<LI>SUNDAY</LI>
</OL>
<HR>
<CENTER>
DEFINED LIST
</CENTER>
<DL>
<DT>MONDAY</DT>
<DD> - 1ST DAY </DD>
<DT>TUESDAY</DT>
<DD> - 2ND DAY </DD>
<DT>WEDNESDAY</DT>
<DD> - 3RD DAY </DD>
<DT>THURSDAY</DT>
<DD> - 4TH DAY </DD>
<DT>FRIDAY</DT>
<DD> - 5TH DAY </DD>
<DT>SATURDAY</DT>
<DD> - 6TH DAY </DD>
<DT>SUNDAY</DT>
<DD> - 7TH DAY </DD>

</DL>
</BODY>
</HTML>