CPT Section D Quantitative Aptitude Chapter 2

CA. Reema Sharma

Learning Objective
Introduction
Linear Equations
Quadratic Equation
Cubic Equation
Use of Equations in Coordinate Geometry
Straight Lines
Understanding the concept of equations
Solving different equations with different
methods
To apply equations in coordinate geometry
S. No. Type of equation Determined by value of variable
1.
Conditional Equality is true for certain value of variable
2.
Identity Equality is true for all value of variable
S.
No.
Types Highest power of variable Degree of equation
A Linear 1 1
B Quadratic 2 2
C Cubic 3 3
Equation is mathematical statement of equality

Degree of the equation is determined by highest power of the variable

Simple Linear equations - Equation involving
only one variable
Linear equation - ax+b=0 ; where a & b are
constants for example - 4x+12=0

Simultaneous Linear Equation More than
one linear equations involving two or more
variables
x + 2y =1; 2x + 3y = 2 are jointly called
simultaneous equations
MCQs
a ) 1 ,
b ) 7,
c ) 1
d ) 1/7

Taking the LCM of 6&9 which is 18 ;
{3(y+11)-2(y+1)}/18=(y+7)/4
By cross multiplication
4{3(y+11)-2(y+1)}=18(y+7)
4(3y+33-2y-2)=18y+126
4(y+31)=18y+126
4y+124=18y+126
18y-4y=124-126
14y=-2
Y=-2/14
Y=-1/7
So option d) is the correct answer
a) 39
b)92
c)93
d)94
Solution:
Let the digit in the units place be x
Then the digit in the tens place will be 3x
And the number will be3x10+x (as 56 can be
written as 5*10+6)
The reverse of this number will be 10x+3x(as
65 can be written as 6*10+5)
Given is 30x+x-54=10x+3x
So 31x-54=13x
31x-13x=54
18x=54
X=54/18
X=3 and 3x=9
So the number is 93
Thus c is the correct option
Methods of solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Elimination method
Two given linear equations are reduced to a linear equation in one unknown by
eliminating one of the unknowns and then solving for the other unknown.
Cross multiplication method
Let two equations be: a
1
x+b
1
y+c
1
=0
A
2
x+b
2
y+c
2
=0
We write the coefficients of x, y and constant terms and two more columns
by repeating the coefficients of x and y
1 2 3 4
b
1
c
1
a
1
b
1

b
2
c
2
a
2
b
2

and the result is given by: x/(b
1
c
2
b
2
c
1
) =y/(c
1
a
2
a
1
c
2
)=1/(a
1
b
2
b
1
a
2
)
a)rs1.5,rs3
b)Rs3,rs1.5
c)rs2.5,rs2
d)rs2,rs2.5


Solution:
Let the wage of 1 man be x and that of a boy
is y
Then 8x+6y=33(1)
And 4x-5y=4.5.(2)
Now (2)*2=8x-10y=9..(3)
And (1)-(3):- 16y=24 or y=24/16=3/2or 1.5rs
Putting y=1.5 in (1) we get 8x+9=33
Or 8x=24 or x=3
So the correct option is b)

Method of eliminating (i.e.,
removing) one variable.
Step 1 : First multiply both the equations by some
suitable non-zero constants to make the coefficients of
one variable (either x or y) numerically equal.
Step 2 : Then add or subtract one equation from the
other so that one variable gets eliminated. If you get an
equation in one variable, go to Step 3.
If in Step 2, we obtain a true statement involving no variable,
then the original pair of equations has infinitely many
solutions.
If in Step 2, we obtain a false statement involving no variable,
then the original pair of equations has no solution, i.e., it is
inconsistent.
Step 3 : Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) so
obtained to get its value.
Step 4 : Substitute this value of x (or y) in either of the
original equations to get the value of the other variable.
a) (1, 1)
b) (1, 1)
c) (2, 1)
d) (1, 2)
Solution
3x+4y=7---------(1)
4x-y=3-----------(2)
From (1) we get:-
X=(7-4y)/3--------(3)
Putting the value of x in (2)
4{(7-4y)/3}-y=3
28/3-16y/3-y=3
16y/3+y=28/3-3
19y/3=19/3
19y=19
y=1
Now putting the value of y in (3)
X=(7-4)/3=1
Thus the solution is b) (1,1)

a) (1,1)
b) (49/29,19/29)
c) (1/2,9/10)
d) (19/29,49/29)
Step 1 : We pick either of the equations and
write one variable in terms of the other.
Let us consider the Equation (2) :
x + 2y = 3
and write it as x = 3 2y .(3)
Step 2 : Substitute the value of x in Equation (1).
We get
7(3 2y) 15y = 2
i.e., 21 14y 15y = 2
i.e., 29y = 19
Therefore, y =19/29
Step 3 : Substituting this value of y in Equation
(3), we get
x = 3-(2*19/29)
Therefore, the solution is x =49/29

a) (2000,4000)
b) (4000,2000)
c) (1000,2000)
d) (1000,4000)
Let us denote the incomes of the two person by Rs 9x
and Rs 7x and their expenditures by Rs 4y and Rs 3y
respectively. Then the equations are given by :
9x 4y = 2000 (1)
and 7x 3y = 2000 (2)
Step 1 : Multiply Equation (1) by 3 and Equation (2) by
4 to make the coefficients of y equal. Then we get
27x 12y = 6000 (3)
28x 12y = 8000 (4)
Step 2 : Subtract Equation (3) from Equation (4) to
eliminate y, because the coefficients of y are the
same. So, we get
(28x 27x) (12y 12y) = 8000 6000 i.e., x = 2000
Step 3 : Substituting this value of x in (1), we get
9(2000) 4y = 2000
i.e., y = 4000
a) (4, 1)
b) (1, 4)
c) (4, 1)
d) (3,7)
a) (4,1)
b) (1,4)
c) (8,10)
d) (3,7)




Solution:
Let Rs x be the fare from the bus stand in Bangalore
to Malleswaram, and Rs y toYeshwanthpur. From the
given information, we have
2x + 3y = 46, i.e., 2x + 3y 46 = 0 (1)
3x + 5y = 74, i.e., 3x + 5y 74 = 0 (2)
we draw the diagram as given below.
X Y 1
3 -46 2 3
5 -74 3 5
OR x/ {(3)(74)-(5)(46)}=y/{(46)(3)-(74)(2)}=1/{(2)(5)-
(3)(3)}
i.e. x/(-222+230)=y/(-138+148)=1/(10-9)
i.e. x=8 and y=10
Hence, the fare from the bus stand in Bangalore to
Malleswaram is Rs 8 and the fare to Yeshwanthpur is
Rs 10.




Two or more linear equations
involving 3 variables are jointly
called simultaneous linear
equation in 3 variables
a) (0,0,0)
b) ( 1, 1, 1)
c) ( 3, 2, 1)
d) (1, 0, 2)
Solution
2x+3y+4z=0---------(1)
x+2y5z=0-----------(2)
10x+16y6z=0-------(3)
By 2*(2) we get 2x+4y-10z=0---------(4)
Now (4)-(1)=
Y-14z=0----------------(5)
By 10*(2) we get 10x+20y-25z=0-------(6)
Now(6)-(3)=
4y-19z=0---------------(7)
By4*(5) we get 4y-56z=0----------------(8)
Now (7)-(8)=
37z=0,Z=0,Y=0,Z=0
Thus the right solution is a) (0,0,0)
a) (1, 3, 7)
b) (1, 7, 3)
c) (2, 4, 3)
d) (10, 10, 1)
Solution
3x4y+70z = 0----------(1)
2x+3y10z = 0----------(2)
x+2y+3z-13 = 0-----------(3)
From equation 1 and 2 Lets list the coefficients
x y 1
-4 70z 3 -4
3 -10z 2 3
Thus
x/{(-4-10z)-(70z3)}=y/{(70z2)-(-10z3)=1/{(33)-(-
42)}
X=(40z-210z)/(9+8)=-170z/17=-10z
Y=(140z+30z)/17=170z/17=10z
Putting the value of x and y in (3) ;-10z+20z+3z-
13=0
Hence 13z=13,Z=1,X=-10,Y=10, Thus the right
solution is d) (-10,10,1)

From a given equation we tabulate values of(x,y)
at least 2 pairs of values (x,y) and then plot them
in a graph taking two perpendicular axis(x axis
and y axis). Then by joining the points we get the
required straight lines
Solution
We have 2x+3y=9. We tabulate y=(9-2x)/3


x

A a(0,3)
b(3,1) y
B
here AB is the required line.
x 0 3
y 3 1
An equation of the form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
where x is a variable and a, b, c are
constants with a 0 is called a quadratic
equation or equation of the second degree.
Solution
(i) LHS = (x 2)
2
+ 1 = x
2
4x + 4 + 1 = x
2
4x + 5
Therefore, (x 2)
2
+ 1 = 2x 3 can be rewritten as
x
2
4x + 5 = 2x 3
i.e., x
2
6x + 8 = 0
It is of the form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is a quadratic
equation.

(ii) Since x(x + 1) + 8 = x
2
+ x + 8 and (x + 2)(x 2) =
x
2
4
Therefore, x
2
+ x + 8 = x
2
4
i.e., x + 12 = 0
It is not of the form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic
equation.

Roots of quadratic equation
For any equation of the form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
The roots will be X={-b(b
2
-4ac)}/2a

Sum and product of the roots
Sum of the roots =-b/a=-coefficient of x/coefficient of x
2

Product of the roots=c/a=constant term/coefficient of x
2

Solution
Sum of the roots= -b/a=-coefficient of x/coefficient
of x
2
=-(-2)
Product of the roots= c/a=constant term/coefficient
of x
2
=-8


x
2
(Sum of the roots) x + Product of the roots =0
x
2
(-b/a)x + c/a =0

Solution
Let the quadratic polynomial be ax
2
+ bx + c, and its
zeroes be and .
We have
+ = 3 =-b/a
and = 2 =c/a
By putting the values in x
2
(-b/a)x + c/a =0
We get x
2
(-3)x+2=0
So the required equation is
x
2
+3x+2=0



b
2
4ac is called the discriminant in the
equation ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 as it actually
discriminates between the roots.
Solution
The given equation is of the form ax
2
+ bx + c = 0,
where a = 2, b = 4 and c = 3.
Therefore, the discriminant
b
2
4ac = ( 4
)2
-(4 2 3) = 16 24 = 8




Real & Equal
Real & Unequal
Imaginary
Real , rational & Unequal
Real , Irrational and Unequal
Real and equal.
If b
2
4ac = 0 the roots are real and equal;
examples x
2
8x+16=0 a=1,b=8,c=16
b
2
4ac=(-8)
2
4.1.16 =64 64 =0
Real & Unequal (or distinct)
If b
2
4ac>0 then the roots are real and unequal (or
distinct);
If b
2
4ac <0 then the roots are imaginary
Eg. 5x
2
4x+2=0
b
2
4ac=(4)
2
4.5.2=1640=24<0
If b
2
4ac is a perfect square ( 0) the roots
are real, rational and unequal (distinct);
E.g. 3x
2
8x+4=0 a = 3, b = 8, c = 4
b
2
4ac=(8)
2
4.3.4=6448=16>0 and a
perfect square ,therefore roots are real,
rational and unequal
If b
2
4ac >0 but not a perfect square the rots are real,
irrational and unequal.
E.g. 2x
2
6x 3 = 0
b
2
4ac =(6)
2
4.2 (3) =36 +24 =60 >0
The roots are real and unequal. Since b
2
4ac is not a
perfect square the roots are real irrational and unequal.
Solution
Here a = 3, b = 2 and c = 1/3
Therefore, discriminant
b
2
4ac = ( 2)
2
4 3 1/3= 4 4 = 0.
Hence, the given quadratic equation has two equal
real roots.



Irrational roots occur in cojugate pairs ie if (m+n) is
a root then the other root will be(m- n) of the same
equation.
If one root is the reciprocal of the other root then
their product is one i.e. product of the roots c/a=1
and c=a
If one root is the equal to the other root but their
signs are opposite then the sum of the roots will be
0 i.e. sum of the roots b/a=0 and b=0
a)12
b)2+5
c)25
d)none of
the above
Solution
Let 4+1/(4+1/(4+1/4+1/.. be equal to x
Then x=4+1/x
Hence x
2
=4x+1
Or x
2
-4x-1=0
x={4 (16+4)}/2
x={4 20}/2
x=2+ 5 and x=2- 5
But since x=2- 5 does not satisfy the
equation
So the solution is (b) x=2+ 5
a)5
b)7
c)3
d)-4
Solution

2
+
2
=(+)
2
-2
(sum of the roots)
2
-2product of the roots
=(-b/a)
2
-2c/a
=(4/2)
2
-2(-3/2)
=4+3=7
So the correct solution is b)7
a)(1,-1,2)
b)(-1,1,-2)
c)(-1,2,-2)
d)(1,2,2)
Solution
On trial basis let us put x=1 in LHS which
gives us 0 which is RHS
Thus (x-1) is a root of the given equation
Lets now write the equation in following form
which solves our purpose
x
3
-x
2
+3x
2
-3x+2x-2=0
x
2(
x-1)+3x(x-1)+2(x-1)=0
(x
2
+3x+2)(x-1)=0
(x
2
+2x+x+2)(x-1)=0
(x+2)(x+1)(x-1)=0
Thus x=-2 or x=-1 or x=1
a)5kmph
b)6kmph
c)2kmph
d)9kmph
Solution
Let the speed of the stream be x km/h.
Therefore, the speed of the boat upstream = (18 x)
km/h and the speed of the boat downstream = (18 + x)
km/h.
Time taken to go upstream =distance/speed=24/(18-
x)hrs
Similarly, the time taken to go downstream
=24/(18+x)hrs
According to the question, 24/(18 - x) 24/(18 + x)=1
i.e., 24(18 + x) 24(18 x)= (18 x)(18 + x)
i.e., x
2
+ 48x 324 = 0
i.e. x
2
+54x-6x-324=0
i.e. x(x+54)-6(x+54)=0 or (x+54)(x-6)=0
x = 54 or x=6
Since x is the speed of the stream, it cannot be
negative. So, we ignore the root x = 54. Therefore, x
= 6 gives the speed of the stream as 6 km/h.
a)(15,17)
b)(13,15)
c)(11,13)
d)(9,11)
Solution
Let the smaller of the two consecutive odd positive
integers be x. Then, the second integer will be x + 2.
According to the question,
x
2
+ (x + 2)
2
= 290
i.e., x
2
+ x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 290
i.e., 2x
2
+ 4x 286 = 0
i.e., x
2
+ 2x 143 = 0
which is a quadratic equation in x.
Using the quadratic formula, we get
x ={-2(4+572)}/2=(-2 576)/2=(-2 24)/2
i.e., x = 11 or x = 13
But x is given to be an odd positive integer.
Therefore, x 13, x = 11.
Thus, the two consecutive odd integers are 11 and 13.
a)p1
b)p4
c)p1/4
d)p1/4
Solution
We know that If b
2
4ac 0 then the roots are real
In the current equation b
2
4ac=
(2p-1)24p
2
0
4p
2
-4p+1-4p20
1-4p 0
1 4p
1/4 p
Hence
p1/4 is the correct option


Coordinate geometry explains
the problems of geometry
with the help of algebra
The distance between any two points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
). let PR and QS
perpendicular to the x-axis. A perpendicular from the point P on QS is
drawn to meet it at the point T. (ref diagram in the next slide)
Then, OR = x
1
, OS = x
2
. So, RS = x
2
x
1
= PT.
Also, SQ = y
2
, ST = PR = y
1
. So, QT = y
2
y
1
.
Now, applying the Pythagoras theorem in PTQ, we get
PQ
2
= PT
2
+ QT
2

= (x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2

Therefore, PQ= {(x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
}
Note that since distance is always non-negative, we take only the positive
square
root. So, the distance between the points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
) is
PQ= {(x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
} ,which is called the distance formula.


Y
Q(x2,y2)

P(x1,y1) T





O R S X
Solution
Let us apply the distance formula to find the distances
PQ, QR and PR,
where P(3, 2), Q(2, 3) and R(2, 3) are the given points.
We have
PQ = {(3+2)
2
+(2+ 3)
2
}= (25+25) =50 = 7.07
(approx.)
QR = {(-2-2)
2
+(-3-3)
2
}= (16+36)= 52 = 7.21
(approx.)
PR = {(3-2)
2
+(2-3)
2
}= (1+1)= 2 = 1.41 (approx.)
Since the sum of any two of these distances is greater
than the third distance, therefore,
the points P, Q and R form a triangle.
Also, PQ
2
+ PR
2
= QR
2
, i.e.50+2=52 by the converse of
Pythagoras theorem, we have P = 90.
Therefore, PQR is a right triangle.

Solution
Let P(x, y) be equidistant from the points A(7, 1) and B(3,
5).
We are given that AP = BP. So, AP
2
= BP
2

i.e., (x 7)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= (x 3)
2
+ (y 5)
2

i.e., x
2
14x + 49 + y
2
2y + 1 = x
2
6x + 9 + y
2
10y +
25
i.e. 14x-6x-10y+2y=49-9+1-25
i.e. 8x-8y=16
i.e., x y = 2
which is the required relation.
The distance of a point P(x, y)
from the origin O(0, 0) is given by
OP =(x
2
+y
2
)


Solution
Distance between point (36,15) and the origin will be
(36
2
+15
2
)=(1296+225)=1521=39 units

We can also write,
PQ={(x
1
x
2
)
2
+ (y
1
y
2
)
2
}
Since (x
1
x
2
)
2
and (x
2
x
1
)
2
will give the
same result . Similarily for y
1
and y
2
Solution
Let A be (3,1), B be (6,4) and C be (8,6)
Using the distance formula, we have
AB = {(6-3)
2
+(4-1)
2
} =(9+9)=18=32
BC = {(8-6)
2
+(6-4)
2
} =(4+4)=8=22
AC = {(8-3)
2
+(6-1)
2
} =(25+25)=50=52

Since, AB + BC = 32+22= 52= AC, we can say that
the points A, B and C are collinear.
Now we will learn about the
equations of a straight lines
Let P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
) be two points on non-
vertical line l whose inclination is . Obviously, x
1
x
2
, otherwise the line will become perpendicular
to x-axis and its Slope will not be defined.
slope of line l = m = tan .=(y
2
-y
1
)/(x
2
-x
1
)
Solution :
The slope of the line through (3, 2) and ( 1, 4) is
m={4-(-2)}/{(-1)-3}or m=6/-4 or m=-3/2

l
1


l
2

Let L1 and L2 be two non-vertical intersecting lines
with slopes m1 and m2
Then let be the angle between the two lines
Then the angle between the lines will be given as
tan=mode of (m
2
-m
1
)/(1+m
1
m
2
)


Solution
We know that the acute angle between two lines with
slopes m1 and m2is given by
tan=mode of (m2-m1)/(1+m1m2)(1)
Let m1 = m2 = m and =/4
Now, putting these values in (1), we get
tan /4=mode of (m-1/2)/(1+m/2)
mode of (m-1/2)/(1+m/2)=1
i.e. either (m-1/2)/(1+m/2)=1 or -(m-1/2)/(1+m/2)=1
When (m-1/2)/(1+m/2)=1
m-1/2=1+m/2 or m/2=3/2
m=3
when -(m-1/2)/(1+m/2)=1 or -(m-1/2)=1+m/2
m+m/2=-1+1/2 or 3m/2=-1/2
m=-1/3
Hence the slope of the other line is either 3 or -1/3


This is the simplest form of equation of a
straight line and is given as
y=mx+c where m is the slope and distance c is
called the y intercept of the line L
now Suppose line L with slope m makes x-
intercept d. Then equation of L is y = m(x d )
Solution
(i) Here, slope of the line is m =1/2
and y - intercept c = -3/2
Therefore, by slope-intercept form y=mx+c, the
equation of the line is y=1/2x+(-3/2)
Or 2y=x-3 or 2y-x+3=0
which is the required equation.
(ii) Here, we have m = 1/2 and d=4
Therefore, by slope-intercept form y=m(x-d), the
equation of the line is
y = (x-4) or 2y-x+4=0,
which is the required equation.
If the line l
1
is parallel to l
2
then their slopes
are equal i.e. m
1
= m
2

and if the line is parallel to x axis then m=0
the equation of the line parallel to x axis will
be y=c
If a horizontal line L( ie parallel to x axis) is at a distance a
from the x-axis then ordinate of every point lying on the line
is either a or a
Therefore, equation of the line L is either y = a or y = a.
Choice of sign will depend upon the position of the line
according as the line is above or below the y-axis.
Similarly, the equation of a vertical line (ie parallel to y
axis) at a distance b from the x-axis is either x = b or x = b
Solution
The y-coordinate of every point on the line parallel to
x-axis is 3, therefore, equation of the line parallel to x-
axis and passing through ( 2, 3) is y = 3. Similarly,
equation of the line parallel to y-axis and passing
through ( 2, 3) is x = 2.
If the lines l
1
and l
2
are
perpendicular then
m
2
=-1/m
1
or m
1
m
2
= 1

Solution
Slope of the line through the points ( 2, 6) and (4, 8) is
m1=(8-6)/(4+2) or m1=1/3.(1)
Slope of the line through the points (8, 12) and (x, 24) is
m2=(24-12)/(x-8) or m2=12/(x-8)(2)
Since two lines are perpendicular,
m1 m2 = 1, which gives
1/312/(x-8)=-1
12=-3(x-8)
x-8=-4
x=4

We know that slopes of two parallel lines are equal. If
two lines having the same slope pass through a
common point, then two lines will coincide. Hence, if
A, B and C are three points in the XY-plane, then they
will lie on a line, i.e., three points are collinear if and
only if slope of AB =slope of BC.
(y
1
-y
2
)/(x
1
-x
2
)=(y
1
-y
3
)/(x
1
-x
3
)
Thus by solving the above we get the condition for
collinearity is
x
1
(y
2
-y
3
)+x
2
(y
3
-y
1
)+x
3
(y
1
-y
2
)=0


.C
.B

.A


Solution
Since points P, Q and R are collinear, we have
Slope of PQ = Slope of QR,
i.e.,(k-y
1
)/(h-x
1
)=(y
2
-y
1
)/(x
2
-x
1
)
Or (h x
1
) (y
2
y
1
) = (k y
1
) (x
2
x
1
).
If the line passes through origin (0,0) then
the equation of that line will be
y=mx or x=my
Suppose that P
0
(x
0
, y
0
) is a fixed point on a non-vertical line L, whose slope is m. Let P
(x, y) be anarbitrary point on L
Then, by the definition, the slope of L is given by
m=(y-y
0
)/(x-x
0
), ie y-y
0
=m(x-x
0
).(1)
Since the point P
0
(x
0
, y
0
) along with all points (x, y) on L satisfies (1) and no other point
in the plane satisfies (1). Equation (1) is indeed the equation for the given line L
y y
0
= m (x x
0
)
Solution
Here m = 4 and given point (x
0
, y
0
) is ( 2, 3)
By slope-intercept form formula (y-y
0
)=m(x-x
0
)
equation of the given line is
y 3 = 4 (x + 2) or
4x + y + 5 = 0, which is the required equation.


.
Let the line L passes through two given points P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) and P
2
(x
2
, y
2
).
Let P (x, y) be a general point on L. The three points P
1
, P
2
and P are collinear,
therefore, we have
slope of P
1
P = slope of P
1
P
2

ie (y-y
1
)/(x-x
1
)=(y
2
-y
1
)/(x
2
-x
1
) or y-y
1
=(y
2
-y
1
) (x-x
1
)/(x
2
-x
1
)
Thus, equation of the line passing through the points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) is given
by
y-y
1
=(x-x
1
) (y
2
-y
1
) )/(x
2
-x
1
)
Solution
Here x
1
= 1, y
1
= 1, x
2
= 3 and y
2
= 5. Using two-point
form above for the equation of the line, we have
Y-(-1)=(5-(-1))(x-1)/(3-1) or 2(y+1)=(5+1)(x-1) or
y+1=3(x-1)
or 3x + y + 4 = 0 , which is the required equation.


.
fig
Suppose a line L makes x-intercept a and y-intercept b on the
axes. Obviously L meets x-axis at the point (a, 0) and y-axis at the
point (0, b)
By two-point form of the equation of the line, we have
y-0=(b-0)(x-a)/(0-a) or ay=-bx+ab
ie x/a+y/b=1
Thus, equation of the line making intercepts a and b on x-and y-
axis, respectively, is
x/a+y/b=1

X

(0,b)

b

(a,0)
a Y
Solution
Here a = 3 and b = 2. By intercept form (5) above,
equation of the line is x/-3+y/2=1 or 2x-3y+6=0

.
Solution
Assuming F along x-axis and K along y-axis, we have
two points (32, 273)
and (212, 373) in XY-plane. By two-point form, the
point (F, K) satisfies the equation
K-273=(373-273)(F-32)/(212-32)
Or K-273=100(F-32)/180
Or K=5(F-32)/9+273... (1)
which is the required relation.
When K = 0, Equation (1) gives
0=5(F-32)/9+273
F-32=-273*9/5=-491.4
or F= 459.4

Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0, where A
and B are not zero simultaneously is called general
linear equation or general equation of a line.
If B 0, then Ax + By + C = 0 can be written
as y=(-A/B)x+(-C/B) or y = mx + c ... (1)
Where m=-A/B and c=-C/B
If C 0, then Ax + By + C = 0 can be written as
x/(-C/A)+y/(-C/B)=1 or x/a+y/b=1
where a = -C/A and b = -C/B
Solution
(i) Given equation 3x 4y + 10 = 0 can be written as
y=3/4x+5/2 ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y = mx + c, we have slope of the
given line as m = 3/4
(ii) Equation 3x 4y + 10 = 0 can be written as 3x-4y=-
10
Or x/(-10/3)+y/10/4=1... (2)
Comparing (2) with x/a+y/b=1, we have x-intercept as
a =-10/3 and y-intercept as b = 5/2
We know that equation x/(-C/A)+y/(-C/B)=1 is
intercept form of the equation of a line whose x-
intercept is C/A and y-intercept is C/B .
If C = 0, then Ax + By + C = 0 can be written as Ax
+ By = 0, which is a line passing through the origin
and, therefore, has zero intercepts on the axes.
Solution
Given line x 2 y + 3 = 0 can be written as
Y=1/2x+3/2 ...(1)
Slope of the line (1) is m1 =1/2
Therefore, slope of the line perpendicular to line (1)
is m2=-1/m1= -2
Equation of the line with slope 2 and passing
through the point (1, 2) is y-y0=m(x-x0)
y ( 2) = 2(x 1)
or y= 2x ,
which is the required equation.
Solution
Lets solve the given equations to find the point of
intersection
2x+3y-5=0.(1) and 7x-5y-2=0..(2)
(1)*7=14x+21y-35=0..(3)and (2)*2=14x-10y-4=0..(4)
Subtracting (4) from(3) we get
31y-31=0 or y=1 and putting the value of y in (1) we
get x=1
So the point of intersection is (1,1)
Since the required line is perpendicular to the line 2x-
3y+14=0 its slope will be m2=-1/m1 where m1 is the
slope of the given line
Slope of the given line=m1=2/3
So the slope of the required line will be m2=-3/2
Hence by point slope form the required equation will
be y-1=-3(x-1)/2
Or 2y-2=-3x+3
Or 3x+2y-5=0
a)3x+2y+5=0
b)3x+2y-5=0
c)2x-3y+5=0
d)2x-3y-5=0
MCQs
Solution
Let the x intercept be a and the y intercept be b
Then a+b=5 and ab=6
Now putting a=5-b in ab=6 we get
(5-b)b=6 or 5b-b
2
=6
orb
2
-5b+6=0
Or b
2
-3b-2b+6=0
Or b(b-3)-2(b-3)=0
Or (b-2)(b-3)=0
So b=2 or b=3
If b=2 then a=3 and if b=3 then a=2
Now by intercept intercept form of straight line
x/3+y/2=1
Or 2x+3y-6=0 when a=3 and b=2
And if a=2 and b=3 then x/2+y/3=1
Or 3x+2y-6=0
Hence the answer is either a) or b)
a)3x+2y-6=0
b)2x+3y-6=0
c)x+5y+12=0
d)3x+2y-8=0
Solution
Let the required equation be of the form y=mx+c
Where x=the bulbs produced
Y=total cost
c=fixed chages and
m=per unit cost of producing the bulb
Now as per the given situation we get
800=200m+c..(1)
1200=400m+c.(2)
(1)*2:-1600=400m+2c.(3)
Now (3)-(2):- c=400
Putting c=400 in (1) we get
200m=400 or m=2
Thus the equation is
Y=2x+400
Or 2x-y+400=0
Option c) is the correct option
a)2x-y+100=0
b)2x+y+400=0
c)2x-y+400=0
d)none
Solution Let the tens and the units digits in the first number be
x and y, respectively.
So, the first number may be written as 10 x + y in the expanded
form (for example, 56 = 10(5) + 6).
When the digits are reversed, x becomes the units digit and y
becomes the tens digit. This number, in the expanded notation
is 10y + x (for example, when 56 is reversed, we get 65 = 10(6) +
5).
According to the given condition.
(10x + y) + (10y + x) = 66
i.e., 11(x + y) = 66 i.e., x + y = 6 (1)
We are also given that the digits differ by 2, therefore,
either x y = 2 (2) or y x = 2 (3)
If x y = 2, then solving (1) and (2) by elimination, we get x = 4
and y = 2.
In this case, we get the number 42.
If y x = 2, then solving (1) and (3) by elimination, we get x = 2
and y = 4.
In this case, we get the number 24.
Thus, there are two such numbers 42 and 24.

a)36 and 63
b)69 and 96
c)24 and 42
d)none
As many questions you will solve the topic will be
as clear.
So I would request u to solve all the questions
given in the text book as well as the model test
papers.