2MICR REVISION LECTURE

Microorganisms
o Bacteria eubacteria true bacteria
o Archae
o Single celled membranes of domain
o Eukarya
Protozoa
Microscopic algae
Microscopic fungi
o Virsuses and prions
Domains of life
o Bacteria
o Eucarya
o Archae
o Difernce between the 3 domains
o Fundamental difference
Bacteria and archae formally the prokaryotes developed first, followed by the
eukaryotes
Global impact
o Microves were the first life on earth
o Microves creasted the biosphere that alloed multiceullar organisms ..
Impact of microbes
o Agriculture the different cycles
Nutrient cycling
Cellulose converted to animal protein
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen important to us for AAs proteins
Carbon cycling
Co2 can be fixed by photosynthetic organisms
o Cyanobacteria
o Food
Fermented foods
Food preservation
How we sterilize and prevent food spoilage???
Fermentation used to help preserve foods end product of fermentation is acids
ACIDS!!
Microbial world many acids that can be toxic or beneficial
Acid can be used as a food preservation environmental factor pH that can
inihibt growth other factors include temperature, water, pressure, o2
concentration,
o WATER is extremely important
Multicellular organisms need liquid state because of enzymes
o Environment
Bioremediation
Biofuels
Some can break down ethanol etc.
Can clean up oil slicks
Need an alternative energy of fuel biofuels?
o Investment into potential biofuels
Understand mechanisms behind MO that are behind bioremediation and
biofuel production
o Industry biotechnology
Gene therapy
Genetically midfied organisms
Pharmaceuticals
ABs
o Health
Infection dseases are caused by microbes
~20million died from influenza a virus - in 1918
new infection diseases still being discovered

bacterial cell structure
cell membrane
structure and function
BACTERIA 80-85%
Archae
Virus
Fungi
Fungal diseases and lifestyle

Bacteria
Basic structure of bacterial cell membrane
Function structure
o Same for all membranes
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
Need transport proteins
Functions
o Prevents leakage
o Gateway for transport of molecules in and out of cell
o Small, uncharged molecules can pass through by diffusion hydrophobic
o Generation of PMF
o Site of many proteins involved in transport, generation of energy, chemotaxis
o Protein anchor
What powers flagella? The proton gradient. Bacterium must be undergoing
respiration (aerobic) facultative anaerobe to anaerobic there is a low ETC still a
PMF, but not as much. Fermentation no ETC, no PMF
Talk about plasma membrane
o Energy conservation
o Permability barrier
o Difference between gram positive and negative cell wall
Draw a cell wall components of cell wall
Cell envelope and cell wall are different, cell wall is a part of the cell envelope
Structure of cell wall = peptidoglycan
NAG and NAM linked by peptide chains and pentaglycine interbridge
o Porins allows porteins to cross a cellular membrane and act as a poer though which
molecules can diffuse
Function channels to allow proteins to pass through
Unlike other membrane transport proteins, porins are large enough to allow passive
diffusion
Considered as only in outermembrane of gram ve
o Flagella
PMF provides the energy to turn the flagella
ATP is NOT required
Chemoxtaxis is taxis by bacterial flagella to direct movement according to certain
chemicals in the environment
Important for bacteria to find food by swimming towards the highest
concentration of food molecules or to flee from poisons
Flagella move in cc or c
o Endospores
Vegetative cell asummetric cell divison forespore engulfment mother cell
and forespore endospore cortex and coat synthesis endospore maturation and
mother cell lysis
Associated with survival spore is reproduction in fungi and strep
Nutrient cycle
Basic components behind C cycle
o Synthesising sugars from co2, organisms use, degraded, put back into atmosphere
Basic processes

Microbial interactions
Windogradsky column
o Fermentation, organic, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration
o Different layers of aerobic and anaerobic
o Anaerobic resporation only occurs in bacterial/archael world
o Aerobic respiraton oxygen exogenous terminal electron acceptor
o Anaerobic respiration uses alternate inorganic exogenous terminal electron acceptor
Different carrier molecules etc. but generation of PMF, generation of ATP
o Fermentation purely enzymic
o Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis oxygen end product, water electron donor ;
product other than oxygen produced e.g. H2S electron donor, S produced
KNOW BACTERIA AND ONE OTHER

Eucarya
Fundamental components
Differences to bacterial and archael world
Microbial eukaryotes
o Protists, micro animals, plants

Archae
Basic structure
Environemtnas they may inhabit
Differences between B and E

Virsues
Bacteriophages
o Can be used to manufacture own bacteria to do different things
Basic function and sutrcture
Microbial control
ABs
o Use as a tool to under microbial structure and dunction
If you understand how beta lactam works, youll understand cell wall synthesis
50s and 30s subunits
some sites of attack
o cell wall synthesis, dna synthesis, prote
BETA LACTAM, CELL WALL SYNTHESIS, AFFECT TRANSLATION AND RIBOSOMES

Lab
Revise!
Basic concept and styles

Cytochrome c is the terminal e carrier in many ETC
Therefore, oxidase test isnt an indication of aerobic


SAMPLE QUESTIONS
30 brief statement questions 1%
10 short answer questions 2%

What is fermentation and how does it differ from respiration?
The anaerobic cellular process in which sugars are converted into simple compounds and chemical energy
ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation
Fermentation differs from cellular respiration in a way that it uses organic compounds as endogenous
electron acceptors instead of oxygen, which is an exogenous electron acceptor in cellular respiration

Briefly describe the process of anaerobic respiration and give one example with substrates and products
Uses an electron transport system in the plasma emmrbane and the synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase
Anaerobic repsiroation uses substacnes other than oxygen as final electron ecceptor
e.g. sulfate reducer

what are stromatolites
laeyerd structures formed in shallow water by trappring, bldining

consider the construction of a windogradsky column. Which is the important of the inclusion of the mud?
Provides an inoculum
Organic compounds
Nutrients

Consider the catalase test. Briefly explain why the formation bubbles are indivative of positive results

The Ha nd L exidation fermentation test detects either arobic resp or derm. Why can this test NOT be used
for anerobic repiration?
There is no alternate exogenous electron acceptor

List and give the function for each of the compoennts that define mannitol salt agar as a selectrive and
differential medium
Selective component is NACL
Difeerent compoenet is mannitol fermentable CHO

With the aid of a diagram, briefly describe the carbon cycle
Co2 carbon fixation photosynthesis sugar respiration co2

Brief statement questions
100uL of a pure culture of bacteria has been plated on each plate from 10 fold serial dilutions. Which is the
cell count of the original suspension in cells per ml
using 10-8 diltion
67x10^8 / 100 ul
6.77 x 10^10 CFU/1ml

draw and label the structure of a typical T phage
head, collar, sheath, tail, end plate
dna/rna in head

brieflt deacribe how fungi belonging the genus Dermatophyta survive on the skin and cause annular lesions
they colonise the keratin tissues of the dermis causing inflammation as hosr reposnt to metabolic by
products
SHORT ANSWER
with the aid of DIAGRAM identify 2 portentioal targets for ABs and provide and example of an AB for each
cell wall synthesis beta lactams pencillin
chloramphenicol protein synthesis

using simple a diagram, very briefly describe the sutrcture of bacterial flagella
PMF, hook, rod, filament,

Pseudomnonas a. is intrinscilly resistant to beta lactam ABs such as pencillin. Briefly scribe the 2 reasons to
support this observation. Prpose one AB treatment strategy that may overcome P.a. resistance to beta
lactam AB
Beta lactamase, the outer membrane exluding the aB
Pencilin bindind porteins having low affinity for the drug
Biochemical modification of the target of the AB
Clavulanic acid, an inhibitor of beta lactamase activity

Briefly explain the mechanis of aminoglycoside ABs. use diagrams
Binds to 30s subunit

Draw gram negative cell envoplepe
Porin
Lipoproteins

Using a diagram, briefly secribe the development of a baceterial endospore

How are the following items, commonly found in a microbiological lab sterilized
Pasteur pipettes dry heat or moist heat autoclave
Plastic agar plates gamma irradiation
Microfuge tubes auto clave
Glucose solution filtration membrane

Using diagrams briefly describe bacterial chemotaxis