Department of Computer Science and Engineering: C++ Program Structure

MAILAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MAILAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: Mr. S.Thulasidass A.P-CSE & Ms. J.Jayapriya A.P-CSE

C++ Program Structure:
Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World.
#include <iostream>
// main() is where program execution begins.
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

Comments in C++
C++ supports single line and multi-line comments. All characters available inside any comment are ignored by
C++ compiler.
C++ comments start with /* and end with */.
For example:
// This is a single line comment
/* C++ comments can also
* span multiple lines
*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
/* C++ comments
This Program prints Hello World
*/
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

Data Types in C++
Three types:
Built in data type
Derived data type
User-defined data type
Data type is one of the fundamental properties of a variable.

1. Built in Data Types:
2. char a single byte that can hold one character.
3. int an integer
4. float a single precision floating point number.
5. double a double precision floating point number.
Qualifiers:-
short, long, signed, unsigned are called qualifiers.
i. Short, long size qualifiers
ii. Signed, unsigned sign qualifiers
Size qualifiers can not be applied to char, float, data types.
Sign qualifiers can not be applied to float, double & long double.


Name Description Size* Range*
char Character or small integer. 1 byte
signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
character: a to z A to Z & Special
Characters
short int Short Integer. 2 bytes
signed: -32768 to 32767
unsigned: 0 to 65535
int Integer. 4 bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
long int Long integer. 4 bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
bool
Boolean value. It can take one
of two values: true or false.
1 byte true or false
float Floating point number. 4 bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
double
Double precision floating
point number.
8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
long double
Long double precision
floating point number.
8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
2.Derived Datatypes:
Arrays
Pointers
Function
Reference
3.User-Defined Data Types:
Struct
Union
Class
Enumeration
C++ Operators:
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
C++ is rich in built-in operators and provides following type of operators:
Arithmetic Operators ( +, -, \, *, ++, --)
Relational Operators (==, !=, >. <, >=, <=)
Logical Operators (&&, ||, ! )
Bitwise Operators (& |, ^, ~, <<, >>)
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=)
Misc Operators ( sizeof, & cast, comma, conditional etc.)
Types of operators:
1. Assignment operators
2. Arithmetic operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Bitwise operators
6. Compound Assignment Operators
7. Increment & decrement operators
8. Conditional operators
9. Special operator


1.Assignment Operators (=)
General syntax: variable=expression;
2.Arithmetic Operators:-

Operator Meaning
+ Addition or unary plus.
- Subtraction or unary minus.
* Multiplication.
/ Division.
% Modulo division.
3.Relational Operators:-
It is used to make comparisons between two expressions. All these operators are binary and require two
operands.
Operator Meaning
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than equal to
>= Greater than equal to
= = Equal to
!= Not equal to
4.Logical Operators:
Logical operators are useful in combining one or more conditions. Any expression that
evaluates to zero denotes a FALSE condition and that evaluating to non-zero value denotes a TRUE condition.
Operator Meaning Type
&& Logical AND Binary
| | Logical OR
! Logical NOT Unary
5.Bitwise Operator:
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise EX-OR
~ Bitwise complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
6.Compound Assignment Operators:

7. Increment and Decrement Operator:-
Operator Syntax
++
variable name ++;
++variable name;
--
variable name--;
-- variable name;
Operator Usage Effect
+ = a + = exp; a = a + (exp);
- = a - = exp; a = a - (exp);
* = a * = exp; a = a * (exp);
/ = a / = exp; a = a / (exp);
% = a % = exp; a = a % (exp);

8.Conditional Operator(TERNARY OPERATOR) ?:

General syntax: exp1? True : False

7.Special Operators:

Sizeof = returns the size of data type or variable in terms of bytes occupied in memory.
delete = Memory release operator
new = Memory allocation operator
* = Indirection operator.
& = address operator.
, = comma operator.
:: = Scope Resolution operator

C++ Identifiers:
A C++ identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item.
An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C++ does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C++ is a case-sensitive
programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C++.

C++ Keywords:
The following list shows the reserved words in C++. These reserved words may not be used as constant or
variable or any other identifier names.
Asm else new this
Auto enum operator throw
Bool explicit private true
Break export protected try
Case extern public typedef
Catch false register typeid
Char float reinterpret_cast typename
Class for return union
Const friend short unsigned
const_cast goto signed using
continue If sizeof virtual
Default inline Static void
Delete int static_cast volatile
Do long Struct wchar_t
Double mutable Switch while
dynamic_cast namespace Template


CONTROL STATEMENT:
Conditional Statement
Looping Statement
Breaking Statement
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT:
If Statement
Ifelse Statement
Switch case Statement
SYNTAX:
if(condition)
{
//If condition true execute this
statement
}

if(condition)
{
//True statement
}
else
{
//False statement
}

switch(variable)
{
case (value1):
{
}
break;
case (value2):
{
}
break;
default:
break;
}

LOOPING STATEMENT
for loop
while loop
do while loop
SYNTAX:
for (intialise;condition;++/--)
{
// Statement
}

while (condition)
{
// Statement
}

do
{
// Statement
}while(condition);

Break statement:
A break construct terminates the execution of loop and the control is transferred to the statement
immediately following to the loop.
The term break refers to the act of breaking out of a block of code.
Fig:break statements in loops;
for(initialize;exp1;exp2)
{ _______;

if(condition) True
break;
_________;
}
statement;


Function:
Function Prototyping:
returntype functionname(argumentlist);
Ex:
int add(int a, intb);
Function Definition:
returntype functionname(argumentlist)
{
// Statements
}
Ex:
int add(int a, int b)
{
return(a+b);
}
Function Call:
functionname(argumentvalue);
Ex:
add(2,4);

Call by Value
int add(int a,int b); // Call by Value
Call by Referrence
int add(int &a, int &b); // Call by Referrence
int add(int *a, int *b); // Call by Referrence

CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Class Declaration
class classname
{
private:
//Data member
//Member Function
public:
//Data member
//Member Function
};
Object Declaration
Method 1:
Void main()
{
classname obj1,obj2;
}
Method 2:
class classname
{
//Data member
//Member Function
}obj1,obj2;


Accessing Class Members
For Data member
Objectname.datamember;
For Member Function
Objectname.memberfunction(argumentlist);

Defining Member Function
Inside the Class
class classname
{
returntype functionname(argumentlist)
{
// Statements
}
};
Outside the Class
class classname
{
returntype functionname(argumentlist);
};
returntype classname::functionname(argumentlist)
{
// Statements
}

Pointers
Declaration: datatype *pointer_variable;
Retrieve address: pointer_variable = & variable;

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MAILAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MAILAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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