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Braced Cuts and
Cofferdams
Prepared By:
Prof. Dr. Ing. Farouk El-Kadi
Professor of Geotechincal Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
Shorouk Academy
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Course : Foundation Engineering 2 Fourth Year Civil
Year : 2012 - 2013
Version : 00
Dams and Levees
Content
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dams
1.3 Hydrology and Hydraulics
1.4 Types of Dams
1.4.1 Concrete Dams
1.4.2 Earth Dams
1.4.3 Rock fill Dams
1.4.4 Roller compacted concrete Dams
1.5 Geotechnical analysis and design of Earth Dams
1.5.1 Seepage
1.5.2 Slope stability
1.6 Lessons from Dams failures
1.7 Levees
1.8 Summary
Brace Excavation
(2) Braced Cuts
Content
1) Construction and construction elements.
2) Loading (Earth pressure).
3) Design of structural elements.
4) Check to avoid heave in cohesive soil.
5) Stability of the bottom of cut in sand.
1- Construction and construction elements
Braced cuts
Braced Cut .
:
a- Vertical wall soldier beam and lagging as sheet pile.
b- Wale.
c- Strut.
(b) Braced cut using soldier beams
2- Loading (earth pressure)
(Braced Cut)
( earth pressure )
.
( earth pressure )
:
No deformation (Rigid wall).
Translation or rotation for the supporting wall.
( Braced Cut ( ) .)
2.1) Apparent pressure diagrams for
sand, firm clay and soft to medium clay
Terzaghi and peck method based on the following :
Excavation 6.0m
Artificial loading diagram is used for determining strut loads
Water table is below bottom of excavation
Pore pressure is not considered .
A stability expression (N) has been developed to indicate
the performance of excavation in clay .
(1)
= 0.65 K
a
K
a=
tan2(45 /2)
H (4)
K
a
= 1-m
2
6
60 ( 1 .)
Ring Compression
Stresses in Soil Vicinity of a vertical Shaft
1.2
.
40 250 10
45 ( 1973
)
( .)
6
)
.
2.0 Cylindrical Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Axis-symmetrical Case
3.0 Stresses at The Location of Shaft Before Excavation
The stresses at any point
(P
r,z
) before excavation of
the shaft are given in fig.(3)
We must notice that
z
,
r
,
= 1
=
0
2
=
0
3
= (4)
4.0 Stress in Soil after excavation
4.1 Using Lames theory
The martial located within the boundaries
of the proposed shaft can be replaced by an
equivalent liquid of unit weight (
L
) equal
to (K
o
). The state of stress in soil will not
change (Fig. 4) ( = unit weight of soil)
=
=
0
5
No effect on the stresses in the soil in the
vicinity of shaft.
The stresses due to equivalent liquid
pressure using Lames formulae for thick
cylinders, we get the following stresses at
point (p) due to pressure of equivalent
liquid
Shaft
Lame
Biot
4.0 Stress in Soil after excavation
4.2 Using Biot theory
o After the shaft has been excavated Fig 5,
the shear stresses and radial stresses on the
interior surface are zero.
o The effect of excavation the shaft can be
considered equivalent to that of pumping
the liquid out of
a cylindrical hole whose dimensions are
identical with those of the shaft (Biot 1935)
o The stresses after excavation are:
=
=
=
0
=
0
1
0
2
=
=
0
1 +
0
2
2
Tunnels
Stresses in soil at any point P(r,z) before the excavation
on the tunnel
= 1
=
0
2
=
0
3
Tunnels
Using the same method as in the case of shaft the
stresses after excavation of tunnel will be:
=
0
1
0
2
=
0
1 +
0
2