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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY I
CENTRAL
LIBRARY
CmNo. 951J. ()2 F.Jl-,])OW
- ...
O.GA. 79.
1
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l

THE HISTORY OF INOlA
(STUD.IFS IN INDIAN HISTORY)
(VOL,'VU)




r
..

' I
THE
HISTORY OF INDIA
As Told By 111 Ow11 Ifistorillns
'
THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD
THE POSTHUMOUS PAPERS
OF TRJ! LATE
SIR M. ELLIOT
17650
Edited by Prof. John Oowson
SUSB. GUPTA (INDIA) PRIVATE L1D
CALCUTTA J2

Firsc Edition 1869
Edltion 1959
:

. r;"tge JS6, Unc )6. For "Shttbl'i" re11d "Shed."
l
-
PUBLISHERS'
Tbc ten papen pu blisbed in this. volllltle are drawn
Vol. VII the original edi.tion of this' worl<, and
widt the reign' of Shah Jaban,
$hah, Jahandar Shah and Farrukh.Siyar, of the little brjd.
authority of Rafi'u-d-Daula and Rafi'u-d Darajat, and oB
the early years of the reign of Muhln1)mad Shah.
Th.l.s part of th.e Studies in battian History is lhercote
to be treated ns companion to "Sb.ah. J abao",
"Aurang2eb" and "Later Mughals".
The three J3ibliogr:aphical Notices--.Tarili/au-1 ]awiabi;
111;h-banl.-d Datval, Tarikhi Rifji Muhammad Kandahar/,
' FvtulatN Salatin and Tarikh-i Hakimani Hind are works.
relating to the reign of Akl)ar a.nd reproduced from
Vol. VI (or.igi.rull edition) .
. .,.,; . '
- Of the nexhhrec the .first analyses the poelll5
of Badre Chacli, a of course, inferiqr to Amir Khwru.
r }{is works attracted. some notice at the to\ITL of Muha)lllllacl
The two atticles that follow are the worlis of
ilie;-ciditor. T.he first of these u taken from an in
the Noii(es et des Mss; the o'ther from the Trdtfels
of Jqil Baima, a native .9f T41:1gicr$, wlio travelled over rhe .
,greater part' of Asia, and visited India in the of
Muham.!Dad:.T.\lghluk . . These articles originally
in VoL ni . . ' _
Ol,:l in Upper Jndi:a
of lly
ap,Reare<l (n ihct tl:pl. \a; (o;lgin:il
. T;hc, is a !liS}; o.f in tltis. v.ol\une "1\'ftb
!}). names
, Mufazza!f-!:J; .M. EJHot_.and ' 171'!-'Uhil.
.._, 2: .Elh?!' l\1\d rntmslus. 3, Zinarut
't;ltwatlJCh-H. M. Elhpt. :<!'. t\1,
Elliot Editor. 5. Ma-Asir-i 'Alamgil:i-H. M. Elliot
and "LUt. l'erkins," 6. Futuhati 'Alamgiri-H. M. Elliot
and Editor. 7. Tarikh-i Mu!.k-i Asham-H. M. EIIiot and
8. Wa.kai' of Ni'arnat Khm-H. M. Elliot a1,1d
Editor. 9. Jang-nama of Ni'amat Khan-H. M . .Elliot nnd
Editor. 10 . .R.uk'at-i 'Alamgiri- H. M. Elliot. 11. Biblio-
graphical Notices-Reprint from old volume. 12. 'Firc-
in Upper India-H. M. Elliot. 13. Knowledge of
Sanskrit by llfuhammadans-H. M. Elllot. 14. Poems of
Oadr M. Elliot. 15. Masnliku-1 Ab5ar-l!.ditor.
16. of Ibn Batuta-Editor.
CONTENTS
l. Ta,rWI-i .Mufaw/i
:Jl Mi.r-llli 4/nm, MiNJIi ]ahannuma
8. 'Aurang>-cb's Charily .. .
tl. Aurangteb's Habits and Manners ...
5. Tawarikh
6. Alamgir-Nama
7. tuncss of ShaJL Jahan ...
$. Her8y o Dara Sltukoh
9. Mao(l.firi Alamgiri
...
...
10. E.arthquake . ..
II. 0 utbreak of Satnan>iS'(Mondihs)
12. Caves of Ellora
18. Prince 1., Mu'auam
H. of Aurangzc!b . ..
Ftlluhati A1!Wigiri ...
' 16. Tarikhi Mullti Asha11
17 . . Wakai' o.f Ni'amat Khim
18. of. Ni'amat Khan
19, 'A. lamgiri
20. Nouaes .. .
" /anntibi ... .. .
1'41-ilt.lff. Haji Md. .. .
Slflatin ...
8iml
.Rar
%J. JCMaid .. ol. Ba,l(r Cliach: . .. ..
f/11'!,}ikfk/ 4'b$ac l!ij 4.msar
"28. o{ i bn .. .
On Fire.Worship in Vpper India .. .
25. On 'Knowledge ot sarullrit
b)' Muhammadans ._, ......

...
I
5
16'
16 ...
25
26
so .
at
38
86
88
42
42
45
50
51
'5)
53
53

56
'58
QiJ
6b
.,. :s9i
6.
6
"' .82
128
t
TARIXH-I MUFAZZALl
017
MUFAZZAJ... KHAN
(l"ws is n gellcral h.istory of considerable length, writte.n
by Saiyid Mu.Wzal Khan. It begins with the Creation,
and comes down to 1077 A.H. (1666 A.D.), the tenth year
.of tlu: tcign of Aurangzcb. A copy of the Table of
from another MS. brings the work down to the
time o( P:arrukl1 Siyar. The work is divided into seven.
JlUllcaltU or aectloru, the six.th and seventh of which ou:e
devoted to India. In rlte account of Nasiru-d din
Rub:adl:t it gives an epitome of lhe Cltaclt-namo, which!
w translated into Persion under hiJ; It is:
an. cxtcn&ivc work o n,early r< pages, sevenieen.
lines to the page. The following :Exrrncu, appauntly
translated by :t munshi, hove been revised by Sir H. M.
Elliot.]
l'.XTRACtll
WHI!H Shah Jaban mounted the throne at aU the
officer. or State came to pay their respects to him, but
Khan Jahan Lodi, who was one of the greatest ol&en
tmdd the late Emperor Nurud din Muhammad Jahangli'
1
did ML attend lh.e COurt on the pie.-. of illness. Tbi$
,w.u v,ery to Hi.l Majesty, and when-at lrut be
utd attend ilie Court, lte apoke in a very. disl:e$ppcibll
tone
1
which excited :ens Majesty's ang,er. AI a
punishment for his insolence, an order w:rs giv= 10 lev-el
his house with the. gtound. Being in(ormed of i c, he
Red immediately with his whole lamlly and property, and
attempted to aoss lhe Cbambal, but wu punued by
Rajn J)alladur with a large forQe. Jsmat 1il!ans the son
of KhanJhan Lodi.. <a boy only twelve years .of ,age, came
IP M cngagemellt with tbu ol!icl!t" and 1!-illed 1Um -witlf
. S1'UDillS L\f JliiDlAN HISTORY
his own. hand. The royalists, on the death of th.cir
gdleral, made a vigorous nttack upon the enemy. lsmat
Khan was slain, but KhllnJ alum himseU escaped 'and
crossed the river.
In A.H. 1040 (1630 A.D.) the Emperor proceeded to the
Dakhin, and conquered 1nnny places there. The fort of
Daulatabad, wb.ich was the capithl of tb.e neighbouring
territory, was taken by Kh.nn-khanan Muhammad Khan.
Such a- magniiicent and beautiful folt of red stone
'Yas built on t'iie babks of the Jui!Ula, that no buiiding
11.\:.e )t was ever constructed by any of the kings 'vho had
t'u.led in. lndia. .Besides other magnificent works, tlte
'Peacock throne 'Y1ill made by this monarch, was set
with all kinds of preciouS stones, Jt was prcrarcd at the
'expense ot .nine nine lac.1 and one tbowamt rupees.
Sa'du'lla Khan and Mudabbir Khan, who WCle both
good scl1olan, were descxvcdly appointed ministers to the
throne.
Prince Dara Shukob was man-ied to the grand
daughter of Sultan Panvez, and the nuptial ceremonies
were performed with such pomp and splendour as wa.
never witnessed before.
The Mosque of Jama' Jahannuma was built near
,die lfort under the superintendence of Sa'du-lla Khan, at
the elQpetue of ten lacs of .
.Prince,,Muhanun.-t!i Murad llak.luh was appointed
the Gove{no.rsliip of Ahmadabad in Cujantt, with me
grant. of an i!.ress and some jewels to the
of, fi.vc lacs of rup.tca ; ana P.rince Aurangzeb
to that of the Frovillcc of the Dakhin, md 'With
a sarpedv, a ;ul'd jewels to the value
0
t;'S.vtdi!C.r o
of-rupees, was granted to him. They were all fo
go t.o their ri!Spective .. and the Empttor himself
Came to Agra., 'lte re.rhained nine. months: a,nd then
recw;ned to Debli. As, h.e ,proceeded on. hi$,. jo\u:ilty, 'he [
himself on. the way with all kinds ot sports.
:,g_ls Majesty had _been pleased to,.assure" h.is motlier'
.(tvlaWJ<the wife of Asa Kba.n, in< tile of her pregnancy,
S'I\JDJES IN INDIAN" HISTORY
that if she broaglit forth a son, he would make h.im a
mansabdar of 5000 horse ; and accordingly, when a son
was born to her, the rank was conferred on the child
under the title of Shayista Khan .Bahadur.
About the same time MuhamJnad Darn .Shukoh was
declared to 'be the successor to the throne, and . ili,e entire
of the Government was placed
ThcLChargc was accordingly undertaken by the ' Priitee,
but l'rovidcnce had dctcn;nincd otherwi$1:. The cow'ltr}';
was destined to be rnlcd by a justcr and .better prince,
and every drcumstance which occurred in. tlul&e days
combined assi$r him in obtaining the throne.
On the 7th Zil hijja, 1067 A..H. (Sept l657A.D.), the
Empilror Shah Jahao, who &h:tll henceforth be called
Ala E.t:at, fell sick. in Dchli, RJJd wns unable to attend
the duties of the Sc:ate. Dara Shllkoh, the eldest Prince,
Amending to avail himself of the circumstance, so managed
th.at no oews rcg-.trding tb.e public affairs could transpire.
This gave rise to great disCUibances in the counlrv; Murad
Jlakh!Jh, the fourth son of the 'Emperor, who ' ""' th.e
of Gujarat, se;tted himself on the- throne and.
declared himself independenl. Shah. Shuja, the
Pcicc, auo followed the same 'course in Bengal an'd
prepared an. arniy. Dara Sltllkoh, being afraid oi his
brotlier Aurallpb, prevailed upon the Emperor during
his sicl.'lleS! to recall the (orces which were with
Prince. His' object in ta.kiog this measure was Jirst to
despatch the t wo rebel princes, Shuja:' and Murad Balc:bsh ..
out of his way. !Uld tb.en to pro.ceed toth.e Dakhin
Aurangzcb. He His Majesty to Agra in the very
nelght of his and. sent Raj a Jai Singh wlth a rOJ'lll
army, and. his own 'fox,;e under the Iii$
soilc Sulo.illllln Shukoh, igll.iltit Shah Shuja'. He a!_soot.d:cft'e<l
Raja JaswanL Singh t6 niarcll: a
M,Uwa, the threshold of the Dak'hitl,' to preyett; ih:t !llleiny
fcirm advancillg. This Hindi wlYI onCl' of' the
Rajas of Hindustan, and. :is ;he :Wit!"' very nc!ail):
iohnecHo the Emperor, he had Ills . confidence' itl
STOl)lES Iii INl>lAN HISTORY
a considerable degree, and had obtained n f.ew days be{OT<l
the title of ja.
Towards J.he end of the year 1067 A.n., when, in
consequence of the emperors sicknOS$, disturbances arose
in all parlll of tbe country, Bi.ta Narain, Zamindar o
Kucb Billar, took possession of the territory of Kamrup,
which bell?nged to the empire of DChli. 1t wns also nt
the same time eha:oacbed by Jal Bijal Singh, Raja
of.; Asanl, who nlways consi.dered his dominions secure
froril. the depredations of the royad army. T o protect
Kamrup, a large army was despatched by lund under
the command of Khankhnnan,

considering tile
service very impottant, obmined leave of the Emperor
to depart immediately, and left ,KbJ<rpur on the l Bth of
Rabi'u-1 awwal, in the 4th year after His Majesty's
accession to the throne, and conq'!ered tlle city.,!> Kuch
Bihar on the. 27tb of tbc. same month. After
he changed the nam.e.of the city to
the 28th to invade As3Jll by way of
After five months' exertions, tbc city of Kntk:alu, wllicli
was the chief residence of the ruler of As:un, wili talien
on the 6th of Sha'ban. M account of the immense booty,
bi>tb in property and cash, ihicll fell into tbc bands (lf
the. :llietors, as also of the number of men killed on both
in these battles, and of t.he rarities and wonders of
Kuch Bihar ll.lld Asam, togther wit.h a description of the
vegetable products of tbe country, the
mannJlrs 1\lt!i c:Ustoms of the people, and their fqrts and
buildings, is fully givc11 in When
tbe Emperor the report of these
conqutsts from th.e Kban-khanan, the genei;tl'
royal pat favour to,
Amin Khan, anst. ltim with tile, grant of
in his Q'wti. The IDl.al\ abo received
:v,:jai'?Mn in appro'bationof. hiuer:ylces, and -was rew:u;dtd
wJth. honorary. dress, one kror .li[ dafn;f, 2nd the .ibs,ig!P'a
or the fttrman and tugh. . .
t
I
STI:ll)ru ,IN lNDlAN FOSTORY
MIR-AT-1 'ALAM,
MIR-A T-I JAHANNUMA.
Oil'.
DAKkrAWAR KHAN
two lilitories, though circulating under dilfere,nt
t\amea, may be considered as es.sentinlly one :tl\d the same.
Dr. Bernhard Dorn, at p. xv. of the Preface to .his
"History of the Afghans/' deSGribes the 'Aiam
;is a most valuable universill history, ewritte.n in Persian,
by .Bakhta\<iar Khan, who by travel and assiduous. study
had qualified himself for the task of an historian. Dr.
Dorn tnJ:ntions also that the lilitory ot t:he Afgb311$ by
Ni'.nmatu-lla, which )te translated, frequently corresponds,
word for word, with that found in the Mir-at-i 4./am.
He gives the following abstract of a copy in the
British Museum :
:.'Section I .-History of the Patriarchs ; of the
hraelil:e Kings ; of Lukman and Daniel ; of the Hebrew
hoJ,hets; of Jesus and the Apostles; of the Seven SleeP5rs;
of some Saints, as Georgius, Darseesa, Samson, etc.; of the
ancient Sages, as Solon, Pythagoras, Sotratcs, Diogenes,
Plato; Aristotle, Pliny. Homer, Zeno, Ptolemy, Tbalcs,
Euclid : after that. follows the history of the Persian
Monarclu and of the Yemen Kings..
Section of Muhariunad, III:-Hlstory
.of the Khalifs of other Dynasties, as the Saff:uides, etc.
Of llit!. Rollllln and the Turkish Emperort
1
eic: Section V .:...Histirry of the Sbarifs of M"ec'ca alld
Medina. VL-History of the Turkish Khans,, etc: Vilf,
.!-E:i.story, of Changiz. !Ulan and his
History of different DJqJasties in IraJJ:, etc
1
, after i.!ltntan
I ;,\bu Sa'id llabadur Kb.arn i\fter that> a lUSfOrf of'India
'.(oJJows, in whiCh there is the Histol}' of ,of
Dehli, . .from Shah:tbu-<1 din .to il>tJlJnm 1:.0di; qt
.Kcuigs of the .!Dal,hln. Humay,un Sf\er "Shah,
STIJ.DlF.S IN .INDIAN HISTORY
Shah, and 'Adil Shah; of the lUngs of llengal, etc.; of
J aunpuT, et.e.; Humayun's conquest of Kabul."
Dow also quOtes tbe work as one of Ills authoritie& in
his Continuation aE and in the "Prclacc lO hla
third volume spew of it as being compcsed by Nati:r
llakhtawar Khan, a man of letters, who. led a pi:lvate life
ncar l'aridabad, within n few miles of Agu, and ltates
that it, tile history tbe firsr ten 'years of

. This latter description conesponds with the Mlr:GIi
]ahm1-numa usually met with in Lhis cow1tby '; and
t.be llalllC of the author is the same in both
jQAtances, it is evident tbal Dr. Dorn's and Colonel
Dow's descriptions of the portions devoted to Indhm
history scarcely refer to tbc &.'tme work. The contenu
also of tbe several books dilfer in mnny respects, as will
be seen &on,). the following :tb.stract of the MiNJli ]alutn
numa, which is found in India; but as there can be no
doubt IJ1at tbe two works are the samo in substance, there
is reason to apprehend that Dr. Dorn's dc.scriptidn is.
dcleclive in some particulars.
T he MiNJti ]ahannuma is clivided into a Preface,
(A rais/1), and a Conclusion. Those are
.subdivided into several Sections (namaish and paiTa,is,h)
and SulMections (namud), of all which the following js
a full detail. :
bom:ENTS
P.RllFAc;E: Introdvction-Gives an aCCOtlllt of t)l.e creation
of the heave!\ an,d tarth, tbeit inhabitant5-tb.e , ]inns,
lblls, etc.
BooK of:,tbe. pnttiatch!l, ;l\ns1
ki11gs who llonrisljed be(orc lb. c dawn -9 MJI4;iW' 'j
<iiadas;lism. !n four 1. G>a the
'l'atriarclu,-2. On the (9e 1
Kings . of' Persia. In Sect:ioru.4eetion
1
i. 14lc j
Pi!$hdadians.-ii. Kaianians.- ili>. The Mulllk.."ut
, I
7.
Tawai.-iv. The S;lSanian.s,-v. '])he Akasinls.-CI\apter
4. History of lhe of Yaman.
B901t n.-An of Muhammad, hU exploits;
his. chara.cter and .miracles, his descendants and wi'Ves,
Sl!ccessors and hn3llll, some of his an_d &p,en-
deArs, the men wh9 el)poundtd the' -rcligipl), lhc
Sl1flas a11d Ma.'lhaikhs. !n lliiJ;teen 'Chaprer$.-dhap,ter
1. An account of Muhammad and bis
character and miracles.-$. His wives.-4. }lis descendlln:ts:
----5, The frrst four KhaUfas.-6. The lmaw.-7. Tbc
ten Frl,ends of llluhammad whose names arc
given i n alpllabetical oxder.-9. The followers of Mubam
mall and lheil' dependents.-tO. The .four great Imams.
,....,1 I, "[lhc seven persons who were appointed to rcail
thp 'K:oran.-12. The great expounders. of the K,uran; t,he
,desccm of the holy mantle, the different orders of tb,e
sects of the Slutikhs. ln there Sectiom.-Sec'tion i. The
great expoundcts o the Kuran.-ii. The of
ttle holy mamle.-iii. The different orC!crs and sects . of
thC U. The hn!y men of Arabia an4
Peria, dte celebrated saints of Hiodustan, and
.doctoxs. In Ll:tree L
Qli' the Shaikh& and the holy men of Arabia<.;and Peiiia.
-il. The celebrated Saints of aindustan.-iii. The
Muhammadan doctors.
llooK Ill.-Tbe 'Ummayides, 'Abb:uidCll, and those
kings who were contemporary with the Abbas ides; the
Cresars of. :Rum; the Sbarifs of Mecca and Medina J we
K;hans of the Ta:rks ; Mulukut Tawai. ln. eight
'Ummayides.-2. The
The. .w)lo were contmnpO,IJllq'IWMl!i ihe ,
'Abllasides. In eleve.n The 1'
ii. trJie . The J:pe
'The Ghorians.-vi. or
The
The. Ataba'ks:-,-x.
Karakhitais Q ;Kirman.-bnpter 4'. Q-ll the .Kings
In ciig)lt

i. T.he Th<!
"
'
8
STUDli!.S IN INDIAN HTSTOR\'
who ruled in Rum.-iii. The Danis.tunandias.
-iv. The Saliki:t who governed in Azurbaijan and
.Rum.:.....v. The Salikia or Mo.nkuc!Jkia Kings who ruled
in Azurbaijan and The Kar.lmans.- vi.i.
The Ottomans wb.o are calltd out of respect Khwandgars.
-Chapt!!f 5. The Sharifs of Mecca and Mcdina.-6. The
:X.hnns of Ute Turks. In four Sections.-Section i. History
of Turk, son of Yafis Gapbet), son of Nuh, anp. his
T.atat and his <l=ndants.-iii. Moghul
nnd. his desccndarus.-4v. Lnnjar Ka-:u1 and b.is desc:el'\-
-ctmts.-Chapter 7. Chnngiz Khru\ and his descendants.
In seven SC!C.tions.-Section i . Changiz Khnn.-:ii. Descen-
,dants of Changiz Khan who ruled in Ulugh:yurat, which
the seat of hls Hi< descendants who
obtained the rank of Khan in the deBC!'t of
iv. Hi< <lc:Sccildants who Obtained same rank in the
country of ' Iran.-v. The Khans of Turan wh.Oo<w.cre the
acscendants of Cbagh:uai Khan, son of Cha11giz Khan<>-
vi. The Shaibania Kings.-viL The Khans of Kaslighar
who were the descendants of K:han, son of
Changil Khan.-Chapter 8. Mulll)<.ut Tawaif, who
rcigned in Ir.an after Sultan Abu Sa'id 13ahadur Khan.
rn five Sections.-Section i. 1'hc Chubaninns.-Ji. The
llklmiJins.-iii Amir Sb.aikh Abu! Ishak Inju and the
Muzafl'acides.-:-iv. The Xurt The Sarabdariaru.
BOo& r,v:-Timur and his descendants wbo rulqd
in. Iran' and . Turan ; the Kara-kulnlu and Akkttinlti
Tulers ; the Safawiya :Kings. In four Chapters.-ohaptet.
I. Timui' and his Clesccmd1mt& who goverlled in Iran and
T.uran.-2. The Gurganian rulers who ruled in Iran all.d
Khnrasan:-8. Trhe K.ara-kuinlu K.ings,..-4. The Safawiya
Kings who stilt OCCUJ?Y t.h.e throne of the country of Irnn.
v.-An account of Hil)dnstan; religious
'J;t!!tions of the .aindus 1 Sultans of Deh:.li and q_ther parts
ot ffi;ndustan, w.here at present thelt/ust,bl!. isreac;l. and coin
struck ln the name of the '.:Emperor. 4n ;l',nti;odttor:l.on nud
nine Introduction. 0n : the- reUgioU$
<lf the Hin,dtu, history of of: the :Rais 6f Hirldus{'an,
J
J
.

.
STUDIES IN U\'PlAN BlSTOR\'
and the dawu of 1\i!ub.ammadaoism in lh.i!l country.-
Chapter I. K,ings of Dehli from Shahabu.d din Chori. to
Sultan 'llmthim Lodi.-2, Rulers of the Dal<hin. ln six
SllctionJ.-l. '11\c llah.mnnis.-U. The llaridis.-iii. Tlte
'tmadSlulru.-iv. Til Niznmul Mui!Qs.-v. 'J.lhe 'Adil
Khaois.-vl. -Kutbul Mulids.-Chapter 8, .Rlllq... ot
Glljarat.-4. Chiefs of Sind. In two Sections.:...Sectlon
.i. Kl.ng$ of Thacta.-ii. Rulcf$ of 5.
Princes of :BengaL-6. Chic& of Malwn.-7. Thee
Farukis of l<handC!lh.-8. The b.'itcrn Kings of Jaunpur.
9. Rulers of Kaslnni:r.
Doox VI_- 'The C.lrganians who ruled in .Hindustan
from tile time of Zabiru-d Muhammacl Babar to the reign
ot the .Emperor Sb.ah Jahnn. ! 11 five Chapcers.-Cbapter
1. liistory of Dabar.-2. l:Iuroayun.-8. Akb;u.--4,
Sbahjahan.
Boou of Aurang-z.cb ' Alamgir, In
three ChapteN.-Cb.aptcr I. His history from the time
his mioority to the period ten yean subseq\lcb.t to his
Uis qualities and c.lt:tr.acter; his clcscendant.s;
the extent of his cmpitt; his conten:tpotary .,ruJers;dn
fi.vc Sections.-5ection i. His charactcr.-iJ, His deKen
da'1ts.-iii. The extent o!' his empire wjtn-a petJit of the
Provipces.-iv. His tt;Ilers.;-Y; The aucient
3. :;pur,. Sections.-section
i. An '\OCQut):t o moD._,oLthe author's time.-
-ii. The Some wonderful anq
mlll:Ve)J;ous An account of the
anctstQn.
Gonclusion;.....ol): the: Poets\ -/uiJ!i9!
1540 pajlCS,
cont!Urung an avitif.ige of 20 lines. .
. ;n will be sc(m. that both Dr. nom and Col1n1J,l .Ilow
:asctibe tfle Mlrat-i 'Jito.m' exclusively to ;
.b,ut l t ma.y Be doubtelf 'i he had to do
w.i_th: its composition. There is in fact -very gteat.
the au!horship of. this worx, wbicb.
oqglit; I tQ be entit:ely tO
lO
STUD!l!S IN lNDJAN HISTORY
'Muhammad Baka of Saharanpur, an intimate frcnd o
:Onkhtaw.ar Khan. It may he as well to consider tbe
clajrns of these two, as well as of others, to the author
Jb.iv.
l'UtAN. lie was a nobleman of
Aurangzeb's Court. In the tc.ntb year of the reign be
was appointed to the rarik of one thousand, and in tile
thirteenth ))e was made superinte11dcnt o the eunuchs.
He wns -a favouiite eunuch of the Emperor, who followed
his bier j or some paces towards the grave.' The Mir-aN
'Aiam, o wb.ielt he the prcsrur1cd nU<bor, and whicl1
ccttainly- benrs his name, was comprised in a Preface.
seven l!raish, Afwi$h, and a Conclusion, and was
written in the year I 078 A.n., theo date being
by the words Ainn:i bakht, ''the mirror of fortune,"
which al.so seems to confirm the title of Bakhtawar Khan
to the authorship of the work. He med in 1095 A.H.
(l684 A.n.). The Pr-eface stntC$ bow fol,ld the :was
of hi&torical srudies, ancl how he hnd long determined
upon writing such a work, as this. Towards the end
of the wor.l:, he shows how many worb he had written
and abridged ; amongst others, which are nll ascribed
by 'Muhammad Shafi' to 'Muhammad Bnka, we fuul an
abricJP.em of the Tariltll-i 'Alfi and the A.khbn.rul
Akh'ya'T'i"' 'J!here can be no mjstake about the person to
whom it is meant to ascribe these works in this passage,
usc the same Chapter mentions the builmngs .founilcd
by the person alluded to as .tlic compiler, and nmongS.t
them lll'e_ mentioned lhe villages ot .Bakhtawnrpur .a.nP
.Bakhtawarnagnr.
ll.-MlrRA'Id)tAn BAKl\.. H'is name does -not
in the Preface to the i\fir-ati 'A lam, ,but in the
of !tim, written Muhammad 'Sha'ti it .is . distinctly
stated th_at he wrote th,e wol-1 at _tlie req_ues\. a'Tld in the
iuitnl:, of bjs intimate 4iencl Bakhta.War Khn1i; but left
incomplete.
Kowal )(han( in the Ta:lc;lratu!l Umara,

5':\UDJl>.S JN INDIAN Y
!t
Ill.-M VHAMMAD. Sa.u>l'. l:Ie was the son of tQ.e
sister o.f Muhammad Balta, and he tclls us. ill the Preface
to t.hc Mir-nli falumtmma that Muhalllllllid Ba.ki !tad
lcfl. sevet'2l sheets . of au historical wotk inCO!llplete, ill
revhlon, and )le j'ias ,t;!lhlk
rug of puttwg t.ltein mto sb11pe and
or publication, when he )'Ia& warned ill a that
it was a sacred duty he should fullil towards itill5la
memory, lliat he readily obeyed this illjunctioo, and arter
supplying whl\t was defective ill the work, especially on
the subject of the .l'rophcts, completed his labours ill
1095 A.U., the year of Bakh,tawar Khan's death; but <Utet
it, because he speaks of ltUll under a title used only
death, and called b.is work Mirlloti Jahi1.n11Uma. This
is the history of .which the deailcd contents are given
above. The lose sheet$ be alludes to are evidently the
}\{ir-41i' A/am, though he dots not. e;xpressly-say so, even
wl:ien he that work as one of t)lose composed
bY Bah ; nevertheless, ns the very wor<ls of
Mir-ali 'lllam and the ]o.hannuma arc identical
in the chapters which rclare to the same subject5,, there
can be no doubt that "the lose sheets" and
1
$e lifi<llti
'A lam are also the same; but the credit of.tbe Mirati
'41a.!ll Sbou.ld be so depredated it is not easy to say,
,it was done for tb:e purpose of enhancing the
rqerit the nepllcw's Jabours.
IV.-MUH.A.M;![AI> Rl%{>. He wa& yotmger brother
l)f llaka. His concern ht the W?fk is vcry
qnless on the tmd.erst.anding; IJ;lal:t
1
a<:llRlliling UJ,ual Indian foible, .he had a 'l}latel wt
hi\ nepheio.; ' alsO edilcd f.r.o .
''!l!.e Jeavl!B"ieft., by Mohammad .Bak;t, 111ithoilt.'any'
.:i)lilsiS1n to,Uie ,pf )lis nephew. :nte !late
.of;his (.'()ro_pila,tio!l iS ,il'91ll)'enti\)ned, but that
Mubammad.. Shali' in the work) .and D;l1JSt !):ave been
a.waxe oE,what- pe had. 4on.,, .is eviden,t,
1
; or the
oLll:he wort-. where lte g!vest<ll} of .h)s
9f .llathu;l.la
12 STUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY
1100 A.a., a date five years subsequent to th.at in which
Muhammad Sh.a.6: had stated that Fathu-lla was still
Uving. Muhammad Rlza does not say he had the sane
tion of a dream or his undertaking, but that he had long
wished to arrange the dispersed sheets of his brother's
history, and had only waiied for the time appointed bv
destiny to do so
1
which at last, notwithstandirt.g the avo
cations of his officia:l duties, made its appearance, and
the result is the M.ir-ati ]ahannuma, a name which he
gave to the work, in consequence of implied
6! his brother to that cll'ccL; but as the imperfect work
written in his brother's lifetime was called MINrt-i
it doci not appear why t.be name was changed in.to
.Miral'-i ]nhnn-nmM, a title chosen with some reason by
b.i.s nephew, because it the chronogram oJ'
1095 A.H. The author his additiora comprise an
account of the Prophets from Nuh to Muhammad; of
the Philosophers, of the lmaTns, of the Khalifs; of the
Saints of Persia, Arabia and I;Iindustan, and of the l'oets.
He says he will mention more about hls own additions
in the Conclusion : but the two copies which I have con
.sultcd, one in the 'Moti Mahal Library at and
the other in the possession of Khadim Rnsain Sadro-s
S.udu,- of Cawnpore, arc deficient at the end. He des.ig
nit.es the history which Muhammad wrote at l:he
reque.!t of Khan, as T11rikil-i 'Aia.mgirl, and
not Mir-dt-i '4/afn; bUL It is evident that in tllis case also
the leaves" are th0$0 included in the Mir-ati
'Altfm. He dlvlaes his. Mir-at-i ]ahan'lltlma into a Pre-
face. eleven A.raisll, and a Conclusion, ancl has subdivided
ihe work in other respects a little more minutely than
his predecessor. For insqtnce, he. has devoted fourteen
npmaish to an account of' by llis prede
ceysor is in one; he ba& adopted some other
-1liiilu,te differences, in otc;!er 10 give al). afr originality
to hi$ work, and give h.irit a. title, to indepertqent auLbor-
ship ;: but the two works' called Mil'-ltl-i n)i;y
be t onsidert'd iar all material' t,ht san:ic: l:Jelt'ffe..,_
SfllDfl!S INlND!AN
of !.he editor. has added to lho lilitory of
Aurangzeb's reign by Mubammad Bak:t, !.hough he carries.
it down only to 1 0?8 A.u.
It will be aecn, therefore, that the author of
these vn.rious works is 1\{uhamltlad :Baka, lho.ugb_ he, i&
tile person to whom they are least asciibeq, i.o q9n-
not only his attributing his own 1abqur,' to
others, but from the prominence which his editors
endeavoured to give to their own names.
His teal name. wns Shaikh Muhammad, and his
poetiCal title was llaka. He was bOrri in A. H. 1087. In
his early youth he applied himsell' to lho study of the
Kurnn, and in a short space of time learnt t.lie' whole of
it by' heart. Having read n few books wilh his father, he
.wen\ to Sirhind. where he studied several branches of
kriowledge under Shaikh 'Abdu.Jiah, surnamed Mum,
and other learned men. He acq uircd with
Muhammadan traditiom under the tuition of Sluikh
Nurul son of Shaikh "Abdul flak!<. of Dehli, and
having his penlfission to teach this branc:ll, bl'
learniJ'Ig, he returned 10 his native city of
and devoted his tlme to intparting' lili lo1o'Me'afc to
ot)lors. Afterwards, by desire of his allier, he for.swore
concerns, and directed his 'W'hole atten.tion to
worship:. and devotion.
When his father diccl. he entolled among the
disciples of Shaikh Mubnmrond of Sirhind, and. made in,
a. :sh
0
rt dme '-<cry {:ousidexable progress in
kJl.owledge. Qn 1'-g;Un ;.:eturning to his 'llaWS p)!\tCJ
led, J.ike .a .retired life. Soop
\d
ap iptlmi'te. :fRcM of 'Ji),qt
1
ilJ.l\l<thad
!Ji.l_; officc
a to .!.he Aurangzeb-
to qiln:t, ai).d secm:ed -!a.f..d,im
.tank, \vbf.91L lie b,ut ,with .mu1i e,luctanre, ili,!l
Q ,odly 't9 importuoiPCJl of )lis fr iends. :r'h:i$:
to haye tlie 'fOfulh '}'Car of
14
STUDiJ!S.lN INDIAN fi'ISTORY
reign. Although be held :t high ran1:, and had public
duties to attend to, yet be always Jed a life' of retiretnent;
notwithstanding which, we are told lliat lhe Emperor was
yexy favourably disposed toniardJI him.
_- Besides Writing tne Mir-at-i A.lam, he roade extracts
from the worl<o of Hakim Sanni, the Mantiitu-t Tair of
Faridud din Attnr, nnd tb.c celebrated masnawi of
Mau1nna Rumi. "the most eminent writers on Divine
subjects, who unan\mously agree in lheir religious tenets."
He also abridged tbe Dirqan of Saib and the Saki,.
nama, and n Riya:u.-1 A.uliyn, or history o
Saints, and n TIU.kirahht Slut'ara, or biogrnphy of J.loe.!$,
wilh extracts. lt i.s pr<?bable chat mudt. of these two
works is comprised in the Mirat-i fallannuma, notwith-
atanding that M uhrunnmd Ri2a states the loose sheet.& left
by Muhammad Baka lo have been deficient in those parti-
culars. The lli'yantl Auliya is an exceeding! y useful but
rare wor.k, .comprised ill S80 pages of 15 lines,
value is gteatly enhanced by being arranged alphabeti
ca!l.y. ln the preface to this work the author distinctly
states, that in lhe Mirnt-i 'A. /am he bad dcvored a
namaisfl to an Jtecount of the Saints, bllt lhoug/lt proper
to write, "' a subsequent period, thi. more. copious work
UpQo sumc subject.
'1'\\S also an origil1:11 poet, and his poeticul tnlen ts
axe bighl'y P,raised in th.e Pa-rl!alu-n NIU.irin, at the close.
of Aurangzcb's reign.
Towat<ls tli_e' dO:SC .i>Fbis life, he was appointed sarltar
of Saharanpur,. whetc cr&:ted some useful buildtnga.
J\L lhe instance of hiSrelations ' and friends he consLrucrcd
some houses on the batiks of 'the tan!( of Raiwala in the
suburbs of 5aharanpur. He aJso founded lhe quarter
. .known as Bn.knpura, besides constructing several mosques
an'd public wells. He died in 1094 "" (1683 -")
'Muhammad .Baka. was descended from a distingni!b:ed j
fam'il.y. :W.S ancestor, who first came to Hlndustan from
Hirat, was: Ziau'<l din. He arrived during the
reign of":Eito Shah in 754 A.u. (185$4 A.!!.)! He
received kindly by that King, was promoted to be
o Multan, andTeccived the title .of MaJ'il{ Mardin: Diiil1ut:
STUDIF.S lN. JNDlAN HlS'J'OlW
15
He was the adoptive father of' Saiyid. Khiu Kb,w, who
afterwards became King of Dchli. His own lineal des
cendnnu were all men of cllitinction, in their succ.,.ive
generations, unlit we come to the subject of tbu,.article.
The Mi,..at. 'A/am, or the Mir-4li ]ahan-numt>, is n
tnonumeni o hlf. industry and ability, apd llhO.\lgh-
iJ little of .nove.lt y, except the account of tile lint ten
years of Aurang-.r.eb's reign, yc!t tb.e compilation In \lit: lie
considered useful ' and compre.ltensive. The accou.rits i)e
the l?oets Saints are very copious, and among the
to, which tcCerence can be mad,e. lt j,s doubtful how Ea"
these portions are to. be attributed to They form,
ccnainly, n() portion o.f the MiNl-i 'A/am.
Scver.ll work.s hlrvc been formed on the same model
as ,r.l!J! M(r-aJ-i jallannuma, and' continuations of work
are occasionally mel with, which add to th.e confwion
:uqon.ciing the inquiry respecting- the original authorsl\Ip.
There u, for instance, in Lhc Llhrary of Nawab Sirajnl
Mulk, cx-miniitei of Haidatabad, a volume &tylcd
TarikM '&lamgirnama, coolinued down to Lhe reign
of Muhammad Shah, subdivided 1n the same way .into
Araislt and Namaislt, etc., aU taken from Mir,qti
]ahat;tnurna. The continuation is extracted from the
'Car.ikh-i Chaghatai.
This wor)< is not common in lndiq, .at least in "
perfect form. That of M:ubaiiUDad Shali .is the least mre,
jlnd the best copy J. have seen is in the possession of Saiyid
M'uhammad: l\fza, Sudut of 'Alignrh, tllopgh,.it .if
not It is enricbcd by some
nQtQS wrttl;en...m: A.H . 1216 by a person who calli h:imsill
1
M.ul:ipmmad bili 'Emop,e, b"!iAAS
Jn the 'BritJl.!lMusell,lli'n(ertt!onejl above, thetec is"!!ie j:qp)'
in. t\le. :njbliotheg,'iicf:Nit_ioll!le, f.onils' No. 48,
ene,cop,y, of Sir W, M5aila:"Stllf'ln his'
\
q3talog.l!c. He observes b e. ne.,.er, saw anoth-er;; copy . .
a tbq Librarx of ib.e;1oyai:
,:1 Society,' whli:h lias- gi1tcr1 -a .fu'ti. accounr.J
&tlllpgut
1
..
Ill STUDIES lN lN.DIAN J:USTORY
Tlle clcitnest copy r have seen of this work is in the
Library of Muza!Ear Husain Khan, a lauded proprietor
in the_ Lower Doab. '!'here is a very good copy of the
work iu the poS&-ssion of Fakir Nuru-<1 diu of Labore,
and a good copy of tile lim half of the work is in the
Library of Nawab 'Ali Muhammad Khnn of Jhajjnr.
EX'I1\A C'l'S

When reported HU Maje;ty Aurangzeb, iliac in
tlfe rclgn llf his C11th er every year a sum of seventr'ninc
thousand 'rUpees was distributed through the Sadro-s
Sudur amongst the poor durlng five months of the
twelve tllousand nipaes iu each of the months of
Muhnrram and Rabi'ul awwat ten thousand ill Rajab,
liftecn thousand in. Sha'ban, and thirty thousand in rhe
sacred month ,of R(lruazan,-:rnd that duri!lg the remain-
ing months no sum was distributed in chnl'ity,-
Hi&. Majesty ordered tbe Sadrt<-S Stultlr =11 other
accqumant.s o.f the ltousehold expenses, lb.at with refiard
to those five months fhey should observe the same
ancl in each of tlie other. montlu a)so they should give
ten thc;>usand to be dl.lttiblnea among me poor ;
ao thal the anntutl sum expended in chal'icy, including
the inarease which wu neW inade, !lmounccil to one lac
ana .fOtty-nitit thousand rupees.
. .:u '
The Habits antl Marn1ts of lire Empttror tittrmrgub
Be it known to tl:te- Teadcd that thi humble slave of
the Almigbey lS going ,f.o' in a correct manner
tile excellent ' tharacrer, the "<vorl:h y habits and
morals of this most virtuous monarch, Abul.; Miwt1Ear. ,
Muhlu-<1 din Ml.hanunlld Allrangzeb 'Alamgu:, ac:c<>r4lns.
as be has witnes.sed them with his own eyes. The
:11' worshipper of::Ci>d t,.y natqraJ .'is
or hls tO: ietigi&li, h
Of the docttlhes the :!lna:m Al5'1'1 Harufa (may I
God i5e pleased with him I), and e$\f1J?Iishe&c the five
\
1'7
. '- fundamcntn:l doctrines of tb.c :Ei;lving. mad.e lr\s
ablutions, he always !)Ccup(es a great .part of hls t:ill\e .in
adoration of the an<! says the tusual prayers,
in masjid and. thep at home, 1>914 in oongrcgation
and .m. pr1vnte, With the most fulvotio.J). Ho
Jtceps tiro appointe([ ,rasl4 on Fridn'ys -<lud .oth'U 3:\Cl'Cd
day4. and be rends the Frjda.y prayers in the_ farm" mGI'j'/ia
with the commOI11'COple- of. the Mnbammadrui He
keeps vigils during tke :whole of the sacred nighu, and
with the of the favour of G<xl ill.umines the lamps
ot I'eligio,n !lfld .piVtpedty, From his great piety, be
passes w11Qlr, in the Mosque whic)l.. is in .his palace,
and C<?mpany with men of devotion. In. privac:y
nevcr.4it$ on a throne. He gave away in alms before
)lis acc,41$Sion portion of 'his allowance of lawful food
clothing, and n9w devotes to :the same purpoSe the
lb.itome of a few villages in lhe distriCt: o Dehli,ma ihe
ptoceecJ.s of tWO Or three saltproducing trnCU, WhtCh are
ro llis privy purse. ':pte l'.rinces. also .follow
the same c.xample. :Duriqg .the whole ro.onth of Ram.uan
J1e keeps fast, says the appointed !or that 'Dlonth}
<tn4-,rcads dle holy K,urnn In the assembly an<t
men, with whom he sits for that dllrlng
,anq -aometimcs nine ho11r.1 of. the nighF' During the
l.a,!t ten day ot the month, h,e perfotm.s wortl.iip in the
nlOSgjle
1
Al)d although, of he
is unable tQ Rrocccd on n. pilgrimage to Mecca, yet. .t.lle
wliicb )I!! t.o ,promote facilitieS for plltiDm to
,hol,y may co!lAidcred equivalenl to the'
pllgl'i.mage.
.l!fQ.m the> daWn. op' his .understanding bee
tefrai(led :from 'ProQ'Ibitea 'ineats .rur<:L practiCils, ' Ind from
hi.' :p-eat holiness has )ltlopted notbmg b.ut tb:at- which is
pill:elwtd J.a'w,M; 'TftOugti he has,colleated at: Ore Of
tthe$<1 who. inspire r.n'l'is.lunentuil), j()()'O\IS
in >the shape
.v.aices :mil clt'<':er ;eerm)!meQ>' ind in
oomn;ren=t ofJhis teign ' hear
2

STODIES IN I'ND!AN HISTOIU'
-
&i.ng and play, and though he h.iinsel understands musk
well, yet now for several years past, on account of his
great restraint and self-denial. and observance of the
tenet. of the great Imam (Shafi'i), (may God's mercy he
h.i)n I), he entirely abstains fl:om Lhls 3111uscment. If
any of the singers and musiciam becomes ashamed of his
c:llling, he makes an allowance for him or grants him land
for his l!laintenance.
He nevcv pur& on the clothes J>rohiblted by religion,
nor he ever use vessels of silver or gold. In his s:1crcd
Qourt 'ItO imprope-c conversation, no word of baCkbiting
ot fnlsehood, u allowed. His on wliom his light
is reflected, nrc cautioned that .if they have to say :my
tiling w.hkh might injure tire character of an absent tMn,
they should ex.press themselves in dccorou5 language a.na
at full detail. He ,appears two or three times every day
in his co.ort. of audjence with a pleasing COLmtcpance and
mild look. to dispense justice to complainants who tOJ:!lC
in without any hindnmce, and as he! listens ':to
with great attention; they make their representa-
tions without any fear or hesitation, :ma obtain redress
from his ti :my per6on tnlb tOo much, or
a.cts in an improper manner, he iS bcver displeased, and
he never knits his brows. His CXlit.rtiers have often desired
.to lproh.lbit people from showing so much boldness, but
hj: rel:tlatkl that b.y hearing their very words, and seeing
their he. acquires a habit. of for)>eatance . and
taleran<:e. .All ba.d cl\.ara:cters are expelled from the city-
of. Dehlii aro:d th.e sru;o.e-,ig. ordered be done in all places
throughout the whole empire. The duties of preserving
,order and rtgul<lfrlt)< amol)g. the people are very ellidmtly
Attended to, throughout the empire, notwithstanc,l
ing its great nothing can be done witboulmcetJng
with. the dLte enjoin.ed. by th:e. M'uhammatlan
. ial" Under the dictar;d. of anger and. passioa he nev.ei"
orders of death, In cqnsiacratioJ:t of tlltlir' tll'n' aM
shows much .honour . and..)!CSpecL to thf Saif(<U,
and learned m.en. and thr<>l!gh
STUDIES IN INDIAN WSTORY
19

libernl exertions, the sublime doctrines of Bnnifa and of
ow- pure religion )lave obtained such prevalence through-
out th.e wide t;,rritorie& of Hindustan as they .never had
in t11e Teign of any former king.
writers have been entirely exCluded P:om
,hQlding public officc.s, and all the worshipping placesof
tl\e infidels an.d the great temples of th<!!e int.iinous
people have been thrown down and de!troyed' in a
manner which excites astonish,ment at the uccessfut com-
pletion of so difficult a wlr.. -His Majesty Jl<!r&Onilly
teaches tho sacred /uJlima to man;y with success,
nnd invests them with and. other favours. Alms
and donations are given. by tltis fountaift of gimerositj in
abtmdance, Lhat the emperors of past ages did. not
give even a hundredth part of the amount. In. the sacred
month oE Ratllazan sixly thousand rupees, and in the
other montbs less than thal amount, are distributed
. among the poor. Several euing ho!Ues have been e$tah-
.Jithed in the capilal and otber cities, at which food is
served out to the helpless and poor, and In p laces where
,tllere were no caravanserais for the lodging of the
tb.ey have been built by the Empero"' All the
,\ll!l.sques in the empire ro:c repaited at tbe public expense.
Jmams, crien to tbe daily prayers, ap.d readers of tlte
lthutoa,.. been appointed to each of them, so that a
)arge of money bas and is still laid out in ,these
disbursements. all the cities and towns of thiS.
pensions and and. -linds
ve been kit en to learned .men and vrofessor$, ,:uti!
Wperids 1\ave b'ee)il fix<:d ' for scholars. according to,
a.l5ilities :inif qiialliicatioJl$. - ' ' '
As it i& a gre1tt witb. thiS Empero.I' th.llt aU
'?iluhammaclan? shc;mTd To!J,ow the b! lhe: T\:ll-
gion as CJq>OunC!ed by rbe m<?it competent law officen
'lm.d follower; of .e ijQnifi 1?l!rsuaslon
1
and as these
.in_ .of rbe -of tbe
and muftis lhkh havt, cl.tl!vtred: without
$hiS i.1 lhl! :rmoutlt nlcJ\Udhlill 11. tittle abovof
-20
S'l:UDIES lN lNDtAN JllSTORY
aullh:orlty. could noL be distinctly and clearly learnt, a.nd
.aJ the* Wa$ n o book which embodied them all, and as
\mtll many books had been collected a.nd a man had
obtained sufficient leisure, means and knowledge o.f lhco-
iogi.Cal rubjecits, he could n.ot satisfy his inquiries on any
disputed poinc, therefore His Majesry; tlu: protector of
the faith, determined that a body of eminenlly leRrncd
.and. able <mcll''Of Hindustan should take up the yolumi-
most trustwortb.y works wh.ieh were col,lccted
l')xe .royal library, 11nd llnying .made a dlgcst o:f the!Jl,
.compose a_ boo'k which might form. a stondard canon
llbe law. and. nltord to all an easy and available means
'OF tbe proper and authoritative jnterpreta
tion. The cbief conductor of this dlflicult undertaking
'wa1 the most learned .m:m of the titrie, Shaikh Ni.zam, IUid
all the members of the society were very hands6m.ely and
il:iberally ipaid, so clutt up to the prerent time a:sum of
,about two bun11red thousa.nd rupees ' ha been expl!tlded
in thfs valuable compilation, which contains more than
one hundred thousand lines. When tbe .worl:, with
God's pleasure, is compl!!ted, it will be fot all the world
"tb.e standard exposition of the law, and renckr every one
.i.ndl!_fendc\lt of .Muhammadan, doctors. Anothe_r excel
this design ;is, that, with a view to alford
facilit:y, to all, the possessQr ot Cht11[!i
of. Fl\e -and the most celebrated
'A:bd.l)li.-Haki.m 9f $ialkot, and his several
have b'een. tllarislate-Lhe wotl: into
Ahiorig ,the liljeralitics of tbis I:Uig 9f
failhftil is this, tlilit he has ordered n remi,Ssrou of
transit duties upon til sort& of grain, 'Ciotli, and OJliel'
goods, as well tobacco, Ole duties o'l\ wJfich alorte
amounted to an jmmense sum, and to prevent tlie smugg-
\S.ng; of w.hi& the Government officers many
O'l,(i;agl!!, . -;specially 1u rcgaid to the. expQSu(e o{" females.
:!'Jc lhe ftom and all
'Alamg;ri.
r
I
S'pUDIES IN lNDIAN J:U51;0RY
people from cCJlrain public th.e income of
which exceeded lhirty Ia's . of every year. Fie
re)iuquis\led the C..overnment <;!aims against the .. al\C<:Iill'S
of the officers of the State, which. used .to be p.aid by
rom their salaries. T.hiS? money, eyery Jltar
fo,rmed a very large income paid into p.uiSI;ic.
1fc: also abo! ished the pxudce of oonlisc:uing Ult
qr deceased persons against whom there wu f(O .GPv
.emment claim, whicll WM ver.y strictly observed 6y,
accountants of 'his and whicl:o was e1t as a,
very gr-ievous oppressiQn by their l:leirs. The
Royal orders. wcr"' also issued to collect the >oevenues oi
each provinee acooxdlng to the Muhammadan laWJ.
Some: account of the battles whicll the. .Emperor
fought before his accession, as well as after that p.eriod,
been given abo..,c, and we shall 1:10w write a .few
instances of his !Ol'titude.. At the time when the
army arrived at llaikh.. 'Abdul 'Aziz 'Khan, with a large
force whi.cb equalled the of lpcwts and ants; came
arranged his men ord,er of bai:rle, anc]. surro-,;mded
tlt<: Rop.l _camp. While lbe coi\Jiict was being_
OQ. with, great fUry, tbe time of reacllng
came on, when His M:tjesty, th9.1Jgfi d:Wuadcd tiy
so.me worldlY, officers, alighted roj;n his l}.orse, and said
th<L graycn, etc., in a
1
congrelr'rioq, wlth the utmost
indilfurCI]ce presence of rnd: 'Abdul Atiz, on
bearing of Ul,is, much astonished a.t the intrepidi\y of
tile Em.pe:t;QP, 1 \'l)lo was l\SSistcd by God, anljl, P'\l.l a(\ end
tp, te> fight w(t,h such n il\;m is to
qest\:.i>.Y
Tile l!:m1?11.or t)\e
tm<l}timJ ;ili\11 law.
of.tl].$
God!J 0!1: btm I), i:lie extracts "'1iiting?
of .Shaikh Shlllaf 11uni;i (lna}o''f)ii, be- 4.anc,ti:
fiedd), apd tb,e of. M\1\i QJiiel si:ffiil.al:
boo'ks:, One of the or this vit:tuous
.monarcllls, that be has learnt tbe Kw;an by hem ..
/
STUDIES lN INDIAN mSTORY
Thongh in his early youth he had committed to memory
some cl>apters of that sacted book, yet he learnt the whole
by heart after ascending the throne. He took great paw
and showed much perseverance in imprc!.ring it uport his
niind. He writes a very elegant Na.sl!h hand, and has
acquired perfect.iort in this art. He has written two copies
of the holy b<>ok with h.is own hand, and having finished
and adorned them with ornaments aud marginal line!, at
the expense seven thousand rupee!, be sent them to
the hofy ciues o Mecca :md Medina. Ho also wroto an
<ixtillle'tlt Nasla.'lil< nnd Shihastah hnnd. He is a very
elegant writer in prose, and hns proficiency in
versificaLion, but agreeably to t1J,e words of God, ''Poets
,deal in .!alsebood&,'
1
he alm;rins from practising it. He
dbes not like tQ hear verses except those wruch contaill a
moral. "To please Almighty God he never turned .his
eye towards a ilattcrer, nor gave ear to a poet,"
obie ltmperor. has giyc:n a very !iDernl \9
h:fs, fortunate. and noble children, by virtue of hiS
aitcnuon and care, have reached to the summit of pcrfcc-
.tion, :ind made great advances in rectitu,de, devot.i.on, and
piety, and in learning the manners an'd cwtoms of princes
itvJ. great .men. Through his instruction \hey. have learnt
the Jl'ook of G<Xi by heart; obtained proficiency in the
anCI: polite literature, writing the various hands,
and in .lhc Tur..ki and the Persian languages.
lri like

.Jadies of. the househol d also,
according to his have learnt the fundamental anc:\
necessary te;nets o xeligion; and all devote titne to
the and worsruj> of tha Deity, to tll,e
sacred Kuran, ani! pe#orming virtuous . and piGja .
'fhe exccllce of cbarac\er anil the purity clf.!IJI.!>ralJ
ffii,i .. holy monarcll are aU .A'Si}ol}g :as
iia'tlli:e, nourishe. the tt:h of 6tistence;. and.
gaiclen ot the world rnay lbe plant Iii
6l' 'Eliii of tlfe garden of d.ign'ity ilia honour
contin.ue lrili.t.ful r
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
23
The Distances of certoin, places in Rindwtan-
The Provinces. and their Revenues
1;"hc length of the daily-futre'1siJ1g empire, from the port
pf Labori, province of Thalta, to the lhana of BindruJa!
in :Bengal, u 994 royal ltos, 1740 common kos known in
most parts of Rindtatan. Each royal kos me:Uurcil 5000
yards, and yard is the breadth of 42 fingers.' T)Vo
royal kos are equal. to and a b.alf common 'lids:
From capital of Dehli to Lahori the distance is f87
royal ko$, .nn4 764 common l<os ; from 1:he same city to
lltana Bindn.sal'557 royal kos, and 976 common kos. In
the sarne manner, Irom Lahori to Tll!ltta 25 royal kos;
uorn ThattJt o llbakkar 31 kos; !rom Bballir to Multan
a little more than 99 I<OS; from Multan to Lahore 7!$ kos;
from Lahore to ShahJahnnabad 170 kos; from Shah
Jalian.nbad to Ag;r;1 44 kos ; from Agra to Allahobad 107
kos; Irom Allahabad to Patna 96 kos and a
from P.atna to Mungir 87 kos; frbm Mu11gir to Akbar
nagar or Raj Mahal48 ltos; from Akba.rnagar toJahangir
nagar, or Dacca, 108 kos; from I?acca to Silliet 87 kos ,
from Sil11et to Bindasal 80 . kos;
at twelve kos, the usual travelling ttistanee in H<n,
the whole length, is 145 stages, w: a jow:n.ey of
fouJ: months and twenty-seven qn ys. TJ?.e breadth: of the
whQ!e. cTQpire is from the of Tibet and the
dclighi.fril pro.vioce of K:ashmir to the fort of Sholapur
1
which in the pro.sperous reign of this monarch 1\as
t.aken froJi!', Khan, a distance of 672 royal cir'
1176 COntD\00. .from $bahJabanabad, the<seat. of
Empi1c, to tlle l)op'tiwy of Tibet, is 8M royal 'hot, t?"t
con1m6n ko's; from the scat o the Empire. to Slit>:tiptfr,
' 342 royal kds
1
or !>98 common ltos ; as. was oun.d .liyf
.m'Cas\ll'ement w)lich mll:y, bi!! thus detailed. Jif'om
boundary of Tibet to bitue Tibet, 60 t:pY.:Il. kos ,
Little Tibet to :Kashmir, 64 kos; from :tabore.
J01. /tp.s; from Lahore to !'01!' kos; frl>m:
SluihJ.ablUlabad to Agra 44 :mAr9m to Bur-
!umpui: ,Jf/8 kos. Ai the rat<!- ,pf tj{elve fcos a. slageJ
STIJDlES lN lNDIAN lllSTORY.
whole breadth is 98 stllgcs, occupying a period of three
months and, teJ1 day$,
.Under the management' and care of thi& virtuous
mooarcl\, the country, ol Hindu.stmt teems wlth popula,
lion and culture. lt. is divided uno nineteen pxovioces,
and 4440 parganas, the revenue of which amou.nu
altogether to nlne t'bs, twcntyfour ltrtm seventeen lacs,
16,082 dams, or 9,2_4, 17,16,082 dams, out or which tbo
o.t; th.e' sti(ll paid to t.be {O)'lll treasury, (s
diJi1u, and the assignments of the jogird(Jrs,
the remalnder, wa& 7,5),77,84,781 darns.
Datails of, all' thtr Prwinccs
Shahjahanabac/--285 mal111ls; revenu.c l.l:6;.83,98,269 dams.
Agra-230 revenue J,05,17,09,288 dams . Lahore
,t'nahali; revenue 90,70,16,125 rlnrti.r, Afmir-235
nUihau; revenue 65,68,94,882 dams.
malt, au; 44,00,88,096 darM.
n,il,hnl.f; revenue 43,66,88,072 dami. Oud/t-149'
32,00,72,198 da!/IS, Biltar-252: maltals; revenue
?2, 1?,9?,019 tlams. mnhals ; ,revenue
52
1
37,89,110 dams_ Omsa-244 maha/3; revenue
.19,;71,00,000 dams. mahals; revenue
dams. The four . J.>Iovi.nq:s of the Dakbin,
-ri;:. Zafa.rabad,, Barar, and Khande.sh-55Z.
1,cyem;,e. 2,96,70;0(),0. 0. . 0 dams. ll{alwa-2!f!7 (
4ams. M ullan--98 mahiJkt
xevenue

K"qad-40 m11ha/s; revenue
Jlj, 76,25-,380 dam:. '1'/lalta-revenue 57,49,86,900' dams.
lhe Cha.pter of Wonders and; ilf.9rpitl.s,
Those who have visited the territory of }3-kltllf an<;l.
1
'
Ladakh havt' heard the following story. 'In ' the's&
is found a wonn 'Wiiieh .is. ex?ee.dffigly 'i
to the toes of the foot, an.d bates them. No fa{. 1
6t !l'iuld or instrument .iJ able to detaeh.it, but it
r:I"J)is Is probably t.U.Ialto I'Dr 5,7./,ga,GOO.J
1
'11le t:1n.da'r , of mu m.apJ.
STUDll!S J:N INDlAN HISTORY
every moment ln bulk and length, so that,
swallo":'ed up the tOC, it become$ equlll to a rat, and
then sw.illows the whole foot. After this it incteases to
the size of a dog, and then sw31lows up both the legs an.d
up to the waist or hlil.f the body of the man. Altho.ugh
the people beat it much and try to cut 'it, yet Q.C> instru-
ment or weapon ha.s :my> upon lt. In a: ihort'lim:e
it becomes like a lion, and having eaten the m.a.n entir'el'y,
goe aw.ry towards the jungle or the hills, aocl l:heu.
disappcro:s.
ZINATUT -:I:AWAR1KH
o\1
'AZIZU- LLA R
THIS "Ornament of Histories,'' by 'AzimUah, is a mere
compilation of no value. The author informs us his
preface that he intended eom{X>sing a second volume, ill
<!fdct to fe'concile th,c di!crepapcies whicb were observ-
able in different Whether he ever cUd so does
but there !4 so little critical jiidggieht
rn- the single volume we have unl!ei comidCl'!\tion.
tl/a{ cl\e secoiul. is not worth the searCh.
' ln. the preface we learn that the ;work was. com-
in I086 A.B. (16756 A.J>.), but p.:S.ages occur at
the 'dose wltich show that the w6rk is brought down to
fl26' ur. iM's evident, however, that the original work
coJ;lcluded with: the account of Aurangzeb's children, aore
thai the few pages, including of Baliadur
Shah and' J?Amilar Shah, l!ave. been by
ln fhe l':tSI. yofume eLite
given. v:n1ch leads.u,s to tliat histo!;)'
<lJ!e year .in itS
There is not.biJJg wotlli y
<lOi'll'J!Ifl'S
P:ri(ace, .PP )11. The. b:ealion;- A<!fm.;-'-Propheu:-
pp. 12:1-J;l.
STUDIES tN INDJAN H1STORY
Creeks. - Saljuh - Osmanlis. - l'op<S, pp. 212-294.
'Um.mayides and 'Abbasides, pp. 294-410. Tahiris.-
Tul.unias. - Ikhshidite!S. - Ghaznivides. - 1luwaih1des.
-Ism.a'illiru,....Sharif:s.-Saiyids, pp. 410464. Ghotians,
pp. 674-816. Kings of Dehli, {rom
the earliest Hindi period to the time of Farrukh Siyar,
pp. 816996. SJZE.-'-Bvo. 996 pages, of 17 lines each,
Tltis work is rare. I 'know of only one copy. Mnkolm,
in his

oE l'ersia," quotes Zinalt..t Tawarik/J

respectWg the Ghaznivides" which he describes as a
med!ical lti,story,
'A L A M G l A M A
OJ?
lv.(UHA MM.AD .KAZIM
work was written 1688 A.o. by Mirz:a: Mu!i.a:mmad
Kazim, son of M"uhalllJDnd Amin Munsbi, the author
the Patls})ahtJama, previously noticed as No. LXI. I t
contains a ,1iistory o, t!Je. first ten yeru:s of the reign of
'Alamgir A.'ttangzeb. It dedicated to Aurangzeb in
year of !tis reignj bJlt on its being pre-
, sen ted, the Emperor forbad its continuation, and, like
wtl}r 'vetuit ne se but
llo.t (or reason. The Mughal Emperor prO
te$Sc<l:-as Ute cal,ise of his probiliition that cultiyaticfn. I
of inward tvas J?f.eferal.lle tO the ostentatious display
of his. achievements. .Elphl.nstone observ? of this scrange
probjbilion_ that lhe Em r.cror nor only discol)tin.ued the
regular CII1pire, wltich had before been. kept
by a bistql'\ogrnpher, but so 'stop
all recordJ of liis that l'tom ' tile eleventh
JCnr of his tb;e qf evel)-ts c:an. olily ile. trac'c!d
tlliough the means of letters oil business ana 'of notes
t;ol1fo .clandestinely by private indlviduau.
t
upon tlti5 point fn. or) _.. the MuntaJrhqbul
'OI')(flafl. Jlhan,-.5> thl,angubliffid uti" Mughals.J
STUDIES lN INDI.AN aiSTOR\'
27
This prohibition is Lle more extraordinary from its
inconsistency with orders previously issued for the pl'epa,-
ration of the 'Alamgir-tlanUl. The Pref.,ce of tbnt wo.rk
shows. not only the encouragement which lhe author
received in the prosecution of his work, but also the little
reliance that can be reposed in the ll3l'titive when -any
:subjca mentioned likely to the personal ohatac-
ter of the monarch. It is much the same with nearly ;ill.
the histories .written by contemporaries, which are 'oiled
with the most nauseous panegyrics, and
With blown ftonl udultlon.
The historian wns to submit hi$ page:l to the inter-
ested scrutiny o the Emperor himself, and to be guided
in doubtful questions by information graciously given. by,
tb.e monarch respecting what account was to be rejected
or admitted. A3 t!)e royal listen.er was not likelY, t()
criJ;nlnate. himscl, we must bear perpetually in mind that
such hl$torics are. mere onwicled and not to be
TOcJ!iVed with implic;it .reliance.
Aft& an encomiuDL of the powcr; of..cloqutn.ce-.
author says that it was solely owing to the< reputed .. cliarms.
of his .style that he 11'ds introduced to the monarch
'Alamgir,. and, after a long ob=ity, was auddenly raised
from. iwig;tif\cal)ce to the high -situation of 1-fu Majesty's
munihi in! the, year of the coronation. RiB style being
approved iliy, ;King, he wa otdered to collect i.nforrua,
rl
0
n. aboutall the extta:ordinary.evcnu io which the king-
been nnd a<:C?unts of tile bright
queats which JiC 'Jiaa effected, mto a book: anP, accor(\\1
ipg\}' an. order -was g-iven to. the officers ln charge ofl }lie-
RecordS' to .make. ovq to- the author all slit;4
ns> were received from- the news-writers and other Jiiglt.
funationmes of. Ore :i:liffereot counu:ies ,-concci;lj.i.ng theo
grea't.eve!'lts, the montbl y and yea.r1y registers"of all kinas
of; accidents and marvels, and th.e the,
dift"erept .subat and cc:mnrries. . .
'llhe author was instl'llcter.l; there 'Were
!8 STUDIES l N INDIAN HISTORY
any such particulars as were omitted in any of lhe above
papers, or not witnellsed lly hlmseU, he should make ill
quirks reg-.u-!jing them irom such trustworthy oOicers as
fOllowed th.e royal camp, who would relate the exact cir
cumstances; and if !:here were anything which parti
cularly required the explanation of His Majesty, nhe
author was graciously permitted the liberty of making I
i,nquiry from the King h.ilnseU.
He was also ordered to attend on His .Majesty on
prQper occasions, to fcad over whatever he had cQllccted,
;u)(ic had written from the above nuthorit!C$, and to have
. His Majesty's co.rrcctions incorpornted. It is to lie
that dld here again. imitate the
example o of whom Lucia(! au anecdote
wliich sbows that to' have been less pliant
with h.i.s flattering hiit'orians. "Ari.stobulus, after he had
written an rux:ount of the single combat between
AJ,cxanaer and Porus, showed that monarCh a p:i:rtlaular..
pil:t of i t, wherein, tlie better to get i nto his. good graces1
he had inserted a great deat more !:han was u-ue : when
Ale:<ander seized lhc book and threw it (for tb.ey hap
pencd at that lime to be sailing on the Hyclas.Jles) directly
into t-ivcr: 'T-hus,' sa.id htt 'ollgbt you to have been
yourself, lor pretending to c,lescrlbc my battles,
il:ld jlill!ng lilll a dozen elephan t.s lor me with a spear.' "
l:tl.c"v.-\u.e 9.f the Royal Records may be known from.
the nar.ri,l,live an English tr'l,veller who vi.:lited the Court
In A.l>, 1609. qi)optain "During the tim!:
th!lt he Qf Stl'ong liquor, he says and
does many Jdle things ; yet whatever be sayl or does,
wlu:tll.e.r dru.lik or sober, there are writlll's who attend hlP\
in rotation, who set many things down in so' that
not a single incident of llis life but is re>rded, Ws
going to lite necessaJ;y and when he lies with wives.
'be purpo.IC of alL ,iliU is that when hi! di.e all his actions
worthy of being (ecorded m&y be inserted
inJlie. chronicles of .b.i& reign." .
lUJt()cy birth and
STUDIES TN INDIAN HJSl"OR.Y
minority Up tO the time of b.is :tscending the throne has
already." says our 11ut.hor, Mly detailed .in tk
book called .Badshall-nnma, 1t was at fttst resolved tb.aJ.
t.h1s book. should begin wit.b the accouti!$ of
Majesty's return ,from -t.be Dakhin towar-d' lfu cjlp)u.l
(which took plnoo ln 1068 A.it., 1657 A.li.), :ind' it wiU COil'
min an account o the undertalti.ngs and con guests.
acbieveil by Hi! Majesty during the period of
years. But the author subsequently thought of writillg,
in an Introduction, a brief account of the King's minority,
bccaliSe it was replete with wonderful' evenrs, and because
many conquests were dl';cted during that \'erioc:L ll
commences with Dara assumption
of authority upon the illness of his Iathl!r Shah Jahan,
ana the means employed by Aurangzeb to CU[ off bis,
llrotliers and oiStain the Imperial Crown.
' [The style in which this work is written is quite' ln
accord with tire "couitly panegyrical chai'actl!r of llie_ book.
It is sttaincd, verbose. and tes)ious ; fulsome in ill Oattt:ry,
abu:slve in Jts ceo,.;ure. ate heaped
ohe upl:>n another in of Atuangz.!b ; while b:Js.
unfortunate brothers are not orily sneered. abused,
buc thep- very nnmes arc ,Perverted. . Shpkoll is:
called Be..Shult.o/1, "the unillgru6ed ;" >lld
S!iu'ja: ,i.s' Clli)i:d Na-sllt*', "the unvalianL" The work
t'i> Mvc tMained ho great reputation in Indl:t.
COlonel Lees "do _no't
very . opllllon. upon the Clualifiqno;ii"llf
M.Uhammitil: ' JGiilil as nll historian. Tbe author of ll."c:
M'i'Ntu,J li.owccJei, of llim aS 1u1
erudition i tb'e Ma-dsirwJ
1
!' t1li!mli''l'i
h.:i:s made of lru work the first., por;twn. 'o
hii! liisr:ory ; and Kti.ali Khan, the' author o'f the lfhmlll--
1<1/iilful has llfaC!e be l\.. cbUE
authority,'\ though Jle occasionally itS. Stat;
men:ts. lt iS "Well that the book llas been so weu wor]f.ea
by, writers, for a ol'.it into Eng.
'\\rould; IJe q11ite unr.eadablc. I} frw passages


so
STUDIES IN INlllAN HJSTORY
been translated by the Editor, but in them it has. been
necessary to prune away a good deal of the author's
exuberance of lnngual>e and metaphor.]
The bistocy of c.he conquest of Assam has been Lrao
alated from chis work by Vansittan, in the "Asiatic
Miscellany," vol. i., and in "Asiatic Researches," vol. ii.
[J'he whole of r.he original wor.k bas been printed in the
"Bibllotbeca Indica," and occupies more than 1100 pages.]
E.XTMCT8
Illness ShGh ]a/latl
ON the 8th ZJ.J I:U jjn, 1067 A. A. {8th September 1657), the
Emperor Jaban was sejied with illness at Delili.
ms illness lnated a long time, and every daf he grew
wcak.er, so that he 'w unable to attend to tbe busine.ss
of the State. Irrdgularitics of all sorts QCJ:urted in the
administrntion, and great ctisturbanceo; arose in 1lde
of Hindustan. The Ul\worthy and frivolous
Shukoh considered hhnseU heirupparcnt, :ind not
wltb!tanding his want of ability for the kingly office, he
endeavoured with the scissors of to cue the
robes of the Imperial dignity into a shape suited for his
un,worthy With tb.is over weening ambition
in his mind, and in pursuit of his vain desigp,
li!= seat of government. )'ihcn the Emperor
fcll UJ anq ).Ulable to atten'd tQ business, Dartt Shukoh
took th.e. !?! seizing the reins ol' powCl', 'lind
interfered w!tlt' He closed the road! against
tlie spread of r!ews, and' tch.ed lettcn addressed io indiv'i
duals. Re Eorl:iade llie officers o government to write or
send any Intelligence to the provinces, and ' the
"!DCI'C .suspicion t>f their hnving done SO, M &elzeil nnd
imprisoned them. The royal the
.-aud all the men who ' "ere scattered through provinces
;utq territories of this great many even of the
[Pwages Ill! th! occur, but Mtu tltu they' have
bun tttmed ..... iht() ,plnin langu:tge in the.
STUDIES IN INDIAN H.ISTORY
officials and servants who were employed at the capital;
had n.o expectation that the Emperor .vould live much
longer. So great disordcn arose in the affairs of the
State. Disalf-e<-ted and rebellious men rn.ised their heads.
in )ULLtiny and strife on every side. Turbuleub :raiyats
refused to pay their revenue. The seed oJ was
sown in all directions, and by degree.' the .evil, re,..ched
to such a he'ight that in Gujarat Murad llakhs11 tool liis
seal upon the Llirone, lud the klmtba read lind coins
slrucl:. in his name, and tl)e title of_ .King. Shuj.L
took the irl! llenglll, Jed an army
Pntna, and from thence allvanced to Benares.
Heresy o{ Dara Slu&oh
Dar:i Shuloh in his later days did not restrain him
self tO the free-thinking and heretical notions which he
had .adopted undc.r the name of tasawwuf (Sufism), but
showed an inclination for the religion and institutions o
the Hindus, 'He was oonstanUy in the society of
Brahmans-, ]ogis and Sarmyosis, and.,he used tO regard
these worthless teachers of delusions <tS anc;l trt!j!,
masters of wisdom. .He considet:cd their< bookis!
call .Bed as l>cing the Word of (;od, ai\d revealed
from .heaven, and he called them ancient :ind excellenL
bookl:, .He.was under such this Bed, that
he Brahmans and Sann)llisis from all part$
:the counlty
1
. llnd paying them great respect and atten-
tion, employed them. i.u translating the Bed. He sp<iit
his time in this unholy work. ancl devoted all his
to the contents of tb.ese wretched books: lnstead
of the sacred n'l.me of God, adopted the Hindu Illl!1lC
P?'llb}r.rf (lprd), which, :Hindus . consider hoi> nd p,e
'had this, ,nawc in ..Hindi letters tlp9tl 0
!i,in.n,ond. ruoy, e.mehlldl 4tc; thue-'
,qpinionsihe Jla(l 't!p
ob(igatloJU D}' the. l"'f. "' :Ji became .
L Data Shlll:'ol\ ollbined tlle4.llrolu: ana
:\ poy,ier,-the fout)dations ot"i.befaith woul,il
!2
$1lllDU:S IN INDlAN HlSTOltY
be ip danger nnd the: precepts of Islam would be changed
fur 'the unt o.E infidelity and Judaism.
Mir ]UIkl Mn'an.a11 Khtw
fArer lbe conquest of Zafarabad and Kalyan, and the
return of Aurangreb from Bijapur, w.ltere he had. in,
obr.aining 'full su'c.cess, urougb the Oppo6lllon ;..nd mal ...
valence of Data Shukoh, he left 'UmdaltU Saltano.lul
Kahjra Khan, with a part of the- Imperial mmy,
in the vicinlty of J3ijapur, to realize a sum of a hundred
lacs .of rup<!es as tribute .from l<.hn.n, by the ptomise
of whith the rcl'teac of Aurllllgzcb had been
The imrigues of Dara S.hukol,l, Who dld h,ls 'best co defeat
this arrangement, and the mischievous disturbing ltttcrs
which he sent to 'Acli\. Khan and his nobles, brought this
desirable to nouglu. His Mlljcsty Shah Jahan,
who at that time tool: no very active p:u:t in tbc affairs
<>f. was inllu.enced by w urgent ll'<;prcsen!a
tj<>ns ,of llh:lt weak.minded. (Dara Shukoh); and 5umrhone'd
to c.ourt. In obedience to this order,
the Kban marched with the force under bis command to
Aurangabad, intending to proceed from thence to the
capital. This movemcmt at such a tfrnc seemed .injurious
t.o. lit; .State, and encouraging to the turbulence of the
l'>akhinis. Mu'.a1.znm Khan had no sinister object in
to ,the capital ; but Aurangzcb, as a matter o'f
p.ruden..c.e and Sr.a.te policy, made him prisoner and
, liim Jn ;he ' Dillin. When Dara Shukob
obtained ipformatioi> of. this arrest, bis malignity and:
jealousy. led JWn 'to the .Emperor that it was
all a tticll and 'conspi.racy between. the Khan and
zeb. lly this, lie so. worke'd upon. the feelings- and fe.m..of
\he Emperor dtat he his rusplcions ill'gl!iJlst
M:\lhammad Anrlv.,;;Khan; of :.Mu'ati;pn who
Then hcl,a t.lte offiCI) of Mir Bokhshi"at Sour!, and
o(ltai{red pernilisiort to s':Cure his .!on.
summOMd Muliammad Ani.i.n hu
<and m'nde bun prisoner. :Mter ire had, been in c$riftl.\e-<
JJ
mcnt three or four clays, o( the trllci sl:.ite of
the case and of the innocence of Muhammad /!.min
J'eaCbed tlle Emperor, and be, being sat:Wied with the facrs,
rcleased Muhammad Amin from dumna)
Tllness of the Empe<-or A.urtmgub.
[011 the night of the 12th Rajah (in the year
of his reign), the Emperor 1vas suddenly attaCketr With
strangury, nnd suffered great pain until the followihg
morning. The skill and attention of his pllysicians
had their dfcct, and io a few day. he recovered.]
MA-ASnt-1 'ALAMGIRI

MUHAMMAD SAKl MUS'l'A'IDD KHAN
Tws is a history of the reign of 'Alamgir (Aupmgzcb).
The fll'St ten years is an abridgment , of w.ork last
the 'Alamgir-n/Zf{a; the till the
de.ath' of_ A9ra;ngzeb in A,p. J,707 is an cornpG.!i-
won. It was writttn b)' MWialllllllia . Sili
JOW,, 'tf.u"shi to ' Iu11'jracu-Jfn . Kh<lll, w'itzir <>,f
Spllh. He had been a comtant follower of tlie COUit for
'fortyorears; and an eye-witness o(nillny or-O>e tnnsactions
lte records. He undertook the war)( by desire of his
patron; 'Pld finished i t io 1710, 'oiily three years ater
the death of Aurangzeb. [Khafi Khan, in Iris Munfa-
J<.habul informs us that "after l.be expiration of
'tel\ years reign) authors wete' forbidl!en
;tom-. :!llrlting l.be events of that just and :tig!1teous
Emperor's some comp!teJil
(c!id so), and Jduui,
nn nbridged a_ccolll!t of the campaign
simplt detailing the of tb.e co\tnlnies ana 1/itts,
'without' :alluding .at all to the

' the
,clmlJ>llign:iJ "'
.L<ct. , ]ourp. .. >'!:. ;!J. iJ.!, f.' .11.! ,
3
..
STODI.ES IN lNllrAN HJSTORY
Tll.e Ma-asiri 'A/11.1ngiri contains two Books and a
short Appendix. Book I.-Au abridg-ment of Mirza.
Muhammad Kazim 's hi.ltory of c.he lirsc ten years of the
.Emperor's reign :tnd the evcnt.s prceedlng his accession.
Book 11.-Tbe events of the forty years of the
:Emperor's reign, with an .account of b.is death,
Appendix.-SeveraJ anecdotes of the Emperor, which
could not be included ln the histor-y ; and a minute
account o the Roya.l family.
Tll.e liistory is written in the form of annals, eacl1
year being distinctly marked oiF.
St<!Wart, in his "Descriptive CataJogue, " observes ol
the writer oi this work, that "although his style be too
concise, I )lave never met in nny <>thcr author with the
relation of an eve.nt of this reign wb.ich is not xecotded
in this b.istory.''
It is differently spoken of by the autlior tiie
"CritiCal &say," who shows a rarely to lJc
met with ih Indian critia. The omissions he complains
of will not appear of much importance to a European
reader.
"Muhanunad Saki Musta'idd K.hnn, who composed
the chronicle named' Ma-osiTi '4-lamgiri, has not by MY
means his work -complete ; for be hu omitted
to matters of considerable importance.
Thus, lle .has ... itOt me!)tigned the dignities and offices 'Of
h11nour accol:ded co, Royal _;fl=inces, and their succeuive
ap'p6intmenl$ ro different Sltuations, such as might best
qualify them -fu\inaging the affairs of government.
Some be has but he has omitted othen. Ncitb,cr
has he informed us ln what year the illustrious Shah
''Alam Ba.hadur Shah. (no_w gone to the of>
. and Muhammad 'Azam Shah were with the high
ra.nk of Cllillal-htu.ari (40,000); and of many oVw' cir-
relating t.o these two l'dn'Ces, some :u-e
uoned
1
and ll!any have been aJOOgether unnoticed. In
I
I
,
I
S'I!UDIES W, JNDlAN HISTORY
85
.
the saine manne< also b.e has treat.:d of otb.u :Roy:ll
princes.
"Respecting likewiSe the chief nobles and their
from or ap,Poiniments and
dignities, sotne l\l'e metlli aned, but several are omitted :
thus he has neglected ro notice 1b.e dates !Uid vado.U
cirUlllstances of the appointment of l:l.a/thazari {7000)
ot Ghazi'ta-d din Khan. llllhadur Firoz Jang, and the
ShasJt./tawri (6000) of Zulfikar Kh.aa Bahacllll: NU.rat
Jang, two distinguished gcnernls.
"On the other land, he relates illllh minute precision
some very triAing occurrences little of being
recorded in lilitory, and by no mean,$ inteicsttng; sUch as
J?lU'ticulars eonccniing chapclJ; or plac6 of prayer, the
rnel'its of different preaChers and siJ:nilar topics, which
bad been. subjects of discnss'ion :unong 1ili intimate com-
panions. On this account hls work is not held in Ngh
estimation among those learned men who know boi.
appreciate compositions."
[This verdict of a native critic Js wol'tby of record,
although it cannot be Muham.tn;!d Saki has a
style of his own which is noL difficnlt, nnd ,yet .bqs,
pi;<iteruions to elegance. 'l'he early part of tjle is
\?eller than a Circular or .London Gazette,
!>ctpp.ied wlYJ. the private
mattm of the royal family, and appt?.in,t
mCnlS, .and removals of the of govemment.
Farther P.ti' J>j:' enters more fully into matten of liiilto!ical
record, and dct?ils of Aurangtcb's camj>aign. in ,the
Da.kllin, and his n.any. leges of for.ts.J
Tlte work. was edited and traoilated into
Henry Vansittart in f and (ll!blished Jn a quauo
volume. LThe complete . 'has been the
Dibliotheca and: 541 .pagt$. ot\ '.
the. last 40 Sal:h
was made fo.r Sr H. JUlip.t by _';I.e.ut<!.' ? ht
l'l a.n<,! fr.om rb.ej foi iQWil}g
h<te: beeu taken.]
STUDIES IN lNDlAN J-ll$f0RY
EXTRACTS
Earthquake
l"l:ext, P 78.J o., the tsl Zi-l hijja, 1078 (Srd May.
j G6fi), the intelligence arrived ft0111 Thalta that the town
of Snmaji had been by an. ear1hquake; thlrtj
houses were thrown down.
11] Hindu Teaching a11d Worship
[Text, p. 81.] On the 17th Z!-l ka'da, 1079 (18th April,
!6G9), 1t reathed the ear of His Majesty, protector of
tll'e faith, dmt in tilt provinces of Thimn, Multan, and
llefuires, but especially in tl>c !litter, Coolish
\verc in the habit b expounding frivolous bookS in their
schoOls, add that slu&nts and le:u:hets, Muaulmant as
well :IS HindU&; wetit there, even from lotlg distance,g, Jed
by a l!esire' tb become acquainted with the wicked sciences
t.liey taught- Th'e "Dlicctor of the Faith'' to.nscq_uentlf
issued orders to all governors of provinces tO aesuoy
-lvitb: a hand the scnools and temples of the in-
lidcls : and they were siTictly en joined to put an entire
.stOp to the teaching and practising of Idolatrous of
worship. On the 15th Rabi'u-l akhir it was reported 10
:his religious Mnjesty, of the unitarians, that, in
obedience to. order, t'l)e Government ol!iC(!I's had da-
iroye\1:'. the of Bislutat.h at BeniU'ea.
[Tel('f p. 95.J Iri ' the month of Raruaz:m, 1080
1Dece']il6;J: I 6!l9), ih the ihltreenth year of r.hc reign, tliis
monSrCh, .. tli.e constant enemy of tyrants,
com"*nded desti'uction of lhc Hindu temple csf
Mathuta or Mattra, known by tbe name of Dchra KcsU
' Rni, liJld soon that stronjlhold of falsehood was le"'<illed
' wJth .the o.rr the snme spot was laid, ac erea:t
expense, the foundatif)n of a vast m069.ue, The den of
' i:"lw,uity . th!IS owed its erection to Nar S.i(lgh
tlto <til ignornnt and <,lcpr.;ved 1Jll'll. Jahangjr, ' 1
"f:.e.tot< he ascehaed tlle tbionc, was at one- tinie, f6r ,.
various. reasons, much displeased with Snaikl\ Abul
1
STUDIES IN l!'IDIAN fUSTORY
and the abovemcnt.ioned Hindu, in order to compau the
Shaikh'& death, affected great devotion to the Pr ince. l;i,
a for his services, he obtained from the Prinw
King permission to co,utruct the Mallll:a temple.
Tltirtythree lacs were exp<:nded on this work. Gl<>ry be
to God, who ha> given us the faith of !slam, tluH, in: thiS
teign of lhe dC$troyer of false gods, an un<leriaJsi:Il'g: a<>
difficult o accomplisbmcnt has been "brought ' to a suc-
cessful termination I This vigorous support given to thq
rruc faith was a severe blow to the: auogance of the Rajns,
and, like idols, they tumed their faces awe.strucit_ to tb.e
wnll. The richly-jewelled idols rak.clt from we pag11.n
were tramf=cd to Agra, and there plac.ed
beneath d1e steps leadi ng to t.b,e Nawnb .Begam Sahib's
mosque, in order that they might ever be preSfCd undel:
foot 1ry tbe i.rue believ=. Mattra c:b.anged its .name into
Tslamabad, and wa.s tl:tus called in all official doetlllleltts,
as well as by the people.
(Text, p. 100.] In Shawwal information reached tbe
Kint that Mu'azmn, under the
llifTucnce of his pas,ioru, anli' misled by
and had, notwithstanding iiiS exeeUent
become imbued with !'- spil'il: of imubordi
_Prompted by his natu.ral be.o.evolence, His .Majesty
!etten replete with advice to the Prince,
but th.is a:l'ol)e did not satisfy ltim-the Nawab Rai, ,the
J!rince's. mother;. was sent for to go to lJ,er son, and!ead
4itn bac]t into tbe 'fight path if any symptom of rc;bcll.ion
appear in ,im. Khao Khanza.1n1 .,a
wise and llian, wns direeted to tho dill;
;charged beneficial .
. bjs at).d tlie
K.if\g's .l>rmCei Mubimunad a
otllltain o( 'llier l'{loreoter 'in
reJlort ; so his ,only -was ''to l)l)w lil!ad ill. sub'
mi:s5ion: He wrote to h:U ' hili.W letters of
1
'\ed shame. tt> ever _ the
\ Alludl.,g to lh< ot Hindu '""'Pl, -
5& STOOn'.s IN INDIAN HISTORY
obedience due to hi& King and to his God, he insured
1\-imsCl nappiness in both worlds. The King, slow to
anger and prompt to forgive, laviJh.ed presents and kind
words on his son.
FIFTEENTH OF TJ!E ltElGI\'
Outbreak of thl! Satnami.r-also Mondih ..
[fextJ P 114.] It is cause for wonder that a gang of
bloody, mi$era!M rebels, goldsmiths, carpenters, sweepers,
tanners, nnd other ignoble beings, braggarts and fools ,of
all .descriptions, should bccorne so puffed up wiLh vain
glory as to cast thC!Jllllelves 4eadlong iilto the pit of self '
destruction. This is how il arne to paS$. A :malign.'\nt
set of pe.ople, inhabitants of Mewat, collected suddenly as
white ants spring from the ground, or
from the skies. I t is allirmed tb.at these people consi<Wed
immortal : seventy lives was the i.-;,1\atd pro-
.mi.led to every one of them who Jell ln actio.o.. A bo<ty
of about 6000 hac! collected in the neighbourhood of
Narnaul, and were in open rebellion. Cities and dis
tricts were plundered. Tahir K.ban Faujdar, considering
himself not mong enough to oppose, tepaired to
th<aJ>l;!lsen.ce.,. The King resolved to cxlerminnte the in
.. :A.cco,rdiiigly, on the 26th df an otdor
was proceed wlth b,is
artillery, and 600 of t)lC
to Mmta<a Kban, h.i.s fltther,
and Yahya Khan Jtoqll. Niljib K.llao, Rutni Khan,
Karnalu-d d.in
1
.son Khan, Purdil. son of Firot
Khnn Mewath and lsfandyar, bakhshi to Prince Muham-
mad Altbar, witlt. their. own c:roops, to the destruc-
tion o the unbclicve.rsc Tlte royal forces rruu;cb.ed to tlie
; the showed a bo)d uont
1
. , and;
al!,1J.ou8h toc.illy unprovii!ed with the io:!plem..ents o war,
good use of whae arms they had. They: .fougJlt ,'l"itli
STUDIE$ IN IN PIAN HISTORY
all the valour of former rebels whose deeds are recorded
in history, and the people of Hind have called dUs bttll.le
Mahab!larat, on account of the great slaughter
elephants on that crying day. The horses of Islam
charged wilh impetuosity, and crimsoned , their sabres
with the blood of these men. The str1.1ggle was
rerr.ible. ConspicuoUJ above all were Ra'd-andat Khan,
Hamid Khan, and Yahya Khan. Many of tbe Moslims
were lain or wounded. .At length the enemy broke and
!led, bttt were pursued witll great slaughter. Few indeed
escaped with their lives; a . vi'cto")' crowned the
of the royal commanders-and those xegions .-ere
cleansed of the preseJlce of the foul unbelievers. The
lriumpl1a11t permitted to kls$ the t.hreshold,
ranclcred proud by the prliises of their King. The title
of Shttja'at Khan w:u conferred on Ra'dandaz, with .t.4e
rank of 8000 n.nd 2000 hor,e.
(Tcll'1:, p. 170,] _On the 19th Rabfu-1 althlr, JOS9 A.R.,
a report from Shali'a IUta.n, dituan . of Denga.J, made
known that the A.miru-1 umara had appropriated one
kror and thirty-two lacs of rupees above. his ,yea:.:ly salary;
A cbim against the a.mir was to be
enteyed .
..
1'WllN.TY-SllCOND YEAR 01' Tim RlucN, 1090 A.a. (167!) A.D.)
[.Text, p. 175.] On the 21th Rabi'u-1 akhir, l<hanJ ahm
ilahadur from Jodhpur. bringing with bim
rn1 cart-loads of ldob, ta\;e11 from the Hindu
b'ad been ratcQ.. iHi$ Majesty gave him ,pra[$e,
M'osr of these idtils ;tdorned with precious or
n\ade of gold, .Ulvi:r,. br.w, copper or ftQD,e; )l'aS
cirdered that some of thetn.$hotilo be C3$l away 'inthe llut-
officcs, and the rimminder placcd. beneath the'st<Jp's tho
g.and \ mi:l&qmi; there tO' b<>- trampled undt!l<>,t(oot 'Piere
th-ey lay a long tirnc, until; at lasc, . .not them.
was' }cft.
@;el<t, 'l' 116.] Raja Jiiswi>nt Sjl)gh'had die.cl at
KnbuC witb.out male issue; butl, a(ten
S'l UIDES IN INDIAN HlSTORY
faithful adherents-Song, Ragunath Das Bb.ati, Ranjhur,
Durga D3$, 1nd some others-sene infonnation to the
of two of the wives of the late Ro.fa being with child.
These ladle$; after their arrival at Lahore, gave each of
birth to a $Oil. This news was to
the .King, with a request that the children should be per-
mitted to .ua:eed to their father's rank and possessiom.
His Majesty repli;ed. thnt dt.e children should be sent to
him to be brought up nt his Court, nnd that rank and
wealc:ll, shduld be given. to them.
trext, p. l86.] On the 12th Zil hijja, 1090 ur. (6th
January, 1680), Prince Muhammad 'Al.am nud Khan
J allan Bllhndur obtained permission_ to visit Udiptir.
Ruhu-llab Kb.m and Ynkkataz Khan aho proceeded
thither to clfeet the licstruction of the temples of the
idolators. These edifices, situated in the vicinity of the
Rnna's ,Palace, were among the wonders of the age. and
had been erected by tb.e lnfidcls to the ruin of tb;eit souJs
nnd the loss of their weal<h. It was here that some
tWenty. Mlichator. Rnjputs had resolve.! to die for their
lai,tll One of them slew mony of hi6 assailants before
receiving b.is deatb.-blow. Another followed, and another,
until all b.nd fnUcn, mru1y of lhe faithful also being dcs-
befo;c the last of there had gone to b.cll.
temple wns now clear, and the pioneers dcstloycd
tb.e' iin'!s. 1
(Text, p. 188.] On the ;2nd of Muban:-dm, 1091 ,.,'R,
(24th. January, 1680}, the Kiilg vi&ited tllo tank of Ui!i-
sagar, by, the His Majesty ord=d all
three of t.hc Hindu temples to be levelled with. the
ground,. New$ was this day reeived that Hasan 'AU
K.h.an had emerged from the pass and altacke.d the Ra1;1a
on the 29th. of 2fi;l, .hijja. The enemy had lled, leaving
behind them theill tents and baggage. The
quantily of grain captured in ,had createq
abunC!ance amongst the troops.
;'0n; tltc 7th Mub.arram Haun 'Ali Khan .made h4
::ippea'rance with twenty camcls-w,keil frP.m' the .l,ta"11
1
.l gc!
STlJDliS tN INDIAN JUSTO!lY
statod thn1 the temple situnLed near the p:iliu:e; nnd one
hundred and twenty-two more in the ncigh.bourio.g dis
Lricts, had been demoyed. This chieftain was, fot his
distinguished serviCes, invested Wi.llt the l:ttlo ot' llali.adur.
His Majesty prooecded to Chicor on the 1st of Safar.
Temples to the num.ber otl sbuy:thn!e were here
demo! is !:ted.
Abu-Turab, who had been commissioned to ; e.lfect
the dest.ruction o the idoltcmples of Amber, reported in
person Qn the 24th tl:tat threescore o.nd six of tl:tcse-
edlliccs bad bcen.levclled with tile gr.ound,
TVI!mv-FouATH YxAR nv -nn1 beN, 109l2 A.B.
(168081 .I.J).)
[Text, p. 207.J The R:mn had now been driven forth
from ltiS country and his home. The victorious ghazi.s
h.a.d struck m.a.ny a blow, and th.e heroes o.f Islam had
trampled \mder their chargers' ho.o.fs the land, which tb.is
reptile of the jungle.1 nnd his predecessoJ:s had poSS<!s.sed
Cor a years. He had been forced t.O' fiy to j;h,e
very limit of hit tenitories. Unable to resin =r
he saw no sarety for himself. but in soekiJ!g par!lpn,
A:c$l)idingl.y .be threw h.im<cl! OIT the mercy of>
Miihammad 'A.:rrun. and implored hi5 intc:icession with
!4e K11J.S' l .pll'e.ring the f>argm= of l?ur, and
lladhanorlnlleu of the jit)'ll. By 'thi; submission be w:u
enabled to'iotain posseuion of his country und his weahll.
The Prince, tO\li:hed with compassion for tl)e Ran.>'s
lorn nate, uied his influence with His Majesty, and this
merciful monarch, anxious to please hi lel)t
favourable ear these ' propesitions. An :interv' ew
at the t!Ulk on the 17th, ' of
akhlr
1
, betWeen the Pnnee and the Ra?a; to
lilian and aasan 'All Xhart hM ane
:Rana made an offering'of 500 tjgp.teen horses
wi'Ui , caparisnns of gold anli silver, .aJ\A,iJia .116niage to
uie Prim:e, who desired sit ;on his leb. He
"'ceivid i,D a. khil'al, atpabr'e; <ij'gger, Charger- anti
42 STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSl'OilY
elephant. His title of .Rana was acknowledged, and the
ra.nk of commander of 5000 conferred on him.
TWNTr:SEVDmf ful< OP Tfll'l lUJC:>I, l0945 A.ll.
(16834 A.D.)
Catles of Ellora
[Text, p. 288.) Muhammad Shah Malik Juna, son of
sclected lhe fort of Deogir a.t a central point
whereat tO' establuh t.be seat of government, and gave it
the name of Danlatabad. He removed the inhabitanis of
Dehli thitl\cr with their wives apd chlldrcll, and many
great and good men removed thither and were buried
there. .EIIora is only a shore distance from this place.
At some very retnotc period a rncc of men, as if by magic,
excavated caves (naMcab) .h.igh up among the defiJps
of the mountains. These Tooms (hluma) extended over a
breadth of one kos. Carvings of v;rrious de!igns. and of
corred execntic;n adorned all the walls and ccilings_; b)lt
Ute outside of the mountnin is perfectly' level, and tberc
is no of a:ny dweUing (hhaM). Ftom dte long pl!liod
of time these pagallS remained masret'S of- this territory,
it is rcason.ible to conclude, althouglt .historians dlfl'er,
that to them is to be nttributed tbe COlrstruction of
places:
T8IRTITII YF.A" Of' TH RmoN, )0978 A.n. (1686-7
.of Prince Muhamm/Ul M"'a.zzam
(Text, P' 2g8.) although a prince
of great intelligence and penmration. wns led by pcm!1
cious" counsellon imo opposition to hi.< fatber:s wishes,
and this oc<mduct tiecame tile source of mucb sufferiJ;Jg tQ
hlmsclf and displeasure to the rnlc:r of the State. 'For a
long rune His Majesty, loth that such conduct,?should
become known, closed to the Prince's
:Oucing hi siege of :Sijapur some perions 1vere
carrying seaet measage. fo Sikandar ('Adil Shllh);
men plit to death. Some also, $USpec\ed. of
evil intentions, Mumin Khan, tom:mandant of artillery,
t
;
STUDIES IN INDIAN fiiSl'ORY
'Ariz Afghan, Multifat Khan, second bdhllshi, and the
cunning- Bindraban, were expelled from the army on the
I 8th oE Sltawwal. The Prince's destiny grew dark, and
wisdom and foresight quite forsook him. During the
investment of Haidarabacl he allowed himself to. be
deluded by so1nc promise of Abul Hasan, and at last
sundry written comm-qnications, whkb passed
the trenches and the fort of Golkonda, fell into the bands
of Firm Jong: proofs were also available of tl1c;
l'ri.nce's 1.\'eachcry. l'he Kcha.n, that very night, laid lliese
documents l><:fore the King, who wai now well con_vinced
of the Prince's wllfulness, what.cver doubts he might
have entertained before. Ha}'llt Khan, of the
Prince's diwt>nkhatla, was sent for and ordered to direct
his master to send his trOOp! to oppose Shaikh Nizam
Haidarabadi, who was about to make a night attack. on
the camp. Ihtimam Khan, it was said, would guard the
Prince's tents during the absence o his. own people. This
order was obeyed.
The ne.x< morliliig, aceoidiilg to ordet, the Erince,
];{u'iuud din, and Mullammnd 'Ati:m,' tlfe
darbar. His Majesty, a!tet tak:ing h.is seat,_ told
tba:t Asad Kban and Ba.hmnand Khan bad. somethlng to
communicate to them in the had the
l>rinces .entered this place than . = wc:re Wr.en
hom them. _
1
M1soon as a tent couldo,e pirched, they wi!J:t;
His . Jest)' \VItbdrc;v
llf tbe pr&.ite entr.\n!:e
1
and U>.cre, 'wnngJng IllS ch3nds,

1
of grief, he cx'clairtied lhal tlle
!Jibour of 6rtyjycit's_,haCI fallen to the
. Guarps were tjl.e t.e,nt. una,c;:f
of Ibtimam i(han. seiie'd aJl the
wJ;tiC!\, nowever, "'"" but M a drop of
!..
7
.., t''-"iJ >' "1 'f: t T ( - >. . ! 4
the, lht:imam.' was; with: , he uUe 6!'.Sar(!ar
Khan, al.ld raise(! from tlie comma(ld 6 1000 \o thAt

;

STUDIES lN L'I.DJAN HISTO'RY
'fRmTY-Fn'-tR YEAR OF THE RE.!GN, 1102-3 A.H. (1691-2 A.D,)
qf Multamr1Uid from
[Text, p'. 841.] Lh.e Prince nor his sons had been,
whc;p ru-st confined, pennilted even co unbind <he hal;
"Of their T lili treatment lasted ix mouths.
KlridinuJ Khan, Na%ir, em.boldo.ncd by his long service
under this King n:nd under his father, remonstrated most
vehemently againn this severity (no other cJayed:, to speak
In the Princc's favour), and His Majesty relented. A3
time wore on, the King's wratl1 grew less, his paternal
feelings rcsu11)ed their sway; and he daily sem his bless-
ing by Sardn Khan to Lhis second Joseph, imprisoned
like Jonas, desiring hlm to be satisfied with thJS much
until the li'ather of all Mercies moved his beart to put
a.n end to his sufedi1gs. Strange to relate, Sardar Khan
one day told the King that His Majesty could t,jle
Prince's rcleare when he thought fit so c.o do.
replied the King, "hul J>rovidcnce bas made me rtiler' Q.t
the habitable world. 'rhe oppressed person appeals me
against his oppressor, and expects redress. ThJs son of
mine has endured some hardships at .my hands, in expia-
tion of .certain worldly b,uc the hour has not yet
come .for me to release !Un1; hls , only hope is in God.
Let him tJlerefore be hopeful, so that )lc may not losq
hope in ll).e, appeal plnl;t me co God, lor
he; do ao, would .be left to me ?"
Fate had" ' unanunad Mu'auam sbou1d
adorn the tltrone; the King, that persoruficn
c.ion of all vfrr;il!ls, rhs,ofve<C t()' draw the from
atate in wh!clt he had been kept, and let his shiile
oo the people. That hil mind might fio.t bel; down
under the weight of grief, thf! rigours of confinement
gradually .less. On one occasion, when tlie
:ICing marched from B"adri. all the teiits
be !He standing for the Prince's recteation. He was per
mitted to wander from one to the otl;ter, enjoying ' the
luxuries each dijl'erent place _affprcled, and body;
SI'IJDtllS IN IND1AN HISTORY
1\1\d mind. The Pcince .observed to the officers who had
charge of him !.haL .he l onged to behOld Sis Majesty, and
that the s.iglu of such places could not satisfy 1.h.at wish.
At len_gth, when the news of the Prince's mot.lier having '
died in the capital was received, His Majesty a
tent of communication 10 be pitched betWeen the" diwuwi
kltas .and the Prince's tent, . where the monarch repaired.
In perS!>n with the virtuous Princess Zinatn-rr Ni.sa
and ollered the urual -consolacions.
Some time after this, oa the . 4th ot Zil
Mu'azzam honour q paying his respects to the
King:. 'Who him to ,Perform his mid-day prayers in
his l?l'eser;u:e. When His Majesty went to the mosque on
Frltlays, lite Prince was to pray in the private chapel.
P_ermissi<lJ\ wps also grantetl him 10 visit occasiorially tire
l>atlis in the .fort ; at other tinlcs he mighl wander: 1unong
tbc partcrie and tanks of the Stuib.abad gardens, 1.:(J11u.
by degrees was broken the barrier between father and :Son .
.Khwaja Daulnt received orders to !etch the Prince's.
f.amily from l;be capital...'
FIFTYFlRST OF TilE REIGN
of
[':i;'ext, p. 519.} After the conclusion 'of ilie "holy wars
lhe countries . of the Dakhin: from the
oomiru9!l.-of the pagans, the a.rmy encamped at
nagar ob. 16th of Shawwal, m the 50th year of
reign.. A year ' afier this, at the end of Shawwal
1
ill llie
51st ye:tt of the the King fell tll, and con.!tCP,talilin
sgrca.dy of all ranks ; but, by
bf 'Providence; Hls "Majesty recovered his ' healthfo in ill
shprt time, aod once ;more resu.med adminlstr.a,lio,\1 of
affairs. About this ume I;J).e nob)e Shah ('i\4m) "(!'$
.a,ppointed' .governor of tb.'e pt;ovince; cif ;nd:)rincf
'11nhn ,ub.lcqueot ps.sg., It llie. ;w.,
in his &tal Qgl\c.. -1n
wna ptesentCd lO ije
,o:rty-secon fCiU ..
'S'llUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY
K:tin Bakhsb governor of that of Bijapur. f!lm; .or
J;v<: days had elapsed the departure. of thc.U: rqpl
highnesses, when the King was seucd wub a btu:ll}n.g
,fever, which continued unabated fcrr three days. S,till
.MaJesty did not relax in h is devotious, every
of rc;ligion was kept. On the evi:niug of
day, B.is Majesty p<:ruscd a petition from .Ham.idu-d din
Khan, who staLed .that he had devoted the sum of 1000
rupt:es, the p(icc of .an elephant, as a propitiatory sacri
lice. and. begged U> be permitted to make over this amoutu
to the K.ali Mulla Haidar for disttibution. The King
granted the request, and, th.ougb. weak and su.ll'edng,
wrote with his own han<l 9n the pctiti()tl tbat it was b.is
earnest wish tbat this .sacrifice should lead to a speedy
dissolution of hia mortal frame.
On the morning of Friday, 28th of Zi-1 ka'da (1118
A.H. 21st February, 1'707 A.D.), His Majesty performed the
consecrated prayers, and, at . their conclusion, to
the .sleeping apartments, where he remained .
con.templalion of the Deity. Faintness came on, an(!
aoul of the aged monarch hovered on tnc verge of e&:rnity.
Still. in this dread !lour, the f9rcc of habit. prevailed, and
the lingers of the dying Ring continued mecltanically to
tell the beads of the rosary they hc;ld. A quarter of the
dlif later the King breathed Ita ' last, and thus was ful
bls wish to die on a Friday. Great was the grief
arrMij :ill dtissl!s oE people for the lUng's dooth. The
of demolislied the cdllice of Lb:Ci.r
hopes,. and the \night: of .sorrow darkenea the joyful noon.
day. l'Iolr, men to perform U1e funeral ri.fe,
at1d. kepc the in the sleeping a-partment pendintt
the ntt1Val of P.tmce Muhammad A'zam., who wil away
a distance of liye-andt:wenty kos rom tho camp. 'th;e
arrived lh!' J'ollowing day, and it is l.mposslbie to
tfescribe the grief th:it was depicted on his co:untenance :
never. had anrthing ,like it been beheld. On Monday he
ai'ftslejl in carrying the oorpse t)l:rougb tlfe hail of junibl!,
procession went on
5rUDIBS lN-lNDlAN HISTORY
ever experience the anguish he felt I People sympatlilied
wjth the Prince's so.crow, and &hed torrenu of tears. Such
and so deeply-felt were the la.mema<ions for a monarch
whose gettius only equ.allcd his piety, whose equal the
world did not contain; but whose luminous countenance
W\IS n.ow hidden frolll his loving people l
According to the 'Yill of the deceased K.UJg, his
mortal remains were deposited in the tomb
daring his lifetime near the shrine o the holy Sh:rikh
Zainu-d dln (011 whom God have mercy I). "Earth wrur
consigned to earth, but the pure soul s\trvived," This
place of known by the name of Khuldaoad; is /
dis!:smt , cight koo from Klmjista-bunyad (Aurangabad),
and three ltos from Dn.ulatabad. A red stone three 1':trds
ln length, two in width, and only a !cw inches in depth.
is placed abQVc the tomb. In this stone 'W:U hollolvcd
out, h\ the shape of an amulet, u cavity' for the reeeption
of earth and seeds ; and odoriferous herbs there diffuse
their b:agrnnce around.
Account of tlte Family
['!_'ext, p. 533.] God had given unto 'Alamgir five
itnd ftVe daug\ltcrs, b<jrn of moth'01's, and all
learned in spiritual and worldly marten. Mention bas
, all'eady made of them; it now remains. to give a
short notice of each.
The was Muhammad Sultan, born oE iht;.
Nawab :Bai., on the.4th o( Rrunazan, in the year' 1049 Ji.ffi
"(i4t1f Novem1)et,. l\iS9 .A.b.). His mann.ers w.ere
'he- knew the bf he'art, and was well
with the Ariiblc, Tt!t!'iJh :arut Pcni,an
:V\ilour Wll.l great. Thi.s doed m the 21st y&i o
!he reign. >
The. second $on, Muiiainmad
was oom of' ihe same. Nawab :Bin; G:. 'tlie end
of '.Rajab, )053 A.a. (Septcntber, A.n1l 'W:hne !l boy
knowledge o.f and of the
48
Sl'ODIES tN INDIAN HlSTOU
science of rending. When so engaged, his voice is pleas-
ing and melodious. So gt"eal is. his knowledge of law p,nd
of ' tl1e mdi.tionary sayings of the Prophet, that he is-held
byall the Je:rrned men of the day to be unequalled in this
accomplisltment. He is deeply read in Arabic, and the
fluency aud elegance o his diction are Lite wonder of the
very Kuran-readen of Arabia, He l:.nows many sort& of
writing, is eareful of his time, and a protector of the poor.
Prince M u:hammad A'zam, the third son, was born
0
Dili:a,$ Danu Begam, daughter of Shall N'awax Khan
on the J2Ut of in the year
' Jwle, 1 G5S). He w!IS di.ltingu.abed for his wisd.om llnd
ei<cellence. He excelled, in 11)JUly ways, and his innate
virtues and sagacity rendered him the indispensable com-
panion of the late King. Hi,& death occurred on the 18th
of Rabi'ul awwal, only three montlu and t)<lenty day$
after that of h.is royal parent. lt W"-1 marl:.ed by deeds. of
val.our.
The next wn, Prince Akbar, was born;of Qll.
the 12th of Zi-l hijja, in the year 1067 (12th Se'ptembcr.
1656 A.D.). He fled from his father, antl passed his' life in
Persia. He died iu r.he 4.8th year oJ 1tbe reign, ,but there
arc two reasons for supposing_ that his end , was a happy
oiJe.. .ltJ the .fiJ:l>t place, the -ing t<:m":l'ked tbnt Prince
hap pcrfotmeli his l'rid'!y prayers most
an!i secondly, his mortal J:crnains lie. in t1!.e
area of \)\el tOqi,b Qf lm,am (on whom be
and prai.s<: ).
MuhaDilJlaiJ Xam;,Jlai<Jisb,tl1e fifth and last son, was
.born on the .l<fth o. Ramaza,n, in the year 1077 (261h
Fcbmary, .His mother was Bai Udipuri. Eiis
,father instructed il). tbc: word of God, .bis know-
ledge of all known works surpassed that of his.
Turkish ;md several modes of writing were
fW!1iliar to. hi"!. .Fie was brave II!ld M
Pril)ce tool; place !Wo years afreP

f.,llier.
T11e .. fs. not ghcn.
STUDIS CN IN.OIAN W.STO.II.V
Accoutlt of the Daughlttrs
Zcbun Nisn Bega!IL was the eldest of th.e daughters. She
w;u bom of Degam' on the lOth Sha'"'val, in the year
1048 (5Lb Fcb1uary, 16$(1). Owing to th.e King's leaching.
she became thoroughly proftclenl in knowledge of the
and ret:eived as a reward the of 50,000
Mhrafis, Her teaming exte11dcd to J\tabic, Persian,.,
the various u10des of writing, and to prose and poetry.
M<my men, poets and writers were amploycd by
her, and. nmnerous compilations and original work are
dedicated to her. One of these, a ll'anslntion of the
Tofsiri Kabir, called Zebt<-1 Tafasir, was the work of
Mulla Saft' ud din Ardbeli, ntlachcrlto the service of this
.Princess. Her death occurred in lhe yenr 1113 (1701 ,q>.).
The seco11d daughter Zinatu-n Nisa llegam. She
was born on the 1st in the year 1053 (9th Octo-
ber, 1645 A.D.). This Princess is remarkable for her great
piety and cxcrerue liberality.
Badrun Ni.;a Began\, the thi.rd in o.rder, was born of
the Na.wnb Bai on Ute 29th Shmvwal, in the 1'eat 1057
(l?tl;L !647 She .knew the K.uran by
heart, wa5 pious and \'irtuous. Her demise took place
on lha 27th Zi-1 ka'da ill the l!lth year CiE the reign.
The iOl!<th daughter, Zubdatun Nis:. Begam, was
born on th'e 26th Rarnaxan, in th.qear 1061 (1st Septem
her, 1651 A.1l.). Her mother was llegam, This Princess
was ever engaged in .Prayer, and pious
She was wedded tc> Siplhr Shukoh, son of Darn Sh:ukoh.
Sb.e went to Paradise in tb.e same month as her fathet', t o
whom her deatll 'was not made known.
Mibru: n Nisa Bcgam, t,he 6.'ftlt rlaaghter, '):as Q?t1\
of Aurmga'badi Mahal on I:Jle 8rd of Safnr/ in the year
1072 (13th 'SepteJnber . 1661). Sbe becaUJ,e Ut' of
,bad Bal<.hsh, son o.f Murad BakhTh, ancf )Jved witil the
ye:ll' 11 16.
' The name b not gtveu.
t
5U STUllii!S 1N ll<fDli\N llll>"l"ORY
FUTUJIATl 'ALAMC1Rl
017
MUHAMMAD MA'SUM
(Tars book of "the Victories of Aurangzcb" woul<l seem
also to bo known as Walt.i'at-i 'Aiamgirl. There is a
tr:anslation of the Preface and of the Table of Contents
among Sir H: M. EJJiot's papers. From th.e l'rcfnce l.t
:ppcars that the author was Muhammad Ma'surn, son of
S:ilih. He wa. employed in the scrvkc of Sultan Shuja',
Auta:ngazeb's brother, "whose generosity is equal to that
of lb.e sun." Having obtain.cd ,a few months' leave of
llbsencc, he, with much hesitation and dlJJiclcnce, deter-
mined, as he says, "to write the events o these two or
three years, which I have witnessed myself or have b.eard
rom others." Tbe Table. of Contents gives 55 Chapters.
The first relates to Shah Jahan's conquest o llall<b and
Cbapru 52 the murder of Dara
Sbukot). by tlie Oi'ders of Aurangze]) in tbe garden of
Kb.it.rabad, by the hands of Sltah Nazar Cile.l'11., nnd of the
burial o bis remains ill the mausoleum of Hulll11yun,
wb.icb is. lh.c burial-plnce of all the murdered princes of
tbis. llousc." Chapter 55 gives the rema.ining nccoum o.f
Shah .Shuja' and, M:u'azzam Khan. The translator adds :
"Tbe ,histor-y . is )lOt complete, and it is not known
whether the ':tlltbOr had \\')"ittco ou.ly thus far, or whether
the scl'ibc bad' no time to copy furthCl'." As it
to be only the history of two or three years, it is probn.bl y
complete. There is, according co Dr. Bird, another wor-k
bearing chis title. written by Sri Da!, n. Nagar BtahJna11
of Gujarat. "The aulllor was a spectator of the occur
liences he details, and was in lhe service of Sball<:\lUl
cJ:!il:i% tlte son o 'Abdu-l Wabhab Alimad:iRa.dj,
W'ork .i3 very rare."')
I llird's cu;arat, P 89.
t
Sl'UDtES IN HISTORY
TARIKH-1 MULJi.-I ASHAM
OF
SHA.HAllU-D DIN TALASH
(I'ms is an aocount or the. expedition to Assam under-
taken in the fourth year of the reign of Aurangieb, by
Mu'azzarn Khan K!tnnkhanan. The author was Mlntlana
Ahmad Sbahabu-d din T.alash. It is a 5maU work, and
is noticed in Stewart's Catalogue. There are
Extracts o the work among Sir H. M. Elliot's papers, and
thc.:e is a copy .iu the Library of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal.)
WAKAI'
OD'
NI'AMAT KHAN
[Irus is the work of the celebrated wit and satirist, Mina
' :t'fubanunad Ni'nmat Khi:m, w.hose poeti.cal sobriquet was
'AU, His writings are much valued in India for the
exceilence of Lb.e style, which is highly floti<!; but it is
:very obscure,. and is more pregnant with metaphor than
meaning. Tile aur.hor was appointed to th.e office of
newswriter by Aw:angv:b. nne! the Wttkai' is especially
devoted to the , history of Lb.c siege and conquest of. Gol
konda. The Gharaib states Lb.at his ancestors
were physiclanA .of 'Shir.az, but that he was broul!_ht ur,
Hindus tan. He Walf .appointed by Aurangzeb , W t:lte
mansab of boJr.tuuali, _wHh the title of Ni'amaf, kllan1 but
he was ungrateful to hi& p;ttton and satifiztd h'l1o. 4t
length, froin impto-per' oondutt, he feU ifi.t<t
"His verSeS' and ghazals are not excellent, llut hi( 5a,tiJ:e
is pleasant and .Pungent." Jr appears. that Tie !Ufd some
See )our;n, clcr SqiHmU, :!8-15, .P '
17650
.
STUDIES IN INDIAN Hl.'>'l' Oli.V
of medicine. The Taikhi Chaglwtal ulso
$peaks of his strong powers of and states tha.t l>e
received the title of Daoishmand Kl1an in the ftrst year of
t.he reign of Dahndur Shah. He afterwards wrote a Shah
nama, and died at Dehli in U22 .A.H. (1?10 A.D.), in the
.4th year of Dahadur Shah, or accorclintr to another autho-
rity, two year.s earlier. The author 4 the perso11
to in the following passage from "The Critical Essay'' :
"Mirza Mullnmmad, generally called Ni'amat Khan Haji,
was an <.minent persoi>nge, who outainccl the title of
Danisbmand Kltun, ancl he recorded Lite event& of
that monarch's (Aurnngzeu's) reign as far as the third
year. Although his work is Written in a very pleasing
style, it occasionally olfe.nds the reader's delicacy by
indecent jests and coarse witticims, in whieh the author
was too much aocustomed to indulge." In tlle Catalogue
of Jonathan Scott'$ library, tile Wakai' is said to l;>e a most
curious work, anecdotes of private character
in a. bnmorous nnd entertainlng style; buc, says Sir H .
M. FJJiot, ''I conceive that allusion must be made to the
Mmhakal, which ha$ been lithographed. at Lucknow tu
the same volume as the author's R.tlko'at." The Wakai'
bee.n printed at Bombay in. a volume of 319 pages. It
was also published at Lucknow in 1848. T.he Editor of
.tliis edition, after lauding the author in the Prefnce, says
t.fuit '!"Or)<; cont{lins very difficult and complicated
pas5ages not suited t9 'the comprehension. of coroniOn
people ; so, with )Teat pains and diligent re.searc)) in
Persian and Arabic dictionaries, be bas supplied marginal
notes, turning the' .iniist "difficult into a
and easy style."
There is an abstract of a portion of this work among
the papers, but it is a short dry summary o .no vilue,
either as a specimen of the work, or as a contribution tl)
hfsl.ory.'J
, .
1
(J'hlt rullcl hAs been COlUpiled lrnm Sir H. M. ;Uiol'i YO)igh
skeu:h from Pctrian notes 1uld .xltllc<s collected by. him.)'
STUDD!S "lNI>tAN fliSTOl\'X
JANG-N A MA
Olt
Nl'Ali.J:.A'J; KHAN 'ALl

(Tins. "Book of War" i.s another production of Ni'amat
Khan or Danis!Unand Khan, the writer of the
An abstract of the work prepared for Sir H. M
Elliot shows that it begins with the wa.r carried on by
Aurangzeb against the R.1na of Udipur, and end .. with
the accession of Bahadur Shah. The struggle which
followed the death of Aurang-teb occupies a considerable
portion of the work. A lithographed edition of the worl;
was ptin.tcd at Lucknow ln 1261 A (1845 A.D.).]
RURA'ATI 'ALAMGIRI'
Oli
THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB
TBESil letters exhibit the private life and l>elltiments of
tb.is Prince, so they should be allowed ,, place in hu
b:ijtory. The following account is given of them by
Elpltlnstone in hi$ History (p. 675).
"There are three collections of his letters. First, the
KalintRti Taiyibat, publi&hed by one of his chief secre
taries. 'Inayatullah ; second, the Rnkaim-i Kara'im by
sou of another secretary; and third, the DIISturtd Ami
J.gphi c.ollected o;om all . quartets thirty-tight years after
his death. t:he Jlrst two collection& to be
the rough drafts or notes which be wrote with liis"own
b.'lnd for his secrc'tar:ies. Most of the third
have the same appcaran.r;c. They without:;9;tces' ol'
order, and arc often .obscure, from their brevity, :u;td.
ignorance of the subjects aQuded to."
0ne sel was lndlffetentl)' ,translatea' '*any years ago
by ;Eales in Calcutta, and a few .Extracts ljavc been pJJb
lisbe.il in the As'iatic yol. ill.
S4 STUDTES IN INDlo\N HISTORY
Instead of three sets o{ these letters, there appears. to
be more thnn four.
The first of them has the following in the
, l'rcfuce, : "Be it known to all learned men, that this book
named Ruka'at-i 'Aiamgir, and surnamed K(!limat-i
Taiyibat, has bee11 compiled fl'om the epistles written by
Muhiu-d din Muhammad Aurangzeb, King of Hindustan,
The expression Muhin fmr lthilafat wa farxand Sa'adat
tmuam ha$ been used in this book for the eldest son of the
Ki1Jg, Sultan Muhammad Mu'azzam, surnamed Shah
.A:!Jim, Sometimes the expression So.'adat towam has also
been appiJed to second slm, Sultan Muhammad A'tam
Sh:ili ; but the term Parza11d-i ''Ali ]all is only used for
the eldest. By the term Bindar-i na-mihrllan is meant
theKing's cl(!er brother, Dara Shukoli. The expressions
Farza11d-.'TJU1a-i 'azit and Farzand:zada bahadur 'Ire res-
pectiYely intended for Muba.mtn.ad Mu'izznd din, the
eldest. son of Shah 'Alrun, and for Muhammn!,l lledar
Balilit the son of Sultan Muhammad A'zam
Shalt Muhitl-pur. The words ' azimu-l katlY
are used for Muhammad 'A1:unu-d din, tbe seconil son of
Shah 'Alnm. The expressio111 Umdatu-1 Mulk Madaru-l
Multam and an fidwi nrc pecullitr to Asad Khan, was
honou1ed with the title of 11 minvl 11maa. after the dent!L
of Shayjsta Khan. The term Khm1 Firoz ]ang is the
ablirevi'ated 'title of din Khan Fitoz Jang.
Nusi'4f 'Jang the tide of Zu-1 1'ikat Khan. Mir%{1
Balrshi i.S lntena,e.d' foi' ' Mirza Sadru-d din Muhanilnad
Khan' SafaJVi. i'rttitafash ' for Tarbiyat Khan, and the
single word .for Hamidu-d din 'Khan."
The name of the compiler is not mentioned! 'This
; Kalimat-i Taiyib1Whas been lithographed at Luck.now in
8<vo., and contains G7 pages, .17 lines. to " .page. It is,
in cxteruive demand.
Raltaim-i Karaim is a somewhat .1.01allcr cb!lec-
a,nd of 48.octavo pages of fiftten lines' to n
page. 'It _comprues letters by the ,Einper'pr: to Mir:
STUDIES IN lNDLIN HISTORY
'Abdu-l Katim J<.han, father of the compiler; and cut of
compliment to him, the son called the colledion by tbe
name of Rakaim'i Kartlinr. The following is cxtmct"f!d
rom the Preface : "I Saiyid Ashraf Khan Mir Muharn
mad Eusaini do myself the honour of collecting the
epistles of the great King ' Nnmgir, wltich were written, to
my father 'Al/dul Karim Amir Khan, and of
cbem in the form of a book. which .I denominate by cb.i:
title of Ra/,aim-i Karaim, as cbnt expression is in a
manner connected with the name of the late Abdu-l
Karim. I mucl\ ,regret the loss of of the, Emperor's
epistles, whid1 lYUe either dcs_patched ro their JtYeral
without being copied in my Catb.cr',s of&e, or
were destroyed t.ltrough the ignorance and of
his attendants. However, tl1osc which l1ave -.:emained
uninJured are mosl dear to me."
The DMittntl 'A.mt Ag11hi appears .from the follow
ing passage ln the Introduction to been compiled
under the orders of Raja Aya Mal. "The dependents of
the King 'Alamgit have collected celebrnted
rom that moJXaich to the difFerent prince$ and nol!li!S,
into several pamphlets, without arranging them ijl the
..form.of a regular book: but at the request of Raja A }'a
Mal, one of his learned servan rs collected the detached
pamphlets into one yolume io the Hijra year llll6
(1713 a11d denominated Lite work Da#untA ' & ml
Agalli. As style of these epistle.< wll.$ rather di11icult t.o
be by every one, since the King was v<:J:y fond
o figurative la nguage, the compiler tales the
iliry
0
givlng in this P.reface the real rocanings of
peculiar expres$tons; used by the King." Then fo)19't13,
the explanation gi*im in the Ex.tract from Uie
Taiyi bat: ' '
It appears tb.at ' a.tothci- . collection .hl\Cl pre
violjS!y malic undet 'the slmie direction, and tljar 'another
nil'lhe is given. to that collection. The ifol.lri:.b collectiQn
i:s called Ramz Jlea:ts the name
<!f the comr.iler, of whiCh m the cl!;c of tbe DMI!lrul
STODlES lN lNlliAN HlSTORY
'A.ml tua Aga/li we are left tn ignorance. "Tbe corres-
pondence of .the ltmpernr Alamgir appears at first sight
to consist o ordinaxy epistles, but in reality they convey
the b'est ln$tntction t() kings, and the most 'useful kind of
information to nobles ancl courtiers. They may be con-
.siclercd harmless friends ro all, whether they love retire
mcnt or tnlc.e delight in society. Originally they did n.ot
f()rm a regular book, but nt the instigation of the celc
brated and learned Raja Aya Mal, 13udh Mnl, surnamed
Ram, collected them and formed a book in the ycaT U!\ 1
A.B. (1788 ,\.D.).
There is anothc.r collection bearing the name of
tJ.dobi '4/amgiri. This is composed of letters written by
Aurnngzch to his father, sons, and officers. They were
collected by Mtmshiu-1 Mamalilt Shaikh Abu-1 Fadt, and
wcrs arranged and formed into a book by Sadik, entitled
NaIMT!flm, a resident of Ambala. The work is notited
in the Clualogue of the Macken4ie Collection (vol. ii.
p. 185). fi'here arc several Extracts of this work among
Sir H. Elli.ot's MSS., and there is a copy in the British
Museum.]
BIDLTOOR4PH1CAL NOTICES'

TARIK.RUL JANNIJII;
MUIIIARUD DAW.U.
t'Rl! frrsL wo.rk, of wp.ich co.rrect name .is supposed to
be Bahru-x -Zilkll')<hiJY, "tlie swclling sea," comP.rises a
general history fr'()m the beginning of the world .to A.R. 997
(,\.D. 1589). D'Herbelot qu()tes the author of the Kas/tfill
Zanun as sayin(J that this history is called somo 'IIni!H
ZaMithar, ''su perat>undnnt knowledge," and it is' the
. roost .copious hi.stm:y which -the Muhammadans . .have .HajJ.
it has.no. known title, but that the authOl' o(
'A,khb<u;u-d. Dawal -mentions it under the name -of Bahr,
' '(Thm are works hich Sir M. Elliot never met with, b'Ut
'abom wlrldt :lie b., drl.n lnfOITl\tion from other io\lrC<>L] '
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTO.RY
61
and that some learned men call it, 'Ailemux Zaltllir fi
ahwaJu-1-awa/1 wa11,1:awaAhir, "au overflowing well in the
trnnsnctioll5 of ancients and modems.''
It gives an account of the creation of the world, tbe
Prophets, Syrians, Sabians, Jews, Cltristiaris, tbe four
ancient Penian the Kings -of the Greeks, of tbe
Israelites, Sultans of Egypt, the Arab tribes, Muhanlm'ad,
lite nul four Khalifs, and those of the u and
'Abbnsidc dynasties, the Mamluk.s who ruled over Syria,
the several dynasties of the Snffarians, Sa.manians, Glto.ri
ans, Ghaznivides, Dilamites or Buwaibides; Sal jukians,
KhwiU"nun-shabis, Cb.angiz Khan, Ti.mur, and their des
cendants, the Otto1oan Emperors, and others.
The work was =.itt.en in Arabie, and
slated by the a,ulhor tnto Turkish, and abridj:ed by him
also in that language. Hence some confusion l1aa arisen.
in describing it, and a second source o error arises from
there being another author of this name, who wrote a
history of Timur.
It is divided into 82 sections, each coniaining: a di!Eer
ent dynasty; and, although Haji Khalfa notices that
several dynasties are omitted which are mentioned. in the
J alran-ara, yet ltc states that he knew no work eq_ually
copious as a compendium. He therefore abstracted the
greater part into his own historic.-.1 work, entitled Fazlnka,
but increased the number of the different dynasties to 150.
He states also that the A4hbanvd Dawal wn
"the annals of d;r,Msties and the momunems of . ancient
things," in 880 folios, :written ..-1.11. 1008, by Ahmad. bit:\
Yusil bin Ahmad,- iS an abridgment of ]Rlll\alii's b.Wtory
1
to which the epitonllltpr.adds a little of hi$ 6!'Qltting
at t(l.e time mnny dyn,asties given by
. D'Herbclot varies the name, of this author
Under the article "Gianqbr," he give$ if as
1
Aoou Mobam
rned ben Seid bin Saiyd Hassan: al.R08Sci.n.i, and
"Tt,rih/1 al Gianabi}' he calls .him, al Gimabi
Seid I!Ia.ssan ;iJ Ro-umi, tki give., iiidiill name as, Abu
58
STODil!S N JNl)JAN HISTOll.Y
Mustafa ben al.Said al-Has:Ul ben al.Said Scnnn ben al:Said
Ahmed al-Hos.ain) al-Hasltcmi al-Carshi. He died A.H. 999
(A.D. 1591).
I know of no Manuscript of thh work in tndia, but
there was a copy in Gore Ousclcy's collection. The
n.:une 6f Balu-u-l Zalt.hkhar is familiar, as being the title of
a ponderous work devoted to the lives of Muhammadan
Sainrs. It is also the name of the lint volume 6 a modem
compilation, called Maim'au-1 Muluh.
The Arabic history exists at Oxford and St.
and the Turldslt is in the Royal Llbl'ary of Vienna. The
Bodleian bas two both in two volumes ; one copy
is in folio, comprising 55S leaves, but there are only 76
sections included in it i nnotllct is ilt 4to comprising 880
leaves.
TARIKH-l.HAj l MOHAMMAD KANDAHAR
Tms work is' very frequently quoted by Firishta, both in
the General History, as well as in the Histories of Bengal,
Sind, and Gujarat, and throughout a period extending
from Mahmud of Ghazni to the accession oB Akbar. lt ia,
therefore, cvidc.ndy a General HistOry. The work is also
quoted by Ghulam Basit, but probably at second hand.
In tb.cSahihu,l tllthbar, Sarup Chand quotes a$ one
of the authol'iRes to ;which he indebted, Tar,ihhi'sadr,i
]a han by I:!aji ?l;ftih:i.mmad Kandahari, in which he ha,
confounded tw.o names togeth.O', and rendered liimsel
'Campa"' Uri/ Bibl. Bodl. Codd. MSS. Or., pp. 175,
'Nicoll nruf Pusey, pp. 590, 595; Frmlm, DbllogrJf>h:,
221: Kcclt}c:r, Eie!T, vol. lv. lksch .. ths .Omuz!l
''Ill . . ov. p. _,S5 ; .lfaJ .Khalfa, .J,.Cx. lln<'< '1'01 11.
p. 121; Cach. d. Gold. Horde
1
p. xxviil: "9 lim<,
.PP 11, Fpndg. d. Or., vol. IV. p. !29. vol. vl., p ... S70:
Vdt. , ... ao; CatJ A . .r. Soc. Bong., p. 7.; MDd. l1fuv. Hast., vS1, f.
p. 120, vol. lx. p. 320; Gtmaldesaa!, PfJ,..p. _XI.
STUDlllS IN INDIAN HISTORY
open to the &uspicioo of quoting works which be never
saw,-a practice by no means uncommon 1<ith our modern

I cannot learn lhat thera is any copy of work
cxtanL
(See Briggs's Firishth, vol. i. pp. 52, {08, vol. iv. pp. 48,
545, 401).
FUTUHU.S SALATIN
TH "Victories of the Sultans'' \oould M!cm, If we may
judge by the title, to be a General Histoi-y. It is q:notcd
in the preface of the Tabakat-i A.lt.b4ri as one of the autho-
rities on which that hlstory is founded.
Eit:islua, under ilie reign of Ghiyasu-d. din Tughlik,
quotes this anecdote from it.
"As the King was ncar the Iillis of Tirhu\, the Raja
in arms, but was pursued into the woods. :Find
ing his army could not penetrate Ulem, the lGng alighted
from his horse, called for a hatche.t, and cut down one of
the trtes wirl1 his own band. The troops, on $eeing this,
applied lhcniselve. to work with such spirit, thnt the forest
seemed to vanish' before them. They arrived at length
the fort, sul'l'ounaed by !even ditches of water,
de!en'ded by a high wan. Tlle Kh1g invested the plaCi:i
Jtlled up the dl'td)es, destroyed the wall in three.wh.
The Raja and Jill' family were taken, and greal
, obtained, and the Government of Tirh11.t was 1:6nfmed
upon Ahmad Khan! '
Briggs obser-Ves inanote, "I understand this is a eom-
:pil,ation ot little -authority, and may .. he rn.nkid with the
Jam'i:u-1' Hiktvyat, or other eollection.s. of historical
.romances.'" '
60 STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
TARIKH-I HAKlMAN-IRIND
A IUSTOlW Of !ndin ; comprisil)g an Introduction, twelve
Sections and Supplement,
lntroduction.-The sovereigtJs of India, from Shem,
the aon of Noah, to Anand Deo.
lst Sect.-The Sultans o Lahore, from Nasiru-d din
SubukLigin, to Khusru, son of .Khusru Shah, 2nd Sect.-
Killg$ of De\ili, from Mu'it.>,u-d clln Sam to
Akbar. 8rd' Sect.-Kings the Dalc.llin in six Chapters,
tre;cting of the Kings of Kulbarga_ Dijnpur, Ahmndnngar,
Telingana, Birar and llidnr. 4th Sect.-Princes o.f Gujarnt.
5th $ect.-Pdnces of Malwa. 6th of
lumpur. 7th Sect.-King.s oi Bengal. 8th Scct.-K.ings of
Sinil and TJttta. 9th Sect.-Pcioces of Multan. IOI.h Sect.
-Kings of Kashniir. lith Sect-Rulers of Malabar. 12th
Sect.-The boly lllen of llindustao. Supptement.-A des-
cription of Hindustan.
Author w1known : the work follows the same ord!!f,
and so woulil appear to be :w abrldgtnent of Firislltn.
T ARKHl HAIDAR RAZ
Trus is a very good general history o the world, which was
begti.n in 1611 A.n., and t<iol< the compiler twemy year.s 19
cdmplete. The author was a native of Eastctn and
tt comemporaty of Firuhta. He avows that he is 1\ mete
copyist, even of the words of his autboritiC$, and states
that the., chief source- of IIi, History of Hindus tan is the
Tarikhi &I);> from wb.ich. he has extracted 110 less than
sixty thousand lines. Wilken, who makes great use
this author .in his. notes to his trnos1nl..lon of the llist<ll'y .o
the Ghaznivide Emperors, says that the 6rst yolunw alone
this work, which is in the Royal Library Betlin, com:
Qoless than 787-limves, and even. tb!J; is
:tliaVe never heard of the woz;k In but !t
under the name of Tarikh-i !Jf,irr.or J..Zaid(lr, by NiZli.rnl.liil
Miiikt..U. vol. li. p. 120.
IN INDIAN HISTORY
61
din Aluuad Bakhsbi,' as o.ne of the chief sources of hiS
i ntormation.'
KASAlD OF BADR CHACH.
(THE author of these Odes, whose real name \yas Bndrud
din, "the full moon of religion," wa more familia.rl)
ll.nown M Bndr-i Chach, from hi$ native country of Cbacl),
or Tashlumd. He to India and attracted
uoli.ce at t.bc Court of Mttha:mmad Tughlik, may be
gathered from the following c.xtratts of his poems. His
[(asaid, or . Odes, were lithographed nc Luckoow in 1845,
and tb.e(e is a short notice of them in Stewart's CatalogJ.Ie
of Tippoo's Library, and in Sprenger's Catalogue of the
Libraries, :p. 367. Beyond this, nothing is known of
h.im. The lollowing extracts and notes are entirely the
work of Sir H. Elliot.)
Congratulations on l flc IJ.rrival of tt Kltila't from
1/te 'Abbasi Khalifa '
G<lbriel, from the Jirmnment o! Heaven, has
.tile glad tidings, that a robe of honollt' and Patent have
rl!acllcd tlte Sultati frpm the Khalifa, j u.!t as the verses of
the Kuran honoured Muhammad by their arrival from thu
Court of tb:e immortal God. * T ho Imam has given
the Shah power over all the world. and this intel
ligence has reached all other Shahs throughout the seven
climates. 'The of the othot sovercign.s of the world
haa. bcc.n revoi:.cd, for an autograph grant has be.cn
patched from the ct:ernql Capital. The of
euviou_s have becoJ:D.C ,dry as that of Joseph, thot;tlie
robe has recelved in Hindi.u.taW ll'o.
&riaan. A veritalile 'I d. has arrived; to ilie.,!Faith-
fl.!l, now twice in one year a lthila'l ,}}b's the
, n,;.i cannot 'b.<! the aame' wdrl:, !or<Nl>'.am. A'tuuad's -worit dOO>
not oomc!' down lllter thw
J8SI, p. [M; ?S, p. 25; Jircthri,
218 ; Goldenc Borde, p. xxlv. ' <
oTUDII!S l N Ho!OIAN !!!STORY
Sultan from the Amin ... l Mumi11i11. Rajab arrived
here on his return in the month of Muharrnro, 146 a.
(May, 1.545 .,.n.). The king now never mentions
hlli .desire of sitting on an iyory throne, since Ills enemies
sit on. the point of C!lephatUS' tusks.' Be happy, on.
Badr, for by the grace of God, nnd liberality of lhe king,
your dillkuldC$ have ceased, and the per-iod of bcncfac-
tlom bas arrived.
D6col'atiorrJ of Deftli t'f>OII tltd same occosiotr
Yesternight, nl the time that the sun, the king wlth the
gold.en garincmts, invested itself with a blnclt mauLie, and
the king of !lre host of darlmess,> whose name is Lite moon,
filled Lite emerald vault wlth sparl:s of gold, a robe of
honour and a pateot of sovereignty arrived, for the king
of sea and laud, from the lord Khalifa, the saint of his 1
time, Ahmad 'Abbas, the Imam of God, the heir of the
prophet of mankind. An order went forth that the
embroiderers of cmtains should prepare a beautiful and
'I'hl< is o \'cry (iifficnlt pawse. nd \>llriouly lntuprct<. 1
lu:wc ma_dc b.S much sense: of Jt M JL aectnt c:apab1c nf bt'aring. Tho
Jitml trnnslil llou h :
11
0n lhe very date on whicl\ one anooih was
in CX:f!CSS Of the )"Cal:' 700 frOm t.hit journey, ill the tnontb Of
Mnba.rrmn. r,be before Sba'ban arrlved." The cbronogrtmmlltic
vllue of "one-montb" i& fortytlx; copies, by the omiss-lon. of
rlic qlif, make "lortyl.ive," and only ''nine, .. ,.,hid) l.tetet" la:
our of tbe f'JI-1CStion. lta.jab b Ute moml bc.fOl'c' Shn'ban, and UJ.at
ts nlso the name of the mbaosador who had been Bent by Mubam
md 'Illlghlik to tbc K:lutlliL .Fil'lsbta .. ys one hltila't arrMu Ill
u., :md another in 747 n, Hcire a conr.cmpomry sn-yt the second
orrivcd ln 746 tt., or It may he 745 .io., and both khii'IJ rriVcll,
widHn one rear. 11\e tnlrodqttiow of the K.halitA'J nfUne upOn
llfuharuom.d Tuglf,Uk'' ooill ., ly ns Ul rt. ; but tllll
ha,c occur...,d before tllo of "" ambasaad
0
r, :u1d a.U!Jlciently
0'r the mOta. in the name of !-be reignin:g K.ballfn. '"hlch do
not' occur ol n_ J)c:r1od aubsequent to this Sec T.
CDirur of the Palan Sull4ns, New Edition; pp. 25*
1
259, ond .Fildin,
Receosio, p. 177c
'",l'ht\ is, your ent!lll!C! are phced bofore eleplumu, UJ. be gored
or tntnpled to dellll> by
'Tiicrc'is a dottble mcaniJ1g Qero-tho "MI being.
Jn_ the pflginxl ... the anny ot Hind;" .an"d .f&C
1
'btack ma.nt,le," "&lie
l<lollat o1 'lbe,..' Abbasi>;" whi<h image' tso. OUif In
ode. ,
S'rOlJIES IN lNDlAl-1 lllSTORY
costly poviliou iil the oontre of four. triumphal arches,
which were so lofty that thll vault of heaven appeared in
comparison like a green fiy. "Each ruch was adorned with
golden vcstmencs. like a bride. The Jloors were !pread
with beautiWI carpets, nnd there were ponds of water to
excite the envy of Kansar, the rivulet of paradise. It\ the
cham bcrs poets recited verses ; songsters, like venus, sang
in each balcony. The chamberlains were in attendance,
wJth llteir embroidered i;lceve!; the with their
: the princes, witll their waistbands. All classes
of the people assembled round the buildings to witness
the scene. l'hls gay a.!semblnge had collected because a
k1Jila't and l'aient had been scm by the -lrud Imam. 'tne
contents of it were : "May everything on the face of tbe
earth, in the fire and in tl>e water, remain under tbe pro-
tection of the king-Turk., Rum, Khurasan, Chin, and '
Sham-both that which is good, aM tltai which is bad I
lf an azure canol'y be granted, the heaven is at his com-
mand ; if a fed crown be desired, the sun will provide it.
Let bis titles be proclaimed rom every pulpit-the Sult;m
of Eat and West, t.he Kiog: pf .l{ings by = and land, 11\e
Pefender of the Faith, Muhammad Tuglllils, the Jwr. in
like Sat\J.\11, in spleodour like the Messiah ! "
::flheo Irbmn bM sent a khila.'t black aa the apple of lite
eye, calm,i.\.1ted to spread the light of r.he Jaw through the
learts of met), For fear of the justice of tny.govemment,
the baTt ;ui.<f tl\e lion consori. in the forest. May tbe eyes
of thy tears of blood. May he who raises
.his head t41 'luthority, nave his f11oe blackened,
arid his tongue slit. like a penreed ; and so long' :u .th.e.
moon.is sometimes as a shield, an<\ somet:W:res belrt'
"like a bow, may the heart rnthlp's
enemies. May every success attend Badr ,tbroHg.h thy
good fortune,. and may be_: never . be visited by ao,y cala
mities .of the time I
. In Gele_bration of ,fJ . .
l!>oubtlessl chis festival as it inv.e.rc belt! .jn P;rrl\-
IN LNDIJ\N HISTORY
di.se, in which armies of angels stand 011 the right and
left. A thousand crowned heads are bowed in reverence ;
a. thousand throtted warriors nand awaiting o>:ders ; a
thousand stars (armies) are there, and under each star
auanged a thousand banners. ln each course behind the
screens are a thousand songsters, melodious as night
ingalcs. Jf the palace of It thousand pillars were not like
Parodise, why should rewards and punishmentS be distri
buted there like as on tl1e day of judgment ? Gcrta.inly
this abode of happiness, K.hurramabad, is chosen as u
royal because tltcre the king. by his execution
of the lnws, acknowledges his subscrvicucc to Ute
o the world, Abul Rabi' Sulaiman, Ute Imam,
to whom the K,husru of Hind is a servnm :mel slave in
body, hca.-t, and soul. This Jplusru is a holy warrior,
Muhammad T ughlilr., al whose gnte t.h.e King of Chin. :md
Kbit.a is in waiting, like a Hindu porter. Tbe
blade of thy sword smites the neck$ of thy enemies, and
with equal powe.r docs thy hand wield the pen, clothed
In a yellow tunic, like a fl.indu .




On lhe Capture of Nagarkot
When the sun was Jn Cancer, the k.iog of the time took
the stont fort of Nagarkot, in the year 7S8 lf. A..n.).
It is placed rivers, like the pupil of an
eye, and th.e fortress hns so preserved its honour, and is
so impregnable; that neither Sikandar nor Dnra were able
to ta}(e it. Within ar.e- the masters of the
witltin also are beauties rcsplenilent as the sun. Its
arc all $\Tong as like a rhinoceros, J;t,1
inhabitants liTe all travelling on, the bigh road to hell :p1d
perdition, and are resembling d.ragans. Tb.e exllll.eq
,king of the kings of the earth arrived. at night 1at this
fort.ress, with 100,000 champions. His army conlaincd
1,000 st.ars, and under each star 1;000 banners were <Jjs:
played. Muhanlmad Tugh),i'k is obedient tb tile
law's of M11hammad, the apostle, . anp.. !)lc bl.s
STUOIES IN INDIAN FllSTORY
vicegel"ent, Abu-1 1\abi' Sulaiman Musta'kfi, the essence of
the of the prophet, the light of the family of
Khalifu, the Imam of God, to whom the king is a servant
and slave in body, heut, :Uld wul.


TIM Author u despatched to
On the. ht of Sha'ban, in the year 745, represented by the
letters in "The power of the king," orders, were issued
tllllt I should go to the country of Deogir, and 1 WILl thus
addressed ; "Oh, Badr, accompanied by J nnal
the poet, and Nekror, the slave, take thy departtae with
a pomp worthy of RUJtam. Mny he who ac;compli.shl!$
nll design$ aid thee; may the God both. WOl'lds protect
thee; but apeak noL of Deogir, for it is to
whiclt l allude, a. fort exalted to the heaven$ I Although
it is but a point in my kingdom, it compries what i.s
equal lo 1,000 .kingdoms of Jamshjd. Go to the
court of the governor of the country, Katlagh Khan, and
acquire honour by thls pr.C!entation, and having thy
m_outlt in honey, say thu from me. : ' Oh thou, from
whose lips sugar dutils, in fortunate breast the
light of the IL'UDc of the knowledge of God is rcllected ;
thou, that art the best of those possessed ot gold ; thou,
that art the essence of those who are excellent among
men ; thou, whose bounceous hand u so muni6cent that
the fathomless ocean is but a drop compated with it ;
come, and gratify me by yout arrival, as water dOC$ the
thirsty. lf thou han any dcsue to the Jummit of
thy exaltation, proceed towatds the north. Qilhe .ana
feast thy eyes upon the black lt!liln't, so propit:ioil.$.ly
by the Imam of the and look with dtJe reverence' on
the Patent whicb has. issued from the Khalifa Abu-!
'Abbas Ahmad, the sun of the earth, and the shadow of
Mubnfd}t i& t.be Pcrslan tramlation Ot Kallag/1.
'The Jnnot.1tor sa,.,. ..Proceed on n m.lssiOh to tbe .KhllliJa ;
but this li a very hnpcr!cct lnt<:Tprr.uuion.
5
STUDI5 IN lNDU.N HlSl'ORY
God. 1L is through his justice that an antelope is able
'to seiU: the tail of a wolf. Use every exertion w come to
the .royal coun, for henceforward you and l have obtain
eel everlasting salvation.'
.. When tltou, oh Dadr; hast aclivered this address to
the Khan, kiss his hands aud bow down, Like a pcu dip
ping imo l inkstand. Obey every order thnt ltc give$,
and deem yourself honoured with every gift rlmt he
J:>resents. When tile equipage of Khau
proceeds ln nate to the throne of the Sultan, the king of
earth ancl sea, proclaim to the world t:bat Ulc Khwaja is
coaling, like the Tesplcudcnt sun, with I 00,000 footmen,
JOO,OOO lton;cmen, 100,000 spears, and 100,000 bows,
sitting in his silver ambari, Uke the moon ill the milky


..


ln Commemoration of Buildiil.g of K/tt.,rarlldbad

"

The inscriptions over its gateway record, in verse, Ule
praise of the Khalifa repeatedly ; may his duane be estab-
lished to eternity, as well as tha,t of the K,ing of tqe Wocld,
h.'l.'i declal'<)d that it i$ his pleasure to serve the Imam
of God. The Shah has it the name of K1turramn-
bad, and.Zahiru-1 Jaiush was its architect, t:bc slHvc of
the lord of the tmiverse, Lhe prelate of religion, the mo.lt
select among the pious, This foYtuoate lmilding was
completed in Muharra.m . in the year 7.44 H. (J!llle, 1348
A.D.). lladr hlls strung dte pearl of thu ode in one night
and made it wol'thy o ornamenting the ears of the nobles
of the land.
Ot1 the sub/eel

-\yitb.out, tb.ough the courts, full t:> a-rmies, ;n-e a
tumult atd uproat, yet within .it is so 11uiet
1
that
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
61
for can be offered up. All is so sull and
clear that the of man rnlgllt t)lc humming of a
fly's wing reverberate like music. Speak not of a
fort, speak not of a sarai, !'Or in appearance and stability
it u like the Ka' bah of Parad.ise. Zabiru-d <\in c:.t:ccte<l
this blessed st:J;ucturc by the propitious order of lhe
Khusru of the time, the director of the architects, and in
the. name o.f lhe Kbalifa. Mlly his life be prolonged for
the confirmation of the religion of Muhammad, the
Apostle of God. lt was completed on the date, "Enter
thou into or, that 1 ntay explain more openly,
7'.14 H. 1 have been entitled by t:he king, Fakhruz zamno;
call me not by that name, but ratltcr the swectnoted
parrot.
In Celebo.tirm oflhc Completion of lh Shaltnama
In tlte year of Arabin, represented by "lhe power of the
king" R., 1344 A.P), heaven completed the
whlclt I b.:td strung together. Every line was like a pearl,
wluch dnnled the eye in lbe dead of night. Tire
whole of the poem is filled wW1 praise of the king, Shah
l'vfuhammad, the defender of the law of the Prophet, and
by right the ruler of t:he earth, by order of tl1e !mall).
Everywhere crowned heads swear felllt)' to liirn, every,
where celebrated men are the slaves of his behests .




MAsALIKUL A.llSAR FI MAMALIXU-L AMSAR
OF
SHARABUD DIN ABUL 'AIIBAS AHMAD
("Travels of the Eyes into the K.iugdoms of
Countrj:cs." ThiS .is the work of diu 'Abu!
Ahmad, abo called 'Urnari. an.d 'Dia;uuhki, or
In allusion to the mode In which these miJIIi,loiwnncd build
inga. are constrUcted, 60 a' to render .. '<entre comJiutuU!J\t(
pr;yate, willie .. appeart expo$0d:
STUDIES IN INDIAN FltSTORY
native of Damascus. He was born in the. year 697 a.
(1297 ,<.o.), and died at Damascus in 749 (1248 A.D.),
Shahabu-d din .sa.ya little .about himseU and his family,
but he mentions that Iris ancestor$ were, like himself,
employed in the service o! th.e Su.ltan of Egypt. .His
father, Kazi Mohiud &11. was secretary of secret des-
patches at D:unascus, and after being dismissed &om that
office, and remaining some tinte lYithom employ, became
chief of the department of secret correspondence ln
Egypt. Sh.ahabud <lin a$Si.sted his fntl\llr in both his
offices, but be .incurred disgrace. and retired inLO private
!ifc at Do.mnscua, and $0 lived until b.is dc:th,
Sha.habu-d din was a mau of \cry considerable lcam
lng and ability. He studied diifercnt sciences under rnen
of celebrity, and h1s extcmive works testify to his lcntn
lng, research, and literary aclivlr:y. Re is know"n to have
written seven dilferem works, inclusive of the one now
under uotice. Most o his have perished, o.r are
at l east unknown, but the Masalrk, which is the most
important of them in its extent. ancl research, .h.as come
down to us in an state, The complete work.
of U'ency vol umes, but of these only live :uc
known be extant. They nre in the Bibliothcquc
lmperi:lle at Piu:is, and in 1938 M. Quatrcmcrc published
in Tome .xnr. of. the Notices et Extrailt des MSS. his
descrietion and spccirn.cns of the work, from which tlte
pri:selll nolice and the following cxtraca hnve been Iuken
by the Editor. So early as 1758 Dcguigrlcs gave a short
notice of 1th.e MS. in the Jourll41 de's Savants, and he
frequently 1'eers to the author under the surllllme of
Mo.raluulti ln his 'de$ Hu11s; hu! M. Qua.rrctnece
shows this title of Marakashi, or "native of Morocco," to
be a mistake.
The MS. is a small folio of 281 leaves, and consists
of six chapters. I. Description of Hind .and Sind. 2. The
Emp ire and family of Changiz Khan. 8. The King!lom
o'f .J!Jan, 4. The Kurds. Lur,s, and other mounta:.i.b tribes.
S. Turk states in Asia Minor, with notices of th.e empires
STUDIS iLN INDIAN. HISTORY 69
of Trebitond and Constantinople. 6. .Egypt, Syria, and
Hijjaz.
At the close of IUs notices of lndi.n, be mentions the
name of Muhammad Tughlik as the reigning sov!!reign,
and the gen=l tenor of his observations point$ unmis
takabl y to that able but perverse ruler. The author
quotes occasionally the wor'ks of other authors on gw
grapby and history, and among them Abul Fida and
Juwoini; but he depends principally on Lbe oral infor-
matiotl supplied by intclllgent a.nd learned travellers
with whom he had eome bl contact. His metbocl of
gat:lledng and using io.formation is apparent in the fol-
lowing extl'!lct!. The wotk stood hjgh in Oriental esfi-
m.ation, and was often quoted by later writers-among
others by tbe author of the Nur.lwtu-1 Kuhtb.]
JIXTI(AC'l'S
!1\din is a most import:tnt country, with which no other
country in the world can be compared in respect of
e"tem, ricb.es, the numbers of its armies, the pomp and
splendout displayed by the sovereign in his
nnd ha bita.tions, and lhe power of the empire. The
inhabitants aie remarkable for their wisdom anq great
fntelligenCQ ; Q.O people are better able to restrain their
passions, nor more willing to sacrifice their !lves, for whu
they consider agreeable in the fight of God.
According to the inormncion of Siraju-d din Abu-1
Fath 'Urnar. a lawyer, .and a native of the province. o
Oudh. who b.ad Jived long at the court o r.h.e Sultan o(
Dehli, the dominions of. that mona{ch consisted of twent.f-
three principal provinces. I. Debli. 2. Dawalti:r-
8. Multan. 4. Kahran (Kuhram). 5. Sama.na. 6:
7. Uch. 8. Hasi (Hansi). 9. Sarsuti (Sirsah). 10.' Ma'bar.
II. Tilank (Telingana). 12. Gujarat. ,IS. llitdaun. 14.
Oudh. 15. Kanauj . 16. Laliliriauti 17. BiJlJll', 18. Karra.
19. Malwa. 20. Lahar. 21. K.alanor (Gwalior ?). 22. Jaj-
nagar, 23. TilanJ Duusamarid. ('l"elingaiia (?) and Dwaca
samudta). '
70
rrtlOJI!.S 11'1 JNOIAN lilSTORY
According to the account ol Shaikh Mubarak, Ute
city of Oebli is c.be capital of the kingdom of India. Next
oomes Datoaklr (Dcogir), which was founded by the Sultan
of that l:lnpil:e, and named by him ")'{abbatu-1 Islam, or
the Metropolis of Islam." This place, said the Shaikh,
is situated in the thir<t climate. When 1 left it six years
ngo c.be buildings were not oomplcted, and I doubt if
c.bey nrc yet fmished, the extent it covers being so great,
and the !lumber of its intended edifices so vast. The
king divided it jnto qual'tt:rs, ench of them intended for
men of ll1e same profession. Tlu1s there was tlte quarter
of the troops, that of the and clerks, iliat of the
/uu.is and learned men, iliat of Ute and fnldrJ,
o:nd that of the wetchaots and tlrose who om')' on trades.
Ench quarter was to con.tnin within it everything neces-
sary for its wants, mosques, minarets, markets, baths.
miUs, ovens, and workmen of every trade, indud.
ing even blacksmiths, dyers, nod curriers, so that the in
habitants should hai'e no necessity. to resort elsewhere for
buying or selling, or the other requirements of life. Each
quarter was to form n separate town, entirely independent
of those surrounding it.



1 questioned the Shaikh Mubarak about the city of
Oehli and the court of its sovereign. and I obtn.ined from
him the (ollowing "Dehli consists of several dties
which have become united, and each <>f which. has a name
of its own. Dehli, which was one among them, has given
, ils name to all the rest. It is both lo.ng and broad, and
covers a space of about forty mil,es in circumference. Tbe
houses arc built of stone and briCk, and the roofs oS
wood. T he lloors are paved with a white stone, like
mnrble. None of the b.ouses are more twc> atories
high, and some only one. lt is only ill the palace of. the
Sultan that rouble is .used for pavement. :But if I eM
believe the Shaikh Abu: Bakr bin Khallal, this descrip-
tion applies only to ilie old of Debli, for : tlie mew
STUDlf:.S IN INDIAN EIJS'rOJ\Y
?I
ones are built differently. According to the same infOnn-
anr, Debli comprises an of cities.
Gardens C.'\tcnd on three sides o it, ln a stra.igb.t llno for
twelve thousand paces. The western ide is not so fur-
nished, bcca11se it botders on a mountain. Debli con
tains a colleges, one of which belongs to th.e
Shafa'is, the rest ro the Hanafis. In it there arc aboot
seventy hospitals, called Dant-sh Shifo., ot houses of cure.
ln the d ty, :md thQSc dependent upon it, the chapels nnd
hcnnituges amount to 2,000. Thexe art gTeat mollas
terics, lnrge open. spaces, and nmnerous bath!. Tlte water
IUlCd by the people is drawn P.om wells of little lfepth,
seldom exceeding seven cubits. Hydraulic wheels are
pln<X!d at theu tops. The people drink rain-willet, which
is collected in lnrgc reservoirs constructed for that pur-
pose, the d.i.stance across each of tbem being a bowlb.ot,
or even more. The chief mosqt1e is celebrated for its
minaret, whicb, In point of altitude, is said to ha-ve no
cqttal in the wodd. U the statement of Sbaikh llurha.nu-d
dill Btmi can be believed, the hcight this pan of tile
edifice is 600 cubit$.
AccOrding to Shaikh Mubarak
1
the palaces of lite
Sultan o! Dchli are exclusively occupied by tbe Sultan,
his wives, COJlcubine.\, eunuch!, male and fern:d.e slaves ..
and mamluks. None of the hlw.n.s and amir.< nrc per-
mitted to dwell there. They make their appearance there
only when they come to wnit tlpon the Sultan, which they
do twice ' a day, morning and afternoon. Aft.,-wards,
each one of them retires to hi6 own house.
& regard! the gteat officers of State, th0$e, .of tl;t'e
highest rank are c'illed, khans, tben the
amirs, then the sifa./Jsalars (_generals), and, the
oll\cets (jand). The o the sovereign
eigbcy kllau, or even more. The army .conststs of
9.00,000 ltorseznea, some of whom nre static:>11cd near the
I l The French trlmlltiC\ .... bu\ r bave: no hesii'Uion
fll. "rpnlik/' whitb 1 Pl> <joUbl the ofiglnal, word, .
STUI'JW tN INDJMI HtSTOl!. Y
ptince, and the rest are distributed ln the val'iou pro-
vin= of the empire. AU are illScrlbed in the registers
of tlte State, and partake of the liberality of their sove-
reign. These troops consist of Turks, inhabitants of
Kllat:t, Pcniai:ls, and Indians. . Among them arc to be
foUnd athletre (pahlawan), runners, (slrallar), and men of
every kind. They have excellent horses, magnificent
armour, and a line costume. The Sultan has 3,000
elcpbants, which, when accoutred for battle, wear n
of iron He has 20,000 T urk
1114ml11ks. It is the some iil India as in Egypt
and Syttio, where tho maliks, amir.r, and generals bnve in
their service men whom they maintain out of their own
re.souroos. !n India the office1: has only co atrc for him-
$elf. As to the soldiers, the Sultan summons them {or
service, and they ate paid from the public treasury. The
sums granted to a khan, a ma/ik, an amir, or a general,
are given exclusively for his own personal maintennncc.
The and otht!t dignitaries ; the m.ilitary
men, such. :u the khans, the malihs, arul fue amirs, aU
have a in proportion to the importance of their
employ. The is(ah-salars (generals) have no right to
approach the S.ultan. lt {$ from this clnss tbnt governors
and other similar functionaries are chosen. The khlw
has 10,000 houc under hu command, the malil!, 1,000;
the .amir, 100 ; and the isfah-salar a smaller :number. The
khans, maliks, amirs, and isfalr-salars receive the revenues
of places. a$Slgqed to Lhf:91 by the treasury, aod if the,!(!
do not they neve,r diminish. Generally speaking,
they bring in ti}Uch more than their e.stimnted value.
The klran receives a grant rwo lac$ of eac)l
lttnka being worth eight dirhams. Thi! sum belong$ to
him personally, and he .Is not expected 10 di!burse any
part of it to the soldiers WhO fight under his orders. The
lmt/ik receives an amount, varying. from 60,000 to 50,000
tb.e ami.- from 10,000 'to 30,000, and the is[ah-salar
20,000, or. thereabouts. The pay of the officer varies from
10,000 to. 1,000 tanltas. A ml!mluk receives 500 tanluu,
STUD!IlS IN INl>JAN HlSTORY 7!
aod all rcccive, in addition, food and raiment, md forage
(or their horse$. Soldiers nod mamluks do not l'eceive
grants ofJand-rcvenue, but draw th,cir pa)' in money from
the public tteasury. The oJJiccn; .have of which.
they the revenues. As dili same traveller observed
to me, the revenue$ of thete lan<ls, if they do noLincrease,
certainly do not decrease. Some of Ll1e officers receive
double, and even more than that, in excess of 'the esti
mated value of their gra.nts.
'l'he slaves o the Sultan receive a montlily
alloMtnce for their maintenance of two mans of wheat
aod rice, and a daily allowance of three sirs of meat, will).
aU the ncccj!aty accompaniments. l3esirlc.t, he receives
ten per month, and four suits af clOthes )'eal'.
The Sultan bas a manufactory, in which 400 silk-
weavers arc employed, and where they make stu& of all
kinds for the dresses of netsons auached to the C()u'rt, for
ropes o honour and prcscnis, in addition tO th,e stuffs
which brought every year from China, 'lrak. and
Alexandria. Every year the Sultan disrributes 200,000
complete drc.$Ses; 100,000 in spring, and J 00,000 in
antlliDn., The spring dtcsses cons.ist principally of 'the
Jrulnufactured at Alexandria. ThOiie of the autumn
are almost exclusively of $Uk manufactured at Debll or
imported ftom China and 'Irak. Dresses are also distri-
buted to the monasteries and hermitages.
The Sultan keeps in his service 500 manufact.ureu of
golden tissues, who weave the gold brocades worn by .the
wives of the Sultan, and giviJl away as presenLS ,d)e
amirs and their wives. Evefy year he give$ away 10,000
Arab horses, of exCellent breed, sometimes y;ith
and bridle, sometimes without. M< to the' 'back
which the Sultan' distributes every year, thell-. number is
incalculable. f(e gives them in lots or by hundreds.
Notwithstanding ihe number of horses.Jn. lndia, and not-
witlutanding tb.e numbers annually .imported, the Sultan
brought from all countries, and buys them at
STODJLS IN INDIAN HJSTOJU'
high prices {or presents. These animals are consequently
;.lways dear, and yield a good profil to the horse-dealers.
The Sultan has under him a naib, c:boscn from
among lhe khatiT, who the title of A.mriya, and
enjoys, as hit official appatL'lgC, a considerable province,
as l:trge as 'lt'11k. f!e nlso bas n w11iit, who has a similar
large appanage. This officer has four depntics called
sllak, who receive 20,000 to 10,000 tanltas per n.nnu.m.. .He
has four dabirs, or secretaries, each o whom receives the
revenue o a large maritime town. t ach of them has
under hi! orders about 800 clerks, lh.c lowcsc o.nd worst
paid of whom receives 10,000 tankns n year. Some of the
highest rank hnvc to1ms aud und some hn.ve both
(pay and Jnnds) to the value of fifty (thousand).
The Sadr-i Jahttn, or KM.iu-l ku.z11t, which office is
hcld, at lhc time I am wciting, by Kamal u-d din, son of
Burhanu-d din, bas ten towns, producing a revenue of
about 60,000 tankas, Tb.i& digni tary is also called Sttdru-l
Islam, and is the chief officer of justice. The Slaiklntl
Islam, who corresponds to our Shaikhtwll s/wyuk/1, has
lhe same revenue. The Muillnsif,, or chief of the police,
has a villngc which bcingt l1im. in about 800 tanhas.
At lhe Court of this J)dncc there are 1,200 physidans,
10,000 falconers, who ride on ltor5<:bac.k, nnd carry the
birds trained !or hawking, 800 beaters to go ih front and
put up the giUlle, S,OOO dealers, who sell tl\e articles
required for hawl:.ing. 500 table companions, 1,200 musi-
cians, not including. the .mamluh musicians to the number
of 1,000, who arc more cspc;.cially charged with lhc teach-
ing of musjc, and l,OOO skilled in one of three ln1,1
guages, Jl.xablc, l'cniap., or Indian. All these are men o!
fine taste, who nre included in Lhe cst;ablishment of \he
Court, and receive maguificent presents. If. the Sultill}
hears that one of his musicians has sting before any other
person
1
lle hu him put co.-death. r asked my .info.t;mant
what P"Y lhese -various offi.CCI,I'S received, but he did. riot
know ;':he could only info,rm me mat tile 'fable ;com'-
\
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
76
panious of the prince held some of them o.ne, ancl some
of them. two towns ; and thal each of them, according to
!tis rank, received 40,000, !0,000, or 20,000 ltmkos, wllh
out laking into account dresses, robes of honour, and
other prerents.
According to Shaikh Muhara:k, the Sultan giYes two
audiences daily, in the morning and in the eveoing, .and
a repast is then seJ:Vcd, at which 20,000 men nrc present,
Mums, malilu, amirs, isfah..ra/a,s, 1md the principal
olliccu. At his private meals. that is, M his dinner and
supper, the .receives lawyers to thc.number
of 200, who cnt w.ith him and converse upon learned
matters. Shaikh Abu Bakr bin Khallnl Bam wld me
that he ;uked the Sultan's cook how many animals were
killed dnily to supply the royal table, nnd the reply was
2,500 oxen, 2,000 sheep, without taking into account
fatted horses and birds of all dcscripLions.
The amriya has 1nder charge the army and the
people at large. Lawyers and learned men, whether in
l!abitauts of U1e country or foreign.,rs, are under the in
spcclion of the Sadrt ] ahan. The fo.hirs, whetb.cr natives
or strangers, are under the Shail<hul Islam. Ln.stly, aU
travellers, ambassadors, or others, men of letters, poets,
both and: are all under the dabirs, or
sccretartcs.
When the Sultan gOC3 hunting his suite is less
numerous. He only takes with him 100,000 horsemen
and 200 elephants. !.'our wooden .houses of two stories
are carried in his train by 200 mmels. Tents- and pavi
lions of n1l kinds follow. 'v'lhen he travels from one
place to for pleasU.rc or for other motives, he
takes with !tim go,ooo horsemen, 200 clcpban(s, 11nd
1,000 Jed bones, witb. saddles and bridles \Worked whh
and with other of gold, ut' wi.th. pearls
and jewel!.
The Sultan it geuerous ann liberal, and at the same
time full of h'ulnility. Al>u-s Safa' ' Uinar bbi .1&hak
'Shabali !informed tne that he. saw mo.oarcb at 'the
I
76
STUO!.ES fN lNDIAN RlSTORY
funeral of a faki.- o great sanctity, and that he bore the
coffin on his shoulders. He is noted for knowing the
Holy Book by heart; as al$o the law book called Hidaya,
wh.ich expounds the principles o the school of Abu
Hanifa. He exce,ls in all intellectual n.ccomplishmeuts.
He in the very highest degx;ee a talent !or cali
graphy. He is given to religious exercues, .and is careful
to regulate his passions. To these advantages h.e
liternry acquirements. He is fond of reciting verses, com
posing them, and hearing them rend, when he readily
seizes their most hidden nlJUAions. He likes to r.onsult
with learned men, ;m_d to convene with men of merit.
He is also particularly fond oE contel)ding poetS in
Persian, a language which he lmO.ws perfectly, and under-
stands all its niceties of expression.
The storie.'J ll1"vc been told of the benevolencc anrl
generosity of. this Sultan towards str.angers, i)Od to all
who have recourse to him, pass ;ill .. *
Tl1e Sultan never ceases to show the greatsst 7al in
making mr upon. the inJidcls, both by sea and land.
Every day tl1ous::tnds of slaves are sold at a very price,
so great is the munbet of prisoners. According to the
unanimO"us statements of the travellers I have cited, the
value, aL Dehli, of a young slave girl, for domestic servite,
does not exceed eight laniLs. Thwe who are deemed lit
to fill the parts of .;lomestic and concubine sell for about
fifteeu tmtkas. ln othCf cities the prices arc still lower .
.Abu-s Safu 'Umar bin hhnk Shahali assured me that he
bought a slave 1n the flower of hi! youth for four
dirhams. Tile rest may be understood from this. But
in spiie of tlte low price o slaves, 200,000 tankM,
and even .more, are pa'id for young Indian girls. 1 in
quired the reason, and was told tllat these young
.girls, are remarkable for their beauty, and the grace of
their manners. *
According to what ! heard from Sbab::tli, the
quantity of wine is not to be found eithet: in shops or> in.
private Jlouus ' so great is the Sultan's a vernon te> :it' and
STUDIES IN lNDJAN HISTORY
11
so severo the puniShments with which )lc visits its
votaries. Besides, the of India hnve little
taste for wine and intoxicati.ng drinks, but content thetn
selves with betel, an agreeable drug,.the use o{ which is
permitted without the slightest o.bjcction.
F.rom tbe information of the learned Siraju-d din
Abus Safa 'Umar Shabali, it a,ppears that the Sultan is
very anxious to know all that passes in his territories, . and
to understand the of all those who surround him,
whether civilians or sold.icn. He has emissaries, called.
intelljgenccrs; wbo arc divided into a grcnt number o!
classes. One goes antong tbc soldiers and people. Wilen.
any fact comes under his notice which ought to be com-
muniCllted to the Sultan, ht! reports it co the officer above
him; this O'nc, in like manner, communicates it to his
superior; and so in due course fue fact comes to the
knowledge of the Sultan. li'or communicating the events
which h:tppcn 1n dlttant provinces,. there :tre establlihcd,
between the capital and lbe chief cities of the
countries, posts, placed at certain distances from each
other, which arc like the post-relays in Egypt and Syria;
but they ate Jess wide a parr. because the distance between
them is not uorc than four bowshots, or even less. At
c<tcll of these posts ten swift runners are whose
dury it 1$ to convey !otters to the next station without tbe
least delay. AJ soon as one of tltcse .men. receives a letter, ,
he runs off as rapidly as possible, and delivers it to the
next runner, who starts immediately witll similar speed,
while the f<>rmcr returns quietly to his own po.st. 11itis
:t Jetter from. a very distant place is conveyed jn a. very
short time with greater celerity than if it had been' trnm
mitted by post, or by camel express. At each of tliese
post-stations there are mi>sques, where aie sltid,
and where travellers tan fmd. shelter, reservoirs full of
good water, and markets where all thiilgs necessary for
the food of man and beast can be purchased, so that there
is very little necessity for carrying water, or food. ox
tents.
78
STUDIES rN lNDJAN HISTORY
All through the country the
capitals of the empire, Dehli an<l Deogir, the Sultan has
had drums p!u(Cd at every post-station. When any event
occurs in a city, or when the gate of one is opened or
do.cd, the drum. is in!tantly beaten. The neXt; neares1
drum is tbcn beaten, ru:td in this lllllnner the Sultan is
<lail)' and c.xactly informed :u. what time the gates of th<!
most distant clties are opened or close<l
I wiJ.t now speak. about. the ntnncy, 1md afterwards
about the prke of provisions, seeing tbnt these u.re regu-
lated and calctolatcd upon the v:lluc of 111oney. Shaikh
Mubarak lnfo.rmcd me Uuot the red. lac cousim of 1.00,000
tank as (of gold), and the while .lac of 100,000 la.nluu (or
tUver). '!'he gold lanka, called the rea ta1olla, Is equal to
three mi.sltal:. imd the silver ta.1ka oompri&es eight dir
hams !lashtlumi. The dirham hashtkani has the same
weight as the silver dirham current in Egypt and Syria.
The value of both is the same, witlt scarcely the slightest
difference. The dirham lwshtkani atlliwcrs to four dir
ham.r sultani.s, otherwise eallcd dultani.s. A dirham
sultar1i is worth the t.h.ird of a di,-/oam shashlwni, which
is a third kind of silver colo current in .India, and which
is worth three-fourth$ o the dirham hashtkani. A piece,
which. is the hal of the dirham su.ltani, is called yakitni
(piece of one), an.<l is wOJth 'one jital. Another dirham,
c:llled dwli:dahhani (piece of .twelve), Ior a hasht
ka11i and a half. Another coin, called sha111.tkMan:i, cor-
responds to two dirhams. So the silver coins current
India are aix, the dirlu>m slumzdal!l<ani, the dwcudah
kaui, the hasilt.kani, shMhkani, the s"ltani, and the
yakanl, The least of these pieces is the dirha>n mltlmi,
These three kinds of dirhams .arc employed in com
merce, and are taken univex:saUy, but there is no one of
ll\Ore _gener:ll use than the dir/oam sultar1i, which. is worth
t retain dte orrglnU spe.tlirig, a1 T1tomu: contends that 1
and not gar1i
1
is Uie Ltuc 'teading. As. hOWCVCJ'
1
tb.c An.btc
lios g, but k ro, it, tl>ill pu,>i!'> deCide o.otblng. See
IUPt.
STUDIES lN INDIAN l'i!STOltY
79
n q uaiter of the di.rhtm& oi Egypt and. of Syria. The
di>'f1am sulta.ni it riqulll to cig1Lt fills [or fultu] ; the jital
to four fals; and the dirham which corrq -
ponds exactly to the silver dirha"' .of Egypt and Syt"ia, it
wor th thirty-two fa/s.
Tile n'll of India, which is c:illed sir, weighs sevel\ty
mis/cals, which, estimated in dirham.r of Egjpt, is worth
sirJ make one mall- They do not ku!lw the
WilY of measuring graiu in Incliu.
N. to tho price of provisiot)S, whcnt, which is the
dearest article, sclls for a tli!'IIM haslt!/tnni and a half
the man. .Barley costs one the mn>l. Rice, one
dirham three-quartets the ma11; but some sorts of tWs
grain are higller iu prite. Two matiS of peas cost
dirlurm has/11/talli. Beef and flesh arc of the same
ptice, and are sold at the rute of six sirs or n dirham
sulta11i, which. is the quatter of fi dirltam hasl!tl<ani.
Mutton sells at sirs the dirhnm su.ltani. A goose
costs two dirham la&htkfmis, and four {owls be bought
for one Sugar sells at five rir.r the hashlkani,
and aug:tr-candy al four sir.t the dirham. A well-fatted
sheep of Lhe first quality sclli for a lanka, which .repre-
sentS eight llirhams haJ/ll.kanis, A good ox sells for two
tanltas, and sometimes for less. J.lulfaloes at the tame
The gcnerill food of Usc Indint:is i< becl and goats'
fieslt. I asked Shaikh Mubamk if this usage arose .from
tlte scnrcity of sheep,. and he rcp\ietl that i L was a me.rc
matter of babit, for in :ill the \illngcs of Indla thC'Ie arc
sheep in thousands. For a dil-lwm o tbe. money,, o!
Egypt four fowls can be bought o.f the be!t q_ual.ity.
l'igeons, spar.r<>ws, and other birds are sold very cheap.
All kinds of game, birds, and quadmpcds, arc extremely
plentiful. Tbcre are elephants and but the
of the country of the Zinjes are tbe most
remarkable.
Our ;,haikll, Use tnJlrvel ol' UH> liS'e, Shamsu-d din
IsfahM:Ii, gave me the following details. Kutbu-d din
80
"S'l'ODIES IN INDIAN HisTORY
Shlrazi maintained that alchemy was a positive science.
One day I argued with him, and endeavoured to prove
the falsity of the art. He replied, "'You know very well
the quantity of gold that is annually consumed in the
fubrication of various articles and object of many kinds.
The mines arc far !rom producing a qllantity equal to
Utat which is t.hus withdrawn, As regards lndia, l have
calculated that fru: the last three diOll$nud years that
country bas not exported gold into other countries, and
wh<Ltcver has entered iL has never come out agu.in. Mer
chants of all never cease to carry pure gold into
India, and to bring back. in c.xchange commodities of
herbs and gums. If gold were not produced in an arti
ficial way, it would have disappeared." Our
shailr.lz, Shaliabu-cl din, observed upon this that what this
author asserted of gold going into lndia, an.d never
comjng out again, was perfectly true ; but the conclusion
which he drew from this fact, as to alchemy being a real
science, was false and illusory.
He adds the following &tatement : "f have neard say
that one of the predecessors of . the Sultan, after malting
great conques!S, CIU1"ied off from the countries he had
$Ubdued as much gold as required 1S,OOO oxen to carry."
I must add, that the itthahitants of India have l:bc
Character o liking to make money and hoard it. If one
of lhem is asked how much property he has, he repllils,
"1 don't know, bun I am the second or thirU of my family
who bas laboured 'to increase the tre:uurc which an
ancestor i.n a cavem, o% in certain holes,
and 1 do not know how ml'ch it amounts to," The
lndiiUls are atcustomed to dig pits for the reception of
their ho.ards. Some form an excavation in their houses
like a cistern., which they close with care, leaving only the
'opening necessary for ilitrooucing t.he gold Thus
they acct,Imulate their riches. Thex will not take woFked
golq, either brok.en or in ingots, hut in their feaJ.".clf fra11d
refuse all but coined money.

l1te ollowi'IJ!!' Information 1 der.ived from the Shaikh
llorhnnu-d din Abu Bakt bin Khallah.Muhammad Bani,
!the Sufi. 11he Sult.'n [Mub.ammad t'ughHkJ sent an
Jr.tlll,y agil:lnst a COUJ'I try bordering upon Deogir, :U: tf1h
elltremity of that province, It is inlu.Ditcd by iiilidels,
:1.11d all its princes b'eor the title of rairai].
prlru:e, findmg himself pressed by the troops of dre'Shltan,
mape this colllnlunidltl.on : "Tcll your master that he
w.Ul leave us at peace.; I om ready to send him' all the
riches he cqn d$ire ; aU he ba$ to do Is to send me suffi.
cient beast$ to aip-y the sum lie requires.'' The general
sent this proposition to his mnstl:'l', ami was ordere(i to
cease ltosliU.ties, and to give the Tni a safe conduct, Wlieti
li,J.e 'rai appeared before the Sultan, lilttef heapcll
honou.n upon b.im, and said : "I have never heud Lhe
Jikc of what you )lave propo$Cd. Wb.at is the :.mount,
then, of those ttcasures tlut you un.dertake to loa'll 'l'i'it11
gold as many beasts of as we like to serid'?n Tlie
rai replied : "Seven princel! preceded JtSe in the goi
ernrnent of my kingdom. Each of them amassed a .trea
sure amounting to seventy ba,b'ins, and ail tbese. ttcasures
1\J:C still at my dtposal." . The word b11biri
1
sjgnili.e:v
J.argc cistern, into w1ricl1 tbe(e is a l>y :t
lai@er on, each of the sides. Tbc Sttltan; delighted
b,)\ iliiJ. statement. ordered his seal tl.> be pnt on th.ese
treasum
1
which was done. l'Lten he onlered. the rai to
DPp<>iltt .in his dominions, and to reside at Dehlr.
:He nlao invi'&:d runuo turn Musulman, but on. b i9 refusal
aU:owed ' hhn lo' adl,lexe to his own rdigion. 1'b,\\ 1!lil
dw.#:J, Sultan, and' appointed
togoyem his .TJie'Sultan. assigned hlni .a aulr-
nblc ineome, .and sem eonsiderable slbns .)nto\JI'i$ terri-
tories. to be d.istti.buted as 'alms among- th"
Meing lj'ere-noW !Ubjecu,of thee e'li'lp.ltc, hq
did ''llOt oouch th'e ba.bii!Sfo :but 1eft ,b.eni. ' 119 were, '
under .seaJ.
:nabril in llinill In alnilil
llilcoic<;op' ti'JliU'd rofu '

82
STUD!ES IN INDIAN HISTORY
TRAVELS OF IBN BATU1'A
llllf J3iuuta was a naLive of Tangiers, who travelled ov-r
the greater part of Asia, and visi!OO India in the reign of
M:uhammad Tughlik. .Eiphinston.e,'s slimmaT}' of tl\c
Character an'd value of this traveller's writings is so br;-.f
:111d so much. to the point that it can htttdly be jmprovc.t.
He say; Ibn "rould have had n o interest in wh
. ceprcsentatio1i, as he wrote after his return to Africa. He I
tolif\rms. t(1 the' fUll extent, the native accounts, both of
die talents and of his crimes, and gives exactly CRch
.a picture of mixed magnificence :mel desolation ns one
woulll !'Xpcct under such a sovereign. H.e found an
horse an_d foot post Jrom tJte frontiers
, tO the capital; while the country wns so disturbed as to
make trnvelling ttnsaie. H.e clcsccihcs Deb 1i as a moat
magniiiceoi ciry, D!OS<l'tC. and walls without :in. equal on
earll.t: but nltliough the king wns tb.en repeopling ,it, it
was almost a <!es<:rt. 'The greatest city in the world, he
itli;l, liad the inltabitant&.' "
Tb.e extracts which foUow have been >relc<;ted :Ill con
t:Un.ing the mo.t import:mt nod event& and
facts which he has tecordcl. about India. Ells deuuls do
lllif. alway& prei:4cly. agree with those,ot'tbe r,egulur histo-
rJ.:m$. Ht r!'countcd, and no doUbt honestly, the inform -
. tiot,.hCI:,rc:feivcd from the and well-informed i l}'
divj&ul\ls:w,i,$,whomJte was b1ougbc in contact : and thdte
li an J,i{4 statements "hich favourabl)'
impresses ihc teader; . In his African home he
wrl:>t<Nlown that wblcllJ:te 'had gathered. in the free course
of conversation. 1\1.1t, while' on the one Jlalid hedoubt'
Jess heard manYt ancL .opinions w,bicb 'the spe3:ket'&
wQuld not have commit .ro and p'ubllih.
deduction made the o'ther side for :t1te1
wlHc;!k pass
.is .110 probability of. l>r;ngioz 'to
pl,)lic I
\J'YJ)_I\Plto,\<! '1?ughlik deatH 9:: !).is
-by an apparent accidCll(, nnd he is l'ight in lili
stat(!Jllent, but llami records the catastrophe as a simple
accid<;nt, and only not.iCC.'$ the cl,large'_of foul.pla)'
10 reJect and condemn it.
lbn llatuta was received with much respect at
cour& of Muhammad Tugblik, and experienced: -in hU
own person much of the boundless liberality. all.l!
of the severity of that lavisb and sovereigd.
When the qaveller arrived in Dehli the king was absent,
but the qucenmothcr received him, He wns presented
witH splendid robes, 2,000 dinars jn money, and a house
live in . On tlio return of the Sllltan, he was ltcated
yet s;110re. splendidly. He received a grant of village!
'5,000 dinqrs per annum, n present of fen
capcives, a fully caparisoned horse from tlte royal atablcs
1
and a further sum of 5,000 dinan-. Besides tl\.is, he
made a judge of Dcbll at a salary oE 12,000 dirrars a yellt,
and was allowed to draw the fiuf year in advance. ' Aft'er
t!>.is he received another present of 12,000 dinars, &ut
, records the fact that a ilcducdon of ten l,>et tent. !"as
alli'!lys made from tl\esc presen!S. He afterwards got
debt tq ihe amount of 45,0<!Q dinars, but lie presentixl
poem to tltc Sultan if> whi()it lie rec'Ountcil. his
dlt!ic!Jlties, a_nd the Sultan undert:oolc. tO satidy'WS' crediti-
ot'S. ' 'W_helt_JhJ .sovereign ';ct he ved .fur
marks ol'- iW. f3vour nod liberality. but subsequently !vi
feU into diigr,0 lor having -visited an obnoxiims sludlr II.
Hu account of. hU.'trrors rathei: :imusing. "The Stilt:l:ll.
liTdered. four :c)r '!iii slaves never to lose sight of l'll!l_ iii; the .
cJiambet<;;llrd SUch an Ol'dct is J.i
ver/ tatfcly, tJiai tiie mapes.
:kept watch over If Edl!ay; and tl)e ii;l.
lll,>ired n:ie to rl:peaf these words ot ,the i][Jd iJ
iilliclent br us; and 'Wb!tb an Od
thatd:fy l rcp!!:itcd this sentence !!l_xnes, atlcf; Jt
the night :in .the Cha.mber. ,'f five
daJr' in snccpssion< &lecy .da y n tenct who!e o6 th:e
and. l, J:lrolte :m;y, fur M\Y.. b'J/ drlnlting a
. '
'l1he ajxth day 1. toqk sorn:e food, I fanec;l
QlOl!' in succc.s.sjon, and 1 was tcleased
Oft be to the Almighty I" a;,
Clail' ger had sUch an effect . upon .him. that he gave up h.iB
\Oll)CI:s and retirement, the Sultan
to tecall b,iin
1
and hiJn his ambassador to
th!! King .of China. account of journey
Jn.dia tl! Malabar w!Je,re he embarked, a full of Ulterest-
i.n)' mat\Cr.. lk Lee ,made a translation of Ibn Batttta
if;Q_r-the Oritht:Jl 'lrranslation Fund in 1829, but the com
4J"al)1c text 'Yith a French translation has since been
.pu6llsbed by .M. M . Defrewand Sanguinetti. It is from
thi.t oyersion that the (Qllowing Extract3 have been taken
<&y lhl' .lither.
'EX'l'1<A crs
The Shal1ch Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad, son ot
son Mub'ammad, son of Xbrahim AI Lawai
l<nowQ as Ibn 'Batuta, thus declares:
-On the 1st of the sacred month of Muharram, 734- ll.
:(12 S.ept., we arrived at the rivet;. Sf.'ld, the same
as is called Pan-jab, a name 4ig'llif!'ing ' Five Rivers."
;r.rus rivet is one of the Ja,rgest Xt ovcrOo.ws in
lpf:" hot season, and the inhabj!;lnts. of. countey
land,, after the inunda!i,on, as I:Jie people of :Egjpt
m?" tjl.e. of 'Frq.Jll this river !lqpn
of the $Ultan Shah,,Jiing
!ll,' . '
llhe bitri4 Qr is of two kinds. Tll,!l
hone: post '"'lal!, ;wd is carried on by, mcalJs"of
th, , . . four
rqjles. 'the 11 1thus manged.
$}.iv,ided il!t<t tht;e ptu:t.!, called datqah;'whicih
.lie. onethit:d of' a .An'lol,ig the)!).dian& !JuS m:ije i !
c,alled11tos . .t\t ca.ilti' \.i,lliigf wcll
QUW<)e '1)\jcll lhft e lCD lS" l\lljjJih
to. depatt. !Xi!IP gird' ..l:Cilii\s,
laf'e ill hanas.
Lipped with braS, belli. When Lh"el wnlolll' leaves. the
vilbge, he holps the leuer in one b.anc:l;. and in the otlier
the whiE with the bells. He rtiru with. all Ills
and when the men. in the. tents hear the 80ufid, 'of th.e
bells pre puc to reaive him. When he> one
ol them. takes the letter and 3ets oil 1\olitb Bll spee<t He'
keeJ on cracking h.is whip ontil he reaclles the. nexr
do.wah. ThUi, lh= couriers proceed until. the letter
reaches i.ts destination.
Thi.s kind of post is q tticter tl!nn the horse.po; ti !.
od: the fruitS of KbJJ.rasan, wlliclt are much joilght after
in india, are often conveyed by tlti$ It i\_,
b}'' lltis channel also that great prl80nC!'s ace trnnsportcd.
:xrhey are each placed upon a sea(. which the runners take
u'p<)n. their heads and r un with.
When the intelllgencers Inform the Sullan of lbe
arrival of a stranger In his domilt!ona, ue ta:kes ful l noU.ce
of the information. Ttie writer! d6 their best to rorn-
mutricatc full particulars. They the arrivnl o
a, &f!anger, :md J?<' r&on lind Jfu dress. Tile)! 'iiOte
thc.mumber oE his companions, slaves, S<lrvanfs, af1(1: beal!Y,
They de&eribc his style of travelling and lo(!giUg, and:
glv.c an account of his cxpe11ditw:t; Not one pE these
details When .a trdv_eller arriv.e$ at Mul.l;ln,
whiCh is !he capital of Sioa, h(l remains there until an
order is vwn the Sultan ftlr his proceeding t\).
and prektibipg the kind of treatment lie _:il -rd

is i he cusron,t of tli.e Sultan of India, Abu-I ,,Mul\11'
!ud .Mttha=d hon.ou.r

to
tl.lc.m. and to disW!guUh them:Jo u man,ner,
bY: appointing. th..cm Cf co i>J; J.mr
po.fr.ta11ce. . of hts -fotfi!r;,
and att;
No $1;al)ger adinitted' to Gourt <:an avotdo. a
fliefC.l\tt alld>'al lo:idd of lJ:itroducti:OJ\, wh'fcli die SW:tati.
repar by one of much When I am,'\,.
..
Sl'VDI5 JN .INDIAN HISTORY
cd i1\ Sind, .[ observed' thi$ practice; and bought SOIJl.<
h()rses, camel&, aod slave& from the deal=. 'l"!wo f
il.ayt march, after ttO!Sing the river Sind, we arrived at
01 fme large town on U>e banks of the Sind. It
rome fine markets, and the Sultan to a
race called Samitah {Sumra). who have inhabited that
plAce for a lohg tifue, their aoceston having established
.tbera.s<;lys there slnce the time of its conquest in the timo
of Hajjaj, son of Yusuf, as is rcl3ted by histodans in tbe
of the conquest of Sind. The pcopl<
.known by the name of Samirah t;lo not car with any one,
!!)ld' no one must look nt them they cat. They do
-Ji_qL ponnect themselves in man#gc with any other tribl!,
'il.or 'l'ill others aUy themSelves witb them. They had .aL
tbiit time n chief named Uoar. whose history I shall
relate.
We ilvt d :U the imperialt-eJidence of Dclili, capital
Of India', which is a famom arid laige City uniting beauty
artd ' strength, It is surrounded by ' a 'vall, the like of
is unknown in the \miverse. It iS the largest city
ill and, ili fact, of all the countries subject' tO Islam
\n the East.
D&rcription of Dlfh/i
Dehli is a city of .great extent, and p,ossesses a nume.
lt at llres.enl of four ueigltbo\rr.
mg 11nd> ones.
' 1: Pebli,-'Propcrly ao, is old city 15'uilt b:y
the idolaeus, was conqm!red in tho year 584 ?t
(ll88 Ai>'),
2. Si.ri, 3Jso called' DaruIKhilafat Ol' 'Seat of die
IDlilifat: 'the Sillllin' )r-lve it Lo Ghiyas.u:a dfn,

1
tbe Kb.allf '1\:bbltside;-:Al
him. Sultan. din his ion Ku'tb'u,.Q din,
we hii';e to 's!>cak' h:C'reaJter, , d:\Vclt ..
OC:Ughlikabad, so ca\lcd from the name .of ti.S
f.<>.un.de:r llhe SUltan rughlJk, .ot the 'S"tilllill of, Itidia;
wJ!ose Court we arc now ""is.itin!-'1 f. '
. '
r
STUDlliS IN INDIAN liiSTOI\
117 '
'
4. Jnhanpatlllh. Refuge of the; Worl.d, speciall y
designed for lhe residence of lhe reigning Sultan of
Muhammad Shah. He built it, and it was hi! intention
to connect aU these four cities together by one and the
sante He Taised a portion ie, but a.bandon.cd irs
completion in comequence of lhe c.normous cxperua itt
el'eetioo would have entailed.
Tb.e wall which surrounds DcWi b.as no equal. It IS'
cubits lhick. <;hnmbers are constructed in it which
are occupied by the night watch aq.d the penous charged
wilh ebc care of the gara. In lhese chambers also Utere
re stores of provWons cnlled mbnr, .magazines of tbc
m.)luitiom of war, and others in which are kept mango-
neb :111cl m' adas ("thunder"-a machine employed in
aiegcs). Grain keeps in the,;, chambers without change
or the least deterioration. I 3llw some rice taken out of
one of tbcse magazines : It was black in colour, but JgoOd
to tlic tasre. I .also saw sume millet taken out. All these
pro\ti&ions had been stored by Sultan .Balban ninety years
be!ore. Horse and foot c:m puS! inside this '"ill rom one
end of the city to the other. Windows to give light> have
15een OPJ!ncd in it on the inside towards the city. The
lower part of tbc wall is bu.ilt of st.one; the upper part of
brick, . bastiom are numcr
0
us aud closely placed,
The city oi":Qehli bus twen.ty-<:ight gates. Fi.nt, lhat o6
Badaun; ..(.,lljCh is the {>rincipal.
The ci&r-.(1:'11%i of Hind and Sind, K.amalu-d diq,
Mnbammad. BurJtanu-<1 ,din o Gbatni
1
Sartri +
'Jah4ii,, fuformecf liow the c;ity of Dehli wM
froln the infide!B AD A.D,) .I read tge dii'l:e
inscribed upon the mr?tl'f!R of .the gtt!l/ot of, i.h.c!
city. The !IIUD.e .penon informed rne, t&at Debli w,at
taken by the anlr diri 1\:l.Bak,""fho. wall dntitled.
SipaJ..salar, GeJJ.Cr:U of the a.fmlei, . :FJ.e,was 'one
of1b,e slaves of tlie Sh:ah]lu-d ilin M'Uhammad.
son Sam king.,of Gbazni an,d Khurasa.n,
cwho !lad $Cited .upon the kingdOm c:i Ibrahim. ,$00
.
S"rl]l)fi!S IN lN'P1AN H.lSTORY
,
of the:. warlike Mabmud bin Subu1aigin. who bega.u
tlle of Lndia. /
:('b.e a(qrey.aid din had sent out the amir
dill with a considerable army. God opened fOI'
IJ,iJn the of Lahore, where he fixed bis reaidcnce:
. 'fii.$ power bccaq1e consi.d<;r.ible. He was calumniated to
th.c Sultan, al'(d the aJII!olliat!lS of the .motlliTch to
ire !lim lbe islea that Kutbud din aimed at
' king\ of !iuiia, and that he was already in open
rev'blt. of this reached Kutbu-d din, He let
o!f :l>jlth :ill speed, arrived at Gb:'r.n.i by night, a11d pre-
!!Cnted hlmsel to rbe Sultan, wtthout the knowledge of
those who had denounced him: Ne)Ct day Shahabud din
cciOk his seat upon tbe l b.rone, and placed Aibnk below.
where he- w11;5 not 'Visible. ci>urtiers. and
'1'ho:had II)a.ligned Ai,bak arrived, nnd wben they had all
taken thc:!r the king questioned them about Aibak.
'];hey thcir statement that Albak was in tevolt,
:rridi s:Ud, "We: know for certain th.at he at royalty."
11heri. !he Snlun J:fclr.ed the foot of thl! throne, and' clap
ping his hand, cried out "Here Km f," repli'cd
:1/:e _<jnd c:une forth before lili They were con
Mndcd, and in their tenor tl\C)' to kiss the
The Sultan sa.id to them, "f .p:u:don you tftis
t.iihe. Gut beware bow )'ou spcal( Aibak again.'''
He orderec!- Aibak to return to Tndia, .and ltc obeyed: Re
tool> the citY, .of Dehli, and other cities besides.
' ., . ... '
.ditt tt/lnmsb
S)la1nsu,d d.!.n.. Ali.?.llllh WJI( , 1.!;\c. fi.r$1.-. who. \!\
fl$1.l with
tlw, tl\rone lle had''beeJ.t; sl:)ve t(le
tnegenc:ralpl>his ''llien
jlin. <!led be .l<he
llhc po.pulafi9P t9 t%e (toin.; them lltt;;ol\lh OJi'
'f.l!e .uRQfi him,
Wl!.i,ib!l-<1 qin.a).. !'asauL ,'J;'b.ey> i$
1m snt T<ttrt,U:f Kitiilff aitt.ll!'IJ
down by his, side; acoorc:ling- to custom, The Suttan. kneW.
what they wanted to speak about. Pre- raisl!di the COt"lletl
of thCE.carpet on which h(!' was: recliJlingr and presented: tO>
tlie deed of his mallullliMiom 'li'he Kazi and. the
.read it, and then took the oath ol '!llegii.nw.
AiWQ.s.h be.came ;ind reignlld foo
-yeaxs, He was- j\l!,t, piow, and
A!l},ong his notcwofthy chi!raciilriatics WliS the zeal witb-
he endeavouted to l'eclrea$. wrongs, and to rcndc11
justice to the opp,re.ssed. He. made. ao order !:hat lillY/
man who frOm injustice should! a. coloured'
drc&!l, Now all the inhabitanu . of [ndia wear wl\i'te
clothes ; liO whenever he gave audience:, or rode abroad,
and 5aw any one in a coloured dreos ltc inquired into his
grlcvAllCC, and took mearu to render hlm justice against.
his oppressor. But be was .o.ot 5atis(ied with. this
and said : "Some men sutrer injustice tn. tho night; 'and)
l wish to give them redrcu." So he placed at tbc door of
his palac;e two marWe lioll1i,, upon two pedestal$ wbich>
we:r.e there. These lion& had an iron chain, round
from which hullg' a. great bcll. The vi<l!im. of \frio'
jusl\lce came at night and rung th.e bell, and when the'
Sutt.a heard it, be immediately inqu!Eed liKe' case'
and .. 8!9e at is faction to the complainant.
' Rulmu-tl di11
At his death SUltan Sham.m-d din left tll.rec sOI\f :
R.uknl.l-d cllii, whi? Sl,{cceedcd him ; Muizzud dirt, lmd<
din, .and one daughter named Raziya, full silt*
of Mti:izzu-d, di'\. Wlilll'l Ruknu-il din was 'a8>
Su!La:n, afti:r the death of his father, .he b.egan,liis
by. unjust ttc'atroem. of whom
he:. caused to be put to Raziy.>J .was- full .sister; .ot "
this unfortunate prince, and .Ruk.nu,oi dfll'
1
with his death, which made lrim; meoita: cbq; assasrin:t
t.iou, One Friday be:-lefar the- pa4Q: tc>g<l to
the{! ascended to tb,e of !fj:e Gld Pilace;,
call:e$l.Dalilat-khana, close I>J t'!:.e eJUcl IJ'l'OS<(llC. Site,.,....,
90>
'STUDIES IN INPJAN H.ISTORY
t!Othed in the gannenr:s of lhe wronged. and, preJetlting
herself to lhe people, she addteisl!d lhem from the terrace,
1
J
"My brother has killed his brother, and wishe, to
tJ:u '11\e also." She then reminded them of the rcigl\ of
her Ialher, :md o the many benefirs he had bestowed
upon them. Thereupon the auditors rushed tumultu
ously toiVards Rulmu-d din, who was in the
seized him . and brought bim to Raziya. She said, "Tlic
slayer Jl)'ust' be slam." So they massacred him in retalin
IJorr for his murder of his brotlrer. The brolhcr of
w o princes, 'Nasiru-d din, "'"' yet in his lnfancy, $() the
' J!eople agreed to recognize Ra2iya as Sovcre.igrt.
Em(ireti Rluiya.
Wlllit R'uknu-d din. had been ldlled, soldlera
agrec:d to place ,liis sister, Raziya, on the tlu-one. They
proclaimed1u:r Sovereign, and she reigned wit11 absolute
a'!thDrity for four years. she rode on borseb1ick as men
anned with a bow and quiver, and surrounded with
eourtiei:s. She did not' veil her face. She was eventually
suspected of an intiJnacy wjth one o( her sH<vcs, an
Abyssinian by birth, andt the people resolved upon depos
illg her-and giving her n husband. So. she was depoeed
'!Dd murrle.d to one of her relations, and brother.
Nasiru-d din, obtained the s1Jprew.e power.
di11, son of 'Si!arM1M.l din Alla111J'h
After tire de!)9sltipi1 _Q R3#f.l.; bcr youngtt brother;
din, !IJe. thr
0
he, and fOr s()'mt time
exercised authopty. But Rn:dya and l,ler
tevoltcd agairis('oiul, moUilted their and, 'gfi1l:ujf-
'!'em,. and Sll,ch m9'!!
:Is-'Were will1ng; to JO!.\t thC(Jl. rb:ey preparea llf g.ve Jt;tttk
Nwu-d din came olit or,iDeJili with Iii$ Heute.!
fl:\'nc> Chiyas1f-d din lWban; who iilter- of tlie'
kibgd<>m -after .him. 'l'h'e\oppo,smg forccOnet,
ar.ld obliged l'o ily. 1'it s&a and
overcome with ;fatigue, he l'ii!rseff. fo l))a.n
engaged iu cultivating the wound and begged tor food.
lie gave her. a bit of bread, which. she devoured, and then
she .was overpowered by sleep. She was dressed in tho
of a ma.n; but when the peasant lool:.<:d. at her
sh<; slept
1
b.e perceiwd under her upl*r a
ffiMc 1;rimmed with. and pearls. Seeing:

a
be killed her, stripped her of b.er vl\lua bles
1
"(ij:Ove
a'l)'ay ht'r horse, and buried ber corpse in hi.> :ij;e
i:lien carried some of her garments to the market for
The dealers aUSpc!Cted hiln. lind took before the
magisi:rnte, who caused him to be beaten. The wretch
then confessed that be had kil led Raziya, and tdld .hi
guards where he had buried her. They cxhUUled her body,
washed lt, ll!ld, wrapping lt ill a sbrond, bm:lcd it again
in t.hc same place. A small shrine was erected over her
gtave, loohich is visit<...:! by pilgThus, and considered "
place of lliUlctity. It is situated on the banks o( the
Jumna, nbour a parasa.1g from Dehli.
Arter lhe death of lili sister, Nasiru<l din remained
undisputed master of 'the and reigned in peace Eot
twenty years. He ..,.,.s a reUgious king. He _;nade.
-of the Holy Dook and sold them, supporting himseff on
tlte money thus obtained. Ka1i Kamalu-d din sh.owed me
a copy of the Kuran, written by this sovereign, with
taste elegance. A,t )Qngth his lieutenant, Ghiyasud
din Ba!ban :lYl.Je<l him, anli succeeded to his throne .
. .Stil!a7! Chiy4J'Itd din Bo.lbn11
'After :Balbl\n h:i<! .killed hil master Nasitu-d din,
with absQlute lor twenty y<;ars. He ha:il.
previously hccn licutenant4) his prcdeccsso.t' :for a sllni<
lar period.. _He was, one of the best _of
clem.ent (Mltm),. an.d; goqil. 0Ae qf acr,s pf; geo.eto;.1t):'
"wlls : - He built ca to which, JJame,
''Abode. of securi.ty: A:ll .U h;<? their
cje_!ltf discharge<l . and refuge
fQuod safety. If a m:au who another ro.QiO
a:.fime there. the-SulU!o of r,he giends of
-
S'ltUD1J:lS IN lNDil:\N HlS'l'l'li\:Y
.and if any delinquent fied there he sati4fi.O!d
UiOOl 1"ho pu.rsued him. The SultniL was buried in: thli
building; and I .have vlsited his tomb,
The Sul.tan Sbamsu-din A.ltarnsh rent a mer
chant to buy slaves for, him at Saroarl,'land, Bokhara, and
TI,JUOllZ. '];Jl,is mal)' purchased a. l:tUndted d;tves, arnong
wl;lom was llalban, Whm they were presented to he
titer. all h:iro ex.cl:pt Balban. who was short
ip Jta,tute. ancL ot>mc&O appear.anc:e. The Sultan exclaim
eq]; ''1 wllJ. no.t take Lhis one," bur tbe dave cried, "Masu1r
of dl,e W'C>-tld, for whom have you. bought tbt$e se.rvant.s ?''
';I;Jie S\Lita."' la11ghed . and- said, "1 have bo1lght them &11
Dalban replied, bu.y for tho lo,ve of
&.;a." "Good," .exc)ailJ\ec.L. t:M Sultan. So ,b.e purcha5ed
him 'alld placed him wltli lti5 othcr slave!.
nalbanwas tteated with couempt, and pla.ced nmong
1he Men versed in astrology . told the
Sultan that one,ol his slaves would take th.e 'kingdom from
Ills son and il to bJmsel. T4cy continually
reiterated this predictiotl, but the Sultan in Ills. rectitl.lde
and justice paid no ,heed to it. At lengtll they repeated
this prediction t.o the chief queen, !llOther ot ld,nj(:s
$\)n&, ntli! she told the. Sultan oJ' it. 1\'0tas .now made
upoo, him, &tJl< tl)e
"Om you rccognu:c, iJ' yqu . see him, the. s),av.e
wba lhii.U my soli of the ltiogdom ?"'
rep.lie'a c1Rtlli:y had a means :by whiCh they could piclL
hi111 The"Sul'tan otdqeir:ltl. his to be
out, and .satidO:Wn; to tb,cm. They came befOfe
lli111, class clau, anel the astrologers tl)em
and sa:id, "We. have' not seen him." It was on.e, b'cl04
in. the afternoon, nnd lhct, water-carriers being
upon rollecdng a little lliOney and sendinS'
to . the mar.kct to purchMe So they clu)lbed
tlitlf dirhams, and sent Balban With .tbere
ooo- among them wllo was moie, c;tspili'. tli,aU:' lle>
''hi he could n.oL h'is-:
so .he. went co :mqther '"'ariJ;et.

l
hlm, ancl wl}en it to the tum. of .the watt.'f1<:anieri
to.-Qe 'p'assed lin review, he hnd not back. E)$ com
panioru tt>Qil hili wator-botlle and pot, .and putting them
on lh baclt of aJIOthcr. youth. presented him as :Salbnn.
When. die nnme of .Dalban was called, .this youth passed
be{O.{e. (be astwlqgeta, and so the review passed ' over witb.
o9t finding .the pe.rsop..they sought. When
o*er, retur,nc(i, f9r )t was the will of God that
lm should be accoll\plished.
EVeMil)llly the noble .qualities. of \1\C slave were dis-
COVCl:ed, and he was made. chic{ o( the'watercaniers. T.bcm
he the army, and became in course of time an
nmir. Sultan Nasirud din, before he cnme to the throne,
m;trried hi$ daughter, and when lte been me master of the
kingdom he made him his lieutenant. Balbin d.iscbarged
me. duties of this ollice .for twenty years, after which. he
killed his sovereign, and rema.incd mast& of th.c empire
for twenty yean longer, as we have already stated. He
had two sons, one of tlten\ was> "the Mnnyr Kbnn," ' hia
designate, a.Qd his vir.eroy in Sind, where be
in me city of N:ultnn. He w:u killed in a
,1)\hl,t;h he carried on ngai.ut . rhe Tatnts and 'Turb
He l eft two sons Kai-kubad 'al)d Kai.-khu.sn,:
The i)'punger son of Balban Wall ealled N asirn-d dil), and
or Ius father at
i)iedcath of "the Martyr Khan," Bnlban nameQ.
KaiJiliUl!;\1, -!()n of the as heir co the throtie,
-prefiD::ri11g hi:m tQ liis own son Naslru-d din. The
bad !1501\ \l'ln;ud din, who lived .at Dehli' Milll
b:iJ P.aud.f:ithet. ma.n, upo!l' the' deat!Yof hi&
ant! ll<hile living; su&.
cesso:t to the, throne unden tb.e 'circum(
stances., we: will .now ,.rrumtio.n... '
Sultan M utiuud'4 i11
1
, sot:t
son orsmtaTf. f!!hiyas,ud IItii mrf:!l.an
din 4i4 in while.
d,in Wl\f 1al .Lalbn'aU\iJ af[Cir n)l'ming 'a$ ..bi:s,
STUDIES lN JNDIAN IDS'IORY
<;dsor lr4 grandson Kai-khusru, as we have above stated.
the chief of the amirs and deputy o Sulran Ghif3$U.
<( il.iri was the enemy of this you.ng prince, and he founed
a -t?lot against him which succeeded. He drew up a
rnent, in which he forged the hands of the cl>icf amir.s,
attesting that they had taken the of allegiance to
Mu'izru-d din, grltlldson of the deceased 1lalban. Then
he- hil))sclf before Kai-khunu, feigning
greatest .in tereS( in l\im, and sa.id : "The Clmirs have
3\'lortl allegiance to your cousin; and. 1 fear thciT designs
,against you." JUU-khusru inquired was best to bt
c!O'ile, and the chief of the atnirs adv4ecl hJm to fly to S.ind
&ave his life. The p.ri:nce a& ked how he was to gcr
'QUI of the city, as all the gates were snut; and the chief
Answered tllat h.e had got the keys and would let
him out. lta:i-khu.sru thanked !lim for b.is offer and kiss-
ed his .hand. The amir advised Jilin to tal<e horse imme
cliately, and sc:; he mounted his horse and was followed
by I@ connexions and slaves. The amir opened the gate
.an.d let him out. it immediately he hadquitted
Dehli. .
The atnir then sought an audience of-Mu'iuud din,
and took the oath of submiSsion. Die young
in,quiied 'how could be Sultan, wlll;n the title oE heir
bel.ongecl to his tot\$11\. :I'he chief of
t!ieli: .informed him of. /;lc had used
bu coiis'ril; he ha.;l got him to leave Ute !)1tf,
Mu'izti.l'(! din .tlia.tlk him ftir: hif.exertions and
paoJed hirii; eo the king, wllcre l!r
together the am1rs and who swore to
hi,m i n tj:te of.l tpe n1ght.. When momir:rg
th.c' populatton followed the same and.. Jlie
autllority of Mu'inu-d di.o was firmly 11$-
"'as . still aliv.e, 'ltlld was in lil:z)l!"a1 ato-J,;\i):hnauth
PC< IJ,eard of bad , he ''I , atn
IJ\e .. ti;eii" of !he Hngdom ; liow,. tHen, , can 'lny .!On b.avct
have gniped A.bwl\l!c powpr.: w!ille; J,
oiF
0
r );)cb.li .IVitlls his r. W.4
)
I
J
S"I'UDU!S lN INDIAN HlSTOR\'
95
son also took the 1ield at the head of his anny, with tbe
design of repulsing him from Dehll. They met near the
rown of Karra, on the banks o the Ganges, a place co
wrucll. .. H'indu1 reson in pilgrimar.c. NMiru-d din
enC<!l'Qpe;d upon the Karra side of th.e river, and his son,
Sultan Mu'izzud din, upon the other, so that !he l'iVtr
,fllil Q,ctween them. They were resolved upon- fighting
o!ller: but GO:d wished to spare the bloOd q_f
imbued llte heart of 'Nasi.ntd din 'wiUr
!celings of pity fot his son. So M said to himself, "lf
my .1011 reigns, it will be an hono\11' .c:G me ; it is only
right, LllCI); that t iillould dCllire that." At Ute
God filled the heart of Mu'lz.zu-d din with sentiments of
3Ubmissic>n tc> hJs father. Each of these two princes
entered a boa!, and, without any escort of trOO(. they
met in tb.c middle of the river. The Sultan kissed the
foot of his and made hi3 cxcu3cs ; and the
reptied, "1 giire thee my kingdom, and confide tbe govci'.n-
n,ent oL it thee.'' Thereupon b.e took, oath of fidJ:..
lity, :ll1tf w:u to to the provinces he possesse<f,
wl)en his said, "You must certainly come
The father .and son proceeded
Dehli, and entered tb.e pala-ce. The pla'i:c;d
.Mulizi)!-d din upon the throne, and . stood before hini.
T!fe 1nJcrview which they had Up!>n tb.e river was called
"TbeC$ii)unctiit of the TIYo Auspicious Stan," beeause
of its h:appy :r.esuli&, in sparing tbe blood of the people,
lUld in causing lite fatb.et and son to otter r.o each_ otllt!t
tb.o and tO abstain from fighting. Manjl' poets
have c;etebrated; .this Incident., .
Nas)ruld. dln- xetUUied to his territories, ,oancl aome
')'Can' aftcr . died th<::re;> le!lv.iog several cliildl;en,
"!h<>m <,xa$ who..n. :I;q_gblik
pr.i.soner; and l11s iSOn, ,MtihalllDI'lldi lereMed
#.#. hfs ;So tiM; ll'- peabe
of Mil)zw-d dm tot .w.!ticlt
.fe.te> 1ike da)'S. r liave he.u:d n; 'pF1on who-J,iv<:il
this rbd Iff
\
lN lNlli.AN BIS'IXllU' I
at .till$ time, .and the libera!Jcy and munificcnc.c
Mu'uiu;d din. ;was this pcince who built. t_he I
miruu:et of the northern OOW't of the great mosque 'lit
.li>ehli. ;w'hich Jlas no equal in the universe. An inhabitant
.Qf.J:nclia i.nfox:med me that Mu'izzu-d din was much given
to society o .women and to drjo.king; thnt be was
:attad<:d by a malady which delied _all the efforts of his
to cure, ;ln_d tho.t one $i(le of llim was dried
liP Tlicn his lieucennnt, Jnlnlu-d din
;RJ!ilji, roS!: llp 'ag;.inst bim. t
Sulta11 ]a?alu-d di11
1\Y,!Wn, :u we have just . d!l$cribed, Sultan Mu'itzu& din
auacked .witb hemiplegia, his lieutenant, Jalalu-d
ihn, rc:voltccLl)g;tiosl )\im, and, goirlg _out of the ci.ty, he
-encamped upon , a hill: in the ncighooUI'hood, bcsicle a
mortu"1i}' cjtapcl a.illcd Jai.sh.ani. Mp' iQ.'ll-d din sent out
_amirs to attack .him, put all whQm he $1JnJ with' this-objt'(!t
swore, fidelity 1.Q J;llal,u-<1 din
1
ani!, in
his ;mn,y, The chief rebel a(tqWacd5 eJttcr'\':': city
:l>nd the Sultan in his palace foNltree da-ys. An
the fact i.nfonnecl me that Sultan M.u':iuu-d
din s_ulfcred from hunger, and. could get nothing I() ear .
C!f _his Jleighbouns sent him somct foqd to appease ,his
!))t)nger, )>:Ut the rebelliolis .arnir ..forced his way into the
and u'izm-d din wa1 kll}t<L
illn .soccl!eded. He- was an amiatile> lind
m"llll> and bis;gen.tlooess made Jrim the victimiof an
ai He in
peaceable ,Of the th'rone:f.or sevocil and
l;luilt the pruae6 .liis nnme. It was 'this buQtl
irm Sull:ll t9 hisJtroth'Cil'in:J:irw,
t h'e .qmir Ghada, aon o MuhllliJla, w'bcn:.he ll'lltmed$.im
1Q his slstev, au. evettt will' )i,e
iSI$nn dinr-bad It' I9Jl din,
'!\. neph.ew called "'Ala.\1.-'d din,.:w)wm: b;e Ihis
wllom _he-we ;of: tho
t.lf and
IN INDIAN RIS";rOR:Y
97
tories. The wife. of 'Aiau-d din tormented him, and he was
continually of her to his uncle (and father
in-Jaw), Sultan Jalalud din, until dissension arose between
thCJ? ,on Ute subject. 'Alau-d clin 'ons a sllarp nnd bravo::
man, who had been victorious, and ambition
of 'sovereignty took of his mind, but lie no
we:l)tb but what l1e won by the point o bu S:WOJ,d by
ilespoiJlng the iilfidds. He set Out 1.0 carry the holy war
ln9 the co11ntry of Dcogir (or Daulatabad), which is lilio
called the coU:Ill.ry of Kata.ka, of whlch' mention be
made hereafter. Dcogir is the capital of Malwa and of
Marl1ata (the country of the Mahra.ttas), aJ\(1 its ruler wa
the most powerful of all tile infidel kings. In tile course
of this expedition, the horse of 'Alau-d dln stumbled
ag!Unst a stone and t.brew his rider. 'Alaud diD heard a
sort o jingling noise made by tile stone. He ordered the
place to be dug up, and il considerable treasure was found
un.dcr th<; stone, which he divided among his companioh&.
Wb.c11 lte arrived :u Deogir, the ruler. submitted and
the city witllout fighting, making valuable
presents to bl.\ conqueror. 'A11,1u:d dln returned to
b,\!t, did not send any portion of the spoil to hi3 ti'ncle .
. ercii1,1 persons stirred up tile of his un,cle agaiti.lt
hl.in,, a.nd the Sultan SlllllDlOlled him. He refused to go
to Gourt, and the Sultan then said, "I will go and bring
him, oc h:e is to me a son." Accordlngfy be set out
witll his axm.y, and mat:ehed until he reached the bank
of tbe river ,opPQSi!e to Karra, o.t the same plaoe whete
Su)tan .bad encamped when he W.CDI
IDI!.CJ.. his father, din. He em b.arked on .,.!lie
ro g
0
an4. 'llejn IllS nephew. Tl1e lim,er tQ\>t
wi!P, the intCI).tioD, Qf malting an end
. .to his "When ,l .lti'!l,
WUum." When tfid:Wo me iffiddfe- 'Of
the 'river",. the tieplicwem:btacCd his Iuf .iom-
despatched .. th.e Sultan ";;s he' thtm.
Jl\urd(;rer up61]. kjng,(lom, took .com
ll)lmd trOOP.S of his victim; r
7
98
STUDIES 1N INDfAj\1
Sultan 'l.tlau-d di" Muhammad Shah Kl1ilji
When he b.nd his u:rurle he became mastet of
the , Jdqgdam, and the greater pan of the troops of.
J!'lnlu-cl din p<UScdovcr to. his side. The ;eJt returned to
Dehli. and gathered round Ruknu.ddtu . rrhe .latter
marched out 1-0 .a'uad:':th'e tmutdcrtft, ' bi!C all his soldier
deserted t:O : Alllulhlin; !>h<t'hl! 'lled:to Sind. : A)au.<J din
took pqsseslitlni ofnibe pal:Kc! and reigned peaceably fnr
twenty . .)(.sa'Q,, !He w:w the bllSt bf Sultans, and Lite
!:' Cit India eilogite .him highly. He personally
the affairs of .his people, and in9uircd imo the
ptice o provisions. Every day. the m11htas1b, or inspcclOr
- of 'tile 111lkctS, whom the lrtdial)s .. cnlled rais or cnicf.
'hail: to <attend before him. It is said tb.at one day he
questio11ed ijlc .inspector the dearness of .meat, and
be "' as told t hq.t it arose from the high tax upon bullocks.
'lie ordered the t ax. to be abolished and Lhe dealen: to be
bFonght before him. He gave them money, said,
VWith .buy bullocks and sheep, and sell Uiem ; the
. fete:!\ mU.st tie' paid to the and
'YO:n receive an allowance for selling ,.ttiem." Thili
(order)' was' carricdinto executlo(l. And LbC.' Silltan a'Cilld
'in. a. war in respcet of the brought
.fro.m DaulatabaCl. Wllei:t corn orea&C'il 'S. :high ptice lie
-opened th1l gf:itrnries ' of'the Stale,; and' &old th.clr stbres;
unill the prioc camedoivn. Il is- said 'thai. on 'Onq.jjCcaJ
sion 'the price of !rose, ..;md b.eordet-cchhe ro
se!L-it a pffc:ll' wlilch he-- fixed; ' They .rc1iJlcd' to sell it
:ac price smned. then 'orderea t!iac nobody should
grain at .govhnincm stores, and lte
:Solli it to die (or months. The
were afraid be deyo;>Urccl, l?r wee
and to sell, Sulqa,n,,p)le
them JeaYC, bUL UJl9ll. t(\_ef. sOJa a pri'<e
they had. bb(ore
Alailld din .llbt'tobac):', to;&"<> to
pi:'dJer on 1f <in :!111'
sforl Th'e rwon" oH!i\$ llll!f:ll\'e ' h11d. a.
]
I
5TUOI'ES IN' INDIAN HJSrOlW 99
nephew, named Sulnilnan Shah. whom he tovcd and
avourec;!. One day be his horse to.go
withot.h($. .neplle.w, and tJtis one conceive<! tbe )(lea of
dealing ,with his uncle as he, 'J\lnu-d sfin, , had with
Jt,is , u1J4<: Jalalu-0 dln
1
, is, of him. So
(he Sui can '\ligbted<to take breaUast, be
3n rtow at him and down, but :!l Aav:e
hirn with a shield. The ,to<finilh
llirn, but the slaves told t\)m lhat b.e -was. lJe,
beUeving LhQJlt, rode ofl nrnl cn_tc:r;d,...the JV(Uilen's ;tpart.-
menu In tile palace. The 51)11411'1 recovered his
faiutiug lit. mounted bis horse, and galhercd together b.is
1roops. :Uis nephew Oed, but he was capruxed
before the Sultan. He slew him, at\d after ,ceased to
ride on horseback. '
'Alaud din !lad several sons, whQ.Se names
Khizr }!:han, 2. Sbndi Khan, S. Abu Klilln, t.
rak Kba1;1, also ealled Xutbu-d: din. Jl'ho became kiqg, 5.
Sbahabu:d din; Kuti>JJ-d: din lYrul:ttloatetl unkindly' by his
fath.er
1
and notice. The Sultan
t9wed honours on. aU his is, )le gt-.mt_ed
, bapners and drupu: but on !tim he
.notlllng. .But one day illetSuLtati iaid to hin1, "l re:illy
,you what J have given yoltr brolh,_en<'' Kutbu-d
din rlp1ic!d!oi'Je, is God who wiD. give it me." This answct
alarmed Ws fatlfCJ;, who became afraid of him. The Sultan
was th'cn-attackcd by the malady of which. he .. died, The
:wife by. whom (l:!e nnd his son Khitt .Khan, and , who
had <a brother nnmed San jar, wlth. ' rJlcom
sbe ired. to ..laise Khan to lhc throne.
1\le chief of; the. wlio Ci!Y,Il.4.
M6
1
qought him fil;
la>llcas, tb.l)t is., S.SQO. 'A1T1ct Tb;is. t-i'a,ib.
got !m.owledge of.-r.l\c .pJot * e iSQ.ltan.
Tlieieuli!'n he \\i& l1,ttendant4 : "Whe1l
t a_hl; 'L ''Will give . hi,nl a
ri>lje, 1:19. is p.utliQ& it l:ln, him ij:y' ; sl(ever.
, UqfM flin(U"C.
.
100 STUDU:S IN lJIIOIAN HISTORY
throw him down, and despatch him." This order was
exactly executed. I
Khizr .KbaJl was then absent at a place called Sanila
Qat (Son pat), one d:l y's joumey from Dehli, whether be
bad gone on a pilgrimage to the tombs of certaii:J. martyrs I
buried there. He had made a vow to walk thither oo
foot, and pray 'for the health of Ius father. .But when
Khizr Khan heard his fnmer had .k.illcd .!tis
.uncle, he was gread y concerned, and tore t11e collar of
4i.s garm.em, as the are in the habit of dolllg
-when_any one dies who is dear to them. His faLltcr, on
bearing this, was muCh annoycid, an.d when 'Khizr Khan
<ppeared before him, he reprimanded and censured him.
Then>.he ordered. irons to be' put upon bis hands ana fcec,
and gave .him inio lh,c charge of Malik N alb above .men
l.ioncd, ordCI'S to convey him to me fortress of
Gwalior. This i& .. an isolated fort, in the midst of
idola.rrou.s Hindus, at ten da-ys' journey from D'l)lli, and
it is impregnable. 1 resided there some time. When
Malik Naib took the prince to LlUs strong fort, he gave
him into tile charge of ltotwal, or the conunandant,
and of me mufrids or mmanis ('\egnlarly enrolled soldien),
ru,td. told' them not to say that their.. prisoner was the sou
of me Sultan, but to treal him hono,urably. He wns me
Sultan's .most hitter enemy, so they w,ere to guard him: as

the' malady growing worse, he told
Malik;.Niiib' :to. send some one fo fetCh Kb.izr Kha:n,' that
he migllt , pr.oe\aim bini his successor.' Malik. Naib
acquieseed; but hci. <Wayeii from day to day to execut'\
the order, and wlienever hill master io<J.uired about the'
matte., he replied< that his son would .soon arrive. He
continued to nd thus until' the Sultan died.
' Sultan Sh4h'ablkd !lin,, son of din
\AlhCJ! t,he Sult.an
.son, .. (lin.; W the t.hr<l!le
pllople tQO'k the oath Qf iQ 1ifu;l, but:.N!alik
STUDIF.'l W INDIAN HISTORY 101'
Naib kept him under bis own direction, a.nd after depriv
ing Abu Bal:r Khan iUld Shadi .Kiuvt of sigllt, he sent
rhem to Gwnlior. He also ordered lhcir- brother Khitr
Khan, who was imprisoned in tho .s)lme place, to be
blinded. They were imprisoned, as well as kutbud din,
but the minister spared c.he sight of the la.ttet' . Sulbn
'Alau-d din had two who were his personal atteii'd
'one was called Dashir and theother Mubashir. 'Fh'e
clticF prin.cess, widow of 'Alau-d din, :md dauglner o(
Sultan Mu'iuu-d din, sent for them, recounted tlte bcne-
fots which they luld received from their late master, and
said, "This eunuch, Malik Naib, has .treated ll'ly children
in the way you know of, and now bc. wants to kill Kutbud
din." They replie4, "You shall see what we will do." It
wns usual for them to pass Ji>c night near Malik Naib,
and to enter armed into his presence. They went to
wait upon him the ,following night in his Khurram;ga),
as the Indians eall a kind of room comtructed <?f p,l'\Ilks
and hung with cloth. Here tlte rutuir ;-on the
terrace of tho palace during ihe rainy season, It so hap
(Siened that he took the-sword wotn by one of these
pU:ators, b{o,ndishcd it, ana returned it. The .slave
:stJ:uck him with it, and his companion gave blm another
blow. they cut olf his head, <llld, carrying it to the
prison of .Kutbu-<1. din, and throwing it down at ws feet.
.deUveced from captivity. The prixu:e .wen't and
jojncd !tis brother, Shahabu-cl din, and stayed witb him
several dar,s, had been his lieutenant, but :lt
h_e tQ 9-epose him, nnd carried. out

Suliifii: i(ui/J.tl.'d ilill, iptt ' &t Sul/(an
This \fi:!>Osed
0
>hiS brotheto &hab11b'u-dt dillt c;ut
one:of his lie
w:u . imP.J:lsOJicd wl th hi&. .lm)tlieri T l('e-:JngqQ,tn carlie
mt.o the 11JI1)ds 6f'ltutbu-d' din, :V{.!I.o left! Dehli;
.liJ!ICJipital . to tb D'aulataJ>aa, forty days' .journey
:tllitarif. 'road 'between, p1aces is. bordered
)all' STl}IJII!S IN INDIAN I;IISTOR
with u:ees; such as the willow and- others, so that .Lii'e
travelJer '*-iglu think l)lmicli"in a garden.. In the space
of eyety mile there aie threll dflwn.r, or posung-houses, of
wnich 'tlJ'e arr;J,llgenrenu have been already described. Au
each of th- $tations ,tile finds all that 111: ueech,
as if h.is forty days' journey lay through a market. ThU$
the road goes on.fbr: siX months'' joumey1 tilL it reaches
the country of Tilang and Ma'bar. At every acntion
!lere is a p'tla'Ce for the Sultan and a comer for the

poor people have no need 10 carry with

them provisions for their journey.
:After Sultan Kutbu-d din had set oil' on this o:pccli
tio)l:, .cerlain amirs determined among thcmsdve:s to
-revoi't- against hjm, [Jlld place a son of his impdsoned
brother Khlll' K.lian upon the throile. 'fhis child wns
about te11 years oldJ. ami. was near the Sultan. When the
Iauer heard _o( ,this plot of the nmirs
1
he took his nephew,
seized him by tlie feet, and dashed lili head against the
stones till his brains were scattered. Ele then sent an
nmir, named Mnlik Shah, (O Gwalior, where lhe father
and,uncles of the ch.ild were confmed, with' to. kill
them all. Kn7i Zainu-d din Mubarak, klfti of this strong-
Jtold, me the foUowing account :'-"Malik Shah
rc:iched us one morning, whilst, I was with Khizr .Khan iri
his-prison. When lhe captive hearcl >of his arrival, Ire was
.fiiglitilrted, and changed colbur. The. amiY came in, and
tol#m. 'Why bave you com'e' ?' and h'e a11$wered;
!Jpbn a which concerns the !.!oM of the World,'
'The >prince i fife was safe; 'and he aiJSwered ,
'Yes.' Theteupon r.b:e t;'Jiir went out and caJ.led for the
/totuJ4j, <!_T

nu','.'be! of 3!i0 ;_1\e for me; as as
11/fd pl'&luced tlte or4:ei' tlie SW.tan; O!'he !)len .o the
l:lirrison :.;ead: 'it; the-n. w:l/ifi !Jl?'$ltah'abu-d.,dln; tru::
Sulln:n, and cut ol
1
fi!S:lifid, He wa$ very. and
sign ''Ill-en th'et" beh-pded
lfii(l Sfuiai JWan. W.lien the}7- Wert'Mo :&mit
Wfan1 Jle Overcl/mO!' \'lith '.and J&
I
,
STODIE;S IN \ND'IAN HlSTOtl'\'
IQS
moer was with him, but the exeeutioners shut tlietdoor
against her and killed him. Then tb.ey dragged' the foun
bodieS to a dltcll, without either wrapping them in
sh.roods or washing them. They were after
some years and were interred in the tombs of their auces-.
tot>J: ' Tile mother of Khiu> Ii.hau survived cime, .. 1
saw'ber, at Mecca in the year 728 H. (A:n. l.S27).
The fort of Gwali,or here apoken of is situated- on the
top of a high lllOUlltain, nnd appears, so to speak, tO be
cut out o the rock itself. There is n.o other moumain:
in (ace of it. There at'e cisterns in it, it
contains also a.bout twenty bricked: wells. Manjo11ills and
'arradas are mounced on the wnUs. The passage to tJ\e
'Iortress Js llp a spacious roa.d, which elephan!S and horses
can ascend. Near the gate of the fort there i.1 the 6guro
of an elephilnt, sculptured in stone, carrying its driver.
When seen from a distance, it seems to. be a real
cleph:ult. At the base of fortresa u a line
town, built entirely of white hewn stone, mosques and
houses alike. No wood is seen in the doors. I t is
the same with the palace of the l:.ing, the dome& and haUs,
' Qst of he business men of this town arc. idolntus, and
.are about 600 horsemen o( the ar,10y there,
who 'l)ev:er; ceaS<! to fight .with tile infidels . bY whol}l the
pln<:e is :surrounded.
wb.e1l kuu-<l din had killed his brothers, an'd he
had becO,ne. .fq!e master, without any ope left to ligbt
wLth him; i>r against )rim; GOd up agaiuit
JriJ!l. hi&.'f:i.Vt)Ullife s.civant,. the most powerful of 1m <>fti>Ts
ani(, the l'\1igb'eSe ,iti Nasirn-<1 din Khwr.U
,Th,js man' attack& .hijn qnRwlll'Ca, Jillled !iiln,, '11lld
remilined absefute ({f .thelciligdliin. Il'llt
not 1Jls't.'11fn{{ l>od <lllso.ag'ail)st hiin
throned anti llilled him. ,.,as the- . 'Sultan
1iughlik, as "'ill hereafter he fully-recorded. God ll>illingl
K!ttpru. K/tatt flitr
Khu'Sru Khan was orre ot the pmocipai amirs; ,(jf
104
STUDIES IN INDIAN li Y
K.utbu.ct, din. He was brave . and handsome. He had
wnqucred the country of Ch:rnderi, and also that of
bar, which are among the most fertile regions oe
at a distan<:e of six. .months' journey from Dehli.
Kutb'!-d din Uked th.i.s man vet')' mu<:h, and sbowcd great
fondnesS for him :-this was the cause of the Sultnt1's
meeting death at ltis hands. One day Khusru Kh:tn
told the Sultan that several Hindus desired to become
Musulmaos. lt is one oE the customs in this coumry that,
when a wishes to become a convert to !>hun. ftc is
brought before the king, who gives him n line robe ;\lid
necklace and bracelets of gold, proportionate in value
to mnk, T he Sultan told bring the Hindus
'before biai, but the amir replied they .were nRbamed
tO,co!)le by day on account of their relations nnd <.:0
rcfigioiWts. So the Cultan told him ro bring rh.cm 11t
night.
Khusru -Khan g;u.hered a troop of Indians, chosen
'from among' the bravest and greatesb; hls brother, the
Khatli Khallln, was among them. It wns tlte hot season,
and the Sultan slept on the roof of the palace, havlt\g
only .a few eun'fchs Mound hlro. When the Indians
bearing th.eir weapons had rasscd four gates of the palncc
and arrived at the Mth, Ka.li K!tan, the keeper of the
keys, was startled by their proceedings, and suspected that
.th<::Y. evil design in. So be prevented their
enti!l!J.CC,; and .said be would not let them pass \l(ithout
a distincL order JJ.;om tho rop\ttl\ of the king hi'tl)!elf.
fincling titus tbcy foil upon hiin and
killed 'Jilin, l'lieli\oi$1!- a!U):nt from this contcntl,cm gxcw
loucl ana teaocbea: "SUI!an, who asked whar it wa.s. iLUd.
Kliusru Khan told' hlm that it ,vas macie_l)y the
""lho were comilig tP,i mitke. " ){;tii Kb.iu\
. opp05ed lluiit entl,'ancc, and hefi,w a !fad:
:liisen'. ' The wa\;"aiarmcd and rose-'to go
tlinet; part o the llnt thC dos'fl
eunucns !\Car lt. The Sultan kno'dea at ,'th
Ji'.h"ltsra Khan then seized him ih li.i$ a'tniS &om bep'"'a,
'
\
Sl'UDlS 1N lNOIAIS WSTORY
105 '
but the ling. was the strong.=r and threw him down. The
Indians ente1-ed, and Khusr11 Khan called out to them.
"Here he is upon me, kill him I" So they murdered him
and c,.ut oil; his bead, which they threw from the roof of
the .into the coutt-yard. .
){b.usru Khan ,sent. {or the and
tiJa.lif<J. who were not yet aware o what had hap1lned.
Each party that en1cred fo110d ltim seated on the thto11e,
They took the oath (o allegiance) ro him. and wnen
morning. came he proclaimed his despatched
his orders into all the and sent a robe of honour
to each' amir. They all to him with the excep-
lioo of 1.'ughlik Shah, father of Sultan Muhruruna<t Shah,
who was then governoc of Dibalpur, itt Sind. When he
recc\9ed tb.e robe of honour which Khusru ha<l allotted:
ro him, h.e chrew it on the gro110d and sat upon it.
K.husru .Khan sent his brother, t.he Khan-i Khmutn, against
him, l,lut Tugblik. him and afterwards :killed
him, as will be narrated in the account of the reign o6
Tnglilik.
Khusr11 Khan, l!pon becomlng king: snowed
:fjt9our to the HindU&, and-. iM\1ed objectio!lable ot4iirs:
suai' ru; an order prob.ibiting the of bullocks.
jn. \ieferepce to th.e practice . of the idol;11rous Im;iians.
who nQt allow these animals to be killed.
Such 'coitduct WQ.S one of the c.auscs which made K.hmru
Khan l:lateiu\ .t.o the Musuhnans, and mlldc them incline
in favour bE Khusru' reign did not last lo1,1g\
.and the days or IHs power. were not numerOUSl .as we
shall relate: '
Sulfa" din Tughlik Slialj
'Ihc shaifi), and IJ.llil'm aukn11-<1. g'a\it
.Jl!C t(le 91JoM!lg<'ay:couo.t in
Svl!-all t(:> tl).e caUe<!
wh9 iilha,!>it .. and ,
. .rou!. A.liauqlie. ToJ1!i: 11>: !Sf'(; 'PP .616. 517, ootworr
Jiilto dOll ' MongQis; IV .. p. i6.
1.00:

ST-UDIES IN INl>tAN IDSTORY
country ofi. the Tud:s. Be was i.n a very
comlltion, and 1oeilt to Sind M servant of a cer.tahl
merchant, a& his goltvani, or groom. T!Us took place ir
the reign of 'Alan-d din, whose brotb.er, Ulu. Khan, was
governor of Sind. Tughlik. emered his service and was
atta<;hcd to his person, being among his -piadas
or footplen. Afterwards he distinguished himself by his
bravery, and , was enicred among the horsemen : then h.e
became' a suborclin.ate amir, and Ulu Khan made him
his of Lhe. horse. Finally, be became one of the
,grcar amirs, and received tl1e. title of a! malik. al g/Ja:i,
"war,like prince." I l13ve sect) le following fn!Cription,
whi<:h is placed over the sacrarium of .the mosque which
he .l:itiilt at Multan: "I have fought with the
fwl!my.nihe.limcs, and have defeated them. It is for this
that l have- been called ' the warlike prince.' "
Wb.en Xutbnd din' became king, he made Tughlik
governor of the town a11d distrJ.ct of Dlbalpur; and he
made his son (the present Sultan of India) superintendent
of the impedal stables. .flc was called ]auna, the Sun :
when he became king be c;alled himscl Mu.hnmmad Shah.
Kutbu-d. clin being dead, and Khusru l<:han having
succeeded, he rontinncd Jauna in his office 1\s master of
, t11e liorse. When TugltJjk wanted .co z'elie1. be bad 800
-6<>riiradC\S in yhom he put cnopdence in, the day of
li:re:-\Y.rllteJlO' Ki$ltlll Khan, wh.o then at Mullan, three
from Dibalpuf\ calling upon hi!D fcm wiSC:
Miiltil)lg.hi(il' of \lie favours ot "dirt, artd
uri;il'lk rt{!fi:'\Q veJ:tgeartce for ' the mflrder"'Of tl"tat
k.ing, The stmf6f Klshlll ' Khan resided at .Zil'e611, hn<J,
IT','gJ;Wk' ,4'i" SOD
widt hliD he wotitil clerta1nly b.clp' lls Tt1ghhk
wrote!' to his Shall, rd.inf9i''Iil.''lllm'o ltis
and desiringilt:mtlto fly 't<)t meet him;
ollingi.ng with him: the son of &is)Jln Kham. 'llli.e y.o.urrg
contrived a stratagem a11-st ..l'husru ftlia.nt
He tOld him t)lal ihe
.UI!ish Ki10n,
'

grown faL and lieavy, an\! exerais<
Khwru Khan accOrdingly gave p<!rniiSs.ion for taking
tbem out: So 1.hc master of the horse mounted on hone.;
back every day, and, followed by h.is

he
from one to three hours; he- even extended
lHs1-absence< ro Four .hotll's, so. that Otle<day be was out till
'L(oon bad pl!ssed, which is the . time when tile Indian&
dine. The Su1tan scm out c<r look after him, bttt nothing
c0\1Id be:- heard of him, a>)d he joined his fntbcr, togetlie
with the son of .Kishlu Khan. :
' ,j
Tughlik then openly rebelled and collected IUs
forces. K.ishlu Khan also joined him with his soldiers.
T )le Sultan sent out his brother, the /(hani Kl14nan, to
give thi:rn bRttle, but tl>cy totally defeated him, :mq his
army passed over to tlteir side. The Khani Khana11
returned to his bro1.ber ; his officers were slain and his
treasure captured. Tughlik tbeu proceeded , t6watd<
.Dehli. Khusru Khan wont out to meet him with his nt'my,
and coc:unped near the city al a place called A.'ya-bad,
that is to say. the winchuill. lie 01rdered r.he treasures to
be o.pencd, and gave aW'\Y .the money by by
or clelinlte sums. The l)anle between him
and the Indians fought with the.
troops were defeated,, , camp. was
a)ld be Temaincd sutroundc_d by his 8!l0
paniona, H.e cried, "Whither can we Ry? We stlall be.
klllec)." Tbe ,\o)dicu, ot
ws;e . b.usyt plulC!Cpjlg lind were scattered,. so, $f!,?.'
him ...
(?illns ,en& btlb, Jn . tb,is country thl:
, il, :ilW,ays ln!lfcate<l b.y llie-
carded ova: b:is bea<1t- ' 1' ,
When Tbgbli); nnih
K,husru, thai beg aD' a.g;tm . tl)i:m and, lhe
Rindm-: the Sultan"s qoops ;Utd none rt'
1"ained . ..him; lle tooP, t_o-':,Jjigtu, rQJII
. hif tltrew gamton:l$ and <(uns, -d kcejS).ilg.
r
>
108
STOOl$ JN INDIAN li1STOR Y
()nlr his shil:t, he let his hair fall upon his shoulders as the
o IndiA clo. Then he went into a gnrden near
at hand. The people gathexed round Tugblik. who
proceeded wwnrds the city. The governor brought b i.m
_the key&. He entered the and lodged in one of
ita wings; then he said to Kishlu Khan, ':Be thou Sultan I"
1""hc Khan repl.ied, "Rather you." They disputed
togethm-, but at length Kishlu Kl\an said tO Tughlik,
"It you. refuse to be Sultan, your son will obtain the
wvereign !)ower." 'fugltlik. was averse to this, ao he
:acci!ptcd d1e government, and sat upon the royal d!rone.
'tlic: nobles and common people took their oaths to him.
- :Afie.' thrl!c days Khusru still co.nccaled in t.be
'S'alhc g!ltden, wa.\ hard pressed by hunger. He came out
<Of his hidingplace and walked about. Then lte met rhc
1ceeper o the garden; and asked him or some food. The
mnn bad none to give him, so K.husru gave him his ring
and Lold him to go and pawn it, and buY. food. Wheo,
this person went ipto the market wllb "the ring; the people
bad thefr swpiciom, anct they took him tO' tlie police
magistrate. The !alter conducted him to Tughlik, to
whom he made known who had given biro ttiie rJng.
J'ughlik .rent his son Muhammad to bririg in Kbusru,
a'n4 Mlilianunad seized him, placed bim: on a /QIU, or
baggage-horse, and brought him tO' ilia futher. When
Kliunii' cWmt in_to the presence of 'T ughlik, h.e said: "
am hull8!-"JI ,give me something' to eat." The
-sovereign him to be s.erved with sltarbtit,, 'f&xi.
beer, and betel-' When he had eaten he rose' and
said, "0 Tughlik. Ileal' w,fth me:after. the manner or kings,
-and do n,ot dislioq.o,g me.'' Tughlik complied YJith his'
Tc!C),L!t)st; he 'li.irn ro be belteade4) . tfnd be was
on the where he bad'
If head" and, !ij$ brx.Jy,
-ori' tJle.pala'ce, .as he done with .:j\e; b,e4d of hi$ pte-.
Aftuwards; to li
in a ShrpuiJI; -ant! !q. .. } omb
had .b\1Ut. 'l'Qghhk-- Jtts ana
\
,
....
STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTOR'/ II$
exccllent prince, al)(l he enjoyed the sovereign power in
peace fur four years. 1
When Tugh.lik was firmly established in his capital,
he sent hU son, Muhammad, to make the _c;o.nqucst of
1'ilapg, three monll)s' maTch from Dchli. He wjtb.
liim a considerable arnly, attathed to the
principal such as Malik Timur, Malik Tigln,
Malik. Kafur the sealbearer, Malik Bail-am, andl . olliers.
When Muhammad nrrived in Tilang; he was dcs.iroui <>f
revolting. He had for a compan.ion a man called 'Uba.id,
who was a poet and lawyer. lk ordered b;im to spread
" report of the Sultan Tughlilt being dead, for he sup-
that jllcn, on l,te:rdng tltis intelligence, would
in hot haste tend.er him their oath of 1idclity. This news.
"J)l"e:td among the soldiers, but the omirs did not believe
it. Every one of them beat his drwru and revolted. 1:!19-
one remained Muhammad, and the chiefs 1vished co.
kill him. Malik Timur prevented them, and protected
him, He fled to his father with ten horsemen, whom be
Cll.lled his "fai1h.ful friend!.'' His father gave him money
and troops. and . colllltlanded him ..to -.:etwm to
nnd he obeyed. .But. the Sll)um was acquaioted widdtJs
; he killed the .lawyer ' Ubaid, and .he. os:dered Mo.lik
Ka(ull, the sealpcaret, (O be put to death. A tent peg
was diiv,e_p. in.to the ground, al).d tb,c uppel end of it
'\'liS dril!en the throat of Ka11r,
wb.o was pla$4 ..thereon, face downvards, 3nd it came
out by
0
ne ribs. Thus he wns left.. The
""'irs lied. tO' din, son of
\!)ll .of, :Gb.i)'<\$.11-d din
al .
't[>.e Mth dm.
Soon lle leaving his th:i6ne to ron ...
1Shahaliu4 run. prfnce stkceeilcd. his f:lilihlrl- b-q't
his younger Gliiyaud in ;llaba'dur (this
last ili t)le 1allguage
. se.zed upon tli& .and l!.tllcd _Ius
br61hcr. Khan; and mon.ot biB' .othe.r br6then. 'I'wo-

.
liO
S"l'UDI.ES rN UID!AN fUSTOR
<>f them, Sultan Sb.ababu-d din and .Naslru-d din, fled
co Tugblik. who marched forUL with them to figb,t wit.h
the futticicle. He hili .his $On MubaOUilB.d in his l<iog
Clom viceroy, and advanced ln baste to the country of
He subdued it, made the Sultan Gbiyasud
din prisoner; and set off on the march to bia capital.
C<frryi!'g his . pri&oncr with b.im.
There :was then .at Deh.l.i n saint, Nizatnud di1t
l!adauni. Muhammad, the SultM's son, often visited
him. co pay him retpcct in the eyes of Uis followers and
bo implore his prayen. The sh11ik.IJ was subject to ecstatic
fits, in which be lost aU contrc;>l, of hilllB<'lf. Tlle Sultan's
son directed. his. servMts ,toJet him; know when the shaikll
wa.s it) one- of rtheseJits. When !h.e twas -$Cizecl:.with a Rt
tb_e wcmt:' (o ').).im, . As soon.
as hlml>he.!exclalnied, l"}l,{e ;him the
<throne:.;. Mtim.frru he d.iecbi!llbile the Sl1lthn..was absent,
311d Sultan's son; boi'e lhis 'l:l.iet.jnpbn. bi$
T.Jle ,faEber heard ..of this; be, sU&pC<:ted his
ton ana thrcaleped l h.iin. Other '.lCtio.n$ h:ad I :llieacly
a:ronsed suspicions in 'l'tighlik against his : sop. 1.;f:le was
ail.l\oyed to see b.iln!bay' :a gnat number' , of an.cl
make magnificent present$ to secure lll{i>w his
against The. Sultah was !nfonmed
than the 'w;trologers liad 1'redicted_A!hdt <he woufd never
a!p.!iri'1the city of <nehlc 'on (t<lm' his ex.
oy
pe,J. " Mar IW cnpft:U, on. .bJs
from the son to build f01: .him
a pala.ce, or, people! rca !I n . a /w.shk, jj,ear a
1

whiCh ruus .bY ;.. &lied Afghanpur: Muhal'llllllld
buill it in 6f thfea d;1ys, mn.Janr it cli.il!lly
.l t 'Mils IU1d i'csfU o!'-
ofc' Wood. llf'uhamrqiu:t..-planned jL
and:Malik Zad was cliargOOi to .<See toe
T.ilis. :man ;was afterwards \q1'oW:n.l>{lhe
Jah;rrt1 Hu rea.t na.m<!! wro:. A:!itna(l, sort . 'elf Atas: cHe.
was then. of.<buildin-3r. but llco.l:i:ftetwatib Mc:uitc
,
1

STt1DlS .IN JNDlAtl }{JSTOR Y Ill
chief wa.tir of Sultan Muhammad. The object which
these l:wo P.c;rsgn, kept in in the kusl1k Wll3
this,-that it sbi>uld fall down a cruh when. ' the
cl!!phants it
1
in e"!'t, :su}tan
.lh\S' bui!d,ing; and
aJteYwards Hi4 son asked pemiissiol) ,til
the bclore him, fUlly atcoutred. , 'The ,S]lltllli
coilsenrc!d.
Shaikh Ruknu-d din told me that he was then near
the Sultan, and that the Sultan's favourite son, Mab.mud,
ws with them. Thereupon Muhammad crune and said
to tl1eshail</t, "Master, it is now 'the tiuic for afternoon
prayer, go down and pray." I went down. said th.e
sh11ikll, and. they brought the eleph:Ults up on O!}e side,
as the prince and b.iS confidant had arranged. When .the
animal.- passed along that side, the building fell down
upon tl1e Sultan and his son 'Mahmud. I beard the
noise, . continued the .rhuikil, and I returned without
having said. my prayer. l sa-w that the h:1d 1
fallen. The Sultan's son, Muliammali, ordered
>\nd s.bc>vels to be brought to dig and lor hiS fatb:er.
but he made signs (or them no't to b.utry, and !be- tools
w'erc. not brought till a:fter sunset. Then. they
dig;lJ.!Xd:' tj\cy< ' the Sultan, hoi4 ' <li6ht;' oQef .this
death. Some ' assert tfiat Tttlflil!lt
was" takell"o6ri dead on the confiary, maintain
he Vias:IJ'tite, ':ind 'that an end. w:u mn.Ct'e 'of him. He
J!( n.iglu to tlie lomb which bc had
tC\f n.ear dey called. alicr him
'.i'll"d tllere h'e iiiteg:ecl. ' ,.
i1Je.1ftazjif;
KllWajat Ill lbe :
11(>?0: TUghlil<,,' tliat' Ke-. \j\ec \)e\'1'. :Wil:,l\
sulra!l l:lttcir
))ad fol!" hi.nl .. No ono-; wail.; ot. OO!erwisc, en
like che- coJ!sliiaation in w.hich h.e w11s
r
b.'!lc!ilby tll:e Sulta.n
1
,and attaittl(d tbe,hlgll positio<\
wbkb. he p01iSesscd near him. ' -
I
112
STODl.ES 1N INDIAN li!Sl'ORY
Sulrnt Ab1Ll Mujnllid -SIUJII
When the Sultan Tughli.k wat deaH, his son Muham
mad tbolc possession of the kingdom, without encoun.ter I
ing either adversary or rebeL .ill we lla,ve .!llid above,
tiis n.'tme was Jauna ; but 'vh.en "e beoune king .he called
himself Muhtul)Jl)ad, and -received the surname of AbuJ
Muja.hid. All tilat have recounted about the history
of the Snlta.ns -.oE India, l heard and or, at
least, the grt,\tet part, frorn. the mouth of Shaikh
Kamalu.a dih, son of :Surhanu-d din, of Gh.azni, chief
koxj. As to the adventures of Llii.s king, the greater pn.rt
my own observation while living in his

Muhammad i& man who, above aU oU1crs . . is fond
of malting and shedding bloo:el. There mar. al
ways be seen at IriS gate SOtlJC p90r becoming ricb,
or liVing one condemned to Rls generous
,.nd brave actions, and llis q;ue! aod violent deeds, .hav'\
obtiined nocoriecy amohg the people.. ln spite of tj\is,
be is the most humble of men, nod lbe oru; wno
!he greacest cqurcy. Tlte.ceremooies Of reljgion are de;ir
to hi.s heart, and be is. very severe iri re:sj)ecL oJ prayer
;rn'<! lhe, 1Vhlah ' itS, negJec[; He is
gne. Qf t!iQse kings wllose gn. (ott'QhCI,'i:s .great, and .whose
!'JCCeed_s limit: bnt djj.
ttngu14!tfng 14 g!letOO!C'f. l $ball rnent!Qn
anio.qg the. instllnets o(1 hU liberality, som<> marvels of
whiclr:" tb:c liJ<.ec reported
0
t any .oe
princes who have l call, Go<l;i_hls angelS
. and propbetsJ ,1:9 -wi!IDess that all I sar

!.tis b6tmd
less, mul)ificencc t:l}e plain t'(Uth. "
:Fhe palace <if }iltan a:t- is :llallid or-
sara: it lias 3. '8'J"eavnumb'er '"6f At
is a troop o'f o.o
!;tie liNt gate there oit ";"wl)i'c)l \be
ri
0
nel'$, sit wll:o !rave- to .kill" ;r>Cople. rt, 4s
witl:i ,people lhat whenever ihe Sliltanr I
l tS
cxecut1on of a perron, he is dtspntch'ed at the door of the
haU of audience, and his body remains the1re three days:
The th.itd door abnl3 upon the hnll of.ltudicnce,
an immense ch:unber .cnllid 1ill1JfNutwl, or .,,the woo-
sand .ailumns." These pillau n're of varnished wood, 3.1)\1
suprrt a woQden roof pilimed in the most
Here people seat the!l'niclves, and in thU h:ill the>' SUlt;in
l1olds hi& great public nucllences. [Etiquette of the Court;
-Man' instances of t/Je Sultan's liberality and genuo-
ity.]
When drought prevailed thTough.out tndlaand Sind,
and the scarcity was so great that Ute man o wheat was
worth. !ix dinars, tb.e Sultan gave orders tb.at provisions for
si'l'. months should be supplied to all the itlhabitants of
Dehli from the roynl granariC3. T he oflicet's jwnitt
made regillten of the peoptc of the di,ll'erenl streets, and
tbe<c being sene lip, each person received !l'f'l-
vuions to last him for six months.
The Sultan, aU I have said about
his humility, hi! jusl:ice, his kindtless to the poor, and b,is
gcneroslt y, was much given to bi.Qodsheq.. ,
r.itrely.
1
happened that the corpse of some )ud
' killed was not to be seen at the gate of palace.
l have often seen men killed and thefr bodies left there.
One day I went to h.is palace and my ho:rsc sbied. 1
looked befO.re me, audi t saw a white heal? on tb.c ground,
and when l l ask.e.cl what it was, one or my companion'
smcl .it a rnan cut into three pieces.
llitUe. fault\ like great ones, md'
the ,tJlC: rrugif>'!S, nor the jJ!'l\le.
li\lndn<ii were btought 9.>.iHned jrltH
hi ball of. a udiculi'6 : th'hlr.!"hl,iiids' tied to' thtiir !i.ei:fti'1an<!11
their fe'etr'boutid'' Sofuc?lvete
1
w.t;re ired, or 'Well ltl' w;fi


perst:il;fs .to ' 6a)''
ThiS 'day wasHto! ' rdpil:'el''
- .aDlf p:w'e<l/ it In deari\ng: and tal:lr'fg''
Tesc God'. preserve '\Is' .!Tom e<>lN "

IIi
STUDIES m JNl>li\N JUSTORY
The Sultan'.< mmd" of hi.1 brothe
The Sultan .had a brotb.er named Mas'ud Kl>an.
wli0$C mOther wa> a daughter of'.Sultan 'Alan-d din. 'l'liis
Ma5'lld was one of the handsomest fellows I ha:ve ' ever
seen. The kbJg suspected him of intending to rebel, so
hl. questioned him, and, under !ear of the tOrture. Mas'ud
confessed the charge, Indeed. every one who denies
charges o this nature; whith tile Sult31t brings pgainst
him, I$ put to the torture, and most people prefer death
to being tortured. The Sultan had his brother's hend
c'Ut olE in tb,e pnlace, and the corpse, accorcliog to cus(otu,
was left neglected for tltrce days in the same pluce. The
m.oi.lier>o Ma.s'ud had been stoned two years before l11
tlie $bne place on a charge of debnuchecy or adultety .

Ou one o&aslon the Sultan sent part of his army:
under Malik Yusu :Bugllrli, to 6ght against the Hindus
in the mountairu near Dchli. with nearly
aJI his' men, but of the soldiers stayed behhul. He
wrote ro the Sovereign informing him of the fact, and be
dircctcdsearch to bc' made tli.roughout the city
1
and every
man who had remained behind to be apprehended. Three
.hundred of them were taken. The Sultan or.dered all of
them to lle killed, and he wns obeyed.
Destt1iclion o;
One of the ,;erious ngainst th.is Sulta1\
is that he,.tOrt# :jl,l tiu:: o Dchli to l.eave
ltornC$. Flis this net was thn.t tfl,e people of
Dcbll wrote letter( full of j"'uJts and invectives against
U1e Sultan. '}.el!le4: them up, and )'o'ritiog upo!\
theni .thcsc wordi, .":y pie. bead ot lllie king
.n<rone' but h.imself ''tl:uilt read thi&. "1"/.tklf/' they tb;_el.
tll<nn at night into the h;ill :of:audicnct. When t. Sultan
o,pened them he found, thlit they contained wwcscllnd
ilivC<>Hves against himself. He dcti.ded to ruin Delilf; so
he all tb:e houses and inns from the inb'ill;)i-4
!lTUDfES TN lN'OIAN HISTORY
115
taut!, paid them the price, and then ordered them to
remove to Daulatabad, At first they were uRwi.U:in,g to
obey. but the crier of Ute monarch proc1aimed tltaf no
one must be found in Dchli a[tcr du:ee da.ys:
. The greatCl" pal't of the i.nbabi.tants de paned,
some hid themsclves in the hotUeS. The Sultan ordered
search lo be maae for any that remain.ed. ' His
slaves found two men in che strts: one was
rlu! 'other blind. They 'vere br ought beforc'the sovercign,
wh.o ordered the paralytic to be mot. away C.om a mgn-
janilt, nnil the bUM man 10 lle. dragged rorn Dehli co I
Daulatabad. All the inhablt,uits of Dehli lclt'; they
abandoned l.hcir baggnge and tbcir mercliandize, aud the
ctty remained a pcrfC(t desert ..
A person ln whom I felt confidence assured. me that
ibe Sultan mounted one evening upon the roof of
palace, and. casting his eyes over the city of Dehli, in '
whlcb there was neither fire, smoke, nor light, he sa}d;
"Now my heart. is satisfied, and my feelings are '
Some time after he wrote to the inhabitants of different
provinces, commanding to go to Dehli and
it. They ruined their own countries, l>ut they did,' ')ot
pqpulate DehU, so vast at')d imntei'iie-1s that City. fact,
it is olJei' c>f the cities in tlie univeise. "'hen 'lile
ent1!red 1thiS capital we 01ind it in the stale 'Whicli has
been It was empty, aband6ned: had bul
a s.mall popt'llatlon. . ' ,
B.ibtl!i(m of .Bahou.-d dita
'liitlmn. Tugl\l.i\t 'pad i nephw, son of hii, .S.Wt'et;; '
nameijl B":batr-d diiJ.: whom. he
of 1:'1\.E 'a brave
and wllet\-.bis u,ncie tO&te- '
to s.On
a force Jt1m ; " t was !qt;i:e
1
:in'd SUltan's' u-oo'ps gained t.M
'()li! fled to one Of tne liiJ\clu caUecftfie "lta1 of
Tfiis tiacl anfong'

110
I
117
" "-'- a' 'y' '
1
"' .,.. d"
1
'"' ''
1
" - h"'- . ,.d .,, d
"'1 . Wu.unt ""tn ta:11.en.

an -
ed ' it. ' 'Thl4 '-'fsnnce saiH, "I lio
1
iis lhe rai .of
K.amlfifa'' d.ttf"

' J\ali:\U#d
1
din, '\nd. t 'him
. up to lthe- of m.; sui tan. 'Tlier. &td
tiM lliis to his ' neCk, 'a,ild so
Sultan. lie ofd'eted lt'he ' pKoner ''he ta'iten to lhe
' '"-' h'i
1
I _,. ri'" !li ' I 1 ' ' . ' ., .. , r
Wvmel), s re auons, n u ese ll1su ted hiin anil., spat
\\poll him. )'hen be' o(dered' lull\ tO 't>,e skin,;ed
and as "1\is"ski'n w& lorh his .IJ6h was coyil.ed wltb
rit:e. Some ,yl,. sent to Ills: ctlllifri:n and his, .Jife, ':l.id
tile- remainder was put !ntp a great dish ari<(.given to
lo fl!t!. they would n,ot,_' it. Tltc
orac:rep !if slnn l:o an!,I ,Jo
be lptated" il.ong with the remllim oe nahadt!r, B'ura,
to be l:X.h.ihite'd thfo'ugtlout ' the coun!.y. When lhlie
arrived in Sind, of which countrf' Kisiilu Khan was thln
governor, he ordered iliem t.o . he burled. W.ben tile
Sultan heard , he was offended, ana determined til
make away with Kisb1u Khan, who was tile friend,. pf
Sultan Tughli.k, '\Hld R:id hJI'"'Jd 'liilh in ' ol;tainiog the
l)'CI H
.. upreme power. . .
' l. t
Rebellion of Kishlr1 Khan

118
S"nJI)IES lN .INDIAN li!STORY
Shaikh 'lmadu-.d din, who him (in person),
fhe royal <:anopy, whilst he b.inucl movc;d off
the of the battle wiLh The
enemy endeavoured to take the canopy, Lhmking tC was
Lhe who was under it. 'Imadn-i d.it was
killed, and they thought that Lhe Sultan hatl perished.
The :;oldfers of K:fshlu Khan were intent only on plunder,
and from their clti.e, who was left only
a few -10-C}l- Then tlie Sul.tan ell upon him and cut off
Ms hea'll. Whnn 'K:I.sblu Khan's troops knew this., they
100k to flight.
The Stdtan then entered Mu.ltan, where be seized the
hifi, Rarimu-d <lin, and o(der.ed hjpl to be .flayed alive.
H'e brought with him the head o. Kish.lu Khan. whicb.
<:aused to'.be suspended over bis own door. I saw iL t_hcrc
when i arrivetl in 'Multan.
Vi-raster tufloted by fh4 II.Tmy i11 tile mcnmtaill of
Kam.chil (in the Hi'!'alayM}
This \ a vaSt mountain, three .moulhs' journey .,in
leogt.h, and ten days' journey from Dehli., .. king wa$
one of Lhe mOSt"J'<>Wctful of the Hindu .prmce.SS, and the
Sultan of India sent an army to 6ght with hlm, command-
e4 by Mallie Nakbia, chief of the inkstand bca.rers. The
cOnsisted ' of 100,000 horse -.al].d ,l\ large number o I
in!a'n_iiy .. They" look the tow.n of, Jidiya, situa(ed at ,tjle
!dOt- of and pl.ac<s
prnoi u:rs, , an,il 7'bc inll?els Ked
ro mqunr:afn, abnpdonfng ,tb.,eir. country,
,o,f k.ipg; ;:r'he JUO!lp:
;n_etpw .'\ abov.c;, ,t_be
mount:un !l.fdJJorsem,ell b.y..,o8-f. . .-
: of ii.Y.tl,%. .
.o! town / :in _ot
up})
'-alJq 1\VfQle to then Sovethlgn -,:nfoi;!!n,ng hlm oh .tlielf
Re sent-them a
fh
y,_,' - h 1 '.' on ;;.,. I ' ,., '" .
em_ 00 reum.tn tn ' e , .. j, ',
STUDJlS IN lNDJAN .HJSTOitY
When the gx:eat rains came on, the anny was attacked
by disease, whidt consldernbly weakened it. The horses
died, :tnd the bows grew slack, so .the amirs pet
from the Sultan to leave the mountain. during the
raliiy season, to descend to ll$ base, and to again take
up their position when the rains had ce.-ued. The Sultan
consented. So the commander NakhlA took all the prb-
pcrty he had secured, whether provisions, metals, or pre
dous stones, and disuibuted them among the troops, to
carry them to the bottom of the mountain. When the
iJifidels. found that t.he Musuln1ans were reti.ting, !hey
waited or L.hcm in the gorges of the mountain, and
occupied the defiles before L.hem.. 'I'hey cut down old
:Uld cast tbCUl from the heights of the mountain.
and t.bese killed all with whom tbey came in contact.
The grcnter part o the men perished, tbe rest were
The Hindus seited tb.e treasures, merchandize, horses. and
Of all the Musulmans only three chief$ esCaped-
the commander Nakbia, Badru-d din Malik Daulat Sll:ili,
:uHI third whose name I have forgotten.
nus disaster deeply af-eaed the army of India, and
weakened it in a. marked manner. Soon afterwarl!a tbe
Slllt.a.n made peace with L.he of the mount;ain,
on cond.ili<m of thci.r payiog hlm a certain tribute. They
owned, ill fact, th.e land L the foot of the mountain, :md
this they could not cultivate witb'olll the pcrmusion of
the Sultar\...
t>f th'e.f$jf!rli ]nlaLu-il tlin in PrOiJJCf ?.f.
,Ma'bar, etc.
'Diu;. Sulptn li'aO. :l(pj)O'inted the shanJ
1
J!ilattl.(l din'
Ahsin Shah, to
7
'be of the counfrx:
which is at the dlstance';of'..li" Jnontb.S'
This Jalalu-a <Un lrebe!led. u.mrpc"U The (>Owe:r,
killed the lieu.teunnts and agents of tb.e 'So.Ycreign, and
"struck in his ownname gold and silver moneJ. On one
si:?e of the coins there was the fOilowipg
(fetters): "loe and he, y .and sffl,j" tmesc-letters, w)licb
S"I'UDlES l.N INDIAN HISTORY
, gor)ll. the titles of tbe 20th and 26th chapter$ of th"e Kuran,
among the epithets bestowed upon Muhammnd,) aud
.,{tltc.wor<:ls) "fathet of fakirs and of the indigent, the glory
1
(:,? .the world and of religion." On tltc Other fa<:c the
Jpllowing: "J:le who .puts .his trust in the belp of the
All-roerc.ijul, Ahslln Shah Sulmn." The Sultan, when he
-was informed. o tlti&.revolt, set fortlt to suppress. it.
xequ_!ions by of Elep!taur.t
'l;')le whicb men have thclr LUsks
with 3harp i.rom, resembling' the ccmltcr of the
.. turns up the ground, and with edges like
tliosr of knives, Tlte ddvcr mounu the clephat\t, '\Jld,
u thrown in front, the animal winds hi5
trunk him., lpn;b him into the air, and, catChing
him on <)pe"of his t.ufu, da..hes him to the grQtmd, when
lte p laces one of.h]J feet on .the breast .of'lhe vlctim. After
he does as he i directed .by .hu cider, uttdct t\te orders
of the Sultan. If the Sultan desires the culprit to be
cut !n pieces, the elephant cx.ecures the command by
means of the iro.ns above dcscdbcd; if the Sulta,n desires
J!t.e to be left alone, the elephant him on
t,.gr()und, and (the body) is tll,en strippc;d of its skin.

The Sultan arrived 1n the country o.f T.illiQg, and
proceeded towards t11e 17rovince of a'bar, to reprc$$ tbe
sharif of the COMO'Y who hfld rebelled: He hrtlted at.
l3adra.kot, capital o Tilang, three months' march from
,";t'l1<!.r. _thlil' bro'ke out in his army, and the
pa;t of

WQFI\,f.hc .Sultan 4'1-1'1

\Uiluy, h.e to Qn
h.e was taken ill, ;flld uw :tumOllr thatrlle
Amir
'f"hl)
19,:'ty snc! X1lk;{ll
'1i!l)i'tr @'a{la i1,1 .We KpnjSan) ..
' .

I
121
, Famine
Dearth made appeannce in vari.o1ls provinces, and
the Sultan procceiied with hi& troops to encn:nrp on the
Gauge. at ten days' journey from Debll. ['Relieltion Of
'AiritU Mu/k.] The wazir conducted (the prisoner)
'Ainu-! Mull: to the presence of the Sovereign, Tbe l'<bel
>Vas"'lloonccd on a bull and was quite na:ked, saving olily
:a>saap of st:ttlf ricd by a string round his waist. ' ' The
sons o the ami1s surrounded the captive, insulted b.lm.
spat in his face, and buffeted bis tQmpanions. The
Stiltan directed that the prisoner .sho\lli.! be dressed in
clothes like those of conducton of pack-horses, lhllt ltc
should have four chains pU[ upon his thnL hiit hands
be fastened lo hi ned;, and that he should be
given into the custody of the war.ir, Kluvaja-J Jahan.
The Sultan returned to his nftcr an absence 6f
two years and a half. Re pardoned 'Ainul Muik.
During the time that the Sultan was absent from his
capital in his expedition to Ma'bar, a famine arose artd
bep.mc serious. The man of wlleat ros;e to sL-<ty dirhams
and more. Dislrcss was geneml. and che positi.on of
athi,rs .very gra"Ve. One day 1 we.nt out of the city to meet
the .warir, and I ... ,. three women, who were cutting in
pieces eating the skin o a hQrse whicb l)een dead
some months.. Slr.in5 were cool<ed and sold in the miiTkets.
When were slwghtered, crowds rusheci forwiU'd
(O catch oo blood, and con;umed it or their sustenance.
The famine being unendurable, the Sultan ordertd
prc>vJsiom for ilk to be disLributed to all tile_
population of Dehlk 'I be judges. secretaries, and o!ficerS'
inspected an the streets and market!, and supp!lea In' evcfy
petsoh pr.ovisions for hill a year; at the rate o one poUll.il
and a half, Mughribi weight, each.
tntry of tire Sultan into Dehli
Sovereign mounted his horse. to tm'ter his capital.
' dver hu head w.u cariiecl 3 pa'ruol. and' before him
wn' carried the or sadd\e:cloth, ?"immed

ITUDIF.S. IN tNDil\N HISTORY
gold and Some smnll balutas were placed upo.
,elephant$, and as the Sultan approached Lhe city, gold
l!ll'd .silver pie<:e$, IJlixed, were dlscl!arged from these
machine$ 3Jnong the people,
AJif!oinhnetrl a,, Ambrusador
After l bad passed fort y dars in U1e Jtcrutitage, the
Sultan sent me some saddled horses, .!aves or boU sexes,
and clothes, and money for my expenses. I dressed my
self, and We\>l to wait upon the Sov<ll'clgn. Wben 1
anivcd, he showed me greHer honour than ever he had,
.done before, and said, ' 'I have sent for you to make you
.my ambassador to the King of China, for I know your
1ove- for voynges and trave,ls." He .furnished me witn all
.that was neeess,;u:y; and named the persons who w
go with me.
ON FIRE-WORSHIP IN UPPER INDIA
N.irllfl\ud din Ahmad mentions no other evenL of.
Ibr;iliim'i reign but the foHowing: "The turned
li.is fnce towards Hlndustnn, and eonquercd many :towns
and forts, and amongst them was a city exceedingly
populous, inhabiied by a . ullic of Khurasani descen't,
wJtOm had expelled from their native countJ::y.
It was so completely reduced by the power and
perseverance of the Sttltah, that he took ttwar. no less
than 100,000 captives." Abu-! Fida and the Tabakati
NtlSI"ri arc silem. The Tariklti Alfi says, "Ibrahim Jlext
marched against in Hindustan, a place whiclL
111any great emperors found iL imprncticab)e to conquer.
Sever.al state that this place was inhabited !>y
t.he.descendants of th.e people of Khunuan, who for their
rlisloylll and rc;beflious conduct hnd been long, befote. ba
nisbed from the country by Afrasiyab, Empetor of 'Tu"\'n.''
The Mullloklt4brH T11ruarikh haa .nothing UJOrc on the
suQjcct than i$ contained m the -Tatloki!ti t!.kbari. The
Rau:attH Safe. is the $a me as the 1'11riifh-i .Jilfi, except that
lbe omit.! the name of the place. ;Firi.Sb.tll adds a
few pal-t},culars not to be found in the otllcrs. He says:-
marched from thence to another .town in the
neigblloqrbqop. called Dera, tb.c inhabitants of which
came Kb:urasan, and were banished tblthe>:
w.ith ,their PY. Afrnsiyab, for freq11ent rebel)iol),l.
into a small in<JeJ?lln
l!nd, aut oil' from with
b>: a iif nenrlr. had.
tl.'lr anCiertt. and by . intel'
!''lth allY'OiberpegpJe. with
cleared a Toail ox hJs amry, the moUjl
advanced towatds Dcra, "W.ch, well fat:tillcd.
This pi 'Ice was., remarkable adioe. take qf_ '*ater about
. o.p,e patafang ,and a bal 'in circumference, the waters of
did .not. dirnfb_ish , either 1rom the- b'e'at

STUOt5 IN INDIAN HISTORY
<>f the weather or Erom bcing used by !he army, At !hi<
pl:u:e .!he Kiog wM by the rainy seaSon ; and
ltiJanny, thougb gready distreS'lcd, was coupelled co rc-
'Jn:iln it for tbrce months. Bm as soon as the rains
aba_ttd, he summoned the town to swrendtt and ack
noledgc tlic faith. Sulmn Ibrahim's proposal being
Tejected, he r enewed the siege, which continued some
1veeks, with great slaughte-r on both sicjes. The town, at
1en'gtb
1
wwi tal>llnhra"ssault, and the Muhammadans found
i n' iL muCh wealth, and 100,000 p<:rwns, wh.om rhey earrioo
-in b<mds to GIW.ni. Some time after, the King accidcn
one of thcise; ubhPJ?X mett carrying a heavy
1>.\ttlllgreat dilficuJty and JaJiOur, lO' lt I palace Wbicl\
' h'e tllcn building. 'This exdtirlg li1s pity, he com-
mandl:d the prisoner to' tlitow ir down .and leave it there,
al the ' 5a'me i>irlle gi\.ing
1
him his Uberty. This s'tt>ne
happened ro. be on the 'public road,- and proved troublc-
'\lome to passc'ngers, but .u !he .1).-i!lg' s rigid enforcement
''of 'hi5c commands ' universally J;no'Wn, 110 ope attempt
eel to ton'ch it. A couttier one dny havibgosttitnbled
his horse over the stone, took occasion to riletllion' it to
intimating that he thougltt adVI.s
a'b1e to liave it removed. To wb:ich &lng replied, 'I
it to be thrOwn down alid left there ;
t'ilct'e it must remain as a of tlie clilaritities 'of
'lll'ar,' and to:c'Omnlemor.lte m)' lslnse ' Of it! evils; it is'
!ot' :i r)(Mg tl> be 'petlli'aelo.is! in the $upJfl'everN>f
'lin ilia (I he ' Should 'fr'i>m
'bu royal l word!' ;the: ston"t: aceorditigly 'Whctc
it was: andwas shown as "a irl! the rclgiJ of S'u!tl..'n
!B;Ji.ram several -years afterwnrd!." . -
. The position li is very- dil!lcult' to filo:,
\Riris.IJ. ra says tliat in t he-':Year mltrcbc?d 'Jn
t6 India; and do\f<1-dercd porti.lSns off(n\Ner IJ'ef(jtc
riF!e eitenlrea
'!\:Jhil'l1, :no'w eaUe<t 'l!ma"sh1i!l'r
He tb'!!!1 Wellt (to . .lllo' 'm 'a
st.df:p lfill1 3' nVl:r I <fo ilitee nn:ts.'
I

wrucllj 1Jy nn irupc:rvic:>w wood, infest by
wpenu, then to l)era, wl\ich liriggs secins ,
to .. il\
1
the o( the..lndm, because he adds in a ,
no.te
1
r.J2c:ra. &Cj!JDS a common Jlllme in tiLe vicinity. of.
1
M.II\WO ,fOe. a The reading of ,the Tari.J>,hi Alfi.,
re&P!lct to the .two frr't places ls.much the most
a Lore ln the country. of Jud ' ruid Dam a!.
Tli:e Rau:att<J Saf4 doe. not mention the first pla-ce,
nod of the second <I! if it were on the sea"hote.
The .he O.Ot nam.e. ln io is Dera .
nnd tn, the Tanl<h; A.lfi Derapur. Th .... would seem to
be lh; place. called. pernbend, near Torbela, on the Upper
Jndus. 'It u possible that the Debra of Dehrn DIJO may
be menQL: but, though the belt of moumains, inacces
sihle jiu1gle, the seclusion of the inhabitants, and the
icfeHtity of name, are in' f-avolh' of this supposition, we
arc at a IC)SII for the' Inexhaustible lake and the impre
gmlbil ity of the position.
All the authors, bowever, who mention the circum
stan<te, wl1cther they give the name or not, notice that
we inhabitants were banished -by Afrasiyab1 and tlili
cdoicun,ent tradition their oxpuision i:rom
to the, exi!tCJ1Ce of a fOlo,ny ,of
Lh.ese who their peculiar
Tites and::..cffnoms, not-withstanding the time which had
elnp,S;Cd si!],liC f.ieir dcpartur9 from tb,e.ir uu.o;ive
the prob;tbility, wbid has fTequcntj;y.
l.>eep upotr. of an original conuex.(on bott+'f!erld
126
STUDLES IN lNlliAN AlSTORY
tbc. Hindu religion and the worship of fire,> and tltt:
derlvatioo of tho name of Magadb.a from th.e Magi, there
in tile practical worship of the Hindus, such. as
tile hom, the gayatri, tbe address to the non ' at the time
of ablution, the pt:ohlbition against insultillg that lumi-
nary by Jndeccm gestures,......,aJJ which would lead <ul
inattentive observer o cindude the two religions to bear
very close l'a,scmbl:wcc to one auothct:. lt is this con
sid'erntio_n which ,sh
0
ul!;l make 11.1 very careful in receiv-
ingJ lie st;itemciu.l of tbe eacly Muhammada.n writers on
1hi.S subject: and th'e use of t.hc word Gab, u> slgnUJ
noL, oply, especially, a ilut, gcneraUy,,. ao
of any denor:niDation. adds ,'to the probability of
conftllibn and inaccuracy
ip tlu; (p. 76). cn11s tlte sun
the /ubla o ,Ute 'Hindus, \\Od it is quite evident tl;lat ,
thToughout 1ili works Gabr, is used as to Hindu.
In one passage be speaks 6f Ute Gabts .worshippers bof1t
of. swues and tire.
European . scholars have not been sufflcicn!Jy
Live to this ,double use of word. all 'll(hO
have relied upon M. Petis de lu Croix's of
din, hnve consi.derc.d that, period o
Calc. Rett. -,,ot. xxi. J!P JO?, ' rrov., fnclln, yoi. i.
P. 120 ) Rampoldl, viii. p. !ll : Mlckle'ii;Cnmo!ins, p; 856 : Dr. COx'
!I.Wwt and lliog ... p. 120 : 'R, r. Knlght'o Slmhollc. !.nngungt;
v ...... ' .. .. .
rne. , . . J
' S.:C Rig- Voifn, l;rcif, PJ1: 28. 29, t Q<l lrldt" vvi:c
"-'R"" ":, Blpfilnnortn i .P -'18 : aloo Luclan'f aeicriP,
tion ot toilnrlin erlq'" '" wlucb 'tbor
,.,;nhlp the witli theli focc. tclwtrda the
Sollnlion. S<:e 11\0 &hlen; .Dt11 alte Tndltn, "111, i, pp. IS7,
Jl"!'h 4nd Gruber, IJng,l(ldio., du W'f!.41Wftofln md
lirt. Jndim, Pf>. 169. m Oriii.ttao. )'01. ill, B
bT<$: ,ir ,(it a:lCiitntd rnccl
put -<drolo iJrruh]11jw. ...,
9(1, <f.< D1, ,.,.
5? ; '!JOillen, !]4.1 !'lit lui!;

IN INDIAN Rll>'TORY 11!'1
inva&on, lirewonhlp prevailed most extensively
in Upper India, because Gain is wed throughout by tpc
of that invasion to repreent tb.e holders of a
creed opposed to hi& own, and against which b.ls rancour
and cruelty wcreunsp:uingly directed. There is distinct
mention in the Matla'<N Sa'd.ain of fu-e-worsnippets, as
distinct [Tom the Hindus ; and the Kasbmiri:ms, acco'r'd
jng co Ficish1a, were fil:e-wonhlppen at the time of . the
Muhammadan Invasion.' The men of Dcogir arc c-alled
firc-wonhlppcrs in the Tarilthi 'tllai,
But though tb.e word is t1$ed incliwiminately, chet:e
arc certain pns6ilges in which it is impossible to cortsidcr
that any other class but lire-,vorshippcrs is meant. Thus,
it .is distinctly stated ln Titmtr's Memoirs, aild by
Sharafud din, that the J'('Ople of rughUkpur believed
i" thq lll!o' pitu:iples of good and ll".Jil i11 !he tmitJer., attd
Ahriman and Yczda11 (Orntt.ut). The cap-
r.ives massacred at Loni' are said to have been Maglans;
liS well as .flind!ls, and Sl1aratud din states t.hat tbc 1100
<Jf Sali the Gabr himself into the fire, he

cannot refuse our ._..,nt to tltis distinct evidence
of the existence of fire-worshippers in Upper India as late
as the invasion of Timur. A.D. 1398-9. There is, therefore,
no iruprob<lbility that the tribe wliich had
bet!\ expellld:by Afrasiyab, and. pracr.i.scd their owl\ J'('CU
liar rites, and wnom lbrahim the Ghaznividc attacked in.
A.o. 1079, were .a"Mlory of lire-worshippers from Iran,
if t,ltc date assigneli true, ntust have left native
' ,-..,,, lv.' I' 4-19"(,.
[See Vol. llL pp. d! ,&Dd 494,. .,ui "'c the l'.dr' note
upon lhio pilosagent Pas" 606 11! (O.riJ!inal F.l!.l, A !rtl!r
lnatancC of the tonftmon of 1\rnhmarual :met Zoroaafiltn mslltu
tiO)U mat be rouud. where Borauni. in l iialii>g n ipoo
'PprJt firc-'Wcr!hlp, tlte . Hindu llqm to be "t
1
e:c:temony
'tiedved {rom fa.rc-wotShip, '
1
c\l{de.nUy mCiln{i\g _7..oio;u.rri1Ullsm.)
'' r.see Vol. 111. pp: and (Q(ig_!n.tl d.) Chrono
lffgiflll oJ Mo/1. lliil., vol. i"it - P 2&4'.
< (Sec ,;oL Ul. p. 500.) (Orighial I!<J.). ,
. '
ST1JD.IES INtlNDl:I\N fU.nOR \'

ell'ected "in lhc 'nAtional O:<'edJ

In!lee<l,, wbe;u we coi'Sidar the con.staru lnterrourse
-prevail<><I.JronL time bl>tWtcn Persia
jL is swp.r.ising. thal we do. not lind more un
q oestioniilile insro.nte$ of . the perseouted frre-worsh.ipper
an asyl.um in,NorthetJLindi.a.Jas Gujarat.
which._ they are .alluded to before this .
io.vaaion o Timur are. vcry rare, and Jalmost. nlwflys so
obscurely mentl.oncd as to leave -some. doubt in the mind
whel)l.er . igno,fllnce of. customs and reli
mq.y not have giycn. a c<?lour.. to tho .narrative(
T,he evidence of the l:1veUer,. Hiucntlaang,
toi,Jll" ni. Mul!:an in 610 A.tl., is
V<:i:.)(Ailcisiv#. He found. thete.a "temple of !.he sun, lUld-
an ido.,l 10 .rcpreuml . r.b.at graJd.Juminary.'' with
dwellings
1
.or r.be. pri.,.ts, .and reservoirs. for ablution;"
he says cii;Y by n1en of the
:Br.ibmanical . rcligion. A. tew . .centuries beforcq If Philo-
st'ratljs. is to be belieV'ed,. Apolloni w, after crossing the
lndus, visited the temple of the sun at and
Phraotes, the chief .of tl1e country, describes the. Indians
as oin a moment of joy "snatching torches >.from the ahnto
of tile sun, " and mentions that he himseff nevl!r draok
wine, .exccpr "when ncrificing to the' Aner crossing
th-e- 'Hypbasis, Apollonius goes to, 1 Rlate, whiclt would
se'C)n. tltey "worsh.ip Jlre"
aim; "sing pr,mns in ho.nour o( fiie sun."" Wl\tn t!t.e
iuT,Iv'i-ii itt ,tile 4'e Indus, te
same temple, tl)th ame the fame dwellings, the same
reservoirs, M had strudl the Chin<lSe, but thc4' c_lescriptipn
o(, the.idol &uppasc thal-it:wias,:l repre-
of lludlr. tlixllni,_ holvevel\ .
. '
I
STU!llES IN INDIAN liJSTOI!.ll
l 2'!.1
more valuable thnn that o{ all other Muhaml)ladaus, as
be was fully acquainted with the religious .system of the
Hindus, ,pJainly tells us,. thal the idol of ultan was
called-.tldieya," because it was to the sw, and
1 hat ;Mohammad bin Kasirn, the frrsl invader, .
,a of cow's Oesh from its neC)<, in order 10 !tis
.()Pntempt. of the superstitioJl of the Indian8, lllld -to
with tJ:li$ double insult 10 the dearcsL
o their
Shortly before Bil:uni wrote, we have .iJUlancc
of thi tendency to comb!J;e. tb,_e two wor$.hips. IrL c.l1e
message Jaipal tent to Nasiru-d d.ilt, in to
,ci.Wuade.hl.m from driving the I ndian.s to desperation, ltc
js represented to say, according t<> the 'ra.ikhi Al[i;
"'];he Indians are accustomed to pile their property,
and precious jewels in one heap, and to kindle it
with the fir<!, wltich they .worsllip. Then they kill their
women and cltildJ:cn, and with nothil)g left i11 tb.e woFld
they rush to their last onslaughv, die in Lhe field of
so that for Lheir victorious euemi,e tb.e only 3poil
ciJ d.qst and asb.c:s." 'l'he a. curio.w on.e; in
IJ!.O.Uth of a . b111 m;iy co!)Sidcrcd
.Ui.d.iGllte Uie cxmence of a modilj.ed of py;rolatry ii1
''Cilie of the eleventh ceuri.U!JI. The pmccice
!!' . is nothing more than Lhe ']aqhar, which i$ so
by Hindus in dc!pair, and was noL
tnlmo.wn: tb,e nadoos of a)ltiq_uity. SardauapatUII
,pedormed it. on tho capture of Babylon. "He raised a
p,yre in' b'l's palace, threw upon it nll his in
9
'
J
uo
STtJDIF.S IN INDIAN HISTOP.Y
gold, silver, an<Lroyal robes, and then placing his con
GUbines and eunuchs on ic, he, they, and entire palace
"Were consumed in the Jb.mes."" 'llle Sagantines did the
same, when their city was taken by Hannibal;" Jub.a, a,J.so
had prepared. for a /tmhar;" and Arrian. gives. us an
;>tcount of one performed by the Brahmans, without
noticinr; it as a prac;iice exdusi.vely observed by that
d;w." The! ppculiarlty1lf the re.laticin; consists in Jaipal's
dedi\,ptfiori that the lndians worshitJ'fled the (tre, not itt
tlu: -fact of their clu'owing .their and va.luable4
into lt. practice of sclf-cremation aLii> appears 1.o
.It ave . been common Ill: an <UJrlier period ; and thc.re. wece
torupicitous \pstances oti it. ,when foreign first
llc&;qpt acquamced Wit!! Indm. <flue occurs 10 Vol. 1!.
l>' -27\ where this v.er-y. Jaipal, having DO' opportunity of
dying ih t.l)e field of tijl.'ttle, commlited himself rto the
Jlarucs. Other hlstcn;ics tell u. l:bat it .)\'as then a \:U.stom
'lffiOilgst the . }l]'.q.ql,l&.' th:)t a J,;ing wlio )ladl< twkce
was to and:
thu cwtom, cl:own th Iii$
son, hghtcd Ius funt1:11l pyre wtth hiS own bn.nds, and
peruhed in the Jlames. 'I'nc Greeks' and .Bi!?hlans were
&tru.ck with the instances whidt t.hey witnessed of the same
Calanus, who followed the Mateilonian army
from Tnlciia, solemnly burnt hiinself in their presence at
'Pl!Sargada:, being old lind tir<ld nf lliJJ life," Znrmano-
:chegas, who accompattied the Indian ambassadors sent by
Si'ciiild.
1
ii. 27. u PoiybiUJ, ilL 17 ; \+.
"Merllr.iliivo'll Cox's &!cred Hist . and Dio(.; p. '24.2.
"t> lixf:edit, .tl.x .. vi. 7, S... also Mctr. , "Rom R.tp."
:tnd ; Herod; on. Syriaru; Q. Curtius, .ix. I{:
.of. i.il P.P 2l7, 2fi9; Michud's W>l.
>. B 29 , Layard:J '' l"f1N!Ii, vol .. d. p: 218 ; Arnold, ..,J. ln. PP.
66,429: Mod. Uniu, Rirfi, .. i!i. p, 1M!
I Qu(que suns Pm. ylvlljue went..
Conscende're rogi)i 'l't<lhl quanla;: glori .. l!'llti
lnjecisse onanum

rep,letol
Quod Jltpercs,t, don)!Sse- nq.. h
_. . . . ';pJttt+falia .. l., Hi. . _
. "-DiOd'l>ms .S(c:. 'lb'l'l YAI<fib4 b rio. B.<(mh 10:
T.UlC. it. 22 : Crier, 1 08; Ht'lita.nos" :
1'1lliiJ, vol, J. pp. 90.

t'll;-
STUDIES IN lNDIAN HJS'fOI!.li'
lSI
a chief, called Poms, to Augustus, burnt himsel at Arlteru,
and directed the following inscription to be engraved on
his sepulchral monument: -"He1e lies Zarmnnochegas,
the lnllian of :Bargosn, who deprived. ltimsclf of Uic, accord
ing .!o a c.ustom prw aili11g among his co"'!trymm.vu
'Strabo correcdy observes, on the of Megas-
lhanes,. thnt suicide is not one of the of Indian
philosophy; indeed, it is attended by mnny spiritual
and e,ven penance which endangers life is
prohibited.'" i> a kind o exception, tiowever, it\
favour. of suicide by liTe :md watct'," buL lben Otlly when
age, or infirmity, makes life grievous and burdensome.
The former bas of late years gone out of fashion,
but lt is evident tllat in nnciciot lhnes there were lllllny
devotees ready to sacri6ce lheiJlsclvcs in that mode. ll
w.as, therefore, a habit sufficiently co=notl amongst theo
lndians of that enrly period, to .make Lucan remark upon.
it as. a peculiar glory o that nation. All this, however:
m:ty have occurred without :my Tefetcnce to fire as an
object of worship ; but the apeech of Jaipal, if aJtti,
to him merely through Muhnm.madrul ignorance,
sb.qws an unquestionable devotion to thnL worship.
-But to conc.inue, Istakhd, wtiting a century
tlian. thi6, transaction, says, "Some parts of Hind and Sind
belong ttj< Gabrs, but a greatel" por.tJon 10 K:i6rs and
;dolaters', a minute description of these places would,
therefore; and unprofitable."' Here;
evidently, tho.iflte-worsbippers are :tlluded to M a
.class ; and these written at different periods
the rcligio.us. creeds of the Indians, seem cal:
culated to impart .a {tr:rther deS"ee of crcdiblli<r to t,he
otv t : Valeptyn".
VOl, I. p: 60 I :J!.IIIOt, 1itd/<., I'OI, , IY, p11rt J, 180.
"'RJJ<>d'et lf..llg;qs, Bildu!J:.d;,., folmdtu, vol. 1. 451 : Bohlen.
gO} It ;v.ol:' 1, &. 'MuUif, Jl,rag, Crmc. p: 189 :
bls St:rlp .. r.,.,n d,J . .ng. l'P 51, 57. ,
" Sec Wil.son't. not< to 'Mill's Briti1l' ln(liR. voL ih. .
.::q, 9-o!ebrOOke, Rclt.archs, \ '0). vUt 266: ,.tvherc an
11 a.dductd ho,m the RiJI,.hfHtnitiJt anct
1
,fl4.mny,ann.
" OuKley' C<Op;tllfJ'hy, P ,UG.
.

132
STUDiES IN lNDII\N
specilic of Sharafud din, K.bondamir, and llh"
otll&: historians of Thnur's expedition to Indla. BuJ 'the
]li\Qplc alluded to by them n.eed not have been colonie!
o. fleeing from Muhammadan bigotry and per
'SC(!Uti.oo. There a.re other m.odcs of accounting for their
in these p!trts: They .mn.y have been .lndian
<:gn.vcns to the d!)Cttitre ,o .Zoro;urer, for 1\le, r!:ad <hat
only Jtad h.e communication with the llrahlnans' o{
Jndia." but. wb,cn his- religion was fully- he
to lfdi'n prosclytt:s iJt and lltctecd:ed in
<UV.erling :\ lca-rnc<J Brnhma'rt, called Tchengrigbnoob:ilf\
Anqueill du Perron," 'who teturncd to hi$ native
co,p;ntry,' with a great nuinpet' o priil!ts. Firdusi tells u.,
hllii> lsfal!diyar.1 !he mon:itdb of lndi:1 to re-
..,.onnce. dddlatt}" and do,PL 'Are.wOYship . insomuch that
not :Btiihlui in the jdolt.emples, A few
centuries afcet:warps, we have imlispma lite ' testimony to
the seneral c\OjiiJ'il:lC> in K_abl,l! itlld the
J;'anjfl.b<- 'l'he t.M M'itJ?qit., wl)l'ship to
J?itlomfnate,on.lhe -eoins 6 as- to .IC!ll.ve
I
I
I
STUDIES IN JNDIAN JUSTORY
1:13"
<lou be upon tl1c mind that ir was the state religion of tli'at
dyo.ascy.
11

.Ritter entertains the supposition, that as the Kb.'il ji
family came &om the highlands which afforded a shelter
to this persecuted race, they may nave had a leaning to
doctrines. and he offen a suggestion. tbnt the new
rellgt
0
n which 'Alaud din wished LO :nby
)lave been lhM of Zoroaster,., and that thls. will account
for the Pan jab nnd tile Doab being full of h.is votarie& at
cbc time.of Tlmur's in,asion. 'But thjs i.s a very impro-
bable supposition, and he has laid !oo much stress upon
the use of the word Gallr, whicl). if taken in the exdusivc
sense adopted .by him, would sb.ow not only that these
traces wen: entirely occupied by fircworshippa-s, but tl>at
Hi1dus were w be found in very few places in either of
them. .
After this time', we lind little notice of the prevalence
of lireWOI'$hip in Northern ; ao.d lrs ot?setVers must
t.bcn have beeo exterminated, or they must have shortly
after been absori)ed into some of the lower Hindu corn:
tnun.itie<. BadaunJ, however; mentions the dt$1tuCl'iOI,l. of
$il:ltars one hundred years Iacer by Sultan -Sik;mdar iu
A.IL' l!IO. It may nol be foreign too this parr of the inquiry
fo rc.rn.11rk, that Abu! l'azl speaks of Lb.e Gu/Jree language
as qne of the thirtccm used in the .fuba of Kabul
(Aitli vol. H. p. 1263). The Gubree language is
also .in Babar. There is a ' 'Gubber" hill and
pass pot fat fro111 Bttnnoo, inhabited by the nattani tribe ;_
arid 0+1 th,e borders of Rohllkhand> _jll.$t
lillls1 tliere i$i ;.t,, dilled Gobri, wh9- retai.p


wliicti to h.:ive"nc> con!)elliod'with'
-T1h :the
pa:=nt i.lo'lpantlr of more :CWttvated Jal\dti J o Ui:e
..
of (if. tli{ Gabr-r who fourtd a, re,fugl? India.
" .fotm. . Soo. 8e11g6t ,. voi. [:x.., fH 4:56. and H.. -r.
(l.clnteR. !lot "" lito iiiitoro fr(lln Coins, p. ' 100.
See Ritter. <fon oinl iv, pan I. pp. 5177g,
I,U S'l1UDits lN .nmiAN I:DSTOR. Y
ol Gobri woul,d certainly seem to encourage
<be notion of identity, for the difference of tbe first vowel,
and tll& addition of fin.alope, no 9l;>stacle, any more
tllan they do i.q tile- llilme pt infonna-
vjon.. to Soeratc;s on the of J'el)gion,
is declarea_ l'Jato tQ be 'l_n uogos.
to J. CilunnmlhQm;- there''J$ ;t wilil called
'Mag>jat; b;el:w'n Malwa and Gujarnt, as
sllikaris. ':fli.ey t:O 'lla've- bceen liteiVql'Shi).l:t
.. but iliey ba'Ve n'd p}irolatrous' 'Ob$Cl:vances at
There is another Hindu tribe, to t11e
ili.e upper J ullln3, and in the ncigbbourhOod of tl:rc-
'lJughlikpur memio:J.cd nbovc, who, having tl1e name of
.and. , proclaiming thtrn$tlves of roreign extrac
(ina_smuch as they are dcKCndants of :Raja Mukb-
resar, 11 Sarsuti 'Brahman, King- of Mecca, and maternal
granll-fnther of- Muhammad! I)," would seem to invite
AxlociiiU, Tliuchola. vol. viiL I' 204. 'Ole tiunc 'llAmc
H.,OOQillS, xenopho))', :)'111.tin, ond 'ollrcr oulhors, who
H!uory. "l'he warlnlb ol. ill frl!b lniaglnallol\
_ (:reeka a nUl gre.uu o,e- tl:1eorJJri.nal word.
A.'l)'S the en_tllu!la!itie 0 Br.kn. ''wu lJtc onff one who

af Cabiri, whrm he 4tdakd it wo !rQn Gahri or :m.d silni

lhat Cttbrl now stll.nds. Cor lh;tj
, n1itilc,r:( they nssumcd to thcmaclve:a
a Of thi:Jr ;ancCI.ton . .. The
:U1d lr, n.cred, meonJng lhe
lr. Ia. of conrte
Gobbmn Snu meal\1
"!;';+ilhl';;.'d Sage, one of \he oy
'' ""''""' P,P -!54, 88G. SeeJoum_. R<>1
STUDIES IN INDIAN II!STORY l35
the attention of any inquirer after the remnant of Lhe
stock of Magians; but aU thair customs, both religious
and social, are of tjl.e Hindu stamp, and tneir only pecu
liarity consists in being tne sole caste employed in the
.cultivation of mBndlli (Lawsonia inermis)."
'l:fatltudo, and is not oppokd to lhe doctrine of :
6\11 Why Muhammud also be whooe votanca have
proved Lhe .mO't UIU'elcruinr of tl.loduJ, can only tic
a.scribecJ to die: minelloas 'msSJmitatin.g powers of mcmto.l dikes.
tlon. (onered by tho groosest ctodullty and lgnonn<e of event>,
ea.n, u Milton o.ya,

to Incorporeal tu.r11.'' a.nd to

thu lndbcrlmin.ute c:mving ane.r tdapt:uton, wbich Induce them
even "I'IO'W to present 1J1eb: olterinp nt t.h.e abtine of Mubaroma.dam.
whOM: only title tO ulnt :Ia derived hom t.he f:.net o( Uleir h:a.vlng
desp;iltchcd hundreds ot infidel and accursed Hi_Odus to lhc nether.
mool pil of Hell.
See also and Troyer, DDbiJtata, \'01.- 1. pp, c. cxx.v.: Ai(liJic
llrerch<S, vol. ix. pp. 74, 81, 212, .vol. xi. p. 16, W>l. xvl. p, 1.5 ;
Dr. llird )oum, JJJ. Soe. Domboy, .no. ix. p. 186 i :R,nmmOhUI\ Ro"f,
Tntrultdlotl of Jh Ved:s, pp. 29, 75. 100.118 ; Moloolln, fllliory "6(
Perrin, vol. i. pp. Wilson, Yishrou PumUJ, pp. xL St, 897 ;
Nortl /Jrllld no. 11. p. S76 : Klaptotl>, Memoir Rlnllfs
a t'IJ.sic, tom. it p. 81 : Ouseley, Trovcll in. voJ. _ i, pp. 102
146 ; Ritter, Erdhundt wn Asin, vol. lv. pt. I, pp. 489, !iH-, 6H
Rhode, Jlellg;ose Bilduog. dM Hindm, vol, I. p. 42, vol li. p.
290; Moor' a Hioilu.)'anlhton; 295!02 : Colebr<>Oiie, Miscelli:
..-.. ,., J;ssays, Vol . I. f.P 50, 149, &. 188, 217' ; F. C:Uut cr, S1hbollk
uno' Mytllologlt, , . L pp. 51 . 24: Rcinaud'J A!omoirt'l S!LY I'
lri(J,, i_;wi(!! : Rcinaud'.s Fragments ArGbc.r cl Persans. p. 46 ;
Elpbintoiui' Hi.llory of ln'dla, vol. i. pp. 78, go, 40J.2. 471. 489 :
Jbur11al iifi (Ho' ,triallc So<iety o1 Bt1lgiz{
1
1849. 105?, 1852, p.
7: ]o-.m. tf.oyJ A.liotic. So<ii.y, vol. xll, pp. !t6, 27 ; Calrutr.
nc itJw, rol. Xxi. p . . l!SO, xxv. _p. 45: Crotc'a vol. iv. p._
299, -vol. v. 5??, : J. H. Holt)ngal'i 'Thuaunu J'llilologl...,. scu
Strlptl.-r;<>; f649, Jl 56 :. Bu.lDrf, Z..x., p. 7.04; Moil. _Tr9"
VOL 1. P JU; \'of; I V. pp. 201 206 : roo. vol. PP,
t02, . ll2, 217. 282; s o!lnc. Arch. Bmil., p. 6; 11.. S ..
T;llmt: J' 205 Obry'a Antienl l'rol{m<mll, p. 272
lk 'N"oJ6 :n : Onnnlnghm' Bhllsa 'rpp-..
-"-''-
O,N THE .KNOWLEDGE Ol' SANSKRIT BY

It is a CO!llll\00 etl'Or lO rtiH Eairl ('(;, .:1? 479)
wjls .Mubam.madan' ;who mattCl'ed llijllculties
of the S,.nskcir:-that; age, . I' of
xnore Wt:fe*-.t (\(eekJ J)IOtC:OJSRXQWI !,han l;ath\, and
J!I!Q.!'<l. '": Telfuea, man eijper;"
. freedom irqm religioUt' bigotry, hi's
.<ks!J>e for c.liltiyiltiou o knowledge, and b.i&
mnns ll'ind of learn'ing; and .especially his regard
fer: liis. HDldu subjeas, imparted a stimulus to the culti
lo<Uam l.iterature, such lU' hnd never prevailed
niider :my ;o his predecesson. ;fence, besides. Fain, we
the Simskrh. tr:lnsl'ators of hiio reigu 'Abdu-l
Kadir, Nakib Khan, Mulla Shah. Muhammad, Mulla
Haji, Haji Ibrilhfu); and: o.thers. In some
iJ may admit of doullt, whetlim: !he
may not have made from vmiolls prcvi,.o'li!\y done
into Hindi, oral or written. 'I'Iie word ;ilrtdi 'i$ ambi
g)JOUS used by a Mnhammad.:m of that period.
Nizamu-d din Ahmad, for instance, 'Abdl)l
.Radir trarulated . sevcta "from the Hindi. Now,
eWe that he tramJat_ed> SDJ9DSS[ Otller WO(kS,
the Singh4Sfln 1t is muab .muse
!hac' the$!! )fe,re .ip. mhe original Sa!1sllrlt. tl,l.an" in
'Hindi. 'Abtlu;l .;,Ka;dir l!Dd; FiriS!na tell us rh.at ,rhl' M.ah.a
bharola was .. 1\lto Persian from the 11i.,qi, i'Jle
fODDer' asccibi/i{ the" wfoii, d\idly to
Elphlns<,one'o BittorJ of {npill, \ql. !1, p-. !17 ; 8iO/P..4P.hl<ot
I,WtloMrj, L:U.X.., w l. \, p. 158S I

vol.]. !Lil::'
Jlri.Jl:S>, \'()], lv. p. 451. <>)odwjn J1)0n<IOnJ ll<fl>rt'
titP:e 'of .,.Al:.b#r in Jlhc /,fin-,' p. :ros. v6k h; pj 15S.
' wpra.)
M account. whic:h Se - else)<h!'le, , iO
aM il Mi: ..,y to &ihet !ro5 it eo\id J
in ftlc . wne .,., 'lil*'t1,s,
)I mol 1Hbl,, pp. 5.9, o.8. . . . ,
S,TUDI5 IN l.NDIAN HISTORY !51
lntt.er to Faiti. Here again there is every probability of
the Sanskrit being .mt:ant. !n wother irutance, 'Abdu-l
Kadlr tells us that he was called upon to translate the
Veda nom the Hi!uli, whidl he excused hirruclf
from doing on account of tlie difficulty of th!J
style and al>s!rwcness of meaning, upon which. tltc task
upon Hnjf Ibrnhim S.irhindi, who accomplishecl
{t Here it i.l evident t.h.a.t nothing b\11
Sanskrit could have been meant.' But though the know
ledge of Sanskrit appears to have been more generally
diJ!used at this time, it by no means the first occasion
that Muhammadans had become acquainted with that
jnnguage. Even if we allowed tbat they obt!lined the
abri(igmenL of the Pancha iantYa, under the name of
Fables of :Bidpai, or :Hitojuulesn, tltrougb the medium of
the Pehlevi,' there are other fact& which make it equally
certain that t.he Muhammada\"s had att:tined a correct
kJlowlcdge of the Sanskrit not long after the establlsh-
lllCOt of their religion; even admltting, liS 1ons probably
the case, that most of the .Arabic ltnnslations were 'lllade
by Indian foreigners resident at 'Sngltdnd .
.fu the of 'Al..Mamun, t ,hc Augustan age pf
Af;J>ian the u;eatise' of Muhammad bin Mus;,
on wwch by Dr. Rosen in ISM;
ana the medical !realises of Mil:ah Ibn Dahan, whf>
are to be Indians,' sb6w that 'Sanskrit must
have been w.ell Jctlown at that time; and even before t.hat,
Tile $lJpru-l Mut .. aklllthirill (vol. 1.) ua.!ll<:ll
to
1
AbduH Kdir an<l Sb.illll.1 Muhmmoa Suhn Thant"'rl TJ>o
nO,Wc'. of tl1t lr'ntlator, "Jf: nql mrotiOtiod In
l:ho 'worl< Ia 'fllid to, hive b<en done by '"""""' men 01
'lftlih,4 NU!i:l(p_fl},r of Amir l(hujru 1.1\Ue.are
lmpatumt Jl)lsn<l' aljoWiqg Iii tl>< former Rintii moa>l'
_sntkrlt t M\ir K.Julitii"lq t!to fouie work> r llln(l> hi1n""ll
had knilwt&Jse <>f tho langunge.
' See ' Mtmchrt ptofixcd lO S. de Sflcy:, of Calila!t tUG
'P"i, 1816' see alo Riorraplll UTJ(tJ<Jrstll<, tom, xxL
I? 471'
Mipillnll1Is Essoys; ol. II. pp: #1-500.
'.Biograj)hi.<al Df<llonaTf, L. U. .K" vo1. ii. p. 24Z.
IS$
STUDfF.S lN lNDIAN HBTORY
th.e compilation$ of and $!Lsruta' ' hnd been ll:"an
$lnled, and !lad ditEused a gener!ll knowledge of Indian
rifu:ine amongst the Arab}. lbe very we fmd
!,licitt _paying .particular.

of science,
ahCl CJl.COUraging Jhe' of fL Utat tWO
l:n'ilian$, Manlta and SaUh: by whom
a J.'.Oi.fon
as a1 ihe 0. Httunu,y
R.aslii_d:.
10
'Fbi: 1durfug' tll'ec c!arly
p,eri&s..of th'e othe. lndian works' w:hiclt
!iad- been <ranslat.ed into Arabic, some on ascronomyl'
some on music,'l,soroe ou judicial ascrology,J some olll
Q( . drenms," some on the religion and thco-
goitj :of tl\e Hindus," sowe on their sacred scriJ.>tures,"
90 tlie C!!Icu!ation of xu.tivities." some on ture,"
some.Qn some on physiognomy," nruL some on
I
STUDti!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
1!!1
besides othcra, which need n.ot be here
enumerated.
I ,we turn our eyes towards India, we fmd that
scarcely had these .ruthless oonquerots gained a footing
in the land, than Btruni e><erted himself with the utmost
diligence to study the language, literature. and science ot
and. attained, we have already seen, 8Ucb profi
ciency in it, as to be able to translate into, as well as froJJ;l;
the Saruktit. Muham.mnd bin Israilal Tanukhi. also
early into India, to learn tlte system of :urro-
nomy 1ohicb was taught by the sages of that country ...
There seems, however, no good authority for Abu-1 Fazl'a
sc:uemcnt in the Ai11-/. AAbarl, .. that Abu ?vfa'shar (Aibu-
maUll') vi,tited Ben are& at an enrller period :-and the
visit of Ibn-al Balthar to India, four centuries afterwards,
rests solely on the autho,rit y of Leo Afrkanus ...
Agio, when firoz Shah, after the capture of Nagar-
kat, in the middle of the fourteenth century, obtained
of " valuable San$krit Library, he .ordered a
work on philosophy, divination, and omens to be
under the name of Dnloil-i Firoz-shahi, by
dan'!-, 'Jzzu-d din K.halid Khani,-and to nave the
to do this, he must bave acquired no slighL
know1e<lge of the original, his selection for the
duty.
In theNawwab Jalalu-d <hula's Library nc Lucknow,
there is :t. on astrology, alSo translated from the Sans.-
lcr'il into Persiand n Shah's reign. A knowledge of
Sanskrit must lia:ve,oprevailed pretty generally about -thiS
.til)'lc; for there is in tb:e Royal Library at Lucknow a<worll
on vete.rlnary art, .wJiihll was translated Sans
lcr:it by qrder of <1\'l MulJammad: Shah ruillji.
This. ;oa(c book, called .l'(up:ulu/ Mulk, was t'r,anslated, as
eqdy as A.lf. 788 1381), .Wm an original, Siilo-
" Hajl Klllfa, ,'01. l. p. 20!.
" callri, Jlibl. Est1uiot, vol. t p. 4!9 ..
' ' .li"i. Altbori, voL li. p. 288 : Gildilneitu, 79. ,
li Jlottlngep, .Bib/, quodrup. op. Gildcmeiiter, Saipu, llrabb,
SIG, e5G.
tar, which is the: 11amt- o au llldlan, who is said to have
bdm :t.Brllbroan, and the tutl)r of Susruta. The Preface
uys that the was :made "from the barba:cous
Hfudi .intO' the refw.ed iJi'ersirul-1 in that there may
be no more need of a reference. to infi:dqs,'' .It is a small
work, compri'sing,onl}' pages Svo: of l3' tbe
,tyle is vety Jt is diVided iiuo elev.el'\ chapters
""a Tbe precise age of this work
!fuJ, be&nlSe, aJ lliougb it is -plainly to fulyei
A:lf. 783, yet the reigning prince is Ciiikd
GhlyM.u-<1 din Muhammad Shah, son of Mnl:upud
SJ:iab,, and there is no king so named whose reign exactly
with date. The nearest is Ghiyasu-d
'din 'NtinnShah bin Sil<and.ar Shah, who reigned in
JlengaLlrom ). . .-r. 7(19 to '175.". If Sui tan Gbiyasud din
.Tugbllk be meant, ' it -should date sixty years earlier, and
if the King of ,Malwa who bore that be meant, it
should be dated 1:00 years an:y 1oay, it very much
the reign of Akb;li." J.',he makes no
, it of the work on tho: $ames!'bject, 'Vhich ' h.ad
been previously transla.tedi l'rom the Sanskrit into :Arabic
at .Baghdad, under the name of Kilab11-l JJoitaat.
From .all these instances It is eidcil.t that Faiti did
not occttpy the enth:ely .new field of literatUie for which
he U!ually obt:lull credit." The same error seems ro
'
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY Jtl
have prcvacled the history of European scholarship in
Sarukrit. We read "' ea.rly as 1677, <>f Marshall's
being a proJicient in the language, and witbout men.tion
ing the dubious names of Anquetil du Pert'()n" and
!father Pa<>lino," others could. be named, wh<> preceded
in !Ius ardoow; path the celebrated st4olars of \he pre
scm period. Thus, H<>lwelJ says that he read and under
stood Sanskrit, and P. P<>ns, the Jesuit (171(1), knew the
language. In sucb. an inquiry os this also must not be
omitted still more importunt evidence alorded by
the Mlljmalul rawarik.il, Er<>m whic.lt Extracts have been
given in Vol. I . p. 100. (Originnl edition).
"See Ct:.Khicltle d4r l'liilo.ffl/lhic, vot. i. p. : Edlt1b .Reu ...
\'OL i. P 76 : a.ccrc:n's l.liAtoricol JlCJt arch'tts_, vol. i l. p. 120, and
Cnlr.uJta Review, voJ. xxJv. p. 4'/l.
u Dohlcn ot h[$ Grtmrmut1co Samscredamico, Rom.
1790, "(ull of the gt'Clltcot blund.,._ ;" Sir Wllllom Jones deslg-
nau:a him, u .. horno trium Htterar\un;' and Leyden fa ICM:
cmpllmenuary lu his trlot\U'C5 :
1
'The publication of bl Jly4Clt-
rntta, Rom. 1804 .. gtven dtalhblow t.o lli' vaunted pYetc.n-
.sfoni to profound Oric:ntnl :tnd siJoWn, as was
lhal he. W"-' of oocuratd.y tlialingui,:hing Siau-
krit rrom Lhc vern.ncut.:tx of .India. .Equally superficlaJ,
Inaccurate. virulent in hi$ fuvective. a critic or hill oW'I\ suunp
would be tempted to zctort on him hit own quotD.tion rrom
Enn\nJ :-
Shnia quam Jim lila wrpi,.s.tiJDa beuia vobis.
See l)IJI nil lruliu, vol. iL p. : As. R..,., vol. x. p. 278 ; ]<>UN!
tom. ii. r. 21G; lf""cn, HIJta.. 11<11., vol. U. p. 108 ;
M. Wou. oil'!. Alia,., tom. il. pp. Q.U.rl.
Or. Mag:, vQL tv. p. ,
(AddiUOil to the note ou til<' AutobiDgmphy ol Tintlji in Vol.
JV, p. (Or, l!d;)
Since lhe publlcatiOI\ of Vol. "IV. , (Or. d;) I l)nve Ac:<aa .
to o <l'PY of tl\e volume or the Matla'ul $o'dain belQnglpg
Cowell; 1 noL in Jc ;fny reference c.a
tho worb f.r6m wiliCjl 1/le aulho.r drew ln. hfc of Timur.
Timltl"'a "T(:IIhnienl'' ls gi-'fen in the 7Afa'ronarrua. 80 the atDte
ment In p. 562 of Vol.' tV. (Or. l'.d.) r"JUil'<l c:Orrcctlon.-J. D.)

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Titltr-St.udies i,n Indian Iilet.ory.
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